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Olea GB, Aguirre MV, Lombardo DM. Early gonadogenesis in Columba livia (birds: Columbiformes): Migration, colonization, and differentiation of germ cells. Dev Growth Differ 2024; 66:56-65. [PMID: 37795634 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
In birds, primordial germ cells (PGCs) use the bloodstream to travel to a specific region, where the cells undergo extravasation followed by intrastromal migration to the gonadal crest for further colonization. Currently, DDX4, SSEA1, and Oct4 are used to identify germ cells. Other germline cell-associated molecules are N-cadherin, GnRHR, and 3β hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD), which have been used in mice and birds during gonadal development; however, its role in early gonadogenesis in birds is poorly described. This study aimed to evaluate the differential immunodetection of N-cadherin binding molecule, Oct4 pluripotency protein, GnRHR receptor, and 3βHSD enzyme in Columba livia embryos during migration colonization of PGCs in the gonadal crest and early gonadogenesis. These markers were revealed by immunohistochemistry in histological preparations of C. livia corresponding to stages (S)15 to S40. Immunodetection of N-cadherin, Oct4, GnRHR, and 3βHSD in the germ line of C. livia allowed the identification of PGCs in the yolk sac membrane at the level of the splanchnic mesoderm during migration to the genital crest and its colonization. In the same way, it was possible to characterize and localize PGCs during early gonadogenesis. This study in C. livia demonstrates that Oct4, N-cadherin, GNRHR, and 3βHSD are immunodetected in PGCs and could be used as potential germline cell markers during cell migration out of blood vessels, colonization in the genital crest, and early gonadogenesis. Furthermore, this study could be used as a novel general model to understand the early gonadogenesis in altricial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Beatriz Olea
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Resistencia, Argentina
- Cátedra de Histología y Embriología. Departamento de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad Nacional del Chaco Austral, Sáenz Peña, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Aguirre
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de la Facultad de Medicina (LIBIM) Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Instituto de Química Básica y Aplicada del NEA, (IQUIBA NEA-UNNE- CONICET), Resistencia, Argentina
| | - Daniel Marcelo Lombardo
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA). Cátedra de Histología y Embriología, Viamonte, Argentina
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Karaca E, Yarim M. Naringenin stimulates aromatase expression and alleviates the clinical and histopathological findings of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in C57bl6 mice. Histochem Cell Biol 2023; 160:477-490. [PMID: 37378907 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-023-02217-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to demonstrate the possible protective and therapeutic effects of naringenin, an estrogenically effective flavonoid, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is the rodent model of multiple sclerosis. For this purpose, 50 12-week-old C57BL6 male mice were divided into five groups; control, naringenin, EAE, prophylactic naringenin + EAE, and EAE + therapeutic naringenin. The EAE model was induced with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein(35-55), and naringenin (50 mg/kg) was administered by oral gavage. The prophylactic and therapeutic effects of naringenin were examined according to clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical, electron microscopic, and RT-PCR (aromatase, 3βHSD, estrogen receptors, and progesterone receptor expression) parameters. The acute EAE model was successfully induced, along with its clinical and histopathological findings. RT-PCR showed that expression of aromatase, 3βHSD, estrogen receptor-β, and progesterone receptor gene decreased, while estrogen receptor-α increased after EAE induction. Electron microscopic analysis showed mitochondrial damage and degenerative changes in myelinated axons and neurons in EAE, which could be behind the downregulation in the expressions of neurosteroid enzymes. Aromatase immunopositivity rates also decreased in EAE, while estrogen receptor α and β, and progesterone receptor immunopositivity rates increased. Naringenin improved aromatase immunopositivity rates and gene expression in both prophylactic and therapeutic use. Clinical and histopathological findings revealed that EAE findings were alleviated in both prophylactic and therapeutic groups, along with significantly decreased inflammatory cell infiltrations in the white matter of the spinal cords. In conclusion, naringenin could provide long-term beneficial effects even in prophylactic use due to stimulating aromatase expression, but it could not prevent or eliminate the EAE model's lesions completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efe Karaca
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey.
| | - Murat Yarim
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ondokuz Mayıs University, 55200, Atakum, Samsun, Turkey
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Pu S, Kobayashi S, Mizu M, Furuta T, Nagaoka K, Gore AC, Crews D, Watanabe G. Effects of sugar cane extract on steroidogenesis in testicular interstitial cells of male Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica). J Exp Zool A Ecol Integr Physiol 2022; 337:760-767. [PMID: 35692109 DOI: 10.1002/jez.2633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sugar cane extract (SCE) is the end product of glucose, fructose, and sucrose elimination in molasses. SCE has various biological effects, such as anti-inflammation and antioxidation, and it is commonly found in animal feed. The present research is aimed at investigating the reproductive endocrine influence of SCE in male Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) by feeding SCE containing food. In addition, in vitro Leydig cell culture was conducted to clarify the mechanism of SCE's influence. Our results showed that SCE feed extended the latency to the first neck grab, decreased male quail testis and epididymis weights, cloaca gland size, and reduced serum testosterone concentrations. Steroidogenic enzymes 3βHSD, 17βHSD, P450c17, and P450scc gene expression in the testis were decreased in the SCE groups. Western blot analysis showed decreased 3βHSD in the testis after feeding SCE. Isolated testicular interstitial cells cultured with SCE and ovine-LH suppressed testosterone secretion and 3βHSD gene expression. In conclusion, SCE as a feed additive has an impact on the sexual behavior and reproductive function of male Japanese quail, with the suppression of steroidogenesis in the Leydig cell. Our results may provide beneficial information to the livestock management and the poultry industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaoxia Pu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, China
| | - Shohei Kobayashi
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masami Mizu
- Research and Development Division, Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toma Furuta
- Research and Development Division, Mitsui Sugar Co., Ltd, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kentaro Nagaoka
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Andrea C Gore
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - David Crews
- Department of Integrative Biology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Gen Watanabe
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Institute of Global Innovation Research, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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Choi Y, Lee EG, Lee G, Jeong MG, Kim HK, Oh JH, Kwon SW, Hwang ES. Amodiaquine promotes testosterone production and de novo synthesis of cholesterol and triglycerides in Leydig cells. J Lipid Res 2021; 62:100152. [PMID: 34808194 PMCID: PMC8666709 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2021.100152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Testosterone is a hormone essential for male reproductive function. It is produced primarily by Leydig cells in the testicle through activation of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein and a series of steroidogenic enzymes, including a cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme (cytochome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1), 17α-hydroxylase (cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1), and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. These steroidogenic enzymes are mainly regulated at the transcriptional level, and their expression is increased by the nuclear receptor 4A1. However, the effect on Leydig cell function of a small molecule-activating ligand, amodiaquine (AQ), is unknown. We found that AQ effectively and significantly increased testosterone production in TM3 and primary Leydig cells through enhanced expression of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, cytochome P450 family 11 subfamily A member 1, cytochrome P450 family 17 subfamily A member 1, and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Concurrently, AQ dose-dependently increased the expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase, a key enzyme in the cholesterol synthesis pathway, through induction of the transcriptional and DNA-binding activities of nuclear receptor 4A1, contributing to increased cholesterol synthesis in Leydig cells. Furthermore, AQ increased the expression of fatty acid synthase and diacylglycerol acyltransferase and potentiated de novo synthesis of fatty acids and triglycerides (TGs). Lipidomics profiling further confirmed a significant elevation of intracellular lipid and TG levels by AQ in Leydig cells. These results demonstrated that AQ effectively promotes testosterone production and de novo synthesis of cholesterol and TG in Leydig cells, indicating that AQ may be beneficial for treating patients with Leydig cell dysfunction and subsequent testosterone deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Choi
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Goo Lee
- Department of Pharmacy and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Gibbeum Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Mi Gyeong Jeong
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Kyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Oh
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sung Won Kwon
- Department of Pharmacy and College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.
| | - Eun Sook Hwang
- College of Pharmacy and Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Korea.
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Olea GB, Carou MC, Aguirre MV, Lombardo DM. Expression of GnRH receptor and 3βHSD during meiosis and foliculogénesis in Columba livia (Aves: Columbiformes): Histological and immunohistochemical analysis. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 285:113230. [PMID: 31348955 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
During the ovarian ontogeny in birds, five fundamental events can be recognized: migration and colonization of the primordial germ cells, differentiation and proliferation of oogonies, an organization of germinal nests, beginning of the meiotic process and folliculogenesis. The knowledge of these events is fundamental for the interpretation of the processes involved in the differentiation of female gametes. However, there are only references for some model species such as Gallus gallus domesticus and Coturnix coturnix. In a previous study, the histological structure of embryonic ovaries of Columba livia was revealed. Therefore, the objective of this work is to characterize the processes of meiosis and folliculogenesis C. livia from the analysis of the expression of the GnRH receptor, the 3βHSD enzyme and the cell proliferation protein PCNA in embryonic and postnatal ovaries. Therefore, the expression of GnRHR, 3βHSD, and PCNA was revealed in histological testicular and ovarian preparations in embryos (stages 41-43) and neonates (2, 5, 7, 10 and 75 days post-hatching). The present study demonstrates that the fate of germline cells is dictated by their location during gonadal development. Thus, the germline cells located in the cortex of the left gonad enter meiosis, while those in the right gonad and those in the medulla of the left ovary fail to go into meiosis. This indicates that somatic signals, instead of an autonomous cellular mechanism, regulate the entry of the germline cells into meiosis in the C. livia embryo. Future studies will be focused on the analysis of proteins associated with meiotic events and folliculogenesis in embryonic and neonatal ovaries of C. livia, to evaluate the regulation of meiosis in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- G B Olea
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (LIBIM), Argentina
| | - M C Carou
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Argentina
| | - M V Aguirre
- Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Facultad de Medicina, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Laboratorio de Investigaciones Bioquímicas (LIBIM), Argentina
| | - D M Lombardo
- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Facultad de Cs Veterinarias, Instituto de Investigación y Tecnología en Reproducción Animal (INITRA), Argentina.
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Bentz AB, Dossey EK, Rosvall KA. Tissue-specific gene regulation corresponds with seasonal plasticity in female testosterone. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2019; 270:26-34. [PMID: 30291863 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Testosterone (T) is a sex steroid hormone that often varies seasonally and mediates trade-offs between territorial aggression and parental care. Prior work has provided key insights into the 'top-down' hypothalamic control of this seasonal plasticity in T, yet mechanisms acting outside of the brain may also influence circulating T levels. We hypothesized that peripheral mechanisms may be especially critical for females, because peripheral regulation may mitigate the costs of systemically elevated T. Here, we begin to test this hypothesis using a seasonal comparative approach, measuring gene expression in peripheral tissues in tree swallows (Tachycineta bicolor), a songbird with intense female-female competition and T-mediated aggression. We focused on the gonad and liver for their role in T production and metabolism, respectively, and we contrasted females captured during territory establishment versus incubation. During territory establishment, when T levels are highest, we found elevated gene expression of the hepatic steroid metabolizing enzyme CYP2C19 along with several ovarian steroidogenic enzymes, including the androgenic 5α-reductase. Despite these seasonal changes in gene expression along the steroidogenic pathway, we did not observe seasonal changes in sensitivity to upstream signals, measured as ovarian mRNA abundance of luteinizing hormone receptor. Together, these data suggest that differential regulation of steroidogenic gene expression in the ovary is a potentially major contributor to seasonal changes in T levels in females. Furthermore, these data provide a unique and organismal glimpse into tissue-specific gene regulation and its potential role in hormonal plasticity in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra B Bentz
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Emma K Dossey
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Kimberly A Rosvall
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA; Center for the Integrative Study of Animal Behavior, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
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7
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Alyamani M, Li Z, Berk M, Li J, Tang J, Upadhyay S, Auchus RJ, Sharifi N. Steroidogenic Metabolism of Galeterone Reveals a Diversity of Biochemical Activities. Cell Chem Biol 2017; 24:825-832.e6. [PMID: 28648378 PMCID: PMC5533090 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2017.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 04/21/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Galeterone is a steroidal CYP17A1 inhibitor, androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, and AR degrader, under evaluation in a phase III clinical trial for castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The A/B steroid ring (Δ5,3β-hydroxyl) structure of galeterone is identical to that of cholesterol, which makes endogenous steroids with the same structure (e.g., dehydroepiandrosterone and pregnenolone) substrates for the enzyme 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3βHSD). We found that galeterone is metabolized by 3βHSD to Δ4-galeterone (D4G), which is further converted by steroid-5α-reductase (SRD5A) to 3-keto-5α-galeterone (5αG), 3α-OH-5α-galeterone, and 3β-OH-5α-galeterone; in vivo it is also converted to the three corresponding 5β-reduced metabolites. D4G inhibits steroidogenesis and suppresses AR protein stability, AR target gene expression, and xenograft growth comparably with galeterone, and further conversion by SRD5A leads to loss of several activities that inhibit the androgen axis that may compromise clinical efficacy. Together, these findings define a critical metabolic class effect of steroidal drugs with a Δ5,3β-hydroxyl structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Alyamani
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
| | - Zhenfei Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Michael Berk
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jianneng Li
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA
| | - Jingjie Tang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Systems Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Shanghai Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Sunil Upadhyay
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Richard J Auchus
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI 48103, USA
| | - Nima Sharifi
- Department of Cancer Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Chemistry, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA; Department of Urology, Glickman Urological and Kidney Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44195, USA.
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Plaza-Parrochia F, Poblete C, Gabler F, Carvajal R, Romero C, Valladares L, Vega M. Expression of steroid sulfated transporters and 3β-HSD activity in endometrium of women having polycystic ovary syndrome. Steroids 2015; 104:189-95. [PMID: 26450365 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2015.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Intracrinology mechanism involves the metabolism of steroids in peripheral tissues, such as DHEA, to molecules with estrogenic or androgenic activity. Proliferation rate of endometria from Polycystic Ovary Syndrome women (PCOS) is increased, favoring hyperplasia development. Besides, in endometria from PCOS-women the synthesis of androst-5-ene-3β,17β-diol (androstenediol), an estrogenic molecule, is enhanced concomitantly to increased cellular proliferation. DHEA, the major intracrinological precursor, circulates mainly in its sulfated form and requires transporters for cell intake, that belong to the families of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATP) and organic anion transporters (OAT). The aim of this study was to determine protein levels and activity of sulfated steroid transporters OATP2B1, OATP3A1, OATP4A1 and OAT4 in endometria from control and PCOS-women and to evaluate the activity of the enzyme 3β-HSD. Levels of transporters were done by RT-PCR (OAT4 only) and Western-blot (WB). Additionally, in primary culture cells stimulated with steroids, protein levels by WB and uptake of tritiated DHEAS, were evaluated; 3β-HSD activity was assessed using radiolabel substrate. PCOS-endometrium had higher levels of OATP2B1 and OATP4A1 than CE (p<0.05); decreased OATP4A1 levels were found in androstenediol or testosterone-stimulated cells. Accordingly, the entry of DHEAS to cells was lower in cells stimulated with testosterone (p<0.05); 3β-HSD-activity was similar in control and PCOS-endometria. Therefore, this study describes that steroids can modulate the expression and activity of transporters of OATPs-family in human endometria and that some transporter levels are increased in PCOS-endometria, suggesting a potential role in the pathogenesis of endometrial hyperplasia of these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca Plaza-Parrochia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Poblete
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Fernando Gabler
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, San Borja Arriarán Clinical Hospital, Santa Rosa #1234, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Carvajal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carmen Romero
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile
| | - Luis Valladares
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Macul #5540, Chile
| | - Margarita Vega
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of Medicine, University of Chile, Clinical Hospital, Santos Dumont #999, Santiago, Chile.
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Storbeck KH, Swart AC, Fox CL, Swart P. Cytochrome b5 modulates multiple reactions in steroidogenesis by diverse mechanisms. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 151:66-73. [PMID: 25446886 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.11.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cytochrome b5 (cyt-b5) is a relatively small haemoprotein which plays an important role in the regulation of mammalian steroidogenesis. This unique protein has the ability to modulate the activity of key steroidogenic enzymes via a number of diverse reaction mechanisms. Cyt-b5 can augment the 17,20-lyase activity of CYP17A1 by promoting the interaction of CYP17A1 and POR; enhance the 16-ene-synthase activity of CYP17A1 by acting as an electron donor; and enhance the activity of 3βHSD by increasing the affinity of 3βHSD for its cofactor NAD(+). We review the modulation of CYP17A1 and 3βHSD activity by cyt-b5 and discuss the reaction mechanisms associated with each activity. The physiological importance of cyt-b5 in regulating mammalian steroidogenesis is presented and the impact of inactivating cyt-b5 mutations are reviewed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Steroid/Sterol signaling'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl-Heinz Storbeck
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Cheryl L Fox
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - Pieter Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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10
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Swart AC, Schloms L, Storbeck KH, Bloem LM, Toit TD, Quanson JL, Rainey WE, Swart P. 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, the product of androstenedione metabolism in the adrenal, is metabolized in LNCaP cells by 5α-reductase yielding 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2013; 138:132-42. [PMID: 23685396 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2013.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione (11OHA4), which is unique to the adrenal, was first isolated from human adrenal tissue in the fifties. It was later shown in the sixties that 11β-hydroxytestosterone (11OHT) was also produced by the human adrenal. Attention has shifted back to these adrenal androgens once more, as improved analytical techniques have enabled more accurate detection of steroid hormones. In this paper, we investigated the origin of these metabolites as well as their subsequent metabolism and examined a possible physiological role for 11OHA4 in prostate cancer cells. In H295R cells treated with forskolin and trilostane, etomidate, a reported cytochrome P450 11β-hydroxylase (CYP11B1) inhibitor, blocked the production of corticosterone, cortisol, 11OHA4 and 11OHT. The metabolism of androstenedione and testosterone by CYP11B1 and aldosterone synthase (CYP11B2) was assayed. Androstenedione was converted by CYP11B1, while the conversion by CYP11B2 was negligible. Both enzymes readily converted testosterone. The metabolism of these 11β-hydroxylated metabolites by 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11βHSD) types 1 and 2 was subsequently investigated. 11βHSD2 catalyzed the conversion of both 11OHA4 and 11OHT to their respective keto-steroids, while 11βHSD1 catalyzed the conversion of 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone to their respective hydroxy-steroids in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Investigating a functional role, steroid 5α-reductase types 1 and 2 converted 11OHA4 to 11β-hydroxy-5α-androstanedione (11OH-5α-dione), identified by accurate mass detection. UPLC-MS/MS analyses of 11OHA4 metabolism in LNCaP androgen-dependent prostate cancer cells, identified the 5α-reduced metabolite as well as 11-ketoandrostenedione and 11-ketotestosterone, with the latter indicating conversion by 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase. Downstream metabolism by 11βHSD2 and by 5α-reductase may therefore indicate a physiological role for 11OHA4 and/or 11OH-5α-dione in normal and prostate cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda C Swart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
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11
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Abstract
Mitochondria are essential sites for steroid hormone biosynthesis. Mitochondria in the steroidogenic cells of the adrenal, gonad, placenta and brain contain the cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme, P450scc, and its two electron-transfer partners, ferredoxin reductase and ferredoxin. This enzyme system converts cholesterol to pregnenolone and determines net steroidogenic capacity, so that it serves as the chronic regulator of steroidogenesis. Several other steroidogenic enzymes, including 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase, 11β-hydroxylase and aldosterone synthase also reside in mitochondria. Similarly, the mitochondria of renal tubular cells contain two key enzymes participating in the activation and degradation of vitamin D. The access of cholesterol to the mitochondria is regulated by the steroidogenic acute regulatory protein, StAR, serving as the acute regulator of steroidogenesis. StAR action requires a complex multi-component molecular machine on the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM). Components of this machine include the 18 kDa translocator protein (TSPO), the voltage-dependent anion chanel (VDAC-1), TSPO-associated protein 7 (PAP7, ACBD3), and protein kinase A regulatory subunit 1α (PKAR1A). The precise fashion in which these proteins interact and move cholesterol from the OMM to P450scc, and the means by which cholesterol is loaded into the OMM, remain unclear. Human deficiency diseases have been described for StAR and for all the mitochondrial steroidogenic enzymes, but not for the electron transfer proteins or for the components of the cholesterol import machine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter L Miller
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA; Division of Endocrinology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-1346, USA.
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