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Tóth D, Simon G, Reglődi D. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide (PACAP) and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Potential Model for Investigation. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15063. [PMID: 37894743 PMCID: PMC10606572 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) represents a significant cause of post-neonatal mortality, yet its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. The triple-risk model of SIDS proposes that intrinsic vulnerability, exogenous triggers, and a critical developmental period are required for SIDS to occur. Although case-control studies have identified potential risk factors, no in vivo model fully reflects the complexities observed in human studies. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a highly conserved neuropeptide with diverse physiological functions, including metabolic and thermal regulation, cardiovascular adaptation, breathing control, stress responses, sleep-wake regulation and immunohomeostasis, has been subject to early animal studies, which revealed that the absence of PACAP or its specific receptor (PAC1 receptor: PAC1R) correlates with increased neonatal mortality similar to the susceptible period for SIDS in humans. Recent human investigations have further implicated PACAP and PAC1R genes as plausible contributors to the pathomechanism of SIDS. This mini-review comprehensively synthesizes all PACAP-related research from the perspective of SIDS and proposes that PACAP deficiency might offer a promising avenue for studying SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dénes Tóth
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Gábor Simon
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
| | - Dóra Reglődi
- Department of Anatomy, HUN-REG-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pécs Medical School, Szigeti út 12, H-7624 Pécs, Hungary;
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Bach V, Libert JP. Hyperthermia and Heat Stress as Risk Factors for Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: A Narrative Review. Front Pediatr 2022; 10:816136. [PMID: 35498814 PMCID: PMC9051231 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2022.816136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Heat stress and hyperthermia are common findings in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) victims. It has been suggested that thermal stress can increase the risk of SIDS directly via lethal hyperthermia or indirectly by altering autonomic functions. Major changes in sleep, thermoregulation, cardiovascular function, and the emergence of circadian functions occur at the age at which the risk of SIDS peaks-explaining the greater vulnerability at this stage of development. Here, we review the literature data on (i) heat stress and hyperthermia as direct risk factors for SIDS, and (ii) the indirect effects of thermal loads on vital physiological functions. RESULTS Various situations leading to thermal stress (i.e., outdoors temperatures, thermal insulation from clothing and bedding, the prone position, bed-sharing, and head covering) have been analyzed. Hyperthermia mainly results from excessive clothing and bedding insulation with regard to the ambient thermal conditions. The appropriate amount of clothing and bedding thermal insulation for homeothermia requires further research. The prone position and bed-sharing do not have major thermal impacts; the elevated risk of SIDS in these situations cannot be explained solely by thermal factors. Special attention should be given to brain overheating because of the head's major role in body heat losses, heat production, and autonomic functions. Thermal stress can alter cardiovascular and respiratory functions, which in turn can lead to life-threatening events (e.g., bradycardia, apnea with blood desaturation, and glottal closure). Unfortunately, thermal load impairs the responses to these challenges by reducing chemosensitivity, arousability, and autoresuscitation. As a result, thermal load (even when not lethal directly) can interact detrimentally with vital physiological functions. CONCLUSIONS With the exception of excessive thermal insulation (which can lead to lethal hyperthermia), the major risk factors for SIDS appears to be associated with impairments of vital physiological functions when the infant is exposed to thermal stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bach
- PeriTox, UMR_I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Libert
- PeriTox, UMR_I 01, UPJV/INERIS, Jules Verne University of Picardy, Amiens, France
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Wong-Riley MTT. The critical period: neurochemical and synaptic mechanisms shared by the visual cortex and the brain stem respiratory system. Proc Biol Sci 2021; 288:20211025. [PMID: 34493083 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2021.1025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The landmark studies of Wiesel and Hubel in the 1960's initiated a surge of investigations into the critical period of visual cortical development, when abnormal visual experience can alter cortical structures and functions. Most studies focused on the visual cortex, with relatively little attention to subcortical structures. The goal of the present review is to elucidate neurochemical and synaptic mechanisms common to the critical periods of the visual cortex and the brain stem respiratory system in the normal rat. In both regions, the critical period is a time of (i) heightened inhibition; (ii) reduced expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF); and (iii) synaptic imbalance, with heightened inhibition and suppressed excitation. The last two mechanisms are contrary to the conventional premise. Synaptic imbalance renders developing neurons more vulnerable to external stressors. However, the critical period is necessary to enable each system to strengthen its circuitry, adapt to its environment, and transition from immaturity to maturity, when a state of relative synaptic balance is attained. Failure to achieve such a balance leads to neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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4
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Burgraff NJ, Baertsch NA, Ramirez JM. Peptides, Breathing, and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. Trends Neurosci 2021; 44:167-169. [PMID: 33549332 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2021.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Shi et al. recently identified a brainstem peptidergic circuit in mice that is activated at birth and stabilizes breathing during the transition from the intra-utero environment to air breathing. This network remains important for maintaining stable breathing and respiratory homeostasis throughout development, and deficiencies in this network may be linked to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Burgraff
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Nathan A Baertsch
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jan-Marino Ramirez
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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5
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Johannsen EB, Baughn LB, Sharma N, Zjacic N, Pirooznia M, Elhaik E. The Genetics of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome-Towards a Gene Reference Resource. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:216. [PMID: 33540853 PMCID: PMC7913088 DOI: 10.3390/genes12020216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is the unexpected death of an infant under one year of age that remains unexplained after a thorough investigation. Despite SIDS remaining a diagnosis of exclusion with an unexplained etiology, it is widely accepted that SIDS can be caused by environmental and/or biological factors, with multiple underlying candidate genes. However, the lack of biomarkers raises questions as to why genetic studies on SIDS to date are unable to provide a clearer understanding of the disease etiology. We sought to improve the identification of SIDS-associated genes by reviewing the SIDS genetic literature and objectively categorizing and scoring the reported genes based on the strength of evidence (from C1 (high) to C5 (low)). This was followed by analyses of function, associations between genes, the enrichment of gene ontology (GO) terms, and pathways and gender difference in tissue gene expression. We constructed a curated database for SIDS gene candidates consisting of 109 genes, 14 of which received a category 4 (C4) and 95 genes received the lowest category of C5. That none of the genes was classified into the higher categories indicates the low level of supporting evidence. We found that genes of both scoring categories show distinct networks and are highly diverse in function and involved in many GO terms and pathways, in agreement with the perception of SIDS as a heterogeneous syndrome. Genes of both scoring categories are part of the cardiac system, muscle, and ion channels, whereas immune-related functions showed enrichment for C4 genes. A limited association was found with neural development. Overall, inconsistent reports and missing metadata contribute to the ambiguity of genetic studies. Considering those parameters could help improve the identification of at-risk SIDS genes. However, the field is still far from offering a full-pledged genetic test to identify at-risk infants and is still hampered with methodological challenges and misunderstandings of the vulnerabilities of vital biological mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Linda B. Baughn
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (L.B.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Neeraj Sharma
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; (L.B.B.); (N.S.)
| | - Nicolina Zjacic
- Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2TN, UK;
| | - Mehdi Pirooznia
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Eran Elhaik
- Department of Biology, Lund University, 22362 Lund, Sweden;
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6
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Barrett KT, Hasan SU, Scantlebury MH, Wilson RJA. Impaired cardiorespiratory responses to hypercapnia in neonatal mice lacking PAC1 but not VPAC2 receptors. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2021; 320:R116-R128. [PMID: 33146556 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00161.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The evidence is mounting for a role for abnormal signaling of the stress peptide pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its canonical receptor PAC1 in the pathogenesis of sudden infant death syndrome. In this study, we investigated whether the PACAP receptors PAC1 or VPAC2 are involved in the neonatal cardiorespiratory response to hypercapnic stress. We used head-out plethysmography and surface ECG electrodes to assess cardiorespiratory responses to an 8% hypercapnic challenge in unanesthetized and spontaneously breathing 4-day-old PAC1 or VPAC2 knockout (KO) and wild-type mouse pups. We demonstrate that compared with WTs, breathing frequency (RR) and minute ventilation ([Formula: see text]) in PAC1 KO pups were significantly blunted in response to hypercapnia. Although heart rate was unaltered in PAC1 KO pups during hypercapnia, heart rate recovery posthypercapnia was impaired. In contrast, cardiorespiratory impairments in VPAC2 KO pups were limited to only an overall higher tidal volume (VT), independent of treatment. These findings suggest that PACAP signaling through the PAC1 receptor plays a more important role than signaling through the VPAC2 receptor in neonatal respiratory responses to hypercapnia. Thus deficits in PACAP signaling primarily via PAC1 may contribute to the inability of infants to mount an appropriate protective response to homeostatic stressors in childhood disorders such as SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene T Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Shabih U Hasan
- Department of Pediatrics, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Morris H Scantlebury
- Department of Pediatrics, Clinical Neuroscience, Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Richard J A Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Chiba Y, Ueda C, Kohno N, Yamashita M, Miyakawa Y, Ando Y, Suto W, Hirabayashi T, Takenoya F, Takasaki I, Kamei J, Sakai H, Shioda S. Attenuation of relaxing response induced by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide in bronchial smooth muscle of experimental asthma. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2020; 319:L786-L793. [PMID: 32877227 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00315.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Bronchomotor tone is regulated by contraction and relaxation of airway smooth muscle (ASM). A weakened ASM relaxation might be a cause of airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR), a characteristic feature of bronchial asthma. Pituitary adenylyl cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is known as a mediator that causes ASM relaxation. To date, whether or not the PACAP responsiveness is changed in asthmatic ASM is unknown. The current study examined the hypothesis that relaxation induced by PACAP is reduced in bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) of allergic asthma. The ovalbumin (OA)-sensitized mice were repeatedly challenged with aerosolized OA to induce asthmatic reaction. Twenty-four hours after the last antigen challenge, the main bronchial smooth muscle (BSM) tissues were isolated. Tension study showed a BSM hyperresponsiveness to acetylcholine in the OA-challenged mice. Both quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analyses revealed a significant decrease in PAC1 receptor expression in BSMs of the diseased mice. Accordingly, in the antigen-challenged group, the PACAP-induced PAC1 receptor-mediated BSM relaxation was significantly attenuated, whereas the relaxation induced by vasoactive intestinal polypeptide was not changed. These findings suggest that the relaxation induced by PACAP is impaired in BSMs of experimental asthma due to a downregulation of its binding partner PAC1 receptor. Impaired BSM responsiveness to PACAP might contribute to the AHR in asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Chiba
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chihiro Ueda
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Kohno
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michio Yamashita
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yui Miyakawa
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ando
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Wataru Suto
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Hirabayashi
- Peptide Drug Innovation Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumiko Takenoya
- Department of Physiology and Molecular Sciences, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Takasaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Junzo Kamei
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyasu Sakai
- Department of Biomolecular Pharmacology, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Seiji Shioda
- Peptide Drug Innovation Global Research Center for Innovative Life Science, Hoshi University School of Pharmacy, Tokyo, Japan
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8
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Circulating PACAP peptide and PAC1R genotype as possible transdiagnostic biomarkers for anxiety disorders in women: a preliminary study. Neuropsychopharmacology 2020; 45:1125-1133. [PMID: 31910434 PMCID: PMC7235237 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-020-0604-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP, gene Adcyap1) is a neuropeptide and hormone thought to play a critical role in stress response (Stroth et al., Ann NY Acad Sci 1220:49-59, 2011; Hashimoto et al., Curr Pharm Des 17:985-989, 2011). Research in humans implicates PACAP as a useful biomarker for the severity of psychiatric symptoms in response to psychological stressors, and work in rodent models suggests that PACAP manipulation exerts downstream effects on peripheral hormones and behaviors linked to the stress response, providing a potential therapeutic target. Prior work has also suggested a potential sex difference in PACAP effects due to differential estrogen regulation of this pathway. Therefore, we examined serum PACAP and associated PAC1R genotype in a cohort of males and females with a primary diagnosis of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) and nonpsychiatric controls. We found that, while circulating hormone levels were not associated with a GAD diagnosis overall (p = 0.19, g = 0.25), PACAP may be associated with GAD in females (p = 0.04, g = 0.33). Additionally, among patients with GAD, the risk genotype identified in the PTSD literature (rs2267735, CC genotype) was associated with higher somatic anxiety symptom severity in females but lower somatic anxiety symptom severity in males (-3.27, 95%CI [-5.76, -0.77], adjusted p = 0.03). Taken together, the associations between the risk genotype, circulating PACAP, and somatic anxiety severity were stronger among females than males. These results indicate a potential underlying biological etiology for sex differences in stress-related anxiety disorders that warrants further study.
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9
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Liu Q, Wong-Riley MTT. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide: Postnatal development in multiple brain stem respiratory-related nuclei in the rat. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2018; 259:149-155. [PMID: 30359769 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays an important role in anterior pituitary hormone secretion, neurotransmission, and the control of breathing. Mice lacking PACAP die suddenly mainly in the 2nd postnatal week, coinciding temporally with a critical period of respiratory development uncovered by our laboratory in the rat. The goal of the current study was to test our hypothesis that PACAP expression is reduced during the critical period in normal rats. We undertook immunohistochemistry and optical densitometry of PACAP (specifically PACAP38) in several brain stem respiratory-related nuclei of postnatal days P2-21 rats, and found that PACAP immunoreactivity was significantly reduced at P12 in the pre-Bötzinger complex, nucleus ambiguus, hypoglossal nucleus, and the ventrolateral subnucleus of the nucleus tractus solitarius. No changes were observed in the control, non-respiratory cuneate nucleus at P12. Results imply that the down-regulation of PACAP during normal postnatal development may contribute to the critical period of vulnerability, when the animals' response to hypoxia is at its weakest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuli Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Margaret T T Wong-Riley
- Department of Cell Biology, Neurobiology and Anatomy, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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10
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Reglodi D, Cseh S, Somoskoi B, Fulop BD, Szentleleky E, Szegeczki V, Kovacs A, Varga A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Tamas A, Bardosi A, Manavalan S, Bako E, Zakany R, Juhasz T. Disturbed spermatogenic signaling in pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide-deficient mice. Reproduction 2017; 155:129-139. [PMID: 29101268 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PACAP is a neuropeptide with diverse functions in various organs, including reproductive system. It is present in the testis in high concentrations, and in addition to the stage-specific expression within the seminiferous tubules, PACAP affects spermatogenesis and the functions of Leydig and Sertoli cells. Mice lacking endogenous PACAP show reduced fertility, but the possibility of abnormalities in spermatogenic signaling has not yet been investigated. Therefore, we performed a detailed morphological analysis of spermatozoa, sperm motility and investigated signaling pathways that play a role during spermatogenesis in knockout mice. No significant alterations were found in testicular morphology or motility of sperm in homozygous and heterozygous PACAP-deficient mice in spite of the moderately increased number of severely damaged sperms. However, we found robust changes in mRNA and/or protein expression of several factors that play an important role in spermatogenesis. Protein kinase A expression was markedly reduced, while downstream phospho-ERK and p38 were elevated in knockout animals. Expression of major transcription factors, such as Sox9 and phospho-Sox9, was decreased, while that of Sox10, as a redundant factor, was increased in PACAP-deficient mice. The reduced phospho-Sox9 expression was partly due to increased expression and activity of phosphatase PP2A in knockout mice. Targets of Sox transcription factors, such as collagen type IV, were reduced in knockout mice. In summary, our results show that lack of PACAP leads to disturbed signaling in spermatogenesis, which could be a factor responsible for reduced fertility in PACAP knockout mice, and further support the role of PACAP in reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Reglodi
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - S Cseh
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B Somoskoi
- Department and Clinic of ReproductionUniversity of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - B D Fulop
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - E Szentleleky
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - V Szegeczki
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - A Kovacs
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Varga
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - P Kiss
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - H Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular NeuropharmacologyGraduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental DevelopmentUnited Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Osaka, Japan.,Division of BioscienceInstitute for Datability Science, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
| | - A Tamas
- Department of AnatomyMTA-PTE PACAP Research Team, Centre for Neuroscience, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - A Bardosi
- MVZ für HistologieZytologie und Molekulare Diagnostik, Trier, Germany
| | - S Manavalan
- Department of Basic SciencesNational University of Health Sciences, Pinellas Park, Florida, USA
| | - E Bako
- Cell Biology and Signalling Research Group of the Hungarian Academy of SciencesDepartment of Medical Chemistry, Research Centre for Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - R Zakany
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - T Juhasz
- Department of AnatomyHistology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
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11
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Barrett KT, Daubenspeck JA, Wilson RJA. Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide drives cardiorespiratory responses to heat stress in neonatal mice. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R385-R394. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00118.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Revised: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 06/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) has emerged as a principal and rate-limiting regulator of physiological stress responses in adult rodents and has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Recent studies show that PACAP plays a role in neonatal cardiorespiratory responses to hypoxia, hypercapnia, and hypothermia, but not hyperthermia, which is often associated with SIDS. Here we tested the hypothesis that, consistent with a role in SIDS, PACAP is involved in regulating the neonatal cardiorespiratory responses to severe heat. To address this, we used head-out plethysmography and surface ECG electrodes to study the cardiorespiratory physiology of conscious neonatal PACAP-null and wild-type mice at ambient temperatures of 32°C (baseline) and 40°C (heat stress). We also assessed body surface temperature as an indicator of cutaneous heat loss. Our results show that wild-type neonatal mice respond to heat stress by increasing ventilation ( P = 0.007) and associated expired CO2 ( P = 0.041), heart rate ( P < 0.001), and cutaneous heat loss ( P < 0.001). In PACAP-null neonates, this heat response is impaired, as indicated by a decrease in ventilation ( P = 0.04) and associated expired CO2 ( P = 0.006) and a blunted increase in heart rate ( P = 0.001) and cutaneous heat loss ( P = 0.0002). In addition, heart rate variability at baseline was lower in PACAP-null neonates than wild-type controls ( P < 0.01). These results suggest that, during heat stress, PACAP is important for neonatal cardiorespiratory responses that help regulate body temperature. Abnormal PACAP regulation could, therefore, contribute to neonatal disorders in which the autonomic response to stress is impaired, such as SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene T. Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
| | - John A. Daubenspeck
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, New Hampshire
| | - Richard J. A. Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children’s Hospital Research Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada; and
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12
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Huang J, Waters KA, Machaalani R. Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptor 1 (PAC1) in the human infant brain and changes in the Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Neurobiol Dis 2017; 103:70-77. [PMID: 28392470 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2016] [Revised: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its complementary receptor, PAC1, are crucial in central respiratory control. PACAP Knockout (KO) mice exhibit a SIDS-like phenotype, with an inability to overcome noxious insults, compression of baseline ventilation, and death in the early post-neonatal period. PAC1 KO demonstrate similar attributes to PACAP-null mice, but with the addition of increased pulmonary artery pressure, consequently leading to heart failure and death. This study establishes a detailed interpretation of the neuroanatomical distribution and localization of both PACAP and PAC1 in the human infant brainstem and hippocampus, to determine whether any changes in expression are evident in infants who died of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) and any relationships to risk factors of SIDS including smoke exposure and sleep related parameters. Immunohistochemistry for PACAP and PAC1 was performed on formalin fixed and paraffin embedded human infant brain tissue of SIDS (n=32) and non-SIDS (n=12). The highest expression of PACAP was found in the hypoglossal (XII) of the brainstem medulla and lowest expression in the subiculum of the hippocampus. Highest expression of PAC1 was also found in XII of the medulla and lowest in the midbrain dorsal raphe (MBDR) and inferior colliculus. SIDS compared to non-SIDS had higher PACAP in the MBDR (p<0.05) and lower PAC1 in the medulla arcuate nucleus (p<0.001). Correlations were found between PACAP and PAC1 with the risk factors of smoke exposure, bed sharing, upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) and seasonal temperatures. The findings of this study show for the first time that some abnormalities of the PACAP system are evident in the SIDS brain and could contribute to the mechanisms of infants succumbing to SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Huang
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; BOSCH Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - K A Waters
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - R Machaalani
- Department of Medicine, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; BOSCH Institute of Biomedical Research, University of Sydney, NSW, Australia; Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, The Children's Hospital, Westmead, NSW, Australia.
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13
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Farkas J, Sandor B, Tamas A, Kiss P, Hashimoto H, Nagy AD, Fulop BD, Juhasz T, Manavalan S, Reglodi D. Early Neurobehavioral Development of Mice Lacking Endogenous PACAP. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 61:468-478. [PMID: 28168413 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-0887-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a multifunctional neuropeptide. In addition to its diverse physiological roles, PACAP has important functions in the embryonic development of various tissues, and it is also considered as a trophic factor during development and in the case of neuronal injuries. Data suggest that the development of the nervous system is severely affected by the lack of endogenous PACAP. Short-term neurofunctional outcome correlates with long-term functional deficits; however, the early neurobehavioral development of PACAP-deficient mice has not yet been evaluated. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to describe the postnatal development of physical signs and neurological reflexes in mice partially or completely lacking PACAP. We examined developmental hallmarks during the first 3 weeks of the postnatal period, during which period most neurological reflexes and motor coordination show most intensive development, and we describe the neurobehavioral development using a complex battery of tests. In the present study, we found that PACAP-deficient mice had slower weight gain throughout the observation period. Interestingly, mice partially lacking PACAP weighed significantly less than homozygous mice. There was no difference between male and female mice during the first 3 weeks. Some other signs were also more severely affected in the heterozygous mice than in the homozygous mice, such as air righting, grasp, and gait initiation reflexes. Interestingly, incisor teeth erupted earlier in mice lacking PACAP. Motor coordination, shown by the number of foot-faults on an elevated grid, was also less developed in PACAP-deficient mice. In summary, our results show that mice lacking endogenous PACAP have slower weight gain during the first weeks of development and slower neurobehavioral development regarding a few developmental hallmarks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jozsef Farkas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs Sandor
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Dentistry, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Pecs, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Andrea Tamas
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Peter Kiss
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Hitoshi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuropharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Molecular Research Center for Children's Mental Development, United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Andras D Nagy
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Balazs D Fulop
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary
| | - Tamas Juhasz
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Sridharan Manavalan
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.,Department of Basic Sciences, National University of Health Sciences, Florida, USA
| | - Dora Reglodi
- Department of Anatomy, Medical School, University of Pecs, Szigeti u 12, 7624, Pecs, Hungary.
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Tlili M, Rouatbi S, Gandia F, Hallegue D, Sriha B, Yacoubi MT, Krichah R, Sakly M, Rhouma KB, Vaudry D, Wurtz O, Tebourbi O. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase Activating Peptide (1-38) and its analog (Acetyl-[Ala15, Ala20] PACAP 38-polyamide) reverse methacholine airway hyperresponsiveness in rats. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1984-82502015000300020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate both functionally and structurally bronchodilator effects of Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating peptide (PACAP38) and acetyl-[Ala15, Ala20] PACAP38-polyamide, a potent PACAP38 analog, in rats challenged by methacholine (MeCh). Male Wistar rats were divided randomly into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 inhaled respectively aerosols of saline or increasing doses of MeCh (0.5, 1, 2.12, 4.25, 8.5, 17, 34 and 68mg/L). The other groups received terbutaline (Terb) (250 µg/rat) (10-6 M), PACAP38 (50 µg/rat) (0.1 mM) or PACAP38 analog (50 µg/rat) associated to MeCh from the dose of 4.25 mg/L. Total lung resistances (RL) were recorded before and 2 min after MeCh administration by pneumomultitest equipment. MeCh administration induced a significant and a dose-dependent increase (p<0.05) of RL compared to control rats. Terb, PACAP38 and PACAP38 analog reversed significantly the MeCh-induced bronchial constriction, smooth muscle (SM) layer thickness and bronchial lumen mucus abundance. PACAP38 analog prevents effectively bronchial smooth muscle layer thickness, mucus hypersecretion and lumen decrease. Therefore, it may constitute a potent therapeutic bronchodilator.
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15
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Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide Reverses Ammonium Metavanadate-Induced Airway Hyperresponsiveness in Rats. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015. [PMID: 26199679 PMCID: PMC4496651 DOI: 10.1155/2015/787561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The rate of atmospheric vanadium is constantly increasing due to fossil fuel combustion. This environmental pollution favours vanadium exposure in particular to its vanadate form, causing occupational bronchial asthma and bronchitis. Based on the well admitted bronchodilator properties of the pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), we investigated the ability of this neuropeptide to reverse the vanadate-induced airway hyperresponsiveness in rats. Exposure to ammonium metavanadate aerosols (5 mg/m3/h) for 15 minutes induced 4 hours later an array of pathophysiological events, including increase of bronchial resistance and histological alterations, activation of proinflammatory alveolar macrophages, and increased oxidative stress status. Powerfully, PACAP inhalation (0.1 mM) for 10 minutes alleviated many of these deleterious effects as demonstrated by a decrease of bronchial resistance and histological restoration. PACAP reduced the level of expression of mRNA encoding inflammatory chemokines (MIP-1α, MIP-2, and KC) and cytokines (IL-1α and TNF-α) in alveolar macrophages and improved the antioxidant status. PACAP reverses the vanadate-induced airway hyperresponsiveness not only through its bronchodilator activity but also by counteracting the proinflammatory and prooxidative effects of the metal. Then, the development of stable analogs of PACAP could represent a promising therapeutic alternative for the treatment of inflammatory respiratory disorders.
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16
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Mosca EV, Rousseau JP, Gulemetova R, Kinkead R, Wilson RJA. The effects of sex and neonatal stress on pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide expression. Exp Physiol 2015; 100:203-15. [PMID: 25398710 DOI: 10.1113/expphysiol.2014.082180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Does sex or neonatal stress affect the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide or its receptors? What is the main finding and its importance? Neonatal-maternal separation stress has little long-lasting effect on the expression of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide or its receptors, but sex differences exist in these genes between males and females at baseline. Sex differences in classic stress hormones have been studied in depth, but pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating peptide (PACAP), recently identified as playing a critical role in the stress axes, has not. Here we studied whether baseline levels of PACAP differ between sexes in various stress-related tissues and whether neonatal-maternal separation stress has a sex-dependent effect on PACAP gene expression in stress pathways. Using quantitative RT-PCR, we found sex differences in PACAP and PACAP receptor gene expression in several respiratory and/or stress-related tissues, while neonatal-maternal separation stress did little to affect PACAP signalling in adult animals. We propose that sex differences in PACAP expression are likely to contribute to differences between males and females in responses to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- E V Mosca
- Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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17
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Barrett KT, Rodikova E, Weese-Mayer DE, Rand CM, Marazita ML, Cooper ME, Berry-Kravis EM, Bech-Hansen NT, Wilson RJA. Analysis of PAC1 receptor gene variants in Caucasian and African American infants dying of sudden infant death syndrome. Acta Paediatr 2013; 102:e546-52. [PMID: 23981011 DOI: 10.1111/apa.12405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Revised: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
AIM Stress peptide, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), has been implicated in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). The aim of this exploratory study was to determine whether variants in the gene encoding the PACAP-specific receptor, PAC1, are associated with SIDS in Caucasian and African American infants. METHODS Polymerase chain reaction and Sanger DNA sequencing was used to compare variants in the 5'-untranslated region, exons and intron-exon boundaries of the PAC1 gene in 96 SIDS cases and 96 race- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS The intron 3 variant, A/G: rs758995 (variant 'h'), and the intron 6 variant, C/T: rs10081254 (variant 'n'), were significantly associated with SIDS in Caucasians and African Americans, respectively (p < 0.05). Also associated with SIDS were interactions between the variants rs2302475 (variant 'i') in PAC1 and rs8192597 and rs2856966 in PACAP among Caucasians (p < 0.02) and rs2267734 (variant 'q') in PAC1 and rs1893154 in PACAP among African Americans (p < 0.01). However, none of these differences survived post hoc analysis. CONCLUSION Overall, this study does not support a strong association between variants in the PAC1 gene and SIDS; however, a number of potential associations between race-specific variants and SIDS were identified that warrant targeted investigations in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karlene T Barrett
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Ekaterina Rodikova
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Northern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - Casey M Rand
- Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics; Ann & Robert H. Lurie Children's Hospital of Chicago; Northern University Feinberg School of Medicine; Chicago IL USA
| | - Mary L Marazita
- Department of Oral Biology; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics; School of Dental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Margaret E Cooper
- Department of Oral Biology; Center for Craniofacial and Dental Genetics; School of Dental Medicine and Department of Human Genetics; University of Pittsburgh; Pittsburgh PA USA
| | - Elizabeth M Berry-Kravis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences and Biochemistry; Rush University Medical Center; Chicago IL USA
| | - N Torben Bech-Hansen
- Department of Medical Genetics; Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
| | - Richard JA Wilson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology; Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute; University of Calgary; Calgary AB Canada
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Roy A, Derakhshan F, Wilson RJA. Stress peptide PACAP engages multiple signaling pathways within the carotid body to initiate excitatory responses in respiratory and sympathetic chemosensory afferents. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 304:R1070-84. [PMID: 23594614 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00465.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Consistent with a critical role in respiratory and autonomic stress responses, the carotid bodies are strongly excited by pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), a neuropeptide implicated in stress responses throughout the sympathetic nervous system. PACAP excites isolated carotid body glomus cells via activation of PAC1 receptors, with one study suggesting PAC1-induced excitation is due entirely to protein kinase A (PKA)-mediated inhibition of TASK channels. However, in other systems, PAC1 is known to be coupled to multiple intracellular signaling pathways, including PKA, phospholipase C (PLC), phospholipase D (PLD), and protein kinase C (PKC), that trigger multiple downstream effectors including increased Ca²⁺ mobilization, inhibition of various K⁺ channels, and activation of nonselective cation channels. This study tests if non-PKA/TASK channel signaling helps mediate the stimulatory effects of PACAP on the carotid body. Using an ex vivo arterially perfused rat carotid body preparation, we show that PACAP-38 stimulates carotid sinus nerve activity in a biphasic manner (peak response, falling to plateau). PKA blocker H-89 only reduced the plateau response (~41%), whereas the TASK-1-like K⁺ channel blocker/transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 channel agonist anandamide only inhibited the peak response (~48%), suggesting involvement of additional pathways. The PLD blocker CAY10594 significantly inhibited both peak and plateau responses. The PLC blocker U73122 decimated both peak and plateau responses. Brefeldin A, a blocker of Epac (cAMP-activated guanine exchange factor, reported to link Gs-coupled receptors with PLC/PLD), also reduced both phases of the response, as did blocking signaling downstream of PLC/PLD with the PKC inhibitors chelerythrine chloride and GF109203X. Suggesting the involvement of non-TASK ion channels in the effects of PACAP, the A-type K⁺ channel blocker 4-aminopyridine, and the putative transient receptor potential channel (TRPC)/T-type calcium channel blocker SKF96365 each significantly inhibited the peak and steady-state responses. These data suggest the stimulatory effect of PACAP-38 on carotid body sensory activity is mediated through multiple signaling pathways: the PLC-PKC pathways predominates, with TRPC and/or T-type channel activation and Kv channel inactivation; only partial involvement is attributable to PKA and PLD activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arijit Roy
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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19
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Delgado M. PACAP. HANDBOOK OF BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE PEPTIDES 2013:1527-1534. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-385095-9.00208-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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20
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Arata S, Nakamachi T, Onimaru H, Hashimoto H, Shioda S. Impaired response to hypoxia in the respiratory center is a major cause of neonatal death of the PACAP-knockout mouse. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 37:407-16. [PMID: 23136967 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is a neuropeptide expressed widely in nervous tissues. PACAP-knockout ((-/-)) mice display a sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)-like phenotype, although the underlying physiological mechanism to explain this remains unclear. Here, we report on the presence of abnormal respiratory activity in PACAP(-/-) mice under hypoxic conditions, which provides a basis for the SIDS-like phenotype. PACAP(-/-) mice display a lowered baseline respiratory activity compared with wild-type animals, and an abnormal response to hypoxia. More specifically, PACAP(-/-) mice at postnatal day 7 showed respiratory arrest in response to hypoxia. In contrast, their response to hypercapnic conditions was the same as that of wild-type mice. Histological and real-time PCR analyses indicated that the catecholaminergic system in the medulla oblongata was impaired in PACAP(-/-) mice, suggesting that endogenous PACAP affects respiratory centers in the medulla oblongata via its action on the catecholaminergic system. We propose that disruption of this system is involved in the SIDS-like phenotype of PACAP(-/-) mice. Thus, disorders of the catecholaminergic system involved with O(2) sensing could be implicated in underlying neuronal mechanisms responsible for SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Arata
- Center for Biotechnology, Showa University, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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21
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Nurse CA, Piskuric NA. Signal processing at mammalian carotid body chemoreceptors. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2012; 24:22-30. [PMID: 23022231 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2012.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian carotid bodies are richly vascularized chemosensory organs that sense blood levels of O(2), CO(2)/H(+), and glucose and maintain homeostatic regulation of these levels via the reflex control of ventilation. Carotid bodies consist of innervated clusters of type I (or glomus) cells in intimate association with glial-like type II cells. Carotid bodies make afferent connections with fibers from sensory neurons in the petrosal ganglia and receive efferent inhibitory innervation from parasympathetic neurons located in the carotid sinus and glossopharyngeal nerves. There are synapses between type I (chemosensory) cells and petrosal afferent terminals, as well as between neighboring type I cells. There is a broad array of neurotransmitters and neuromodulators and their ionotropic and metabotropic receptors in the carotid body. This allows for complex processing of sensory stimuli (e.g., hypoxia and acid hypercapnia) involving both autocrine and paracrine signaling pathways. This review summarizes and evaluates current knowledge of these pathways and presents an integrated working model on information processing in carotid bodies. Included in this model is a novel hypothesis for a potential role of type II cells as an amplifier for the release of a key excitatory carotid body neurotransmitter, ATP, via P2Y purinoceptors and pannexin-1 channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin A Nurse
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main St. W., Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4K1.
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PACAP is an Endogenous Protective Factor—Insights from PACAP-Deficient Mice. J Mol Neurosci 2012; 48:482-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-012-9762-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 03/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Le Mével JC, Lancien F, Mimassi N, Conlon JM. Brain neuropeptides in central ventilatory and cardiovascular regulation in trout. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2012; 3:124. [PMID: 23115556 PMCID: PMC3483629 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2012.00124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neuropeptides and their G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) are present within the brain area involved in ventilatory and cardiovascular regulation but only a few mammalian studies have focused on the integrative physiological actions of neuropeptides on these vital cardio-respiratory regulations. Because both the central neuroanatomical substrates that govern motor ventilatory and cardiovascular output and the primary sequence of regulatory peptides and their receptors have been mostly conserved through evolution, we have developed a trout model to study the central action of native neuropeptides on cardio-ventilatory regulation. In the present review, we summarize the most recent results obtained using this non-mammalian model with a focus on PACAP, VIP, tachykinins, CRF, urotensin-1, CGRP, angiotensin-related peptides, urotensin-II, NPY, and PYY. We propose hypotheses regarding the physiological relevance of the results obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Claude Le Mével
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
- *Correspondence: Jean-Claude Le Mével, INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de Brest, 22 avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, France. e-mail:
| | - Frédéric Lancien
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
| | - Nagi Mimassi
- INSERM UMR 1101, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, SFR ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, CHU de BrestBrest, France
| | - J. Michael Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates UniversityAl Ain, United Arab Emirates
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The role of PACAP in central cardiorespiratory regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2010; 174:65-75. [PMID: 20470908 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2010.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 05/03/2010] [Accepted: 05/03/2010] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide (PACAP) plays a role in almost every biological process from reproduction to hippocampal function. One area where a role for PACAP is not clearly delineated is central cardiorespiratory regulation. PACAP and its receptors (PAC1, VPAC1 and VPAC2) are present in cardiovascular areas of the ventral medulla and spinal cord and in the periphery. Central administration of PACAP generally increases arterial pressure. Knowledge about the role of PACAP in central cardiovascular regulation is growing, but even less is known about PACAP in central respiratory regulation. No specific data is currently available regarding the presence of PACAP or receptors in key respiratory centers, although it is known that neonatal PACAP knock-out mice die suddenly in a manner similar to sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Future studies in mature preparations investigating the role of PACAP in the physiology and integration of central cardiorespiratory reflexes are clearly essential for a full understanding of this important neuropeptide in breathing.
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Giunta S, Castorina A, Adorno A, Mazzone V, Carnazza ML, D'Agata V. PACAP and VIP affect NF1 expression in rat malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells. Neuropeptides 2010; 44:45-51. [PMID: 19919880 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2009.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 09/14/2009] [Accepted: 10/15/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In our previous study we have identified PACAP, VIP and their receptors in rat malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST) cells, thus showing anti-apoptotic roles. Recently it has been shown that the tumor suppressor neurofibromin, encoded by the Neurofibromatosis type I (NF1) gene, promotes MPNST cells sensitivity to apoptosis after serum withdrawal. In the present study we investigated whether PACAP or VIP negatively regulate NF1 expression under normal or serum-dependent pro-apoptotic culture conditions. Results indicated that serum itself significantly influenced gene and protein levels. In fact, the low NF1 levels of cells cultured in normal serum-containing medium were remarkably increased in cells switched to low- or no-serum after 24h and 48 h. Treatment with 100 nM PACAP or VIP did not affect NF1 expression when using normal amounts of serum, whereas it significantly inhibited transcript and protein levels both in low- or no-serum cultured cells. In particular, PACAP reduced NF1 levels already after 24h in low-serum cultured cells, while VIP showed a similar effect only after serum deprivation. However, both PACAP and VIP downregulated gene and protein levels within 48 h either in low-dose and serum-starved cells. Results were confirmed by fluorescence microscopy, showing that 100 nM PACAP or VIP attenuated neurofibromin cytoplasmic localization only in low- or no-serum cultured cells. The present study provides a comprehensive analysis of both neuropeptides effect on NF1 expression in normal, low- or serum-starved MPNST cells, ameliorating the hypothesis that resistance to apoptosis in serum-deprived cells might be correlated to PACAP-/VIP-induced NF1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salvatore Giunta
- Department of Anatomy, Diagnostic Pathology, Legal Medicine, Hygiene and Public Health, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Peña F. PACAP modulates the respiratory rhythm generated in the brainstem slice preparation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 669:119-22. [PMID: 20217333 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-5692-7_24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) is involved in breathing control and its absence leads to sudden death of neonatal mice. It has also been shown that exogenous PACAP application increases breathing by activating peripheral chemoreceptors. However, the contribution of the central respiratory network to PACAP activation of breathing has not been yet established. Here, I explore the effect of PACAP on the rhythmic inspiratory activity generated by the preBötzinger complex (PreBötC) in the brainstem slice preparation. The results show that PACAP increases, in a concentration-dependent manner, burst frequency and decreases burst amplitude of the respiratory rhythm generated in vitro. In conclusion, PACAP is a neuromodulator of the PreBötC suggesting that alterations in such neuromodulation might be involved in the sudden infant death-like phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Peña
- Departamento de Farmacobiología, Cinvestav-IPN, México, DF, México.
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Le Mével JC, Lancien F, Mimassi N, Conlon JM. Ventilatory and cardiovascular actions of centrally and peripherally administered trout pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) in the unanaesthetized trout. J Exp Biol 2009; 212:3919-27. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.035196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
SUMMARY
In mammals, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) are involved in cardiovascular and respiratory regulation. Several studies have demonstrated the presence of PACAP, VIP and their receptors in various tissues of teleost fish, including the brain, but little is known about their respiratory and cardiovascular effects. The present study was undertaken to compare the central and peripheral actions of graded doses (25-100 pmol) of trout PACAP and trout VIP on ventilatory and cardiovascular variables in the unanaesthetized rainbow trout. Compared with vehicle, only intracerebroventricular injection of PACAP significantly (P<0.05) elevated the ventilation frequency and the ventilation amplitude, but both peptides significantly increased the total ventilation (). However, the maximum hyperventilatory effect of PACAP was approximately 2.5-fold higher than the effect of VIP at the 100 pmol dose (PACAP, =+5407±921 arbitrary units, a.u.; VIP, =+2056±874 a.u.; means ± s.e.m.). When injected centrally, only PACAP produced a significant increase in mean dorsal aortic blood pressure (PDA) (100 pmol: +21%) but neither peptide affected heart rate (fH). Intra-arterial injections of either PACAP or VIP were without effect on the ventilatory variables. PACAP was without significant action on PDA and fH while VIP significantly elevated PDA (100 pmol: +36%) without changing fH. In conclusion, the selective central hyperventilatory actions of exogenously administered trout PACAP, and to a lesser extent VIP, suggest that the endogenous peptides may be implicated in important neuroregulatory functions related to the central control of ventilation in trout.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.-C. Le Mével
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM U650, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, IFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, CHU de Brest, France
| | - F. Lancien
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM U650, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, IFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, CHU de Brest, France
| | - N. Mimassi
- Université Européenne de Bretagne, Université de Brest, INSERM U650, Laboratoire de Traitement de l'Information Médicale, Laboratoire de Neurophysiologie, IFR 148 ScInBioS, Faculté de Médecine et des Sciences de la Santé, 22 Avenue Camille Desmoulins, CS 93837, 29238 Brest Cedex 3, CHU de Brest, France
| | - J. M. Conlon
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, 17666 Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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28
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Vaudry D, Falluel-Morel A, Bourgault S, Basille M, Burel D, Wurtz O, Fournier A, Chow BKC, Hashimoto H, Galas L, Vaudry H. Pituitary Adenylate Cyclase-Activating Polypeptide and Its Receptors: 20 Years after the Discovery. Pharmacol Rev 2009; 61:283-357. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.109.001370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 829] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Cummings KJ, Klotz C, Liu WQ, Weese-Mayer DE, Marazita ML, Cooper ME, Berry-Kravis EM, Tobias R, Goldie C, Bech-Hansen NT, Wilson RJ. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in African Americans: polymorphisms in the gene encoding the stress peptide pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP). Acta Paediatr 2009; 98:482-9. [PMID: 19120039 DOI: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2008.01131.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Mice lacking pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) are prone to sudden death in the second post-natal week, having respiratory and metabolic disturbances reminiscent of the human Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Here we test the hypothesis that the human PACAP gene is a site of genetic variance associated with SIDS in a cohort of 92 victims and 92 matched controls. METHODS Using polymerase chain reaction and sequencing, we examined the PACAP gene in 92 SIDS cases (46 Caucasians and 46 African Americans) and 92 race- and gender-matched controls. RESULTS We found no significant associations between PACAP and SIDS in Caucasians. However, in the African Americans, a non-synonymous single nucleotide polymorphism (i.e. an aspartic acid/glycine coding variant, rs2856966) within exon 2 of PACAP was significantly associated with SIDS (p = 0.004), as were haplotypes containing this polymorphism (p < 0.0001). Glycine was three times more likely at this location in the African-American SIDS victims (17 cases) than African-American controls (5 cases). CONCLUSION These data are the first to suggest an association between a variant within the coding region of the PACAP gene and SIDS. Based on these findings, further investigations are warranted into the functional importance of PACAP signaling in neonatal survival and the role of PACAP-signaling abnormalities in SIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Cummings
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Hotchkiss Brain Institute and Institute of Maternal and Child Health, University of Calgary, AB, Canada
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McCrimmon DR, Mitchell GS, Alheid GF. Overview: the neurochemistry of respiratory control. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2008; 164:1-2. [PMID: 18721910 PMCID: PMC2642897 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2008] [Accepted: 07/23/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
This special issue of Respiratory Physiology and Neurobiology surveys a broad range of topics focused on the neurochemical control of breathing. A variety of approaches have integrated the neurochemistry of breathing with the physiology of individual neurons, with the neuroanatomy of brainstem and forebrain respiratory circuits, and with the clinical pathology of respiratory disorders all of which has been fueled by the ongoing explosion of information in the molecular biology of the nervous system. Accordingly, substantial progress has identified neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, receptors, signaling cascades, trophic factors, hormones, and genes mediating normal and pathological breathing. Dynamic changes in the neurochemistry of breathing are addressed with respect to brainstem development, environmental challenges such as intermittent or chronic hypoxia, and as a function of the sleep-wake cycle. Respiratory disruption has also been identified in an increasing variety of genetic-based disorders and remarkable progress has been made in determining the affected genes and their mutations that negatively impact respiration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R. McCrimmon
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 60611−3088
| | - Gordon S. Mitchell
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA, 53706
| | - George F. Alheid
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA 60611−3088
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