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Eck M, Da Costa J, Wathelet M, Beunas C, D'Ovidio K, Moncany AH, Thomas P, Fovet T. [Prevalence of mental disorders in French prisons: A systematic review]. L'ENCEPHALE 2024; 50:446-464. [PMID: 38378405 DOI: 10.1016/j.encep.2023.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among prisoners remains a major public health issue worldwide. In France, despite the increasing number of persons who are incarcerated (+30% between 1992 and 2002 with a 120% prison overcrowding), and a historical concern about the mental health of persons in detention and its management, no systematic review has been published on this subject. The aim of this article is to present the results of a systematic review of the literature on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. METHOD The reporting of this systematic review conforms to the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses) checklist. We searched the PubMed and Web of Science databases. We used combinations of keywords relating to prison (prison*, jail*, inmate*), to psychiatry ("mental health", psychiatr*), and to France (France, French). This work was completed with a search through the digital libraries of the École des Hautes Études en Santé Publique (EHESP) and of the Système Universitaire de Documentation (Sudoc) to obtain data from academic works and the gray literature. References cited in studies included in this review were also examined. All references published up to September 2022, written in English or French, presenting the results of original quantitative studies on the prevalence of psychiatric disorders in correctional settings were included. Two researchers independently extracted data from included references according to a pre-established protocol. RESULTS Among 501 records identified, a total of 35 papers based on 24 epidemiological studies met the eligibility criteria for inclusion in this review: 16 were cross-sectional, 7 retrospective and 1 both cross-sectional and retrospective. All papers were published between 1999 and 2022. We found one European study, 5 international studies, 18 regional or local studies. Of these, 21 studies had all-male or mixed gender samples (but when the sample was mixed gender, it was always at least 92% male). Almost half of the studies (n=11) involved a small sample of fewer than 500 persons. Half of the studies involved a sample of recently incarcerated persons: 6 involved a random sample of persons in detention, and 1 involved a sample of people incarcerated for more than 5 years. The last 5 studies focused on persons aged over 50 years and incarcerated for more than one year (n=1), incarcerated for sexual offences (n=2), placed in disciplinary cells (n=1) or in a special wing for radicalized or suspected radicalized individuals (n=1). Nine studies used standardized and validated diagnostic tools. According to the 4 studies involving representative samples and using standardized and validated diagnostic tools, the prevalence of the following psychiatric disorders was: 29.4-44.4% for anxiety disorders, 5-14.2% for PTSD, 28-31.2% for mood disorders, 6.9-17% for psychotic disorders, 32% for personality disorders and 11% for ADHD. CONCLUSION This systematic review of the literature highlights the high prevalence of psychiatric disorders in French prisons. The data collected are in line with international studies. The great methodological heterogeneity of the papers included in this review calls for further rigorous research to better understand the rates of mental disorders in French prisons and to explore their determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Eck
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France; Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Julien Da Costa
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Marielle Wathelet
- Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Clément Beunas
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Kevin D'Ovidio
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-lez-Lille, France
| | - Anne-Hélène Moncany
- Pôle de psychiatrie légale et de conduites addictives en milieu pénitentiaire, centre hospitalier Gérard Marchant, 31057 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Thomas Fovet
- Inserm, U1172 - Lille neuroscience & cognition, université de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Pôle de psychiatrie, médecine légale et médecine en milieu pénitentiaire, CHU de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
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Abukari MH, Appiah CA, Kwarteng A, Iddrisu S. Cardiovascular risk assessment of people living in prison in the Northern region of Ghana. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISON HEALTH 2024; 20:102-115. [PMID: 38984556 DOI: 10.1108/ijoph-09-2022-0054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE The health of people living in prisons (PLP) frequently remains marginalised in national development discourse, particularly in resource-constrained settings like Ghana. This study aims to determine the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among PLP at a prison facility in the Northern Region of Ghana. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH A cross-sectional study involving 134 male persons in prison, aged 18-79 years, was conducted to assess their dietary habits, tobacco use, alcohol consumption, sleep behaviour and physical activity practices. Serum lipid profile, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood pressure (BP) and body mass indices of participants were also measured. FINDINGS Almost half (48.1%) of the participants had abnormal lipid levels. Those with FBG in the diabetes range (= 7.0 mmol/l) constituted 3.9%, while 16.7% were in the impaired FBG range (6.1-6.9 mmol/l). Participants with BP within the pre-hypertension range were 54.5%. The majority of participants (92%) had a low daily intake of fruits and vegetables. Few participants were active smokers (5%) and alcohol users (2%). The average sleep duration at night among the participants was 5.54 ± 2.07 h. The majority (74%) of the participants were sedentary. About a quarter of the participants (24.6%) had overweight/obesity. ORIGINALITY/VALUE This study highlights the CVD risks among PLP. Findings suggest the need for targeted interventions, such as dietary and lifestyle modification strategies, regular physical activity and routine screening for diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension. These interventions within the prison space could significantly improve the cardiovascular health of PLP in resource-limited settings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Collins Afriyie Appiah
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Alexander Kwarteng
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Sherifa Iddrisu
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Tamale Technical University, Tamale, Ghana
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Fovet T, Thibaut F, Parsons A, Salize HJ, Thomas P, Lancelevée C. Mental health and the criminal justice system in France: A narrative review. FORENSIC SCIENCE INTERNATIONAL. MIND AND LAW 2020; 1:100028. [PMID: 35996435 PMCID: PMC9387428 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsiml.2020.100028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The treatment of people diagnosed with mental disorders who committed crimes differ greatly in countries around the world because of the long histories of criminal justice and psychiatry specific to each country. As a result, it is often difficult to grasp the specificities of each system. The main objective of this paper is to provide a narrative review of the interactions between the French mental health and judicial systems. Subsequently, we will discuss how the concept of forensic psychiatry does not yet exist in France and how it can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Florence Thibaut
- University of Paris, University Hospital Cochin, AP-HP, INSERM U1266, Institute of Psychiatry and Neurosciences, Paris, France
| | - Anne Parsons
- Department of History, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, NC, United States
| | - Hans-Joachim Salize
- Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim / Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Camille Lancelevée
- Fédération de Recherches en Psychiatrie et Santé Mentale des Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France
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Fovet T, Amad A, Horn M, Thomas P, Chan-Chee C. Utilization of Hospital-Level Mental Health Care Services for Inmates in France: A Transversal Study. Psychiatr Serv 2020; 71:824-828. [PMID: 32264798 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ps.201900497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES No study has assessed utilization of hospital-level mental health care for French prisoners. In particular, the impact of unités hospitalières spécialement aménagées (UHSAs; "specially equipped hospital units"), the full-time inpatient psychiatric wards for inmates created in 2010, remains unknown. The aim of this study was to describe the overall patterns of psychiatric hospitalization for detained people in France during 2016. METHODS The study was conducted by using a national psychiatric hospital discharge database. The authors identified incarcerated people who were hospitalized in UHSAs, general psychiatric hospitals, maximum-security unités pour malades difficiles (UMDs; "units for difficult patients"), and day treatment hospitals for inmates known as services médico-psychologiques régionaux (SMPRs; "regional medical-psychological services"), from January 1 to December 31, 2016. RESULTS In 2016, 4,392 incarcerated patients (7,027 admissions) were hospitalized (92% males). Overall, 1,944 patients were hospitalized in UHSAs, 1,787 in general psychiatric hospitals, 97 in UMDs, and 1,465 in SMPRs. That year, 815 patients (19%) were admitted to at least two different facilities. The mean cumulative length of stay per patient was 86.7 days (95% confidence interval=80.1-93.3; median=27 days), with longer durations of stay in UMDs and SMPRs than in UHSAs and general psychiatric hospitals. CONCLUSIONS Despite the recent creation of UHSAs, the hospitalization of inmates in general psychiatric hospitals remains frequent in France. Future research should consider the value of further developing UHSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Ali Amad
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Mathilde Horn
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
| | - Christine Chan-Chee
- Lille Neurosciences and Cognition, Lille University Hospital, University of Lille, and National Institute of Health and Medical Research, U1172, Lille, France (Fovet, Amad, Horn, Thomas); Public Health France, Saint Maurice, France (Chan-Chee)
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Fovet T, Plancke L, Amariei A, Benradia I, Carton F, Sy A, Kyheng M, Tasniere G, Amad A, Danel T, Thomas P, Roelandt JL. Mental disorders on admission to jail: A study of prevalence and a comparison with a community sample in the north of France. Eur Psychiatry 2020; 63:e43. [PMID: 32336297 PMCID: PMC7355167 DOI: 10.1192/j.eurpsy.2020.38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. The aim of the present study was to estimate prevalence rates of psychiatric and substance use disorders in male and female prisoners on admission to prison in the north of France and compare the frequency of these disorders to the general population. Methods. This cross-sectional survey on Mental Health in the Prison Population (MHPP), conducted between March 2014 and April 2017, interviewed 653 randomly selected men and women who had recently been committed to the French general population prison system in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. For each subject, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI), a standardized psychiatric interview, was used to screen for psychiatric and substance use disorders. The prevalence rates were then compared with data from the Mental Health in the General Population (MHGP) survey, a general population survey that used the same assessment methodology as MHPP in the Nord and Pas-de-Calais departments. A control sample was taken from the MHGP survey with a ratio of one case (MHPP) to three controls (MHGP) matching on age and sex. Results. The sample was primarily composed of French men, most of them single with low educational levels at the time of imprisonment. The mean age was 31.7 (standard deviation = 9.9; min = 18; max = 67). Most of the subjects included were first-time prisoners. The prevalence of affective disorders among newly incarcerated individuals was 31.2% with higher rates for major depressive disorder (27.2%). The prevalence of anxiety disorders was 44.4% with higher rates for generalized anxiety disorder (25.2%). The prevalence of psychotic syndromes was 6.9%. The prevalence of substance use disorders was 53.5% and a suicide risk was identified in 31.4% of the prisoners interviewed. Higher prevalence rates were found in the MHPP when compared with the MHGP for all psychiatric and substance use disorders assessed except for dysthymia and current isolated psychotic syndrome. Conclusions. Our study shows very high levels of prevalence for psychiatric and substance use disorders in recently committed French prisoners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Fovet
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Laurent Plancke
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France.,Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8019 - CLERSE - Centre Lillois d'Études et de Recherches sociologiques et Économiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Alina Amariei
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France
| | - Imane Benradia
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France.,ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Carton
- CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Aminata Sy
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France
| | - Maeva Kyheng
- Univ. Lille, CHU Lille, ULR 2694 - METRICS : évaluation des technologies de santé et des pratiques médicales, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Département de Biostatistiques, F-59000 Lille, France
| | | | - Ali Amad
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Thierry Danel
- Fédération régionale de recherche en psychiatrie et santé mentale Hauts-de-France (F2RSM Psy), Saint-André-Lez-Lille, France
| | - Pierre Thomas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, U1172-Lille Neuroscience & Cognition-Equipe Plasticity & SubjectivitY, F-59000 Lille, France.,CHU Lille, Pôle de Psychiatrie, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Roelandt
- EPSM Lille-Métropole, Centre Collaborateur de l'Organisation Mondiale de la Santé pour la Recherche et la Formation en Santé Mentale, Lille, France.,ECEVE, UMRS 1123, Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, INSERM, Paris, France
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Haile YG, Kebede KB, Limenhe A, Habatmu K, Alem A. Alcohol use disorder among prisoners in Debre Berhan prison, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study. SUBSTANCE ABUSE TREATMENT PREVENTION AND POLICY 2020; 15:26. [PMID: 32245385 PMCID: PMC7119076 DOI: 10.1186/s13011-020-00270-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies reported that history of alcohol use among prisoners is higher than the prevalence in the general population. Criminality is found to be associated with alcohol use disorder (AUD) in previous studies. In Ethiopia, there is limited information on the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors of AUD among prisoners of Debre Berhan Prison. METHODS A cross-sectional survey was conducted to assess history of AUD among prisoners at Debre Berhan Prison, before imprisonment. We selected 347 prisoners with a systematic sampling technique and interviewed using Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test (AUDIT) to screen for AUD in May 2017. Data entry was done using Epi-Data version 3.1 software, and bivariate and multivariate analyses were done using Stata version 13 software. Crude and adjusted odds ratios, with 95% confidence intervals and p-values are reported. RESULTS About six out of ten prisoners (59.1%) had AUD before imprisonment. Factors associated with increased odds of AUD were perception that the current offence is related to using substances (AOR = 4.2; 95% CI = 2.3, 7.8), and family history of substance use (AOR = 8.7; 95% CI = 1.7, 44.9). Being married had lower odds of AUD compared to the unmarried (AOR = 0.5; 95% CI = 0.2, 0.9). CONCLUSION We found that the prevalence of AUD 1 year before imprisonment in this population is high. AUD is found to be associated with a family history of substance use and perception that the current offence is related to using a substance. We recommend community-based study with different kind of study designs to see the relationship between AUD and crime for planning interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yohannes Gebreegziabhere Haile
- Department of Nursing, Debre Berhan University, Debre Berhan, Ethiopia. .,Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
| | | | - Asnake Limenhe
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Kassahun Habatmu
- School of Psychology, College of Education and Behavioral Studies, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Atalay Alem
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Health Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
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Fazel S, Yoon IA, Hayes AJ. Substance use disorders in prisoners: an updated systematic review and meta-regression analysis in recently incarcerated men and women. Addiction 2017; 112:1725-1739. [PMID: 28543749 PMCID: PMC5589068 DOI: 10.1111/add.13877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aims were to (1) estimate the prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison and (2) estimate and test sources of between study heterogeneity. METHODS Studies reporting the 12-month prevalence of alcohol and drug use disorders in prisoners on reception to prison from 1 January 1966 to 11 August 2015 were identified from seven bibliographic indexes. Primary studies involving clinical interviews or validated instruments leading to DSM or ICD diagnoses were included; self-report surveys and investigations that assessed individuals more than 3 months after arrival to prison were not. Random-effects meta-analysis and subgroup and meta-regression analyses were conducted. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. RESULTS In total, 24 studies with a total of 18 388 prisoners across 10 countries were identified. The random-effects pooled prevalence estimate of alcohol use disorder was 24% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 21-27], with very high heterogeneity (I2 = 94%). These ranged from 16 to 51% in male and 10-30% in female prisoners. For drug use disorders, there was evidence of heterogeneity by sex, and the pooled prevalence estimate in male prisoners was 30% (95% CI = 22-38; I2 = 98%; 13 studies; range 10-61%) and, in female prisoners, was 51% (95% CI = 43-58; I2 = 95%; 10 studies; range 30-69%). On meta-regression, sources of heterogeneity included higher prevalence of drug use disorders in women, increasing rates of drug use disorders in recent decades, and participation rate. CONCLUSIONS Substance use disorders are highly prevalent in prisoners. Approximately a quarter of newly incarcerated prisoners of both sexes had an alcohol use disorder, and the prevalence of a drug use disorder was at least as high in men, and higher in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seena Fazel
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Isabel A. Yoon
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Adrian J. Hayes
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of Oxford, Warneford HospitalOxfordUK
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Thierauf-Emberger A, Franz A, Auwärter V, Huppertz LM. Detection of the ethanol consumption markers ethyl glucuronide and ethyl sulfate in urine samples from inmates of two German prisons. Int J Legal Med 2015; 130:387-91. [PMID: 26160754 DOI: 10.1007/s00414-015-1222-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Abstinence from ethanol is necessary in various situations. Among these are jail terms. Nevertheless, it is a matter of fact that ethanol is illegally produced and ingested in prisons. So far, data regarding drug prevalence in jail have mainly been collected by questionnaires. To get an objective database for the prevalence of ethanol consumption in jail, a cross-sectional study was performed. METHODS Inmates of two German prisons (Offenburg and Freiburg) were asked to give a urine sample at an unknown and random point of time. Participation was voluntary and did lead to neither negative consequences nor benefits. All samples were anonymized. Using the consumption markers ethyl glucuronide (EtG) and ethyl sulfate (EtS), the urine samples were tested for previous ethanol consumption. Analyses were performed by a validated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method. RESULTS In total 676 male inmates participated in this study. The participation rate was 70-75% of all permanent inmates in Offenburg and 30.6% in Freiburg. Ten of the 555 (1.8%) samples from Offenburg and 1 of the 121 (0.8%) samples from Freiburg were positive for ethanol consumption markers with concentrations ranging from trace amounts to 1400 ng/mL for EtG and up to 510 ng/mL for EtS, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The number of participants in this study was rather high, so that the results represent a good cross section, at least for Offenburg, the jail with the higher number of positive samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Thierauf-Emberger
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Albertstraße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Anette Franz
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Albertstraße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Albertstraße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Laura M Huppertz
- Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Institute of Forensic Medicine, Albertstraße 9, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
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Tizón JL, Morales N, Artigue J, Quijada Y, Pérez C, Pareja F, Salamero M. Delusional disorders: Prevalence in two socially differentiated neighborhoods of Barcelona. PSYCHOSIS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/17522439.2013.773364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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