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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Akıncı MA, Bozkurt A, Turan B, Esin İS, Donbaloğlu MA, Bingöl İ, Tümüklü Özyer G, Kılıç U, Dursun OB. Objective Parameters in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: Eye and Head Movements. J Atten Disord 2024; 28:982-991. [PMID: 38214185 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231221746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate eye and head movements, which are objective parameters in ADHD. Method: While the children were watching the course video task, which included the relevant (teacher and smart board) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas of interest, their eye movements were evaluated through eye tracking, and video recordings were made simultaneous. Head position estimation was made using through video recordings. The proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) and saccade count, amplitude, velocity for eye movements, number of total head movements and angular change of head movement in x-y-z axes for head movements were compared. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI on the relevant area, and had more saccade and head movements The angular change of head movement in the x-axis was higher in the ADHD group. CONCLUSION In the assessment of ADHD, the eye and head movements may be particulary useful.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University Medicine Faculty, Trabzon, Turkey
| | | | | | - İsa Bingöl
- Bayburt University Distance Education Application and Research Center, Turkey
| | | | - Uğur Kılıç
- Atatürk University Computer Engineering Department, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Turkish Ministry of Health Autism, Mental Special Needs and Rare Diseases Department, Ankara, Turkey
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Nagatsuka Y, Nakamura D, Ota M, Arai G, Iwami Y, Suzuki H, Tomita A, Hanawa Y, Hayashi W, Iwanami A. Gaze measurements during viewing human dialogue scenes in adults with ADHD: Preliminary findings. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2024; 44:73-79. [PMID: 38050324 PMCID: PMC10932770 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Eye gaze measurement to human dialogue scenes in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was investigated. We examined whether eye gaze measurement might be a biological marker of ADHD. METHODS Twenty-two individuals with ADHD (mean age, 34.5 years) attending the outpatient clinic of Showa University Karasuyama Hospital were included in the study, and 26 healthy individuals (mean age, 32.6 years) with no history of mental disorders were used as the control group. For the participants, intellectual functioning was estimated using the Japanese Adult Reading Test, and mental symptoms were assessed using the Autism Spectrum Quotient and Conner's Adult ADHD Rating Scale. We extracted human dialogue scenes from two classic movies as visual stimuli and recorded the participant's gaze while watching these scenes using Tobii's eye tracker. RESULTS For gazing time, repeated measures analysis of variance showed no significant main effect of "group" and no significant interaction effect between "group" and areas of interest "(AOI)." In the normal group, gazing time at the eyes was significantly longer than those at the mouth, body, and background; in the ADHD group, gazing time at the eyes was significantly longer than only that at the background. CONCLUSION Given the different results obtained in the past in ASD, these results suggest that it would be necessary to directly compare the two groups to determine whether the gaze measurement shows significant differences in ASD and ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Nagatsuka
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Dan Nakamura
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Marie Ota
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Gosuke Arai
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yuriko Iwami
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Hirohisa Suzuki
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akisa Tomita
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Yoichi Hanawa
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Wakaho Hayashi
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of PsychiatryShowa University School of MedicineTokyoJapan
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Yoo JH, Kang C, Lim JS, Wang B, Choi CH, Hwang H, Han DH, Kim H, Cheon H, Kim JW. Development of an innovative approach using portable eye tracking to assist ADHD screening: a machine learning study. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1337595. [PMID: 38426003 PMCID: PMC10902460 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1337595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affects a significant proportion of the pediatric population, making early detection crucial for effective intervention. Eye movements are controlled by brain regions associated with neuropsychological functions, such as selective attention, response inhibition, and working memory, and their deficits are related to the core characteristics of ADHD. Herein, we aimed to develop a screening model for ADHD using machine learning (ML) and eye-tracking features from tasks that reflect neuropsychological deficits in ADHD. Methods Fifty-six children (mean age 8.38 ± 1.58, 45 males) diagnosed with ADHD based on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fifth edition were recruited along with seventy-nine typically developing children (TDC) (mean age 8.80 ± 1.82, 33 males). Eye-tracking data were collected using a digital device during the performance of five behavioral tasks measuring selective attention, working memory, and response inhibition (pro-saccade task, anti-saccade task, memory-guided saccade task, change detection task, and Stroop task). ML was employed to select relevant eye-tracking features for ADHD, and to subsequently construct an optimal model classifying ADHD from TDC. Results We identified 33 eye-tracking features in the five tasks with the potential to distinguish children with ADHD from TDC. Participants with ADHD showed increased saccade latency and degree, and shorter fixation time in eye-tracking tasks. A soft voting model integrating extra tree and random forest classifiers demonstrated high accuracy (76.3%) at identifying ADHD using eye-tracking features alone. A comparison of the model using only eye-tracking features with models using the Advanced Test of Attention or Stroop test showed no significant difference in the area under the curve (AUC) (p = 0.419 and p=0.235, respectively). Combining demographic, behavioral, and clinical data with eye-tracking features improved accuracy, but did not significantly alter the AUC (p=0.208). Discussion Our study suggests that eye-tracking features hold promise as ADHD screening tools, even when obtained using a simple digital device. The current findings emphasize that eye-tracking features could be reliable indicators of impaired neurobiological functioning in individuals with ADHD. To enhance utility as a screening tool, future research should be conducted with a larger sample of participants with a more balanced gender ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hyun Yoo
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul St. Mary’s Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - ChangSu Kang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Shik Lim
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bohyun Wang
- Department of Computer Science, Gachon University, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Chi-Hyun Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul Metropolitan Government - Seoul National University (SMG-SNU) Boramae Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunchan Hwang
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Doug Hyun Han
- Department of Psychiatry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jae-Won Kim
- Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Ayoubipour S, Sho'ouri N. A Comparative Investigation of Wavelet Families for Classification of EOG Signals Related to Healthy and ADHD Children. Clin EEG Neurosci 2024; 55:11-21. [PMID: 37605610 DOI: 10.1177/15500594231192817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on previous research, there are differences between eye movements of people with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and of healthy people, as a result, the existence of differences regarding the electrooculogram (EOG) signals of the 2 groups exists. Thus, this study aimed to examine the recorded EOG signals of 30 ADHD children and 30 healthy children while performing an attention-related task. For this purpose, the EOG signals of these 2 groups were decomposed utilizing various wavelet functions. Afterward, features, including mean, energy, and standard deviation (SD) of approximation and detail wavelet coefficients were calculated. The Davies-Bouldin (DB) index was used for the evaluation of the feature space quality. Finally, the 2 groups were classified using one-dimensional feature vector and support vector machine (SVM). The SD of detail coefficients (db4) was selected as the most effective feature for separating the 2 groups. Statistical analysis revealed that the values of energy and SD of EOG signals' detail coefficients were significantly lower in the ADHD group in comparison with the healthy group (P<.001). These results showed that the speed of the ADHD group's eye movements was slower due to the fact that the high-frequency band activity of EOG signals in the healthy group was higher. In addition, the EOG signals were classified with a detection accuracy of 83.42 ± 3.8%. The results of this study can be applied in designing an EOG biofeedback protocol to treat or mitigate the symptoms of ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahrzad Ayoubipour
- Department of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasrin Sho'ouri
- Department of Technology and Engineering, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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Liu X, Cheng Z, Lin H, Tan J, Chen W, Bao Y, Liu Y, Zhong L, Yao Y, Wang L, Wang J, Gu Y. Decoding effects of psychoactive drugs in a high-dimensional space of eye movements in monkeys. Natl Sci Rev 2023; 10:nwad255. [PMID: 38046372 PMCID: PMC10689211 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwad255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 08/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Oculomotor behavior has been shown to be correlated with mental disorders in clinics, making it promising for disease diagnosis. Here we developed a thorough oculomotor test toolkit, involving saccade, smooth pursuit, and fixation, allowing the examination of multiple oculomotor parameters in monkey models induced by psychoactive drugs. Eye movements were recorded after daily injections of phencyclidine (PCP) (3.0 mg/kg), ketamine (0.8 mg/kg) or controlled saline in two macaque monkeys. Both drugs led to robust reduction in accuracy and increment in reaction time during high cognitive-demanding tasks. Saccades, smooth pursuit, and fixation stability were also significantly impaired. During fixation, the involuntary microsaccades exhibited increased amplitudes and were biased toward the lower visual field. Pupillary response was reduced during cognitive tasks. Both drugs also increased sensitivity to auditory cues as reflected in auditory evoked potentials (AEPs). Thus, our animal model induced by psychoactive drugs produced largely similar abnormalities to that in patients with schizophrenia. Importantly, a classifier based on dimension reduction and machine learning could reliably identify altered states induced by different drugs (PCP, ketamine and saline, accuracy = 93%). The high performance of the classifier was reserved even when data from one monkey were used for training and testing the other subject (averaged classification accuracy = 90%). Thus, despite heterogeneity in baseline oculomotor behavior between the two monkeys, our model allows data transferability across individuals, which could be beneficial for future evaluation of pharmaceutical or physical therapy validity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
| | | | - He Lin
- The Third Research Institute of Ministry of Public Security, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jiangxiu Tan
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Wenyao Chen
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yichuan Bao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ying Liu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Lei Zhong
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yitian Yao
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Liping Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jijun Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Psychotic Disorders, Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200030, China
- Institute of Psychology and Behavioral Science, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China
| | - Yong Gu
- CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Neuroscience, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Zhou W, Fan Y, Chang Y, Liu W, Wang J, Wang Y. Pathogenesis of Comorbid ADHD and Chinese Developmental Dyslexia: Evidence From Eye-Movement Tracking and Rapid Automatized Naming. J Atten Disord 2023; 27:294-306. [PMID: 36461680 DOI: 10.1177/10870547221140858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND ADHD and Chinese developmental dyslexia (DD) have a very high comorbidity rate; however, which cognitive deficits characterize the comorbidity and when they occur during cognitive processing are still under debate. METHODS Rapid automatic naming (RAN) tasks with eye-movement tracking were conducted with 75 children who were typically developing, had comorbid ADHD and DD, had only ADHD, and had only DD. RESULTS The clinical groups had longer first fixation durations than the control for RAN digits. Temporal eye-movement measures, such as gaze duration and total reading time, were found to vary between the comorbidity and ADHD groups. Spatial eye-movement measures, such as regression probability and incoming saccade amplitude, differed between the comorbidity and DD groups. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that investigation with eye-movement measures combined with RAN tasks can strengthen the understanding of the pathogenesis of comorbid ADHD and DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, China.,Chinese Institute for Brain Research, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Fan
- Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- China Rehabilitation Research Center for Hearing and Speech Impairment, Beijing, China
| | | | - Jiuju Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital (Institute of Mental Health), Beijing, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University) and National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
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Aflalo J, Caldani S, Acquaviva E, Moscoso A, Delorme R, Bucci MP. Pilot study to explore poor visual searching capabilities in children with ADHD: a tablet-based computerized test battery study. Nord J Psychiatry 2023:1-7. [PMID: 36598162 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2162122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim: The frequent visual attention deficiency reported in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) could represent a relevant biomarker but robust estimates of such cognitive impairment in clinical populations remained challenging. To assess visual attention impairment in children ADHD using a new design tablet-based computerized test battery which allowed objective recording of visual search performances.Methods: Forty-nine children with ADHD and their IQ- and age-matched typically developmental (TD) children were enrolled in the study. Visual attention abilities were estimated by using the computerized modified barrage test developed by Metrisquare. We analyzed the time spent to achieve the whole battery and, the errors and omissions done by each child during each of the three sub-tasks.Results: We observed a significant association between the load of sustained attention requested to perform a sub-task and the numbers of errors and omissions made by the children whatever the group considered. During the most stringent sub-task in term of visual attention engagement, children with ADHD displayed more significant errors and omissions when compared to IQ- and age-matched controls. This effect was not mediated by the time spent to perform the task since we did not report any significant difference between groups.Conclusion: The different performance of the most stringent sub-task observed in children with ADHD could be due to their deficient neural activity in frontal areas responsible of visual endogenous attention needed for difficult visual searching tasks. This cognitive battery could be a useful instrument to estimate visual attention impairment in children with ADHD.HIGHLIGHTSWe assessed if a new design tablet-based computerized test battery would allow objective recording of visual search performances.We observed that children with ADHD made significantly more errors and omissions with respect to age-, sex- matched controls during the most stringent sub-task in terms of visual attention engagementThe tablet-based computerized test battery could be a promising tool to objectively estimate abnormal attention search impairment in ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Aflalo
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Simona Caldani
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Ana Moscoso
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris University, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- MoDyCo, UMR 7114 CNRS Université Paris Nanterre, Nanterre, France.,ENT Department, EFEE, Centre for Functional Exploration of Balance in Children, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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Yıldırım Demirdöğen E, Esin İS, Turan B, Dursun OB. Assessing sustained attention of children with ADHD in a class flow video task. Nord J Psychiatry 2022; 76:497-506. [PMID: 35521909 DOI: 10.1080/08039488.2022.2064545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study was to evaluate sustained attention performance of children with ADHD and effect of distractors on sustained attention through an eye-tracking during a class-flow video task. METHOD Data were collected using an eye-tracking during a class-flow task conducted with 60 children (ADHD and control groups). Two areas of interest were determined in the task, these are relevant (teacher and whiteboard) and irrelevant (any regions outside the relevant area) areas. The task also included distractors in relevant and irrelevant areas, comprising a brief conversation and dropping of a pencil, respectively. Proportion of total fixation duration on areas of interest (PFDAOI) was used to assess sustained attention. RESULTS Children with ADHD had lower PFDAOI in the relevant area during the whole class than children in the control group. After the relevant area distractor, PFDAOI increased in relevant area in ADHD group, indicating these children may have better attention after the distractor. However, children with ADHD also showed increased PFDAOI in the irrelevant area following the irrelevant area distractor, indicating that it negatively affected them. There was no significant change in the control group following the distractors. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that children with ADHD have poor sustained attention performance during the whole class. Moreover, distractors in distinct areas could affect children with ADHD differently. Thus, students with ADHD could benefit from increased stimuli in the relevant area and this can be a guide for classroom arrangements to improve the academic functionality of these children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esen Yıldırım Demirdöğen
- Atatürk University Medicine Faculty, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - İbrahim Selçuk Esin
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
| | - Bahadır Turan
- Karadeniz Technical University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon
| | - Onur Burak Dursun
- Health Science University, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Trabzon, Turkey
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Wuang YP, Wang CC, Tsai HY, Wan YT. The neural substrates of visual organization in children and adolescents: An fMRI study. APPLIED NEUROPSYCHOLOGY. CHILD 2022; 11:307-319. [PMID: 32898443 DOI: 10.1080/21622965.2020.1815536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Deficient visual organization ability not only indicates possible brain dysfunctions but further affects an individual's daily activities. This study aimed to use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to investigate the neural network contributing to visual organization abilities in children and adolescents. A two-choice version of the Hooper Visual Organization Test (T-HVOT) was adapted as the fMRI task for the present study. The effects of age and gender on overall visual perceptual functions and related neural foundations were also analyzed. Seventy children and adolescents were administered with the Test of Visual Perceptual Skill-Third Edition and 41 completed the fMRI scans. The whole-brain fMRI mapping results showed the cortical activation of multiple brain areas relating to visual organization. The greatest cortical activities were seen in the middle occipital gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus and inferior frontal gyrus, and two age groups showed significant differences in cortical activation patterns as well. Gender had no significant effects on visual perceptual functions nor related cortical activation patterns. The overall visual perception functions improve with age, and the different cortical activation patterns indicated that the two groups adopt different strategies while performing visual organization tasks. The sensitivity and spatial resolution of fMRI allowed us to make specific conclusions about cortical regions involved in visual organization function and to provide a reference for objectively judging rehabilitative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee-Pay Wuang
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Chung Wang
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Chung-Ho Memorial Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Yu Tsai
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ting Wan
- Department of Occupational Therapy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Classification of attention levels using a Random Forest algorithm optimized with Particle Swarm Optimization. EVOLVING SYSTEMS 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12530-022-09444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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White H, Heck A, Jubran R, Chroust A, Bhatt RS. Average fixation duration in infancy: Stability and predictive utility. INFANCY 2022; 27:866-886. [PMID: 35624554 DOI: 10.1111/infa.12483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The current study examined the stability, consistency, and predictive utility of average fixation durations in infancy. In Study 1, infants' (N = 80) average fixation duration when viewing social stimuli was found to show strong relative stability from 3.5 to 9 months of age. In Study 2, strong within-infant consistency was found in 3.5-month-old infants' (N = 73) average fixation durations to social and nonsocial stimuli. In Study 3, 3.5- to 9-month-old infants' (N = 89) average fixation duration was found to systematically vary with parent-reported symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at 4-6 years of age. These results suggest that average fixation duration serves as a stable and systematic measure of individual differences in cognitive development beginning early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah White
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Missouri, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Alison Heck
- Department of Psychology, Berea College, Berea, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rachel Jubran
- Department of Behavioral & Social Sciences, University of Montevallo, Montevallo, Alabama, USA
| | - Alyson Chroust
- College of Arts and Sciences, East Tennessee State University, Johnson City, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ramesh S Bhatt
- Department of Psychology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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Xu J, Li X, Chang H, Zhao B, Tan X, Yang Y, Tian H, Zhang S, Ren TL. Electrooculography and Tactile Perception Collaborative Interface for 3D Human-Machine Interaction. ACS NANO 2022; 16:6687-6699. [PMID: 35385249 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The human-machine interface (HMI) previously relied on a single perception interface that cannot realize three-dimensional (3D) interaction and convenient and accurate interaction in multiple scenes. Here, we propose a collaborative interface including electrooculography (EOG) and tactile perception for fast and accurate 3D human-machine interaction. The EOG signals are mainly used for fast, convenient, and contactless 2D (XY-axis) interaction, and the tactile sensing interface is mainly utilized for complex 2D movement control and Z-axis control in the 3D interaction. The honeycomb graphene electrodes for the EOG signal acquisition and tactile sensing array are prepared by a laser-induced process. Two pairs of ultrathin and breathable honeycomb graphene electrodes are attached around the eyes for monitoring nine different eye movements. A machine learning algorithm is designed to train and classify the nine different eye movements with an average prediction accuracy of 92.6%. Furthermore, an ultrathin (90 μm), stretchable (∼1000%), and flexible tactile sensing interface assembled by a pair of 4 × 4 planar electrode arrays is attached to the arm for 2D movement control and Z-axis interaction, which can realize single-point, multipoint and sliding touch functions. Consequently, the tactile sensing interface can achieve eight directions control and even more complex movement trajectory control. Meanwhile, the flexible and ultrathin tactile sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity of 1.428 kPa-1 in the pressure range 0-300 Pa with long-term response stability and repeatability. Therefore, the collaboration between EOG and the tactile perception interface will play an important role in rapid and accurate 3D human-machine interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Xu
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaoshi Li
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Chang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bingchen Zhao
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xichao Tan
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yi Yang
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - He Tian
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Tian-Ling Ren
- School of Integrated Circuits, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Beijing National Research Center for Information Science and Technology (BNRist), Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Center for Flexible Electronics Technology, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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Shoouri N. Detection of ADHD from EOG signals using approximate entropy and petrosain's fractal dimension. JOURNAL OF MEDICAL SIGNALS & SENSORS 2022; 12:254-262. [PMID: 36120401 PMCID: PMC9480511 DOI: 10.4103/jmss.jmss_119_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Previous research has shown that eye movements are different in patients with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and healthy people. As a result, electrooculogram (EOG) signals may also differ between the two groups. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the recorded EOG signals of 30 ADHD children and 30 healthy children (control group) while performing an attention-related task. Methods: Two features of approximate entropy (ApEn) and Petrosian's fractal dimension (Pet's FD) of EOG signals were calculated for the two groups. Then, the two groups were classified using the vector derived from two features and two support vector machine (SVM) and neural gas (NG) classifiers. Results: Statistical analysis showed that the values of both features were significantly lower in the ADHD group compared to the control group. Moreover, the SVM classifier (accuracy: 84.6% ± 4.4%, sensitivity: 85.2% ± 4.9%, specificity: 78.8% ± 6.5%) was more successful in separating the two groups than the NG (78.1% ± 1.1%, sensitivity: 80.1% ± 6.2%, specificity: 72.2% ± 9.2%). Conclusion: The decrease in ApEn and Pet's FD values in the EOG signals of the ADHD group showed that their eye movements were slower than the control group and this difference was due to their attention deficit. The results of this study can be used to design an EOG biofeedback training course to reduce the symptoms of ADHD patients.
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Hochhauser M, Aran A, Grynszpan O. Change Blindness in Adolescents With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Use of Eye-Tracking. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:770921. [PMID: 35295775 PMCID: PMC8918561 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.770921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigated change detection of central or marginal interest in images using a change-blindness paradigm with eye tracking. METHOD Eighty-four drug-naïve adolescents [44 with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)/40 controls with typical development] searched for a change in 36 pairs of original and modified images, with an item of central or marginal interest present or absent, presented in rapid alternation. Collected data were detection rate, response time, and gaze fixation duration, latency, and dispersion data. RESULTS Both groups' change-detection times were similar, with no speed-accuracy trade-off. No between-group differences were found in time to first fixation, fixation duration, or scan paths. Both groups performed better for items of central level of interest. The ADHD group demonstrated greater fixation dispersion in scan paths for central- and marginal-interest items. CONCLUSION Results suggest the greater gaze dispersion may lead to greater fatigue in tasks that require longer attention duration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adi Aran
- Neuropedeatric Unit, Shaare Zedek Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ouriel Grynszpan
- Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Sciences du Numérique, Université Paris-Saclay, Orsay, France
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15
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Wolf A, Ueda K. Contribution of Eye-Tracking to Study Cognitive Impairments Among Clinical Populations. Front Psychol 2021; 12:590986. [PMID: 34163391 PMCID: PMC8215550 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.590986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of psychology, the merge of decision-theory and neuroscientific methods produces an array of scientifically recognized paradigms. For example, by exploring consumer’s eye-movement behavior, researchers aim to deepen the understanding of how patterns of retinal activation are being meaningfully transformed into visual experiences and connected with specific reactions (e.g., purchase). Notably, eye-movements provide knowledge of one’s homeostatic balance and gatekeep information that shape decisions. Hence, vision science investigates the quality of observed environments determined under various experimental conditions. Moreover, it answers questions on how human process visual stimuli and use gained information for a successful strategy to achieve certain goals. While capturing cognitive states with the support of the eye-trackers progresses at a relatively fast pace in decision-making research, measuring the visual performance of real-life tasks, which require complex cognitive skills, is tentatively translated into clinical experiments. Nevertheless, the potential of the human eye as a highly valuable source of biomarkers has been underlined. In this article, we aim to draw readers attention to decision-making experimental paradigms supported with eye-tracking technology among clinical populations. Such interdisciplinary approach may become an important component that will (i) help in objectively illustrating patient’s models of beliefs and values, (ii) support clinical interventions, and (iii) contribute to health services. It is possible that shortly, eye-movement data from decision-making experiments will grant the scientific community a greater understanding of mechanisms underlining mental states and consumption practices that medical professionals consider as obsessions, disorders or addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- JSPS International Research Fellow, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Unit of Perceptual Psychology, Dept. Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Division of Auditory and Visual Perception Research, Research and Development Center for Five-Sense Devices, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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16
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EOG biofeedback protocol based on selecting distinctive features to treat or reduce ADHD symptoms. Biomed Signal Process Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bspc.2021.102748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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17
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Leroy A, Spotorno S, Faure S. Emotional scene processing in children and adolescents with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2021; 30:331-346. [PMID: 32034554 DOI: 10.1007/s00787-020-01480-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
"Impairments in emotional information processing are frequently reported in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) at a voluntary, explicit level (e.g., emotion recognition) and at an involuntary, implicit level (e.g., emotional interference). Most of previous studies have used faces with emotional expressions, rarely examining other important sources of information usually co-occurring with faces in our every day experience. Here, we examined how the emotional content of an entire visual scene depicting real-world environments and situations is processed in ADHD. We systematically reviewed in PubMed, SCOPUS and ScienceDirect, using the PRISMA guidelines, empirical studies published in English until March 2019, about processing of visual scenes, with or without emotional content, in children and adolescents with ADHD. We included 17 studies among the 154 initially identified. Fifteen used scenes with emotional content (which was task-relevant in seven and irrelevant in eight studies) and two used scenes without emotional content. Even though the interpretation of the results differed according to the theoretical model of emotions of the study and the presence of comorbidity, differences in scene information processing between ADHD and typically developing children and adolescents were reported in all but one study. ADHD children and adolescents show difficulties in the processing of emotional information conveyed by visual scenes, which may stem from a stronger bottom-up impact of emotional stimuli in ADHD, increasing the emotional experience, and from core deficits of the disorder, decreasing the overall processing of the scene".
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Leroy
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives Et Sociales (LAPCOS), MSHS Sud Est, Université Côte D'Azur, Pôle Universitaire Saint Jean D'Angely, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357, Nice Cédex 4, France. .,CERTA, Reference Centre for Learning Disabilities, Fondation Lenval, Hôpitaux Pédiatriques de Nice CHU-Lenval, Nice, France.
| | | | - Sylvane Faure
- Laboratoire D'Anthropologie Et de Psychologie Cliniques, Cognitives Et Sociales (LAPCOS), MSHS Sud Est, Université Côte D'Azur, Pôle Universitaire Saint Jean D'Angely, 24 avenue des Diables Bleus, 06357, Nice Cédex 4, France
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18
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Wolf A, Ueda K, Hirano Y. Recent updates of eye movement abnormalities in patients with schizophrenia: A scoping review. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2021; 75:82-100. [PMID: 33314465 PMCID: PMC7986125 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM Although eye-tracking technology expands beyond capturing eye data just for the sole purpose of ensuring participants maintain their gaze at the presented fixation cross, gaze technology remains of less importance in clinical research. Recently, impairments in visual information encoding processes indexed by novel gaze metrics have been frequently reported in patients with schizophrenia. This work undertakes a scoping review of research on saccadic dysfunctions and exploratory eye movement deficits among patients with schizophrenia. It gathers promising pieces of evidence of eye movement abnormalities in attention-demanding tasks on the schizophrenia spectrum that have mounted in recent years and their outcomes as potential biological markers. METHODS The protocol was drafted based on PRISMA for scoping review guidelines. Electronic databases were systematically searched to identify articles published between 2010 and 2020 that examined visual processing in patients with schizophrenia and reported eye movement characteristics as potential biomarkers for this mental illness. RESULTS The use of modern eye-tracking instrumentation has been reported by numerous neuroscientific studies to successfully and non-invasively improve the detection of visual information processing impairments among the screened population at risk of and identified with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Eye-tracking technology has the potential to contribute to the process of early intervention and more apparent separation of the diagnostic entities, being put together by the syndrome-based approach to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. However, context-processing paradigms should be conducted and reported in equally accessible publications to build comprehensive models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Wolf
- International Research Fellow of Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Fukuoka, Japan.,Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuo Ueda
- Department of Human Science, Research Center for Applied Perceptual Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoji Hirano
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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19
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Hadar Y, Hocherman S, Lamm O, Tirosh E. The Visuo-Motor Attention Test in Boys with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Methylphenidate-Placebo Randomized Controlled Trial. Child Psychiatry Hum Dev 2021; 52:96-103. [PMID: 32342235 DOI: 10.1007/s10578-020-00993-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
To assess the visuomotor attention ability in children with ADHD and controls and their response to placebo and Methylphenidate (MPH) treatment. 36 boys with ADHD and 36 age matched typical controls were administered the visuomotor attention test (VMAT) as a baseline and following a week of MPH(IR) or placebo administered to the study group, in a randomized crossover design. A significant difference between the study and control groups was found on several VMAT measures. No performance difference between ADHD dimensional sub-types was observed at the baseline assessment. Under MPH treatment a significant improvement in VMAT measures was observed and particularly in the combined and predominantly hyperactive (C\HI) type. The VMAT results obtained in the present study are consistent with previous findings. ADHD subtypes appear similarly short of visuomotor attention resources; a visuomotor test can be used in the assessment of gains derived from MPH treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaffa Hadar
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel.
| | - Shraga Hocherman
- The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, The Technion, Haifa, Israel
| | - Oren Lamm
- Department of Special Education, Faculty of Education, Haifa University, Haifa, Israel
| | - Emanuel Tirosh
- The Rappaport Family Faculty of Medicine, Israel Institute of Technology, The Technion, Haifa, Israel.,The Hannah Khoushy Child Development Center, Bnei Zion Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
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20
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Driving Accidents, Driving Violations, Symptoms of Attention-Deficit-Hyperactivity (ADHD) and Attentional Network Tasks. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17145238. [PMID: 32698490 PMCID: PMC7400088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17145238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Background: Iran has serious problems with traffic-related injuries and death. A major reason for traffic accidents is cognitive failure due to deficits in attention. In this study, we investigated the associations between traffic violations, traffic accidents, symptoms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), age, and on an attentional network task in a sample of Iranian adults. Methods: A total of 274 participants (mean age: 31.37 years; 80.7% males) completed questionnaires covering demographic information, driving violations, traffic accidents, and symptoms of ADHD. In addition, they underwent an objective attentional network task (ANT), based on Posner’s concept of attentional networks. Results: More frequent traffic violations, correlated with lower age and poorer performance on the attentional network tasks. Higher symptoms of ADHD were associated with more accidents and more traffic violations, but not with the performance of the attentional tasks. Higher ADHD scores, a poorer performance on attentional network tasks, and younger age predicted traffic violations. Only higher symptoms of ADHD predicted more traffic accidents. Conclusions: In a sample of Iranian drivers, self-rated symptoms of ADHD appeared to be associated with traffic violations and accidents, while symptoms of ADHD were unrelated to objectively assessed performance on an attentional network task. Poor attentional network performance was a significant predictor of traffic violations but not of accidents. To increase traffic safety, both symptoms of ADHD and attentional network performance appear to merit particular attention.
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21
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Several studies agree on the link between attention and eye movements during reading. It has been well established that attention and working memory (WM) interact. A question that could be addressed to better understand these relationships is: to what extent can an attention deficit affect eye movements and, consequently, remembering a word? The main aims of the present study were (1) to compare visual patterns of word stimuli between children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and typically developing (TD) children, during a visual task on word stimuli; (2) to examine the WM accuracy of the word stimuli; and (3) to compare the dynamic of visual scan path in both groups. METHOD A total of 49 children with ADHD, age and sex matched with 32 TD children, were recruited. We used eye-tracking technology in which the Word Memory Test was implemented. To highlight the scan path of participants, two measures were used: the ordered direction of reading and the entropy index. RESULTS ADHD groups showed a poorer WM than TD group. They did not follow a typical scan path across the words compared with TD children, but their visual scanning was discontinuous, uncoordinated, and chaotic. ADHD groups showed an index of entropy among the four categories of saccades higher than TD group. CONCLUSIONS The findings were discussed in light of two directions: the relationship between atypical visual scan path and WM and the training implications related to the necessity of redirecting the dynamic of visual scan path in ADHD to improve WM.
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22
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Hayashi W, Arai G, Uno H, Saga N, Ikuse D, Takashio O, Iwanami A. Spontaneous theory of mind in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Res 2020; 288:113025. [PMID: 32371312 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.113025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous theory of mind (ToM) is an unconscious and automatic understanding of others' mental states. Recently, individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to have social and communication difficulties, and ToM in ADHD has come under scrutiny. Although some studies have employed explicit ToM tasks to this end with contradictory results, none, to our knowledge, has investigated spontaneous ToM in individuals with ADHD. Therefore, we performed this study to examine implicit mentalizing in adults with ADHD using the anticipatory-looking paradigm designed by Senju et al. (2009) with a sample of 24 adults with ADHD and 18 neurotypical adults. The total fixation times to three areas of interest, i.e., the actor and the false-belief congruent and incongruent sides of the scene were measured. We found that neither group showed looking bias toward either the false-belief congruent or incongruent side. We interpret that this similar gaze pattern and the absence of looking bias to the false-belief incongruent side in both groups is indicative of intact implicit ToM in adults with ADHD. Adults with ADHD looked significantly less at the actor than did neurotypical individuals, possibly due to inattention and further experimental modifications should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wakaho Hayashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Gosuke Arai
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Hiromitsu Uno
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Nobuyuki Saga
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Ikuse
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Osamu Takashio
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
| | - Akira Iwanami
- Department of Psychiatry, Showa University School of Medicine, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan; Department of Psychiatry, Showa University Karasuyama Hospital, 6-11-11 Kitakarasuyama, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 157-8577, Japan.
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23
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Cui X, Wang J, Chang Y, Su M, Sherman HT, Wu Z, Wang Y, Zhou W. Visual Search in Chinese Children With Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Comorbid Developmental Dyslexia: Evidence for Pathogenesis From Eye Movements. Front Psychol 2020; 11:880. [PMID: 32670125 PMCID: PMC7326094 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a visual search task was conducted on children with comorbid attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and developmental dyslexia (DD), children with pure ADHD, and typically developing children to explore the pathogenesis of comorbidity between ADHD and DD. Participants searched for the target character from five characters in each trial during the task. The distractors included orthographically similar characters, homophones, unrelated characters, and characters of a different color (i.e., red). Results showed that the clinical groups produced longer first fixation duration than the control group in all types of distractors. Children with ADHD comorbid DD were also more susceptible to characters with the distracting red color in gaze duration and total viewing time than were children with pure ADHD and healthy controls. The implication of comorbidity (ADHD + DD) on the pathogenesis was discussed. These results may be helpful for the diagnosis and treatment of ADHD with comorbid DD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Cui
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiuju Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yulin Chang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Mengmeng Su
- College of Elementary Education, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
| | - Hannah T. Sherman
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, SC, United States
| | - Zhaomin Wu
- Shenzhen Children’s Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yufeng Wang
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders and Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Learning and Cognition, School of Psychology, Capital Normal University, Beijing, China
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24
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Takeda T, Nakashima Y, Tsuji Y. Discrepancies in Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale III profile in adult with and without attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2020; 40:166-174. [PMID: 32333645 PMCID: PMC7722665 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim The Wechsler Adult Intelligent Scale (WAIS) is the most frequently administered cognitive assessment for adult Attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); therefore, identifying discrepancies in WAIS profile in patients and comparing with matched controls would be clinically and diagnostically beneficial. Methods The WAIS‐III profiles of 50 adults with ADHD were compared to an age‐matched typical development (TD) group. Results The adult ADHD group exhibited significantly lower WAIS‐III working memory (WM) and processing speed (PS) indices. However, these differences disappeared when intelligence quotient (IQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) score, or Autism Quotient (AQ) score was included as a covariate. The adult ADHD group also demonstrated significantly lower scores in several WM‐ and PS‐domain subscales, while crystallized abilities were comparatively preserved. Additionally, only a small portion of participants in both groups lacked any significant gaps between WAIS‐III verbal and performance IQ scores (VIQ–PIQ) or associated indices. Discussion This study confirms previous findings that adult ADHD patients have deficits in WM and PS. However, it is highly likely that comorbidities such as depression and autism spectrum disorder contribute to lower WM and PS scores in adult ADHD. Unexpectedly, a “flat profile” is uncommon even in TD adults. Therefore, clinician should assess how WAIS deficits affect daily life rather than merely considering an uneven WAIS profile when diagnosing and treating adult ADHD. Although attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder adults have lower scores of WM and PS in WAIS‐III, the comorbidities such as depression considerably contribute to these findings. Significant discrepancies in VIQ‐PIA and among index scores are common even in TD adults.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshinobu Takeda
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Ryukoku University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Youta Nakashima
- Rakuwakai Otowa Hospital Department of Clinical Psychology, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yui Tsuji
- Graduate School of Psychological Science, Health Science University of Hokkaido, Sapporo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
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25
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Ho JD, Sheu JJ, Kao YW, Shia BC, Lin HC. Associations between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Ocular Abnormalities in Children: A Population-based Study. Ophthalmic Epidemiol 2019; 27:194-199. [PMID: 31878821 DOI: 10.1080/09286586.2019.1704795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was reported to be associated with disturbances in the prefrontal circuitry and seems to be associated with dysfunctions of eye motility. This study aimed to explore associations between ADHD and ocular abnormalities, including amblyopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and heterotropia, using a large, nationwide population-based dataset in Taiwan.Methods: We retrieved our sample for this cross-sectional study from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. In total, 116,308 children with ADHD were selected as the study group and 116,308 randomly selected children without ADHD as the comparison group. We used conditional logistic regression analyses to examine the odds ratios (ORs) of amblyopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and heterotropia between children with and those without ADHD.Results: We found that children with ADHD had significantly higher prevalences of amblyopia (1.6% vs. 0.9%, p< .001), hypermetropia (2.4% vs. 1.3%, p < .001), astigmatism (0.2% vs. 0.1%, p < .001), and heterotropia (1.1% vs. 0.5%, p < .001) than children without ADHD. The ORs of amblyopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism and heterotropia for children with ADHD were 1.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.76 ~ 2.05), 1.82 (95% CI = 1.68 ~ 1.92), 1.73 (95% CI = 1.34 ~ 2.16), and 2.01 (95% CI = 1.82 ~ 2.21) compared to children without ADHD.Conclusions: The findings suggest that ADHD is associated with ocular abnormalities, including amblyopia, hypermetropia, astigmatism, and heterotropia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jau-Der Ho
- Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Jiuan Sheu
- Department of Neurology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Wei Kao
- Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ben-Chang Shia
- Big Data Research Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Herng-Ching Lin
- School of Health Care Administration, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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26
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Bott NT, Lange A, Rentz D, Buffalo E, Clopton P, Zola S. Web Camera Based Eye Tracking to Assess Visual Memory on a Visual Paired Comparison Task. Front Neurosci 2017; 11:370. [PMID: 28701915 PMCID: PMC5487587 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2017.00370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Web cameras are increasingly part of the standard hardware of most smart devices. Eye movements can often provide a noninvasive "window on the brain," and the recording of eye movements using web cameras is a burgeoning area of research. Objective: This study investigated a novel methodology for administering a visual paired comparison (VPC) decisional task using a web camera.To further assess this method, we examined the correlation between a standard eye-tracking camera automated scoring procedure [obtaining images at 60 frames per second (FPS)] and a manually scored procedure using a built-in laptop web camera (obtaining images at 3 FPS). Methods: This was an observational study of 54 clinically normal older adults.Subjects completed three in-clinic visits with simultaneous recording of eye movements on a VPC decision task by a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in laptop-based web camera. Inter-rater reliability was analyzed using Siegel and Castellan's kappa formula. Pearson correlations were used to investigate the correlation between VPC performance using a standard eye tracker camera and a built-in web camera. Results: Strong associations were observed on VPC mean novelty preference score between the 60 FPS eye tracker and 3 FPS built-in web camera at each of the three visits (r = 0.88-0.92). Inter-rater agreement of web camera scoring at each time point was high (κ = 0.81-0.88). There were strong relationships on VPC mean novelty preference score between 10, 5, and 3 FPS training sets (r = 0.88-0.94). Significantly fewer data quality issues were encountered using the built-in web camera. Conclusions: Human scoring of a VPC decisional task using a built-in laptop web camera correlated strongly with automated scoring of the same task using a standard high frame rate eye tracker camera.While this method is not suitable for eye tracking paradigms requiring the collection and analysis of fine-grained metrics, such as fixation points, built-in web cameras are a standard feature of most smart devices (e.g., laptops, tablets, smart phones) and can be effectively employed to track eye movements on decisional tasks with high accuracy and minimal cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas T. Bott
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, Stanford UniversityStanford, CA, United States
| | - Alex Lange
- Neurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United States
| | - Dorene Rentz
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General HospitalBoston, MA, United States
- Department of Neurology, Brigham and Women's HospitalBoston, MA, United States
| | - Elizabeth Buffalo
- Neurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United States
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of WashingtonSeattle, WA, United States
| | - Paul Clopton
- San Diego Veteran's Administration Medical Center, San DiegoSan Diego, CA, United States
| | - Stuart Zola
- Neurotrack Technologies, Inc.Redwood City, CA, United States
- Emory University Office of the ProvostAtlanta, GA, United States
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