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Chen C, Yang T, Wang C. The Dietary Inflammatory Index and Early COPD: Results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Nutrients 2022; 14:2841. [PMID: 35889798 PMCID: PMC9320619 DOI: 10.3390/nu14142841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We examined 3962 people aged 20 to 49 years who had information on spirometry testing and underwent a 24 h dietary recall interview from the 2007-2012 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) and used multivariable logistic regression to evaluate associations between Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII, a pro-inflammatory diet) and early COPD and lung function. The overall prevalence of early COPD was 5.05%. Higher DII was associated with increased odds of early COPD (quartile 4 vs. 1, the OR = 1.657, 95% CI = 1.100-2.496, p = 0.0156). In a full-adjusted model, each unit of increase in DII score was associated with a 90.3% increase in the risk of early COPD. Higher DII is significantly associated with lower FEV1 and FVC among individuals with early COPD, each unit increment in the DII was significantly associated with 0.43 L-0.58 L decrements in FEV1 (β = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.74, -0.12) and FVC (β = -0.58, 95% CI = -1.01, -0.16). These findings demonstrate that higher consumption of a pro-inflammatory diet may contribute to an increased risk of early COPD and lower lung function, and further support dietary interventions as part of a healthy lifestyle in order to preserve lung function and prevent or improve COPD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China;
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Ting Yang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Center of Respiratory Medicine, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing 100029, China
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Meteran H, Thomsen SF, Miller MR, Hjelmborg J, Sigsgaard T, Backer V. Impact of the spirometric definition on comorbidities in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Respir Med 2021; 184:106399. [PMID: 34000574 DOI: 10.1016/j.rmed.2021.106399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Little is known about how the spirometric definition of airway obstruction affects the association between COPD and comorbidities and whether these associations might be due to genetic predisposition. AIM 1) To examine the impact of the spirometric definition on the associations between COPD and its comorbidities and 2) To examine whether these associations can be explained by shared genetic or environmental factors. METHODS 11,458 twins, aged 40-80 years, from the Danish Twin Registry were recruited who completed a questionnaire on medical history, life style factors and had a clinical examination. COPD was defined by respiratory symptoms (RS) plus airway obstruction according to either GOLD (FR-COPD) or ERS/ATS guidelines (LLN-COPD). Self-reported physician diagnoses were used to identify comorbidities. RESULTS The mean age of participants was 58.4 years ±SD 9.7, mean BMI was 26.6 kg/m2 ± SD 4.4, 52% were female and the prevalence of LLN2.5-COPD and FR-COPD was 2.5% and 6.3%, respectively. Among eight major comorbidities, multivariate logistic regression showed COPD was only associated with heart failure, whereas RS alone were associated with 6 out of 8 comorbidities after Bonferroni-correction. There was an increased risk of heart failure, ischemic heart disease, depression and pulmonary embolism in twin individuals with RS compared with the co-twin without RS. CONCLUSIONS COPD was only associated with an increased risk of heart failure. Discordant COPD-individuals (FR-COPD+/LLN5-COPD-) were at increased risk of heart failure. Sub-analyses showed that RS, but not airway obstruction were associated with an increased risk of comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howraman Meteran
- Department of Internal Medicine, Respiratory Medicine Section, Copenhagen University Hospital-Herlev-Gentofte, Hellerup, Denmark; Department of Public Health, Section of Environment Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Simon Francis Thomsen
- Department of Dermatology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Martin R Miller
- Institute of Applied Health Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Jacob Hjelmborg
- The Danish Twin Registry, Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Department of Public Health, Section of Environment Occupation and Health, Danish Ramazzini Centre, University of Aarhus, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Vibeke Backer
- Centre of Inflammation and Metabolism, Centre for Physical Activity Research, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Copenhagen University Hospital-Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lam R, Kwon S, Riggs J, Sunseri M, Crowley G, Schwartz T, Zeig-Owens R, Colbeth H, Halpren A, Liu M, Prezant DJ, Nolan A. Dietary phenotype and advanced glycation end-products predict WTC-obstructive airways disease: a longitudinal observational study. Respir Res 2021; 22:19. [PMID: 33461547 PMCID: PMC7812653 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-020-01596-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diet is a modifier of metabolic syndrome which in turn is associated with World Trade Center obstructive airways disease (WTC-OAD). We have designed this study to (1) assess the dietary phenotype (food types, physical activity, and dietary habits) of the Fire Department of New York (FDNY) WTC-Health Program (WTC-HP) cohort and (2) quantify the association of dietary quality and its advanced glycation end product (AGE) content with the development of WTC-OAD. METHODS WTC-OAD, defined as developing WTC-Lung Injury (WTC-LI; FEV1 < LLN) and/or airway hyperreactivity (AHR; positive methacholine and/or positive bronchodilator response). Rapid Eating and Activity Assessment for Participants-Short Version (REAP-S) deployed on 3/1/2018 in the WTC-HP annual monitoring assessment. Clinical and REAP-S data of consented subjects was extracted (7/17/2019). Diet quality [low-(15-19), moderate-(20-29), and high-(30-39)] and AGE content per REAP-S questionnaire were assessed for association with WTC-OAD. Regression models adjusted for smoking, hyperglycemia, hypertension, age on 9/11, WTC-exposure, BMI, and job description. RESULTS N = 9508 completed the annual questionnaire, while N = 4015 completed REAP-S and had spirometry. WTC-OAD developed in N = 921, while N = 3094 never developed WTC-OAD. Low- and moderate-dietary quality, eating more (processed meats, fried foods, sugary drinks), fewer (vegetables, whole-grains),and having a diet abundant in AGEs were significantly associated with WTC-OAD. Smoking was not a significant risk factor of WTC-OAD. CONCLUSIONS REAP-S was successfully implemented in the FDNY WTC-HP monitoring questionnaire and produced valuable dietary phenotyping. Our observational study has identified low dietary quality and AGE abundant dietary habits as risk factors for pulmonary disease in the context of WTC-exposure. Dietary phenotyping, not only focuses our metabolomic/biomarker profiling but also further informs future dietary interventions that may positively impact particulate matter associated lung disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Lam
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sophia Kwon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Riggs
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Maria Sunseri
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - George Crowley
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Theresa Schwartz
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Rachel Zeig-Owens
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Hilary Colbeth
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Allison Halpren
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Mengling Liu
- Division of Biostatistics, Departments of Population Health, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David J Prezant
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Pulmonary Medicine Division, Department of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center and Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Anna Nolan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Fire Department of New York, Bureau of Health Services, Brooklyn, NY, USA.
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University, School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep, New York University, School of Medicine, New Bellevue, 16 S Room 16 (Office), 16N Room 20 (Lab), 462 1st Avenue, New York, NY, 10016, USA.
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Ng TP, Gao Q, Gwee X, Chua DQL, Tan WC. Tea Consumption and Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease in Middle-Aged and Older Singaporean Adults. Int J Chron Obstruct Pulmon Dis 2021; 16:13-23. [PMID: 33442245 PMCID: PMC7800434 DOI: 10.2147/copd.s273406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective The anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of phytochemicals and the smooth muscle relaxant actions of theophylline present in tea may confer pulmonary protection and reduce COPD risk. We investigated tea consumption (black, oolong, or green) association with COPD risks in a population-based cohort study of older adults aged ≥55. Methods GOLD criteria was used to identify prevalent and incident cases of COPD (FEV1/FVC <0.70) among 4617 participants and 920 participants free of COPD at baseline who were assessed at follow-up 4.5 years later. Results Prevalent cases of COPD consumed less tea than their non-COPD counterparts. Estimated odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) of association with prevalent COPD, adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, housing type, smoking, alcohol, physical activity and BMI declined across tea consumption levels (p-trend=0.048), and was lowest for ≥3 cups/day (OR=0.77, 95% CI=0.61–0.96). The cumulated incidence of COPD declined across tea consumption categories (p-trend=0.012) and the lowest OR of association (OR=0.35, 95% CI=0.17–0.69) with consuming ≥3 cups/day after co-variate adjustment. Conclusion Different kinds of tea showed similar non-significant trends of associations but appeared to be strongest for green tea. Tea consumption in this Asian population was associated with lowered COPD prevalence and incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tze Pin Ng
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Qi Gao
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Xinyi Gwee
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Denise Q L Chua
- Gerontology Research Programme, Department of Psychological Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Wan C Tan
- Centre for Heart Lung Innovation, Department of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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Szmidt MK, Kaluza J, Harris HR, Linden A, Wolk A. Long-term dietary fiber intake and risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a prospective cohort study of women. Eur J Nutr 2020; 59:1869-1879. [PMID: 31280344 PMCID: PMC7351821 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-019-02038-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Until now, only two prospective cohort studies have investigated dietary fiber intake in relation to risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), but neither examined long-term fiber intake. Both studies reported that total fiber intake was associated with decreased COPD risk; however, results for specific fiber sources were inconsistent. Thus, we prospectively evaluated the association between baseline and long-term intake of dietary fiber and COPD risk in a population-based prospective cohort of 35,339 Swedish women. METHODS Dietary fiber intake was assessed in 1987 and 1997 with a food frequency questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS During follow-up (2002-2014), 1557 COPD cases were identified via linkage to the Swedish National Patient Register. Long-term high dietary fiber intake (≥ 26.5 vs. < 17.6 g/day) was associated with a 30% (95% CI 17-41%) lower risk of COPD. For specific fiber sources, cereal (≥ 16.3 vs. < 9.4 g/day; HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.55-0.81) and fruit fiber (≥ 7.6 vs. < 2.6 g/day; HR 0.65, 95% CI 0.5-0.81), but not vegetable fiber intake (≥ 5.4 vs. < 2.2 g/day; HR 1.03, 95% CI 0.81-1.28) were associated with lower COPD risk. Current and ex-smokers with low long-term total fiber intake (< 17.6 g/day) compared to never smokers with high intake (≥ 26.5 g/day) had a 33-fold (95% CI 23.6-46.6) and tenfold (95% CI 7.0-16.3), respectively, higher risk of COPD. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that high fiber intake is a modifiable lifestyle factor which may decrease COPD risk primarily in current and ex-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Karolina Szmidt
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Joanna Kaluza
- Department of Human Nutrition, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, 159C Nowoursynowska Str., 02-776, Warsaw, Poland
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Holly Ruth Harris
- Program in Epidemiology, Division of Public Health Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Anders Linden
- Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, New Karolinska Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alicja Wolk
- Unit of Cardiovascular and Nutritional Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171-77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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Shen T, Bimali M, Faramawi M, Orloff MS. Consumption of Vitamin K and Vitamin A Are Associated With Reduced Risk of Developing Emphysema: NHANES 2007-2016. Front Nutr 2020; 7:47. [PMID: 32391372 PMCID: PMC7192023 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2020.00047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) comprising of emphysema and chronic bronchitis are the most common chronic respiratory diseases that impart a huge economic and clinical burden. Factors other than smoking and air pollutants can cause inflammation and emphysematous changes in the lung airspaces or alveoli have been understudied. Using a cross-sectional study design, we assessed the association of dark green vegetables, vitamin K and Vitamin A with emphysema status among adults at U.S. These nutrients have a role in lung biology. A complete case NHANES data (n = 17,681) was used. After adjusting for modifiable and non-modifiable confounders, consumption of recommended amounts of vitamin K was associated with 39% decrease in odds (Odds Ratio: 0.61; 95% CI: 0.40–0.92, P-val: 0.02) of emphysema. Similarly consumption of recommended amounts vitamin A dose was associated with 33% decrease in odds (Odds Ratio: 0.67; 95% CI: 0.44–1.00, P-val: 0.05) of emphysema. Vitamin K shows an inverse association suggesting that it may be important in slowing the emphysematous process. Vitamin A is important in maintaining the anti-inflammatory process. Together vitamin K and vitamin A are important in the lung health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianjiao Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Milan Bimali
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mohammed Faramawi
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
| | - Mohammed S Orloff
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States.,Winthrop P. Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR, United States
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Fruit and Vegetable Intake and the Risk of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3783481. [PMID: 32219131 PMCID: PMC7057001 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3783481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Object. Results on the associations of fruit and vegetable intake with risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are still in conflict. Hence, we conducted a meta-analysis to quantitatively evaluate the association between fruit and vegetable intake and the risk of COPD.
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de Vries M, Axson EL, Ratanachina J, Dumas O, De Matteis S, Bédard A, Roda C, Moitra S, Dagli E, Dimanti A, Dilektasli AG, Ravara S, Amaral AF. European Respiratory Society International Congress 2018: four shades of epidemiology and tobacco control. ERJ Open Res 2019; 5:00217-2018. [PMID: 30847352 PMCID: PMC6397917 DOI: 10.1183/23120541.00217-2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In this article, early career members and experienced members of the Epidemiology and Environment Assembly of the European Respiratory Society highlight and summarise a selection of six sessions from the Society's annual congress, which in 2018 was held in Paris, France. The topics covered in these sessions span from cutting-edge molecular epidemiology of lung function to clinical, occupational and environmental epidemiology of respiratory disease, and from emergent tobacco products to tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maaike de Vries
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Dept of Epidemiology, Groningen, The Netherlands
- University of Groningen, University Medical Centre Groningen, Groningen Research Institute for Asthma and COPD (GRIAC), Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eleanor L. Axson
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Jate Ratanachina
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
- King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok, Thailand
- Dept of Preventive and Social Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Orianne Dumas
- INSERM, U1168, VIMA: Aging and chronic diseases, Epidemiological and Public Health Approaches, Villejuif, France
- Universite de Versailles St-Quentin-en-Yvelines, UMR-S 1168, Montigny le Bretonneux, France
| | - Sara De Matteis
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Annabelle Bédard
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Célina Roda
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
- INSERM U1153, HERA team: Health Environmental Risk Assessment, Paris Descartes University, Paris Faculty of Pharmacy, Paris, France
| | - Subhabrata Moitra
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Athina Dimanti
- Midwifery Department of University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
- Dept of Critical Care and Pulmonary Services, University of Athens Medical School, Evangelismos Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Sofia Ravara
- Health Sciences Research Centre (CICS-UBI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, Portugal
- Public Health Research Centre, National School of Public Health, NOVA University, Lisbon, Portugal
- CHUCB, University Hospital, Covilha, Portugal
| | - André F.S. Amaral
- Population Health and Occupational Disease, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Multi-target natural products as alternatives against oxidative stress in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Eur J Med Chem 2019; 163:911-931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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