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Hernández FA, Tejeda C, Aristizábal B, Raffo E, Moroni M, Salgado M. Confirmation of the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) as carrier of Mycobacterium bovis in southern Chile. Acta Trop 2024; 256:107257. [PMID: 38761833 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2024.107257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/20/2024]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a chronic infectious-contagious disease with worldwide distribution, caused by the zoonotic pathogen Mycobacterium bovis. It is believed that the existence of wild cycles may hamper the success of bTB control strategies worldwide, where wildlife species could be reservoirs of this bacterial agent across their native (e.g., European badgers, wild boars) or non-indigenous (e.g., brushtail possum in New Zealand) ranges. However, further studies are required to understand the potential risk posed by non-native wildlife in becoming carriers of M. bovis in other neglected latitudes, such as the Southern Cone of South America. In this study, we performed a specific M. bovis-RD4 real-time PCR (qPCR) assay to detect bacterial DNA in tissues from the invasive American mink (Neogale vison) in Los Ríos region, Chile. We detected M. bovis DNA in blood samples collected from 13 out of 186 (7 %) minks with known sex and age. We did not find any significant differences in bacterial DNA detection according to mink sex and age. We found that 92 % (12/13) of specimens were positive in lung, 39 % (5/13) in mediastinal lymph node, and 15 % (2/13) in mesenteric lymph node, which suggest that both respiratory and digestive pathways as possible routes of transmission between infected hosts and minks. Our study is the first report on M. bovis molecular detection in invasive minks in an area where the largest cattle population in the country is located. Furthermore, this area is characterized by a low within-herd prevalence of M. bovis infection in cattle, with a relatively low number of infected herds, and so far, no attempts at eradicating the disease have been successful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe A Hernández
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile.
| | - Carlos Tejeda
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Brandon Aristizábal
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Eduardo Raffo
- Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero (SAG), Protección de Recursos Naturales Renovables, Región de los Ríos, Chile
| | - Manuel Moroni
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Patología Animal, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Miguel Salgado
- Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto de Medicina Preventiva Veterinaria, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Zheng W, Diao NC, Wang Q, Wang CY, Su N, Yin JY, Tian T, Shi K, Du R. Worldwide Swine Tuberculosis-Positive Rate and Associated Risk Factors, 1966-2020: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2024; 24:181-195. [PMID: 38306180 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2023.0068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic, zoonotic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis that infects not only humans but also animals such as pigs, cows, buffaloes, sheep, and goats. Among them, pigs are one of the main food animals in the world. If pigs are infected with M. tuberculosis, meat products will be negatively affected, causing economic losses to the livestock industry. There is currently no systematic epidemiological assessment of swine TB in the world, so it is important to know the prevalence of swine, and these data are currently lacking, so we performed a statistical analysis. Results: We searched 6791 articles and finally included data from 35,303 pigs from 15 countries or territories, showing a combined prevalence of TB in pigs of 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 9.2 to 15.9). Among them, the prevalence rate of swine TB in Europe was 15.2% (95% CI: 11.1 to 20.7, 2491/25,050), which was higher compared with other continents, and the difference was significant; the positive rate of PCR method was higher in the detection method subgroup, which was 15.7% (95% CI: 8.0 to 31.0, 376/2261); Mycobacterium bovis was detected in pigs in the M. tuberculosis typing group (9.5%, 95% CI: 6.7 to 13.5, 1364/21,430). The positive rate is higher compared with Mycobacterium capris. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis is the first to determine the global prevalence of TB in swine herds. Although the seroprevalence of swine TB in this article is very low, the harm of TB cannot be ignored. It is important to take effective control and preventive measures to stop the spread of TB to reduce the impact of diseased pigs on animal husbandry and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zheng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Chun-Yu Wang
- Jilin Heyuan Bioengineering Co., Ltd., Songyuan, P.R. China
| | - Nuo Su
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Ying Yin
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Tian Tian
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
- Key Lab of Animal Production, Product Quality and Security, Ministry of Education, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, P.R. China
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Li D, Li DN, Liu XY, Song YH, Liu XT, Sehrish S, Jia YX, Zong Y, Li JM, Shi K, Leng X, Liu F, Diao NC, Zeng FL, Gong QL, Du R. Prevalence of Mycobacterium bovis in deer in mainland China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1333975. [PMID: 38440384 PMCID: PMC10909987 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1333975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Deer tuberculosis is a chronic zoonotic infectious disease, despite the existence of socio-economic and zoonotic risk factors, but at present, there has been no systematic review of deer tuberculosis prevalence in mainland China. The aim of this meta-analysis was to estimate the overall prevalence of deer TB in mainland China and to assess possible associations between potential risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis. Methodology This study was searched in six databases in Chinese and English, respectively (1981 to December 2023). Four authors independently reviewed the titles and abstracts of all retrieved articles to establish the inclusion exclusion criteria. Using the meta-analysis package estimated the combined effects. Cochran's Q-statistic was used to analyze heterogeneity. Funnel plots (symmetry) and used the Egger's test identifying publication bias. Trim-and-fill analysis methods were used for validation and sensitivity analysis. we also performed subgroup and meta-regression analyses. Results In this study, we obtained 4,400 studies, 20 cross-sectional studies were screened and conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis. Results show: The overall prevalence of tuberculosis in deer in mainland China was 16.1% (95% confidence interval (CI):10.5 24.6; (Deer tuberculosis infected 5,367 out of 22,215 deer in mainland China) 5,367/22215; 1981 to 2023). The prevalence in Central China was the highest 17.5% (95% CI:14.0-21.9; 63/362), and among provinces, the prevalence in Heilongjiang was the highest at 26.5% (95% CI:13.2-53.0; 1557/4291). Elaphurus davidianus was the most commonly infected species, with a prevalence of 35.3% (95% CI:18.5-67.2; 6/17). We also assessed the association between geographic risk factors and the incidence of deer tuberculosis. Conclusion Deer tuberculosis is still present in some areas of China. Assessing the association between risk factors and the prevalence of deer tuberculosis showed that reasonable and scientific-based breeding methods, a suitable breeding environment, and rapid and accurate detection methods could effectively reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis. In addition, in the management and operation of the breeding base, improving the scientific feed nutrition standards and establishing comprehensive standards for disease prevention, immunization, quarantine, treatment, and disinfection according to the breeding varieties and scale, are suggested as ways to reduce the prevalence of deer tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Dan-Ni Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xin-Yue Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Hao Song
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue-Tong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Siddique Sehrish
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu-Xin Jia
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Ying Zong
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jian-Ming Li
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Kun Shi
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Xue Leng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fei Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Nai-Chao Diao
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Fan-Li Zeng
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Qing-Long Gong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Du
- College of Chinese Medicine Materials, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- Laboratory of Production and Product Application of Sika Deer of Jilin Province, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
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Herraiz C, Vicente J, Gortázar C, Acevedo P. Large scale spatio-temporal modelling of risk factors associated with tuberculosis exposure at the wildlife-livestock interface. Prev Vet Med 2023; 220:106049. [PMID: 37866131 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2023.106049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
The management of animal tuberculosis (TB) is a priority for European Union animal health authorities. However, and despite all the efforts made to date, a significant part of Spain has as yet been unable to obtain the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Information regarding wildlife disease status is usually scarce, signifying that the role played by wildlife is usually ignored or poorly assessed in large-scale TB risk factor studies. The National Wildlife Health Surveillance Plan in Spain now provides information on infection rates in wildlife reservoirs at a national level, but there are limitations as regards the sample size, the spatio-temporal distribution of the samples, and the lack of homogeneity of the diagnostic techniques employed. The objective of the study described herein was, therefore, to employ a Bayesian approach with the intention of identifying the risk factors associated with four TB rates in cattle: prevalence, incidence, maintenance and persistence in Spain during the period 2014-2019. The modeling approach included highly informative spatio-temporal latent effects with which to control the limitations of the data. Variation partitioning procedures were carried out, and the pure effect of each factor was mapped in order to identify the most relevant factors associated with TB dynamics in cattle in each region. This made it possible to disclose that the movement of cattle, particularly from counties with herd incidence > 1%, was the main driver of the TB dynamics in cattle. The abundance of herds bred for bullfighting was retained in all four models, but had less weight than the movements. After accounting for farm-related factors, the TB prevalence in wild boar was retained in all the models and was significantly related to incidence, maintenance and persistence. With regard to the incidence, variation partitioning revealed that wildlife was the most explicative factor, thus suggesting that it plays a role in the introduction of the pathogen into uninfected herds, and consequently highlighting its importance in breakdowns. These results show, for the first time on a national scale, that wild ungulates play a relevant role in the spatio-temporal variability of TB in cattle, particularly as regards their disease status. Moreover, the spatial representation of the pure effect of each factor made it possible to identify which factors are driving the disease dynamics in each region, thus showing that it is a valuable tool with which to focus efforts towards achieving the OTF status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cesar Herraiz
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Joaquín Vicente
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Christian Gortázar
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Health and Biotechnology Research Group (SaBio), Institute for Game and Wildlife Research (IREC), CSIC-JCCM-UCLM, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Morariu S, Sîrbu CB, Tóth AG, Dărăbuș G, Oprescu I, Mederle N, Ilie MS, Imre M, Sîrbu BAM, Solymosi N, Florea T, Imre K. First Molecular Identification of Calicophoron daubneyi (Dinnik, 1962) and Paramphistomum leydeni (Nasmark, 1937) in Wild Ruminants from Romania. Vet Sci 2023; 10:603. [PMID: 37888555 PMCID: PMC10611404 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci10100603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Rumen flukes are geographically widespread trematodes affecting wild and domestic ruminants. The juvenile forms, which are found in the small intestine, are more pathogenic compared to the adults. Severe diarrhoea and weight loss are the major clinical signs, and the disease might be fatal in severely infested individuals. In the last decade, paramphistomosis has been described as an emerging parasitic disease in Europe. This study aimed to identify the rumen fluke species in wild ruminants from western Romania. Fifty-two pre-stomachs obtained from roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) that were hunted on 14 hunting grounds from Timiș and Arad counties were examined for the presence of paramphistomes. Three (9.09%) out of 33 samples were positive in Timiș County, and one (5.26%) out of 19 samples was positive in Arad County. Subsequent PCR testing revealed that three samples were positive for Calicophoron daubneyi and one for Paramphistomum leydeni. The presence of C. daubneyi and P. leydeni in roe deer has not been previously reported in Romania. Two Paramphistomum species-C. daubneyi and P. leydeni-were revealed as the main species of rumen flukes in roe deer from forests in Romania.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Morariu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Cătălin Bogdan Sîrbu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Adrienn Gréta Tóth
- Department Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Gheorghe Dărăbuș
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Ion Oprescu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Narcisa Mederle
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Marius Stelian Ilie
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Mirela Imre
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Beatrice Ana-Maria Sîrbu
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Norbert Solymosi
- Department Centre for Bioinformatics, University of Veterinary Medicine Budapest, Budapest István u. 2, 1078 Budapest, Hungary; (A.G.T.); (N.S.)
| | - Tiana Florea
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania; (S.M.); (G.D.); (I.O.); (N.M.); (M.S.I.); (M.I.); (B.A.-M.S.)
| | - Kalman Imre
- Food Safety Department, University of Life Sciences King Mihai I, 300645 Timisoara, Romania;
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Wang Y, Xu X, Chen H, Yang F, Xu B, Wang K, Liu Q, Liang G, Zhang R, Jiao X, Zhang Y. Assessment of beneficial effects and identification of host adaptation-associated genes of Ligilactobacillus salivarius isolated from badgers. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:530. [PMID: 37679681 PMCID: PMC10483869 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09623-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ligilactobacillus salivarius has been frequently isolated from the gut microbiota of humans and domesticated animals and has been studied as a candidate probiotic. Badger (Meles meles) is known as a "generalist" species that consumes complex foods and exhibits tolerance and resistance to certain pathogens, which can be partly attributed to the beneficial microbes such as L. salivarius in the gut microbiota. However, our understanding of the beneficial traits and genomic features of badger-originated L. salivarius remains elusive. RESULTS In this study, nine L. salivarius strains were isolated from wild badgers' feces, one of which exhibited good probiotic properties. Complete genomes of the nine L. salivarius strains were generated, and comparative genomic analysis was performed with the publicly available complete genomes of L. salivarius obtained from humans and domesticated animals. The strains originating from badgers harbored a larger genome, a higher number of protein-coding sequences, and functionally annotated genes than those originating from humans and chickens. The pan-genome phylogenetic tree demonstrated that the strains originating from badgers formed a separate clade, and totally 412 gene families (12.6% of the total gene families in the pan-genome) were identified as genes gained by the last common ancestor of the badger group. The badger group harbored significantly more gene families responsible for the degradation of complex carbohydrate substrates and production of polysaccharides than strains from other hosts; many of these were acquired by gene gain events. CONCLUSIONS A candidate probiotic and nine L. salivarius complete genomes were obtained from the badgers' gut microbiome, and several beneficial genes were identified to be specifically present in the badger-originated strains that were gained in the evolution. Our study provides novel insights into the adaptation of L. salivarius to the intestinal habitat of wild badgers and provides valuable strain and genome resources for the development of L. salivarius as a probiotic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xiaomeng Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Bo Xu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Qianwen Liu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Guixin Liang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Ruiqi Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Xin'an Jiao
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yunzeng Zhang
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-product Safety of the Ministry of Education, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
- Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Ministry of Agriculture of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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Tuberculosis Epidemiology and Spatial Ecology at the Cattle-Wild Boar Interface in Northern Spain. Transbound Emerg Dis 2023. [DOI: 10.1155/2023/2147191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious chronic disease due to infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) bacteria. Monitoring of wildlife, especially potential reservoirs, is important for detecting changes in disease occurrence and assessing the impact of interventions. Here, we examined whether wild boar (Sus scrofa) may contribute to the re-emergence of TB in Asturias (10,604 km2), northern Spain. Although this province was declared free of TB in cattle in November 2021, MTC bacteria remain prevalent in several “hotspots,” with the European badger (Meles meles) suggested as a TB potential wild reservoir. Drawing on data from the Spanish National Bovine Tuberculosis Eradication Program and the Government of the Principality of Asturias covering the period 2014–2020, we analyzed the prevalence of TB in cattle and wild boar in this region. In hotspots (592 km2), we also investigated the ranging behavior and habitat use of five cows that belonged to farms with a history of TB and six trapped sympatric wild boar. During the observation period, TB prevalence was 0.14% among cattle overall and 0.13–0.41% in hotspots, which was much lower than the prevalence in wild boar, which was 3.15% overall and 5.23–5.96% in hotspots. Infected cattle and infected wild boar in hotspots shared the same strains of M. bovis, and GPS tracking showed spatiotemporal overlap between the species, mainly around pastures during sunrise (06:00–07:00 h) and sunset (19:00–20:00 h). Our results suggest that in addition to cattle and badgers, wild boar possibly help maintain TB in northern Spain, increasing the host richness that influences TB transmission risk in the area, which should be taken into account in monitoring and eradication efforts.
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8
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Klich D, Didkowska A, Pyziel-Serafin AM, Perlińska-Teresiak M, Wołoszyn-Gałęza A, Żoch K, Balcerak M, Olech W. Contact between European bison and cattle from the cattle breeders' perspective, in the light of the risk of pathogen transmission. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0285245. [PMID: 37134113 PMCID: PMC10155960 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0285245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogens transmitted between wildlife and domestic animals can pose a threat to endangered species, undermine conservation efforts in wildlife, and affect productivity and parasite control in domestic animals. There are several examples of pathogen transmission between European bison and other animals. The present study surveyed breeders from the vicinity of four large wisent populations in eastern Poland about observed contacts between wisent and cattle. Such contacts were noted by 37% of breeders, indicating a significant risk of contact between European bison and cattle in the study areas, even in the areas where the European bison live mainly in a forest complex, i.e., in the Borecka Forest. A higher potential risk of contacts between European bison and cattle was noted in the Białowieska Forest and the Bieszczady Mountains than in the Borecka and Knyszyńska Forests. In the Białowieska Forest, the risk of viral pathogen transmission resulting from contacts is higher (more direct contacts), and in the case of the Bieszczady Mountains, the probability of parasitic diseases is higher. The chance of contacts between European bison and cattle depended on the distance of cattle pastures from human settlements. Moreover, such contact was possible throughout the year, not only in spring and fall. It appears possible to minimize the risk of contacts between wisent and cattle by changing management practices for both species, such as keeping grazing areas as close as possible to settlements, and reducing the time cattle graze on pastures. However, the risk of contact is much greater if European bison populations are large and are dispersed beyond forest complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Klich
- Department of Animal Genetic and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Didkowska
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna M Pyziel-Serafin
- Department of Food Hygiene and Public Health Protection, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences (SGGW), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Perlińska-Teresiak
- Department of Animal Genetic and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Marek Balcerak
- Department of Animal Breeding, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Wanda Olech
- Department of Animal Genetic and Conservation, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences-SGGW, Warsaw, Poland
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9
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Müller-Klein N, Risely A, Schmid DW, Manser M, Clutton-Brock T, Sommer S. Two decades of tuberculosis surveillance reveal disease spread, high levels of exposure and mortality and marked variation in disease progression in wild meerkats. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022; 69:3274-3284. [PMID: 35947092 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Infections with tuberculosis (TB)-causing agents of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex threaten human, livestock and wildlife health globally due to the high capacity to cross trans-species boundaries. Tuberculosis is a cryptic disease characterized by prolonged, sometimes lifelong subclinical infections, complicating disease monitoring. Consequently, our understanding of infection risk, disease progression, and mortality across species affected by TB remains limited. The TB agent Mycobacterium suricattae was first recorded in the late 1990s in a wild population of meerkats inhabiting the Kalahari in South Africa and has since spread considerably, becoming a common cause of meerkat mortality. This offers an opportunity to document the epidemiology of naturally spreading TB in a wild population. Here, we synthesize more than 25 years' worth of TB reporting and social interaction data across 3420 individuals to track disease spread, and quantify rates of TB social exposure, progression, and mortality. We found that most meerkats had been exposed to the pathogen within eight years of first detection in the study area, with exposure reaching up to 95% of the population. Approximately one quarter of exposed individuals progressed to clinical TB stages, followed by physical deterioration and death within a few months. Since emergence, 11.6% of deaths were attributed to TB, although the true toll of TB-related mortality is likely higher. Lastly, we observed marked variation in disease progression among individuals, suggesting inter-individual differences in both TB susceptibility and resistance. Our results highlight that TB prevalence and mortality could be higher than previously reported, particularly in species or populations with complex social group dynamics. Long-term studies, such as the present one, allow us to assess temporal variation in disease prevalence and progression and quantify exposure, which is rarely measured in wildlife. Long-term studies are highly valuable tools to explore disease emergence and ecology and study host-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics in general, and its impact on social mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Müller-Klein
- Conservation Genomics and EcoHealth, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alice Risely
- Conservation Genomics and EcoHealth, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Dominik W Schmid
- Conservation Genomics and EcoHealth, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
| | - Marta Manser
- Department of Evolutionary Biology and Environmental Studies, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa
| | - Tim Clutton-Brock
- Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.,Kalahari Research Trust, Kuruman River Reserve, Northern Cape, South Africa.,Large Animal Research Group, Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Simone Sommer
- Conservation Genomics and EcoHealth, Institute for Evolutionary Ecology and Conservation Genomics, Ulm, Germany
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Evaluation of the Presence and Viability of Mycobacterium bovis in Wild Boar Meat and Meat-Based Preparations. Foods 2021; 10:foods10102410. [PMID: 34681459 PMCID: PMC8535965 DOI: 10.3390/foods10102410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to provide information about the ability of Mycobacterium bovis to survive within wild boar (Sus scrofae) meat and meat-based preparations and the duration of this survival, and to consider the preservation of its infectious potential toward humans and animals. Meat samples were artificially contaminated with an M. bovis field strain and then stored at −20 °C, while two sausages batches were contaminated with the same field strain at two different concentrations, 105 CFU/g and 103 CFU/g, before storing them in proper conditions to allow for their ripening. A third sausage batch was contaminated by adding 2 g of wild boar lymph nodal tissue with active tuberculous lesions to the meat mixture. Bacteriological and biomolecular (PCR) methods were used to test the meat and sausage samples every 60 days and every 7–10 days, respectively. M. bovis was detected as still alive and viable on the frozen meat for the last test on the 342nd day, while from the sausage samples, M. bovis was isolated until 23 days after contamination. Our results indicate that M. bovis can stay alive and be viable for 23 days within sausages prepared with contaminated meat from infected wild boars. These products are usually eaten as fresh food after grilling, often cooking at a temperature that does not ensure complete inactivation of the pathogenic microorganisms present, which can pose a risk for humans to develop zoonotic tuberculosis.
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11
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Jiménez-Ruiz S, García-Bocanegra I, Acevedo P, Espunyes J, Triguero-Ocaña R, Cano-Terriza D, Torres-Sánchez MJ, Vicente J, Risalde MÁ. A survey of shared pathogens at the domestic-wild ruminants' interface in Doñana National Park (Spain). Transbound Emerg Dis 2021; 69:1568-1576. [PMID: 33900033 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.14126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A cross-sectional study was carried out to evaluate shared pathogens that can be transmitted by close or non-close contact at the domestic-wild ruminants' interface. During summer-autumn 2015, a total of 138 cattle and 203 wild ruminants (red deer, Cervus elaphus, and fallow deer, Dama dama) were sampled in Doñana National Park (DNP, south-western Spain), a Mediterranean ecosystem well known for the interaction network occurring in the ungulate host community. Pestiviruses, bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV; Bovine orthopneumovirus), bovine herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1; Bovine alphaherpesvirus 1) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) were assessed using serological, microbiological and molecular techniques. The overall seroprevalence against viruses in cattle was 2.2% for pestiviruses, 11.6% for BRSV and 27.5% for BoHV-1. No virus-specific antibodies were found in wildlife. MTC incidence in cattle was 15.9%, and MTC seroprevalence in wild ruminants was 14.3%. The same Mycobacterium bovis spoligotypes (SB1232, SB1230 and SB1610) were identified in cattle, red deer and fallow deer. The serological results for the selected respiratory viruses suggest epidemiological cycles only in cattle. Surveillance efforts in multi-host epidemiological scenarios are needed to better drive and prioritize control strategies for shared pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Jiménez-Ruiz
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Ignacio García-Bocanegra
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Johan Espunyes
- Wildlife Conservation Medicine Research Group (WildCoM), Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Bellaterra, Spain.,Research and Conservation Department. Zoo de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roxana Triguero-Ocaña
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain.,VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid (UCM), Madrid, Spain
| | - David Cano-Terriza
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
| | | | - Joaquín Vicente
- Grupo Sanidad y Biotecnología (SaBio), Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Risalde
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad Animal y Zoonosis (GISAZ), Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas y Toxicología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain.,Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Grupo de Virología Clínica y Zoonosis, Instituto Maimónides de Investigación Biomédica de Córdoba (IMIBIC), Hospital Reina Sofía, Universidad de Córdoba (UCO), Córdoba, Spain
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12
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Sales ÉB, Fonseca AA, Gonçalves CM, Lage AP, Andrade GI, Suffys PN, Gomes HM, Dias NL, Ferreira Neto JS, Guimarães AMDS, Heinemann MB. Multispacer Sequence Typing for Mycobacterium bovis Genotyping. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:666283. [PMID: 33981748 PMCID: PMC8107269 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.666283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular typing of Mycobacterium bovis, which causes bovine tuberculosis, can be accomplished by combining different polymorphic markers, contributing to its epidemiological investigation. Multispacer sequence typing (MST) is a sequencing-based method that employs intergenic regions susceptible to higher mutation rates given the low selection pressure. It has been applied to M. tuberculosis, but not to M. bovis. The aim of this study was to evaluate a MST for M. bovis. A total of 58 strains isolated from tissues with lesions suggestive of bovine tuberculosis, coming from cattle herds in six Brazilian states and four standard samples of M. bovis were typified employing the MST technique. Fourteen intergenic regions were used, and four types of genetic events were reported: single nucleotide mutation (SNP), insertion, deletion, and tandem repeat (TR). Seven loci were chosen for typing. Twenty-eight type sequences (ST) were identified, indicating type sequences (ST) were identified, indicating a 92.9% HGDI (Hunter Gaston Discriminatory Index). The data were used to analyze the evolutionary patterns of these isolates and correlate them to phylogeographic lineages based on the formation of clonal complexes generated from eBURST software. Later, we associated the MST with spoligotyping technique, currently considered the gold standard for classification of M. bovis. The results support the MST as an alternative method for genotyping of M. bovis. The method has the advantage of sequencing and the availability of sequences analyzed in public databases, which can be used by professionals around the world as a tool for further analysis. This was the first study to identify the variability of isolates of M. bovis by the MST method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Bravo Sales
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Augusto Fonseca
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Andrey Pereira Lage
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Ivo Andrade
- Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Natanael Lamas Dias
- Laboratório Federal de Defesa Agropecuária de Minas Gerais, Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Pozo P, Romero B, Bezos J, Grau A, Nacar J, Saez JL, Minguez O, Alvarez J. Evaluation of Risk Factors Associated With Herds With an Increased Duration of Bovine Tuberculosis Breakdowns in Castilla y Leon, Spain (2010-2017). Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:545328. [PMID: 33102565 PMCID: PMC7546324 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.545328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The persistence of bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in certain cattle herds is a major concern in countries pursuing disease eradication worldwide. The chronic nature of the disease, the lack of performance of diagnostic tools, and the presence of wildlife reservoirs may lead infected herds to require longer periods to achieve the officially tuberculosis-free (OTF) status. Here, we evaluated the impact of farm and breakdown characteristics on the probability of disease persistence in infected farms in Castilla y Leon, a bTB-endemic region of Spain, using survival and logistic regression models. Data from bTB breakdowns occurring in 3,550 bTB-positive herds detected in 2010–2017 were analyzed. A multivariable Cox proportional hazards model was fitted using time to recover OTF status as the response variable, and a multivariable logistic regression model using the chronic status (yes/no) for herds experiencing particularly long breakdowns as the outcome variable was also used. Both analyses revealed that county-level bTB herd prevalence, herd size, number of incoming animals in the previous 3 years, number of skin test reactors in the disclosing test, and number of days between the disclosing and follow-up tests were associated with increased breakdown duration. Production type was not consistently associated with chronic infection, suggesting that once infected, it is not a significant predictor of outbreak duration beyond the initial stages of the breakdown. Province-level location and number of animals that are bacteriology-positive also affected significantly the expected herd breakdown duration, but their effect became less significant over time. Risk factors identified in this study may help to identify herds more prone to suffer chronic bTB infection that may require additional control measures early on in a breakdown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Pozo
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Romero
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,MAEVA SERVET, S.L., Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Bezos
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Anna Grau
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jesus Nacar
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Saez
- Subdirección General de Sanidad e Higiene Animal y Trazabilidad, Dirección General de la Producción Agraria, Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid, Spain
| | - Olga Minguez
- Dirección General de Producción Agropecuaria e Infraestructuras Agrarias, Consejería de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Junta de Castilla y León, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Julio Alvarez
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Departamento de Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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14
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Lesellier S, Birch CPD, Davé D, Dalley D, Gowtage S, Palmer S, McKenna C, Williams GA, Ashford R, Weyer U, Beatham S, Coats J, Nunez A, Sanchez-Cordon P, Spiropoulos J, Powell S, Sawyer J, Pascoe J, Hendon-Dunn C, Bacon J, Chambers MA. Bioreactor-Grown Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) Vaccine Protects Badgers against Virulent Mycobacterium bovis When Administered Orally: Identifying Limitations in Baited Vaccine Delivery. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12080782. [PMID: 32824778 PMCID: PMC7463497 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12080782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (TB) in Great Britain adversely affects animal health and welfare and is a cause of considerable economic loss. The situation is exacerbated by European badgers (Meles meles) acting as a wildlife source of recurrent Mycobacterium bovis infection to cattle. Vaccination of badgers against TB is a possible means to reduce and control bovine TB. The delivery of vaccine in oral bait holds the best prospect for vaccinating badgers over a wide geographical area. There are practical limitations over the volume and concentration of Bacillus of Calmette and Guérin (BCG) that can be prepared for inclusion in bait. The production of BCG in a bioreactor may overcome these issues. We evaluated the efficacy of oral, bioreactor-grown BCG against experimental TB in badgers. We demonstrated repeatable protection through the direct administration of at least 2.0 × 108 colony forming units of BCG to the oral cavity, whereas vaccination via voluntary consumption of bait containing the same preparation of BCG did not result in demonstrable protection at the group-level, although a minority of badgers consuming bait showed immunological responses and protection after challenge equivalent to badgers receiving oral vaccine by direct administration. The need to deliver oral BCG in the context of a palatable and environmentally robust bait appears to introduce such variation in BCG delivery to sites of immune induction in the badger as to render experimental studies variable and inconsistent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Lesellier
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Laboratoire de la Rage et de la Faune Sauvage de Nancy (LRFSN), Technopole Agricole et Vétérinaire, Domaine de Pixérécourt-Bât. H., CS 40009-54220 Malzéville, France
| | - Colin P. D. Birch
- Department of Epidemiological Sciences, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Dipesh Davé
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Sonya Gowtage
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Simonette Palmer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Claire McKenna
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Gareth A. Williams
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Roland Ashford
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Ute Weyer
- Animal Services Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Sarah Beatham
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Julia Coats
- Animal and Plant Health Agency, Sand Hutton Campus, York, North Yorkshire YO41 1LZ, UK; (S.B.); (J.C.)
| | - Alex Nunez
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Pedro Sanchez-Cordon
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - John Spiropoulos
- Department of Pathology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (A.N.); (P.S.-C.); (J.S.)
| | - Stephen Powell
- Data Systems Group, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK;
| | - Jason Sawyer
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
| | - Jordan Pascoe
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Charlotte Hendon-Dunn
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Joanna Bacon
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Porton Down, Salisbury, Wiltshire SP4 0JG, UK; (J.P.); (C.H.-D.); (J.B.)
| | - Mark A. Chambers
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Woodham Lane, New Haw, Addlestone, Surrey KT15 3NB, UK; (S.L.); (D.D.); (D.D.); (S.G.); (S.P.); (C.M.); (G.A.W.); (R.A.); (J.S.)
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence:
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15
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Crispell J, Cassidy S, Kenny K, McGrath G, Warde S, Cameron H, Rossi G, MacWhite T, White PCL, Lycett S, Kao RR, Moriarty J, Gordon SV. Mycobacterium bovis genomics reveals transmission of infection between cattle and deer in Ireland. Microb Genom 2020; 6:mgen000388. [PMID: 32553050 PMCID: PMC7641417 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis, in the Republic of Ireland costs €84 million each year. Badgers are recognized as being a wildlife source for M. bovis infection of cattle. Deer are thought to act as spillover hosts for infection; however, population density is recognized as an important driver in shifting their epidemiological role, and deer populations across the country have been increasing in density and range. County Wicklow represents one specific area in the Republic of Ireland with a high density of deer that has had consistently high bTB prevalence for over a decade, despite control operations in both cattle and badgers. Our research used whole-genome sequencing of M. bovis sourced from infected cattle, deer and badgers in County Wicklow to evaluate whether the epidemiological role of deer could have shifted from spillover host to source. Our analyses reveal that cattle and deer share highly similar M. bovis strains, suggesting that transmission between these species is occurring in the area. In addition, the high level of diversity observed in the sampled deer population suggests deer may be acting as a source of infection for local cattle populations. These findings have important implications for the control and ultimate eradication of bTB in Ireland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Crispell
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- Data Science Campus, Office for National Statistics, Newport, UK
| | - Sophie Cassidy
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Kevin Kenny
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Guy McGrath
- UCD Centre for Veterinary Epidemiology and Risk Analysis (CVERA), School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Susan Warde
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Henrietta Cameron
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Gianluigi Rossi
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Teresa MacWhite
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Backweston, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Piran C. L. White
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Wentworth Way, York YO10 5NG, UK
| | | | - Rowland R. Kao
- Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - John Moriarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Backweston, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Stephen V. Gordon
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
- UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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16
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Nol P, Ionescu R, Geremariam Welearegay T, Barasona JA, Vicente J, de Jesus Beleño-Sáenz K, Barrenetxea I, Jose Torres M, Ionescu F, Rhyan J. Evaluation of Volatile Organic Compounds Obtained from Breath and Feces to Detect Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex in Wild Boar ( Sus scrofa) in Doñana National Park, Spain. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9050346. [PMID: 32370281 PMCID: PMC7281121 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9050346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTBC) in wild swine, such as in wild boar (Sus scrofa) in Eurasia, is cause for serious concern. Development of accurate, efficient, and noninvasive methods to detect MTBC in wild swine would be highly beneficial to surveillance and disease management efforts in affected populations. Here, we describe the first report of identification of volatile organic compounds (VOC) obtained from the breath and feces of wild boar to distinguish between MTBC-positive and MTBC-negative boar. We analyzed breath and fecal VOC collected from 15 MTBC-positive and 18 MTBC-negative wild boar in Donaña National Park in Southeast Spain. Analyses were divided into three age classes, namely, adults (>2 years), sub-adults (12–24 months), and juveniles (<12 months). We identified significant compounds by applying the two-tailed statistical t-test for two samples assuming unequal variance, with an α value of 0.05. One statistically significant VOC was identified in breath samples from adult wild boar and 14 were identified in breath samples from juvenile wild boar. One statistically significant VOC was identified in fecal samples collected from sub-adult wild boar and three were identified in fecal samples from juvenile wild boar. In addition, discriminant function analysis (DFA) was used to build classification models for MTBC prediction in juvenile animals. Using DFA, we were able to distinguish between MTBC-positive juvenile wild boar and MTBC-negative juvenile wild boar using breath VOC or fecal VOC. Based on our results, further research is warranted and should be performed using larger sample sizes, as well as wild boar from various geographic locations, to verify these compounds as biomarkers for MTBC infection in this species. This new approach to detect MTBC infection in free-ranging wild boar potentially comprises a reliable and efficient screening tool for surveillance in animal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Nol
- Centers for Epidemiology and Animal Health, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, CO 80526, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-970-218-1418
| | - Radu Ionescu
- Department of Electronics, Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.I.); (I.B.); (F.I.)
- The Ångström Laboratory, Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Tesfalem Geremariam Welearegay
- The Ångström Laboratory, Division of Solid State Physics, Department of Materials Science and Engineering Sciences, Uppsala University, 75121 Uppsala, Sweden;
| | - Jose Angel Barasona
- VISAVET Health Surveillance Centre, Animal Health Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Joaquin Vicente
- SaBio Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos IREC, ETSIA Ciudad Real, University Castilla La Mancha & CSIC, 13003 Ciudad Real, Spain;
| | - Kelvin de Jesus Beleño-Sáenz
- Faculty of Engineering, Universidad Autónoma del Caribe, Barranquilla 080020, Colombia;
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irati Barrenetxea
- Department of Electronics, Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.I.); (I.B.); (F.I.)
| | - Maria Jose Torres
- Biomedical Institute of Sevilla (IBiS), University of Seville, University Hospital Virgen del Rocío/CSIC, 41071 Seville, Spain;
| | - Florina Ionescu
- Department of Electronics, Electrical and Automatic Engineering, Rovira i Virgili University, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (R.I.); (I.B.); (F.I.)
| | - Jack Rhyan
- National Veterinary Services Laboratory, Veterinary Services, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Fort Collins, Colorado, Fort Collins, CO 80521 USA;
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17
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Detection of Antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis in Oral Fluid from Eurasian Wild Boar. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9040242. [PMID: 32218183 PMCID: PMC7238047 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9040242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of Mycobacterium bovis and other members of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) is a main concern in wildlife populations such as the Eurasian wild boar (Sus scrofa). Tests detecting antibodies against the MTC are valuable for tuberculosis (TB) monitoring and control and particularly useful in suids. The development of accurate, efficient, and non-invasive new tools to detect exposure to MTC would be highly beneficial for improving disease surveillance. This study aimed to determine if antibodies against MTC could be detected in oral fluid (OF) samples by a new ELISA test (IgG detection) from naturally TB-infected wild boar. For this, individual, paired serum and OF samples were collected from 148 live wild boar in two TB-status areas from Spain and quantitatively used to validate the new ELISA test. Antibodies against MTC were widely detected in OF samples, for which a significant positive correlation (r = 0.83) was found with the validated serology test. OF ELISA sensitivity and specificity were 67.3% and 100%, respectively. The results of this work suggest that OF samples have the potential to be used for MTC diagnosis as a further step in TB surveillance and control in suid populations. Based on our results, further research is warranted and could be performed using non-invasive new tools directly in field conditions to detect exposure to MTC.
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18
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Profiles of opinions among farmers and veterinarians towards the Tuberculosis Eradication Programme in cattle in Spain. Prev Vet Med 2020; 176:104941. [PMID: 32126402 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.104941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The level of commitment among farmers and veterinarians may have a significant influence on the effectiveness of control efforts against tuberculosis in cattle (bTB), facilitating or hindering the achievement of its eradication. In this study, we investigated the opinions and attitudes of farmers and veterinarians towards the bTB eradication programme in Spain. Our aim was to assess the existence of groups of people that share the same arguments and outline their characteristic features. Data was collected through a structured questionnaire using a telephone survey in a random sample of 706 farmers and 180 veterinarians. The relationships between the variables and individuals were explored by using Multiple Correspondence Analysis. Afterwards, we applied Hierarchical Clustering on Principal Components in order to identify and characterise the opinion profiles. We identified three different groups of opinions characterised by the attitude towards bTB diagnostic tests, the perception on the importance and the zoonotic impact of bTB, and the perceived importance of other domestic reservoirs. There were people with positive and people with negative attitudes towards the programme, and a third group with a tendency to not respond. The presence of opposite profiles was observed among farmers. Veterinarians, on the other hand, were more homogeneous, especially the group of veterinarians working in the official veterinary services, as the vast majority of them expressed a positive attitude towards the programme. Nevertheless, there were also a few veterinarians who showed the same negative attitude as farmers. Education and communication are of paramount importance to ensure the adequate commitment of all people involved in the eradication programme, and our results highlight that, in Spain, both should be improved. However, this alone may not be enough to change people's behaviours, and more complex change interventions might be necessary for people with a negative attitude. Such strategies should target the perception on the role of wildlife reservoirs, the uncertainty of ante-mortem tests results, as well as the beliefs on the importance of bTB.
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Stedman A, van Vliet AHM, A Chambers M, Gutierrez-Merino J. Gut commensal bacteria show beneficial properties as wildlife probiotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1467:112-132. [PMID: 32026493 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Probiotics are noninvasive, environmentally friendly alternatives for reducing infectious diseases in wildlife species. Our aim in the present study was to evaluate the potential of gut commensals such as lactic acid bacteria (LAB) as wildlife probiotics. The LAB selected for our analyses were isolated from European badgers (Meles meles), a wildlife reservoir of bovine tuberculosis, and comprised four different genera: Enterococcus, Weissella, Pediococcus, and Lactobacillus. The enterococci displayed a phenotype and genotype that included the production of antibacterial peptides and stimulation of antiviral responses, as well as the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes; Weissella showed antimycobacterial activity owing to their ability to produce lactate and ethanol; and lactobacilli and pediococci modulated proinflammatory phagocytic responses that associate with protection against pathogens, responses that coincide with the presence of immunomodulatory markers in their genomes. Although both lactobacilli and pediococci showed resistance to antibiotics, this was naturally acquired, and almost all isolates demonstrated a phylogenetic relationship with isolates from food and healthy animals. Our results show that LAB display probiotic benefits that depend on the genus, and that lactobacilli and pediococci are probably the most obvious candidates as probiotics against infectious diseases in wildlife because of their food-grade status and ability to modulate protective innate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey-Nutritional Sciences, Guildford, United Kingdom.,The Pirbright Institute, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | - Mark A Chambers
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom.,Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Jorge Gutierrez-Merino
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey-Nutritional Sciences, Guildford, United Kingdom
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20
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Dorn-In S, Körner T, Büttner M, Hafner-Marx A, Müller M, Heurich M, Varadharajan A, Blum H, Gareis M, Schwaiger K. Shedding of Mycobacterium caprae by wild red deer (Cervus elaphus) in the Bavarian alpine regions, Germany. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67:308-317. [PMID: 31512795 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The number of natural infections with Mycobacterium caprae in wildlife and in cattle in the Bavarian and Austrian alpine regions has increased over the last decade. Red deer (Cervus elaphus) have been recognized as maintenance reservoir; however, the transmission routes of M. caprae among and from naturally infected red deer are unknown. The unexpected high prevalence in some hot spot regions might suggest an effective indirect transmission of infection. Therefore, this study was undertaken to diagnose the occurrence of M. caprae in faeces and secretions of red deer in their natural habitat. A total of 2,806 red deer hunted in this region during 2014-2016 were included in this study. After pathological examination, organs (lymph nodes, lung, heart), excretions and secretions (faeces, urine, saliva and tonsil swabs) were further investigated by qPCR specific for Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC), M. bovis and M. caprae. Samples tested positive by qPCR were processed for culturing of mycobacteria. In total, 55 (2.0%) animals were confirmed positive for M. caprae by pathological examination, PCR and culturing of the affected organ material. With the exception of one sample, all of the secretion and excretion samples were negative for mycobacteria of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC). From one red deer, M. caprae could be isolated from the heart sac as well as from the faeces. Whole-genome sequencing confirmed that both strains were clonally related. This is the first confirmation that M. caprae can be shed with the faeces of a naturally infected red deer. However, further studies focusing on a higher number of infected animals, sample standardization and coordinated multiple sampling are necessary to improve the understanding of transmission routes under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samart Dorn-In
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Thomas Körner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Mathias Büttner
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Müller
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Marco Heurich
- Department of Conservation and Research, Bavarian Forest National Park, Grafenau, Germany
| | - Ashok Varadharajan
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis (LAFUGA), Gene Center, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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21
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Animal tuberculosis in a free-ranging fallow deer in northwest Italy: a case of “lucky strain survival” or multi-host epidemiological system complexity? EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-019-1316-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Host Richness Increases Tuberculosis Disease Risk in Game-Managed Areas. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7060182. [PMID: 31238502 PMCID: PMC6617309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7060182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current scientific debate addresses whether species richness in animal communities may negatively moderate pathogen transmission and disease outcome (dilution effect), or to the contrary, if disease emergence benefits from more diverse community assemblages (amplification effect). The result may not depend exclusively on patterns of host species biodiversity but may depend on the specific composition of reservoir hosts and vectors, and their ecology. Host–pathogen interactions have shaped variations in parasite virulence, transmissibility and specificity. In the same way the importance of factors related to host exposure or to life history trade-offs are expected to vary. In this study, we demonstrate that ungulate host species richness correlates with increased community competence to maintain and transmit pathogens of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) in game-managed areas in Mediterranean Spain. Therefore, we should consider natural and artificial variations in life histories of pathogens and host communities to characterize the impact of biodiversity on the health of diverse assemblages of human and animal communities. Since most approaches assessing epidemiology and transmission of shared pathogens only involve single- or pair-species, further research is needed to better understand the infection dynamics from complete community assemblages, at least in chronic diseases such as tuberculosis and in non-natural animal communities.
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23
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Crozet G, Dufour B, Rivière J. Investigation of field intradermal tuberculosis test practices performed by veterinarians in France and factors that influence testing. Res Vet Sci 2019; 124:406-416. [PMID: 31078788 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis infection remains at a low but persistent level in French cattle herds and requires for its surveillance the use of tests with limited sensitivity and specificity. It thus appears essential to understand the reality of the field situation, to identify parameters which could affect how veterinarians perform these tests and how it can affect the sensitivity of the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system. We surveyed rural veterinarians (n = 1084), major stakeholders of the bovine tuberculosis surveillance system, after judgement (non-random) sampling to investigate their skin-test practices and their perception of the surveillance and control programs for this disease. The response rate was 19.4% (210/1084). The responses highlighted that veterinarians were aware of the importance of the fight against bovine tuberculosis and were resilient to the challenges and issues faced during fieldwork. However, we identified several areas of noncompliance with regulatory recommendations, particularly regarding the choice of injection site, verifying the quality of the injection, the method of test reading, and the reporting of non-negative test results. Multivariate analysis showed that veterinarians who had worked for fewer years in large-animal practice had better skin-test procedures. A higher proportion of performed comparative tests and a more positive perception of surveillance and control programs by veterinarians were associated with better skin-test practices. The areas of noncompliance identified in this study could be detrimental to the sensitivity of bovine tuberculosis surveillance but our results suggest that improving the information provided to veterinarians and increasing their awareness are feasible solutions to improve the surveillance efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Crozet
- Research Unit in Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Diseases (EpiMAI USC Anses), Alfort National Veterinary School, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France.
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Research Unit in Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Diseases (EpiMAI USC Anses), Alfort National Veterinary School, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
| | - Julie Rivière
- Research Unit in Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Diseases (EpiMAI USC Anses), Alfort National Veterinary School, 7, avenue du Général de Gaulle, 94704 Maisons-Alfort Cedex, France
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24
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Triguero-Ocaña R, Barasona JA, Carro F, Soriguer RC, Vicente J, Acevedo P. Spatio-temporal trends in the frequency of interspecific interactions between domestic and wild ungulates from Mediterranean Spain. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0211216. [PMID: 30682123 PMCID: PMC6347242 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0211216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Controlling infections shared by wildlife and livestock requires the understanding and quantification of interspecific interactions between the species involved. This is particularly important in extensive multi-host systems, in which controlled domestic animals interact with uncontrolled, abundant and expanding wild species, such as wild ungulates. We have, therefore, quantified the interspecific interactions between wild boar (Sus scrofa) and free-ranging cattle in Mediterranean Spain, along with their spatio-temporal variability. GPS-GSM-collars were used to monitor 12 cows and 14 wild boar in the Doñana National Park between 2011 and 2013. Interactions were defined as encounters between cattle and wild boar within a spatio-temporal window of 52 m and 1 hour. On average, each wild boar interacted with one cow 1.5 ± (SE) 0.5 times per day, while each cow interacted with one wild boar 1.3 ± 0.4 times per day. The frequency of interaction was significantly higher during crepuscular hours owing to the overlap of both species’ activity, and also during spring and autumn, probably owing to a higher individual aggregation around shared resources. Finally, the frequency of interaction was higher near the most significant shared resources (e.g. water points) but was lower in areas with dense vegetation. The results presented here show the usefulness of GPS monitoring as regards quantifying interactions and helping to clarify the process of pathogen transmission at the wildlife-livestock interface in Mediterranean Spain, along with the main spatio-temporal risk factors. In a changing scenario in which European populations of wild ungulates are increasing, more efficient measures with which to control interactions are required to meet the demands of farmers and managers. Our results, therefore, provide directional hypotheses that could be used to design disease control programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Triguero-Ocaña
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- * E-mail:
| | - José A. Barasona
- VISAVET Centre, Animal Health Department, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Joaquín Vicente
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pelayo Acevedo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos, IREC (UCLM-CSIC-JCCM), Ciudad Real, Spain
- Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingenieros Agrónomos, UCLM, Ciudad Real, Spain
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25
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Gormley E, Corner LAL. Wild Animal Tuberculosis: Stakeholder Value Systems and Management of Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:327. [PMID: 30622951 PMCID: PMC6308382 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
When human health is put at risk from the transmission of animal diseases, the options for intervention often require input from stakeholders whose differing values systems contribute to decisions on disease management. Animal tuberculosis (TB), caused principally by Mycobacterium bovis is an archetypical zoonotic pathogen in that it can be transmitted from animals to humans and vice versa. Although elimination of zoonotic transmission of TB to humans is frequently promoted as the raison d'être for TB management in livestock, in many countries the control strategies are more likely based on minimizing the impact of sustained infection on the agricultural industry. Where wild animals are implicated in the epidemiology of the disease, the options for control and eradication can require involvement of additional stakeholder groups. Conflict can arise when different monetary and/or societal values are assigned to the affected animals. This may impose practical and ethical dilemmas for decision makers where one or more species of wild animal is seen by some stakeholders to have a greater value than the affected livestock. Here we assess the role of stakeholder values in influencing TB eradication strategies in a number of countries including Ireland, the UK, the USA, Spain, France, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. What it reveals is that the level of stakeholder involvement increases with the complexity of the epidemiology, and that similar groups of stakeholders may agree to a set of control and eradication measures in one region only to disagree with applying the same measures in another. The level of consensus depends on the considerations of the reservoir status of the infected host, the societal values assigned to each species, the type of interventions proposed, ethical issues raised by culling of sentient wild animals, and the economic cost benefit effectiveness of dealing with the problem in one or more species over a long time frame. While there is a societal benefit from controlling TB, the means to achieve this requires identification and long-term engagement with all key stakeholders in order to reach agreement on ethical frameworks that prioritize and justify control options, particularly where culling of wild animals is concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eamonn Gormley
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leigh A L Corner
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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26
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Frankena K, Jacobs L, van Dijk T, Good M, Duignan A, de Jong MCM. A New Model to Calibrate a Reference Standard for Bovine Tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative in the Target Species. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:232. [PMID: 30338263 PMCID: PMC6178890 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Since 1986, use of a Bovine International Standard (BIS) for bovine tuberculin has been required to ensure national and international uniformity regarding the potency designation of bovine tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative (PPDb) preparations produced by multiple manufacturers. The BIS is the unique golden standard in the guinea pig potency assay, representing 100% potency, where potencies of production batches are calculated as relative potencies in comparison with the potency of the BIS which was set at 32,500 international Unit (IU) per mg. The stock supply and lifetime of the BIS is limited.The aim of this study was to develop a model to determine the potency of a newly produced in-house Reference Standard (RS) for PPDb with great accuracy in the target species (cattle) and to prove its precision and accuracy in the guinea pig potency test. First simulations were done to estimate the required number of cattle needed. Then, 30 naturally bTB infected cattle were subjected to a tuberculin skin test using multiple injections of both the RS and the BIS. Both were applied randomly in the same volume and concentration (1 dose). The potency of the RS against the BIS was directly derived from the least square means (LSMEANS) and was estimated as 1.067 (95% CI: 1.025-1.109), equal to a potency of 34,700 ± 1,400 IU/mg. In six guinea pig potency assays the RS was used to assign potencies to production batches of PPDb. Here, precision and accuracy of the RS was determined according to the parallel-line assay. Relative potencies were estimated by exponentiation of the common slope. The corresponding 95% confidence intervals were obtained according to Fieller's theorem. In sensitized guinea pigs, the relative potency of the RS against the BIS was 1.115 (95% CI: 0.871-1.432), corresponding to an absolute potency of 36,238 IU/mg (95% CI: 28,308-46,540).In conclusion: the method used to determine the potency of the RS against the BIS in naturally bTB infected cattle, resulted in a highly accurate potency estimate of the RS. The RS can be used in the guinea pig test to assign potencies to PPDb production batches with high precision and accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaas Frankena
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Liesbeth Jacobs
- Thermofisher Scientific, Prionics Lelystad B.V., Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Tonny van Dijk
- Thermofisher Scientific, Prionics Lelystad B.V., Lelystad, Netherlands
| | - Margaret Good
- Independent Researcher and Private Consultant, Dun Laoghaire, Ireland
| | - Anthony Duignan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mart C. M. de Jong
- Quantitative Veterinary Epidemiology Group, Department of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University, Wageningen, Netherlands
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Stedman A, Maluquer de Motes C, Lesellier S, Dalley D, Chambers M, Gutierrez-Merino J. Lactic acid Bacteria isolated from European badgers (Meles meles) reduce the viability and survival of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine and influence the immune response to BCG in a human macrophage model. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:74. [PMID: 30005620 PMCID: PMC6044090 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) caused by Mycobacterium bovis is the most serious endemic disease affecting livestock in the UK. The European badger (Meles meles) is the most important wildlife reservoir of bTB transmission to cattle, making eradication particularly difficult. In this respect, oral vaccination with the attenuated M. bovis vaccine Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) has been suggested as a wide-scale intervention to reduce bTB infection in badgers. However, experimental studies show variable protection. Among the possibilities for this variation is that the resident gut bacteria may influence the success of oral vaccination in badgers; either through competitive exclusion and/or inhibition, or via effects on the host immune system. In order to explore this possibility, we have tested whether typical gut commensals such as Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) have the capacity to impact on the viability and survival rate of BCG and to modulate the immune response to BCG using an in vitro model. Results Twelve LAB isolated from badger faeces displayed inhibitory activity to BCG that was species-dependent. Weissella had a bacteriostatic effect, whereas isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and pediococci had a more bactericidal activity. Furthermore, BCG-induced activation of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB in human THP-1 macrophages was modulated by LAB in a strain-dependent manner. Most pediococci enhanced NF-κB activation but one strain had the opposite effect. Interestingly, isolates of enterococci, lactobacilli and weissella had different effects as immunomodulators of BCG-induced macrophage responses as some had no significant influence on NF-κB activation, but others increased it significantly. Conclusions Our in vitro results show that LAB isolated from badgers exhibit significant inhibitory activity against BCG and influence the immune activation mediated by BCG in a human macrophage assay. These findings suggest that gut commensal bacteria could play a role in influencing the outcome of oral BCG vaccination. Inactivated cells of LAB, or LAB that are bacteriostatic but have a synergistic immunostimulatory effect with BCG, could be potential adjuvants to be used for oral vaccination in badgers. Further work is needed to take into account the complex nature of the gut microbiome, specific immunity of the badger and the in vivo context. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12866-018-1210-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Stedman
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK.,The Pirbright Institute, Woking, GU24 0NF, UK
| | | | - Sandrine Lesellier
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Deanna Dalley
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Mark Chambers
- Bacteriology Department, Animal and Plant Health Agency, Addlestone, KT15 3NB, UK.,School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7AL, UK
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Constitutive expression of antimicrobial peptide PR-39 in transgenic mice significantly enhances resistance to bacterial infection and promotes growth. Transgenic Res 2018; 27:409-422. [PMID: 30003470 DOI: 10.1007/s11248-018-0084-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Use of huge amounts of antibiotics in farm animal production has promoted the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, which poses a serious threat to public health. Therefore, alternative approaches are needed to reduce or replace antibiotic usage in the food animal industry. PR-39 is a pig-derived proline-rich antimicrobial peptide that has a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity and a low propensity for development of resistance by microorganisms. To test whether ubiquitous expression of PR-39 in transgenic (TG) mice can increase resistance against bacterial infection, we generated TG mice that ubiquitously express a pig-derived antimicrobial peptide PR-39 and analyzed their growth and resistance to infection of the highly pathogenic Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (APP) isolated from swine. The growth performance was significantly increased in TG mice compared with their wild-type (WT) littermates. After the APP challenge, TG mice exhibited a significantly higher survival rate and significantly lower tissue bacterial load than WT littermates. Furthermore, the tissue lesion severity that resulted from APP infection was milder in TG mice than that in their WT littermates. This study provides a good foundation for the development of PR-39-expressing TG animals, which could reduce the use of antibiotics in the farm animal industry.
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29
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Impact of piglet oral vaccination against tuberculosis in endemic free-ranging wild boar populations. Prev Vet Med 2018; 155:11-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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30
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Allen AR, Skuce RA, Byrne AW. Bovine Tuberculosis in Britain and Ireland - A Perfect Storm? the Confluence of Potential Ecological and Epidemiological Impediments to Controlling a Chronic Infectious Disease. Front Vet Sci 2018; 5:109. [PMID: 29951489 PMCID: PMC6008655 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2018.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful eradication schemes for bovine tuberculosis (bTB) have been implemented in a number of European and other countries over the last 50 years. However, the islands of Britain and Ireland remain a significant aberration to this trend, with the recent exception of Scotland. Why have eradication schemes failed within these countries, while apparently similar programs have been successful elsewhere? While significant socio-economic and political factors have been discussed elsewhere as key determinants of disease eradication, here we review some of the potential ecological and epidemiological constraints that are present in these islands relative to other parts of Europe. We argue that the convergence of these potential factors may interact additively to diminish the potential of the present control programs to achieve eradication. Issues identified include heterogeneity of diagnostic testing approaches, the presence of an abundant wildlife reservoir of infection and the challenge of sustainably managing this risk effectively; the nature, size, density and network structure of cattle farming; potential effects of Mycobacterium bovis strain heterogeneity on disease transmission dynamics; possible impacts of concurrent endemic infections on the disclosure of truly infected animals; climatological differences and change coupled with environmental contamination. We further argue that control and eradication of this complex disease may benefit from an ecosystem level approach to management. We hope that this perspective can stimulate a new conversation about the many factors potentially impacting bTB eradication schemes in Britain and Ireland and possibly stimulate new research in the areas identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - R. A. Skuce
- Veterinary Science Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast, United Kingdom
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31
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Amato B, Di Marco Lo Presti V, Gerace E, Capucchio MT, Vitale M, Zanghì P, Pacciarini ML, Marianelli C, Boniotti MB. Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex strains isolated from livestock and wild animals in Italy suggests the need for a different eradication strategy for bovine tuberculosis. Transbound Emerg Dis 2017; 65:e416-e424. [PMID: 29205877 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.12776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important zoonosis, which has been re-emerging in different ecological scenarios. In Sicily, Italy, from 2004 to 2014, an anatomopathological survey for tuberculosis-like lesions both in farmed and wild animals was performed. The isolates were genotyped using spoligotyping and Mycobacterial Interspersed Repetitive Units-Variable Number of Tandem Repeats (MIRU-VNTR) techniques. High prevalence of lesions was observed for cattle (4%), pigs (4.9%) and wild boars (6.8%), and a total of 625 Mycobacterium bovis isolates were identified. Genotyping analysis showed the presence of 37 different spoligotypes including fifteen spoligotypes not present in other Italian regions and 266 MIRU-VNTR profiles. Spoligotype SB0120 exhibited the highest prevalence in cattle (50%) and pigs (56%) and the highest genetic variety with 126 different MIRU-VNTR profiles. The isolation of M. bovis in a farmer underlines the importance of M. bovis identification during the human TB diagnostic processes. This study supported the use of the genotyping analysis as a valuable tool for the evaluation of the epidemiological role of pigs and other domestic reservoirs such as goats and the role of wildlife in the maintenance of bTB infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - V Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - E Gerace
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | | | - M Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - P Zanghì
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, Italy
| | - M L Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Brescia, Italy
| | | | - M B Boniotti
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Brescia, Italy
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Rivière J, Le Strat Y, Hendrikx P, Dufour B. Cost-effectiveness evaluation of bovine tuberculosis surveillance in wildlife in France (Sylvatub system) using scenario trees. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183126. [PMID: 28800642 PMCID: PMC5553909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with health, zoonotic and economic implications. Infected wild animals, and particularly reservoirs, could hinder eradication of bTB from cattle populations, which could have an important impact on international cattle trade. Therefore, surveillance of bTB in wildlife is of particular importance to better understand the epidemiological role of wild species and to adapt the control measures. In France, a bTB surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife, the Sylvatub system, has been implemented since 2011. It relies on three surveillance components (SSCs) (passive surveillance on hunted animals (EC-SSC), passive surveillance on dead or dying animals (SAGIR-SSC) and active surveillance (PSURV-SSC)). The effectiveness of the Sylvatub system was previously assessed, through the estimation of its sensitivity (i.e. the probability of detecting at least one case of bTB infection by each SSC, specie and risk-level area). However, to globally assess the performance of a surveillance system, the measure of its sensitivity is not sufficient, as other factors such as economic or socio-economic factors could influence the effectiveness. We report here an estimation of the costs of the surveillance activities of the Sylvatub system, and of the cost-effectiveness of each surveillance component, by specie and risk-level, based on scenario tree modelling with the same tree structure as used for the sensitivity evaluation. The cost-effectiveness of the Sylvatub surveillance is better in higher-risk departments, due in particular to the higher probability of detecting the infection (sensitivity). Moreover, EC-SSC, which has the highest unit cost, is more efficient than the surveillance enhanced by the SAGIR-SSC, due to its better sensitivity. The calculation of the cost-effectiveness ratio shows that PSURV-SSC remains the most cost-effective surveillance component of the Sylvatub system, despite its high cost in terms of coordination, sample collection and laboratory analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rivière
- Ecole vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort National Veterinary School), Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Santé publique France, French national public health agency, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Agence nationale de sécurité alimentaire nationale, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Unit of coordination and support to surveillance, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Ecole vétérinaire d’Alfort (Alfort National Veterinary School), Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Université Paris Est, Maisons-Alfort, France
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More S, Bøtner A, Butterworth A, Calistri P, Depner K, Edwards S, Garin-Bastuji B, Good M, Gortázar Schmidt C, Michel V, Miranda MA, Nielsen SS, Raj M, Sihvonen L, Spoolder H, Stegeman JA, Thulke HH, Velarde A, Willeberg P, Winckler C, Baldinelli F, Broglia A, Beltrán-Beck B, Kohnle L, Bicout D. Assessment of listing and categorisation of animal diseases within the framework of the Animal Health Law (Regulation (EU) No 2016/429): bovine tuberculosis. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04959. [PMID: 32625624 PMCID: PMC7009898 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis has been assessed according to the criteria of the Animal Health Law (AHL), in particular criteria of Article 7 on disease profile and impacts, Article 5 on the eligibility of bovine tuberculosis to be listed, Article 9 for the categorisation of bovine tuberculosis according to disease prevention and control rules as in Annex IV and Article 8 on the list of animal species related to bovine tuberculosis. The assessment has been performed following a methodology composed of information collection and compilation, expert judgement on each criterion at individual and, if no consensus was reached before, also at collective level. The output is composed of the categorical answer, and for the questions where no consensus was reached, the different supporting views are reported. Details on the methodology used for this assessment are explained in a separate opinion. According to the assessment performed, bovine tuberculosis can be considered eligible to be listed for Union intervention as laid down in Article 5(3) of the AHL. The disease would comply with the criteria as in Sections 2, 3, 4 and 5 of Annex IV of the AHL, for the application of the disease prevention and control rules referred to in points (b), (c), (d) and (e) of Article 9(1). The main animal species to be listed for bovine tuberculosis according to Article 8(3) criteria are several mammal species, as indicated in the present opinion.
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Meunier NV, Sebulime P, White RG, Kock R. Wildlife-livestock interactions and risk areas for cross-species spread of bovine tuberculosis. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2017; 84:e1-e10. [PMID: 28155286 PMCID: PMC6238759 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v84i1.1221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The transmission of diseases between livestock and wildlife can be a hindrance to effective disease control. Maintenance hosts and contact rates should be explored to further understand the transmission dynamics at the wildlife-livestock interface. Bovine tuberculosis (BTB) has been shown to have wildlife maintenance hosts and has been confirmed as present in the African buffalo (Syncerus caffer) in the Queen Elizabeth National Park (QENP) in Uganda since the 1960s. The first aim of this study was to explore the spatio-temporal spread of cattle illegally grazing within the QENP recorded by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) rangers in a wildlife crime database. Secondly, we aimed to quantify wildlife-livestock interactions and cattle movements, on the border of QENP, using a longitudinal questionnaire completed by 30 livestock owners. From this database, 426 cattle sightings were recorded within QENP in 8 years. Thirteen (3.1%) of these came within a 300 m-4 week space-time window of a buffalo herd, using the recorded GPS data. Livestock owners reported an average of 1.04 (95% CI 0.97-1.11) sightings of Uganda kob, waterbuck, buffalo or warthog per day over a 3-month period, with a rate of 0.22 (95% CI 0.20-0.25) sightings of buffalo per farmer per day. Reports placed 85.3% of the ungulate sightings and 88.0% of the buffalo sightings as further than 50 m away. Ungulate sightings were more likely to be closer to cattle at the homestead (OR 2.0, 95% CI 1.1-3.6) compared with the grazing area. Each cattle herd mixed with an average of five other cattle herds at both the communal grazing and watering points on a daily basis. Although wildlife and cattle regularly shared grazing and watering areas, they seldom came into contact close enough for aerosol transmission. Between species infection transmission is therefore likely to be by indirect or non-respiratory routes, which is suspected to be an infrequent mechanism of transmission of BTB. Occasional cross-species spillover of infection is possible, and the interaction of multiple wildlife species needs further investigation. Controlling the interface between wildlife and cattle in a situation where eradication is not being considered may have little impact on BTB disease control in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natascha V Meunier
- Department of Pathology and Pathogen Biology, Royal Veterinary College; Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine.
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Payne A, Philipon S, Hars J, Dufour B, Gilot-Fromont E. Wildlife Interactions on Baited Places and Waterholes in a French Area Infected by Bovine Tuberculosis. Front Vet Sci 2017; 3:122. [PMID: 28138439 PMCID: PMC5237639 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Interactions among wildlife species are major drivers for the transmission of multi-host pathogens, such as Mycobacterium bovis, which also affect livestock. Although France is officially free from bovine tuberculosis (bTB), some areas are still harboring infection in cattle and wildlife. We aimed at characterizing the visits of susceptible wild species (badger, red deer, and wild boar) at baited places and waterholes, considered as possible hotspots for contacts. We described the visits in terms of frequency, duration, and number of individuals and studied the influence of the season. Then, we estimated the frequency of intraspecies and interspecies interactions occurring at baited places and waterholes which may lead to bTB transmission, including direct and indirect contacts through the soil or water. We used camera traps placed on baited places and waterholes on 13 locations monitored during 21 months. The number of visits, their duration, and the number of individuals per visit were analyzed by generalized linear mixed models for each targeted species. The frequency of the interspecies and intraspecies interactions was also analyzed separately. The season, the type of site (baited place or waterhole), and the location were the explanatory variables. Badgers' visits and interactions were more frequent than for other species (mean: 0.60 visit/day and 5.42 interactions/day) especially on baited places. Red deer only visited waterholes. Wild boars visited most often baited places in spring-summer and waterholes in autumn-winter. They came in higher number than other species, especially on baited places. Direct interactions were uncommon. The most frequent interspecies interactions occurred between red deer and wild boar (mean: 4.02 interactions/day). Baited places and waterholes are important interfaces between the different wild species involved in the bTB multi-host system in this area. They can thus promote intraspecies and interspecies bTB transmission. Baiting ban should be carried on and management of waterholes should be considered as tool to limit the spread of bTB in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariane Payne
- INRA, Agroecology UMR 1347, Dijon, France; French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Wildlife Disease Unit, Gières, France
| | - Sixtine Philipon
- Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Epidemiology Unit EPIMAI , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Jean Hars
- French Hunting and Wildlife Agency (ONCFS), Studies and Research Department, Wildlife Disease Unit , Gières , France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Alfort National Veterinary School (ENVA), Epidemiology Unit EPIMAI , Maisons-Alfort , France
| | - Emmanuelle Gilot-Fromont
- Lyon 1 University, CNRS, UMR 5558 LBBE, Villeurbanne, France; VetAgro-Sup, MIPIE, Veterinary Public Health Unit, Marcy-l'Etoile, France
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The Added-Value of Using Participatory Approaches to Assess the Acceptability of Surveillance Systems: The Case of Bovine Tuberculosis in Belgium. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159041. [PMID: 27462705 PMCID: PMC4962975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) surveillance in Belgium is essential to maintain the officially free status and to preserve animal and public health. An evaluation of the system is thus needed to ascertain the surveillance provides a precise description of the current situation in the country. The evaluation should assess stakeholders' perceptions and expectations about the system due to the fact that the acceptability has an influence on the levels of sensitivity and timeliness of the surveillance system. The objective of the study was to assess the acceptability of the bTB surveillance in Belgium, using participatory tools and the OASIS flash tool ('analysis tool for surveillance systems'). METHODS For the participatory process, focus group discussions and individual interviews were implemented with representatives involved with the system, both from cattle and wildlife part of the surveillance. Three main tools were used: (i) relational diagrams associated with smileys, (ii) flow diagrams associated with proportional piling, and (iii) impact diagrams associated with proportional piling. A total of six criteria were assessed, among which five were scored on a scale from -1 to +1. For the OASIS flash tool, one full day meeting with representatives from stakeholders involved with the surveillance was organised. A total of 19 criteria linked to acceptability were scored on a scale from 0 to 3. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION Both methods highlighted a medium acceptability of the bTB surveillance. The main elements having a negative influence were the consequences of official notification of a bTB suspect case in a farm, the low remuneration paid to private veterinarians for execution of intradermal tuberculin tests and the practical difficulties about the containment of the animals. Based on the two evaluation processes, relevant recommendations to improve the surveillance were made. Based on the comparison between the two evaluation processes, the added value of the participatory approach was highlighted.
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Amato B, Mignacca SA, Pacciarini ML, Vitale M, Antoci S, Cucinotta S, Puleio R, Biasibetti E, Fiasconaro M, Capucchio MT, Di Marco Lo Presti V. An outbreak of bovine tuberculosis in a fallow deer herd (Dama dama) in Sicily. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:116-20. [PMID: 27234548 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Wild ruminants have an important role in the epidemiology of bovine tuberculosis (bTB). This study describes an outbreak of bovine tuberculosis occurring in a fallow deer herd in Sicily. In 2012 a Sicilian herd of 47 animals was referred for cachexia. Pathological examination of 2 dead animals revealed disseminated granulomas predominantly involving the skin and subcutaneous tissues. Tissue samples were submitted for histological analysis, bacteriological culture, and biomolecular assay. PCR analysis identified Mycobacterium strains. Genotyping by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR profiles identified Mycobacterium bovis spoligotype SB0120 in both animals. In 2014, bTB skin testing of 28 fallow deer from the same group was positive in 4 and inconclusive in another 4. All 8 positive/inconclusive reactors were euthanized. Disseminated granulomatous lesions were noted in 6 of these animals, 3 of which (2 positive and 1 negative to skin tests) also presented cutaneous lesions. M. bovis spoligotype SB0120 was identified from all animals in which tuberculous-like lesions were observed, including 2 negative reactors. Many of the animals involved in this outbreak presented diffuse skin lesions, a potential route of transmission of M. bovis infection. Given the epidemiological role wildlife play in the maintenance of bTB infection and its potential risk for humans, a comprehensive monitoring plan for this zoonosis in wildlife species in Sicily is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Amato
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy.
| | | | - Maria Lodovica Pacciarini
- National Reference Centre for Bovine Tuberculosis, Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 7/9, Brescia 25124, Italy
| | - Maria Vitale
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antoci
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cucinotta
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Roberto Puleio
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Elena Biasibetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2 Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Michele Fiasconaro
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Capucchio
- Dipartimento di Scienze Veterinarie, Università degli Studi di Torino, Largo Braccini 2 Grugliasco, TO 10095, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Di Marco Lo Presti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Sicilia, Via S. Andrea 96, Barcellona Pozzo di Gotto, ME 98051, Italy
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Abstract
The dilution effect, that high host species diversity can reduce disease risk, has attracted much attention in the context of global biodiversity decline and increasing disease emergence. Recent studies have criticized the generality of the dilution effect and argued that it only occurs under certain circumstances. Nevertheless, evidence for the existence of a dilution effect was reported in about 80% of the studies that addressed the diversity-disease relationship, and a recent meta-analysis found that the dilution effect is widespread. We here review supporting and critical studies, point out the causes underlying the current disputes. The dilution is expected to be strong when the competent host species tend to remain when species diversity declines, characterized as a negative relationship between species' reservoir competence and local extinction risk. We here conclude that most studies support a negative competence-extinction relationship. We then synthesize the current knowledge on how the diversity-disease relationship can be modified by particular species in community, by the scales of analyses, and by the disease risk measures. We also highlight the complex role of habitat fragmentation in the diversity-disease relationship from epidemiological, evolutionary and ecological perspectives, and construct a synthetic framework integrating these three perspectives. We suggest that future studies should test the diversity-disease relationship across different scales and consider the multiple effects of landscape fragmentation.
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El-Sayed A, El-Shannat S, Kamel M, Castañeda-Vazquez MA, Castañeda-Vazquez H. Molecular Epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis in Humans and Cattle. Zoonoses Public Health 2015; 63:251-64. [PMID: 26684712 DOI: 10.1111/zph.12242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB), caused by Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis), is a serious re-emerging disease in both animals and humans. The evolution of the Multi- and Extensively drug-resistant M. bovis strains (MDR-TB and XDR-TB) represents a global threat to public health. Worldwide, the disease is responsible for great economic losses in the veterinary field, serious threat to the ecosystem, and about 3.1% of human TB cases, up to 16% in Tanzania. Only thorough investigation to understand the pathogen's epidemiology can help in controlling the disease and minimizing its threat. For this purpose, various tools have been developed for use in advanced molecular epidemiological studies of bTB, either alone or in combination with standard conventional epidemiological approaches. These techniques enable the analysis of the intra- and inter-species transmission dynamics of bTB. The delivered data can reveal detailed insights into the source of infection, correlations among human and bovine isolates, strain diversity and evolution, spread, geographical localization, host preference, tracing of certain virulence factors such as antibiotic resistance genes, and finally the risk factors for the maintenance and spread of M. bovis. They also allow for the determination of epidemic and endemic strains. This, in turn, has a significant diagnostic impact and helps in vaccine development for bTB eradication programs. The present review discusses many topics including the aetiology, epidemiology and importance of M. bovis, the prevalence of bTB in humans and animals in various countries, the molecular epidemiology of M. bovis, and finally applied molecular epidemiological techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- A El-Sayed
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - S El-Shannat
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M Kamel
- Laboratory of Molecular Epidemiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt.,Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - M A Castañeda-Vazquez
- Laboratory of Mastitis and Molecular Diagnostic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - H Castañeda-Vazquez
- Laboratory of Mastitis and Molecular Diagnostic, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Division of Veterinary Sciences, University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, Mexico
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Rivière J, Le Strat Y, Dufour B, Hendrikx P. Sensitivity of Bovine Tuberculosis Surveillance in Wildlife in France: A Scenario Tree Approach. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0141884. [PMID: 26517372 PMCID: PMC4627846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is a common disease in cattle and wildlife, with an impact on animal and human health, and economic implications. Infected wild animals have been detected in some European countries, and bTB reservoirs in wildlife have been identified, potentially hindering the eradication of bTB from cattle populations. However, the surveillance of bTB in wildlife involves several practical difficulties and is not currently covered by EU legislation. We report here the first assessment of the sensitivity of the bTB surveillance system for free-ranging wildlife launched in France in 2011 (the Sylvatub system), based on scenario tree modelling. Three surveillance system components were identified: (i) passive scanning surveillance for hunted wild boar, red deer and roe deer, based on carcass examination, (ii) passive surveillance on animals found dead, moribund or with abnormal behaviour, for wild boar, red deer, roe deer and badger and (iii) active surveillance for wild boar and badger. The application of these three surveillance system components depends on the geographic risk of bTB infection in wildlife, which in turn depends on the prevalence of bTB in cattle. We estimated the effectiveness of the three components of the Sylvatub surveillance system quantitatively, for each species separately. Active surveillance and passive scanning surveillance by carcass examination were the approaches most likely to detect at least one infected animal in a population with a given design prevalence, regardless of the local risk level and species considered. The awareness of hunters, which depends on their training and the geographic risk, was found to affect surveillance sensitivity. The results obtained are relevant for hunters and veterinary authorities wishing to determine the actual efficacy of wildlife bTB surveillance as a function of geographic area and species, and could provide support for decision-making processes concerning the enhancement of surveillance strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rivière
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yann Le Strat
- Department of Infectious Diseases, French Institute for Public Health Surveillance, Saint-Maurice, France
| | - Barbara Dufour
- Research unit EpiMAI USC Anses (Epidemiology of Animal Infectious Disease), Alfort National Veterinary School, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pascal Hendrikx
- Unit UCAS, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety (Anses), Maisons-Alfort, France
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Payne A, Chappa S, Hars J, Dufour B, Gilot-Fromont E. Wildlife visits to farm facilities assessed by camera traps in a bovine tuberculosis-infected area in France. EUR J WILDLIFE RES 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10344-015-0970-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Che’ Amat A, González-Barrio D, Ortiz J, Díez-Delgado I, Boadella M, Barasona J, Bezos J, Romero B, Armenteros J, Lyashchenko K, Venteo A, Rueda P, Gortázar C. Testing Eurasian wild boar piglets for serum antibodies against Mycobacterium bovis. Prev Vet Med 2015; 121:93-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2015.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Thacker TC, Palmer MV, Robbe-Austerman S, Stuber TP, Waters WR. Anatomical distribution of Mycobacterium bovis genotypes in experimentally infected white-tailed deer. Vet Microbiol 2015; 180:75-81. [PMID: 26243696 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium bovis (M. bovis) causes tuberculosis in white-tailed deer (WTD). Natural infection of WTD with M. bovis is most closely mimicked by instilling inoculum into palatine tonsillar crypts. One hundred fifty days after intratonsillar inoculation, M. bovis was cultured from 30 tissues originating from 14 deer. Whole-genome sequencing (WGS) was performed on the original inoculum, single colonies subcultured from the original inoculum, and M. bovis isolated from each culture positive tissue. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) were identified by comparing the derived sequences to the reference strain AF2122/97. Results indicate that the majority of the SNPs that were identified were homogeneous between the inoculum and the isolates from the tissues. The majority of individual tissues had different WGS genotypes from each other, suggesting that dissemination of M. bovis beyond the initial site of infection may require few mycobacteria representing a bottleneck.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler C Thacker
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Mitchell V Palmer
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Suelee Robbe-Austerman
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - Tod P Stuber
- United States Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Inspection Service, National Veterinary Services Laboratories, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
| | - W Ray Waters
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center, 1920 Dayton Ave, Ames, IA 50010, USA.
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Detection of mycobacteria, Mycobacterium avium subspecies, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex by a novel tetraplex real-time PCR assay. J Clin Microbiol 2015; 53:930-40. [PMID: 25588660 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.03168-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex, Mycobacterium avium, and many other nontuberculous mycobacteria are worldwide distributed microorganisms of major medical and veterinary importance. Considering the growing epidemiologic significance of wildlife-livestock-human interrelation, developing rapid detection tools of high specificity and sensitivity is vital to assess their presence and accelerate the process of diagnosing mycobacteriosis. Here we describe the development and evaluation of a novel tetraplex real-time PCR for simultaneous detection of Mycobacterium genus, M. avium subspecies, and M. tuberculosis complex in an internally monitored single assay. The method was evaluated using DNA from mycobacterial (n = 38) and nonmycobacterial (n = 28) strains, tissues spiked with different CFU amounts of three mycobacterial species (n = 57), archival clinical samples (n = 233), and strains isolated from various hosts (n = 147). The minimum detectable DNA amount per reaction was 50 fg for M. bovis BCG and M. kansasii and 5 fg for M. avium subsp. hominissuis. When spiked samples were analyzed, the method consistently detected as few as 100 to 1,000 mycobacterial CFU per gram. The sensitivity and specificity values for the panel of clinical samples were 97.5 and 100% using a verified culture-based method as the reference method. The assays performed on clinical isolates confirmed these results. This PCR was able to identify M. avium and M. tuberculosis complex in the same sample in one reaction. In conclusion, the tetraplex real-time PCR we designed represents a highly specific and sensitive tool for the detection and identification of mycobacteria in routine laboratory diagnosis with potential additional uses.
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Costa P, Botelho A, Couto I, Viveiros M, Inácio J. Standing of nucleic acid testing strategies in veterinary diagnosis laboratories to uncover Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex members. Front Mol Biosci 2014; 1:16. [PMID: 25988157 PMCID: PMC4428369 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2014.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleic acid testing (NAT) designate any molecular approach used for the detection, identification, and characterization of pathogenic microorganisms, enabling the rapid, specific, and sensitive diagnostic of infectious diseases, such as tuberculosis. These assays have been widely used since the 90s of the last century in human clinical laboratories and, subsequently, also in veterinary diagnostics. Most NAT strategies are based in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and its several enhancements and variations. From the conventional PCR, real-time PCR and its combinations, isothermal DNA amplification, to the nanotechnologies, here we review how the NAT assays have been applied to decipher if and which member of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex is present in a clinical sample. Recent advances in DNA sequencing also brought new challenges and have made possible to generate rapidly and at a low cost, large amounts of sequence data. This revolution with the high-throughput sequencing (HTS) technologies makes whole genome sequencing (WGS) and metagenomics the trendiest NAT strategies, today. The ranking of NAT techniques in the field of clinical diagnostics is rising, and we provide a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis with our view of the use of molecular diagnostics for detecting tuberculosis in veterinary laboratories, notwithstanding the gold standard being still the classical culture of the agent. The complementary use of both classical and molecular diagnostics approaches is recommended to speed the diagnostic, enabling a fast decision by competent authorities and rapid tackling of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Costa
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária IPLisboa, Portugal
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - Ana Botelho
- Instituto Nacional de Investigação Agrária e Veterinária IPLisboa, Portugal
| | - Isabel Couto
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Recursos Microbiológicos (CREM), Universidade Nova de LisboaCaparica, Portugal
| | - Miguel Viveiros
- Grupo de Micobactérias, Unidade de Microbiologia Médica, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
- Centro de Malária e Outras Doenças Tropicais, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical da Universidade Nova de LisboaLisboa, Portugal
| | - João Inácio
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of BrightonBrighton, UK
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