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Ladera Gómez ME, Nieto Farias MV, Rodríguez M, Váter A, Ceriani MC, Dolcini GL. Altered apoptosis and proliferation in milk cells and PBMc from BLV-infected bovines with different proviral loads: Possible role of the BCL-2 family proteins, TNF-alpha, and receptors. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2024; 268:110703. [PMID: 38154260 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2023.110703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Bovines infected by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) are characterized by presenting low proviral load (LPL) or high proviral load (HPL). It is reported that animals with HPL in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) present a decrease in apoptosis, an increase in viability and the proliferation rate, while animals that maintain an LPL have an intrinsic ability to control the infection, presenting an increased apoptosis rate of their PBMCs. However, there is little information on the effect of BLV on these mechanisms when the virus infects somatic milk cells (SC). This study investigates the mechanisms underlying apoptosis in milk and blood from BLV-infected animals with HPL and LPL. Relative levels of mRNA of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor 1 (TNF-RI), TNF receptor 2 (TNF-RII), anti-apoptotic B-cell lymphoma 2 protein (Bcl-2), and pro-apoptotic Bcl-2-like protein 4 (Bax) were measured in SC and PBMCs using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assay. A significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α in SC from HPL animals vs non-infected bovines was observed, but the infection in SC with BLV did not show a modulation on the expression of TNF receptors. A significant increase in TNF-RI expression in PBMCs from HPL bovines compared to LPL bovines was observed. No significant differences in PBMCs between HPL and LPL compared to non-infected animals concerning TNF-α, TNF-RI, and TNF-RII expression were found. There was a significant increase of both Bcl-2 and Bax in SC from LPL compared to non-infected bovines, but the Bcl-2/Bax ratio showed an anti-apoptotic profile in LPL and HPL bovines compared to non-infected ones. Reduced mRNA expression levels of Bax were determined in the PBMCs from HPL compared to LPL subjects. In contrast, BLV-infected bovines did not differ significantly in the mRNA expression of Bax compared to non-infected bovines. Our data suggest that the increased mRNA expression of Bax corresponds to the late lactation state of bovine evaluated and the exacerbated increase of mRNA expression of Bcl-2 may be one of the mechanisms for the negative apoptosis regulation in the mammary gland induced by BLV infection. These results provide new insights into the mechanism of mammary cell death in HPL and LPL BLV-infected bovine mammary gland cells during lactation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ladera Gómez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - M V Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - M Rodríguez
- Área de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - A Váter
- Escuela de Educación Secundaria Agraria Nº1 "Dr. Ramón Santamarina", Tandil, Argentina
| | - M C Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina
| | - G L Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET/UNCPBA/CICPBA), Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000 Tandil, Argentina.
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Lv G, Wang J, Lian S, Wang H, Wu R. The Global Epidemiology of Bovine Leukemia Virus: Current Trends and Future Implications. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:297. [PMID: 38254466 PMCID: PMC10812804 DOI: 10.3390/ani14020297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that causes enzootic bovine leucosis (EBL), which is the most significant neoplastic disease in cattle. Although EBL has been successfully eradicated in most European countries, infections continue to rise in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Japan, and the United States. BLV imposes a substantial economic burden on the cattle industry, particularly in dairy farming, as it leads to a decline in animal production performance and increases the risk of disease. Moreover, trade restrictions on diseased animals and products between countries and regions further exacerbate the problem. Recent studies have also identified fragments of BLV nucleic acid in human breast cancer tissues, raising concerns for public health. Due to the absence of an effective vaccine, controlling the disease is challenging. Therefore, it is crucial to accurately detect and diagnose BLV at an early stage to control its spread and minimize economic losses. This review provides a comprehensive examination of BLV, encompassing its genomic structure, epidemiology, modes of transmission, clinical symptoms, detection methods, hazards, and control strategies. The aim is to provide strategic information for future BLV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanxin Lv
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Jianfa Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Shuai Lian
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hai Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Rui Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (G.L.); (J.W.); (S.L.)
- Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Bovine Diseases, Daqing 163319, China
- China Key Laboratory of Bovine Disease Control in Northeast China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Daqing 163319, China
- College of Biology and Agriculture, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi 154007, China
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Lendez PA, Martínez Cuesta L, Nieto Farías MV, Vater AA, Ghezzi MD, Mota-Rojas D, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Effect of heat stress on TNF-α, TNFRI and TNFRII expression in BLV infected dairy cattle. J Therm Biol 2023; 114:103568. [PMID: 37162166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2023.103568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures for extended periods, which do not allow animals to recover from heat stress, affect in particular those BLV-infected animals that carry a high proviral load. For this study, animals were discriminated between BLV (+) and BLV (-), and those belonging to the first group, were classified based on their proviral load. The expression of the inflammatory cytokine TNF-α and its receptors, which play an important role in disease progression, were quantified by qPCR in two different seasons. During the summer, average temperature was 19.8 °C, maximums higher than 30 °C were frequent. Instead, during the autumn, the average temperature was 12.63 °C, and temperatures never exceeded 27 °C. During this season, almost no periods of temperatures exceeded the comfort limit. Our results revealed that the expression levels of TNF-α and its receptors were downregulated in animals with high proviral load. This fact could affect their antiviral response and predispose to viral dissemination; over time, animals with a poorer immune system are prone to acquiring opportunistic diseases. Conversely, animals with LPL maintained their expression profile, with behavior comparable to non-infected animals. These findings should be considered by producers and researchers, given the problems that global warming is causing lately to the planet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martínez Cuesta
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Nieto Farías
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Adrián Alejandro Vater
- Escuela de Educación Secundaria Agraria N°1 "DR, RAMON SANTAMARINA", Pje La Porteña, Ruta Pcial N, 30 KM 122.5, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina.
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Samad A, Meghla NS, Nain Z, Karpiński TM, Rahman MS. Immune epitopes identification and designing of a multi-epitope vaccine against bovine leukemia virus: a molecular dynamics and immune simulation approaches. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2022; 71:2535-2548. [PMID: 35294591 PMCID: PMC8924353 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-022-03181-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Background Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is an oncogenic delta-retrovirus causing bovine leucosis. Studies on BLV have shown the association with human breast cancer. However, the exact molecular mechanism is neither known nor their appropriate preventative measure to halt the disease initiation and progression. In this study, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine against BLV using a computational analyses.
Methods Following a rigorous assessment, the vaccine was constructed using the T-cell epitopes from each BLV-derived protein with suitable adjuvant and linkers. Both physicochemistry and immunogenic potency as well as the safeness of the vaccine candidate were assessed. Population coverage was done to evaluate the vaccine probable efficiency in eliciting the immune response worldwide. After homology modeling, the three-dimensional structure was refined and validated to determine the quality of the designed vaccine. The vaccine protein was then subjected to molecular docking with Toll-like receptor 3 (TLR3) to evaluate the binding efficiency followed by dynamic simulation for stable interaction. Results Our vaccine construct has the potential immune response and good physicochemical properties. The vaccine is antigenic and immunogenic, and has no allergenic or toxic effect on the human body. This novel vaccine contains a significant interactions and binding affinity with the TLR3 receptor. Conclusions The proposed vaccine candidate would be structurally stable and capable of generating an effective immune response to combat BLV infections. However, experimental evaluations are essential to validate the exact safety and immunogenic profiling of this vaccine. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00262-022-03181-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdus Samad
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Nigar Sultana Meghla
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
| | - Zulkar Nain
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Tomasz M. Karpiński
- Chair and Department of Medical Microbiology, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, Wieniawskiego 3, 61-712 Poznań, Poland
| | - Md. Shahedur Rahman
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Faculty of Biological Science and Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
- Bioinformatics and Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, 7408 Bangladesh
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Yu W, Xiao X, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Zheng P, Yu J, Luo J, Luo Y, Yan H, Yi X, Wang J, Wang H, Wang Q, Mao X. Effect of Dietary Lactose Supplementation on Growth Performance and Intestinal Epithelium Functions in Weaned Pigs Challenged by Rotavirus. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12182336. [PMID: 36139196 PMCID: PMC9495109 DOI: 10.3390/ani12182336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to investigate whether dietary lactose supplementation relieves rotavirus (RV)-induced diarrhea and gut dysfunction. Thirty-six crossbred weaned piglets were randomly allocated into three groups and fed diets containing 0, 4%, and 6% lactose for 20 days. On Day 15, half of the piglets in each group were orally infused with RV. RV infection impaired growth performance; induced severe diarrhea; decreased serum D-xylose concentration and morphology and sIgA level of jejunal mucosa; downregulated MUC1, MUC2, occludin, Bcl-2, IL-4, pBD3, pBD2, and pBD1 mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes; upregulated Bax, caspase-3, IL-2, IFN-γ, and IFN-β mRNA expression of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes; and damaged microbiota and metabolites of cecal digesta in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary lactose supplementation improved nutrient digestibility and growth performance and relieved the negative influence of RV challenge on intestinal barrier function, mRNA expression of cytokines, and host defense peptides of jejunal mucosa and/or mesenteric lymph nodes in weaned piglets (p < 0.05). Dietary administration of 6% lactose tended to relieve diarrhea (p = 0.07). These results suggest that lactose in feed increases growth performance and has a tendency to alleviate RV-induced diarrhea, derived from the improvement of nutrient utilization, gut barrier function, and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuechun Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xuewu Yi
- College of Life Sciences, Leshan Normal University, Leshan 614000, China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Huifen Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Quyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease-Resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18783536530; Fax: +86-2886290922
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Yang Y, Gong Z, Lu Y, Lu X, Zhang J, Meng Y, Peng Y, Chu S, Cao W, Hao X, Sun J, Wang H, Qin A, Wang C, Shang S, Yang Z. Dairy Cows Experimentally Infected With Bovine Leukemia Virus Showed an Increased Milk Production in Lactation Numbers 3–4: A 4-Year Longitudinal Study. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:946463. [PMID: 35898913 PMCID: PMC9309534 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.946463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is widespread in global cattle populations, but the effects of its infection on milk quantity and quality have not been clearly elucidated in animal models. In this study, 30 healthy first-lactation cows were selected from ≈2,988 cows in a BLV-free farm with the same criteria of parity, age, lactation number, as well as milk yield, SCS, and composition (fat, protein, and lactose). Subsequently, these cows were randomly assigned to the intervention (n = 15) or control (n = 15) group, and reared in different cowsheds. Cows in the intervention group were inoculated with 1 × phosphate-buffered solution (PBS) resuspended in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from a BLV-positive cow, while the controls were inoculated with the inactivated PBMC from the same individual. From June 2016 to July 2021, milk weight (kg) was automatically recorded by milk sensors, and milk SCS and composition were originated from monthly performed dairy herd improvement (DHI) testing. Fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)–qPCR and ELISA showed that cows in the intervention group were successfully infected with BLV, while cows in the control group were free of BLV for the entire period. At 45 days post-inoculation (DPI), the numbers of whole blood cells (WBCs) (P = 0.010), lymphocytes (LYMs) (P = 0.002), and monocytes (MNCs) (P = 0.001) and the expression levels of IFN-γ (P = 0.013), IL-10 (P = 0.031), and IL-12p70 (P = 0.008) increased significantly in the BLV infected cows compared to the non-infected. In lactation numbers 2–4, the intervention group had significantly higher overall milk yield (P < 0.001), fat (P = 0.031), and protein (P = 0.050) than the control group, while milk SCS (P = 0.038) and lactose (P = 0.036) decreased significantly. Further analysis indicated that BLV infection was associated with increased milk yield at each lactation stage in lactation numbers 3–4 (P = 0.021 or P < 0.001), but not with SCS and milk composition. Together, this 4-year longitudinal study revealed that artificial inoculation of BLV increased the milk yield in cows in this BLV challenge model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Yang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Yi Yang
| | - Zaicheng Gong
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Lu
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xubin Lu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Ye Meng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yalan Peng
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shuangfeng Chu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Cao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoli Hao
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Shenzhen Academy of Inspection and Quarantine Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Aijian Qin
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
| | - Chengming Wang
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, United States
| | - Shaobin Shang
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- International Corporation Laboratory of Agriculture and Agricultural Products Safety, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Shaobin Shang
| | - Zhangping Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
- Zhangping Yang
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Nakada S, Fujimoto Y, Kohara J, Adachi Y, Makita K. Estimation of economic loss by carcass weight reduction of Japanese dairy cows due to infection with bovine leukemia virus. Prev Vet Med 2021; 198:105528. [PMID: 34773833 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2021.105528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is endemic in Japanese dairy farms. To promote the participation of farmers in BLV infection control in Japan, it is important to provide estimates of the economic losses caused by this infection. We hypothesized that decreased immune function due to BLV infection would increase visceral abnormalities, in turn reducing carcass weight. We employed mediation analysis to estimate the annual economic loss due to carcass weight reduction caused by BLV infection. Culled Holstein cows from 12 commercial dairy farms in the Nemuro and Kushiro regions of Hokkaido, Japan, were traced. Information on age and the last delivery day were collected. A non-infected culled cow was defined as a cow from which BLV provirus was not detected. A high-proviral-load (H-PVL) cow was defined as a cow whose PVL titer was above 2465 copies/50 ng DNA or 56,765 copies/105 cells. A BLV-infected cow with PVL titer lower than the thresholds was categorized as low-proviral load (L-PVL). Post-mortem examination results for culled cows were collected from a meat inspection center. The hypothesis was tested by three models, using data from 222 culled dairy cows. Model 1, a generalized linear mixed-effects model, selected carcass weight as an outcome variable, BLV status and the potential confounders (lactation stage and age) as explanatory variables, and herd as a random effect. Model 2 additionally included the number of abnormal findings in the post-mortem examination (AFPE) as an explanatory variable. Model 3 applied a Bayesian generalized linear mixed model, which employed a mediator separately modeled for AFPE, to estimate the amount of direct, indirect, and total carcass weight loss with adjustment for known confounding factors. Compared to the mean carcass weight for the non-infected culled cows, the carcass weight for H-PVL culled cows was significantly decreased by 30.4 kg on average. For each increase of one in the number of AFPE, the mean carcass weight was decreased by 8.6 kg. Only the indirect effect of BLV H-PVL status on carcass weight loss through AFPE was significant, accounting for 21.6 % of the total effect on carcass weight reduction. In 2017, 73,650 culled dairy cows were slaughtered in Hokkaido, and the economic loss due to carcass weight loss caused by BLV infection that year was estimated to be US $1,391,649. In summary, unlike L-PVL cows, H-PVL status was associated with carcass weight reduction, which was partially mediated by an increase in the number of visceral abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Nakada
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan; Hokkaido Higashi Agriculture Mutual Aid Association, 109-28 Nishisyunbetsu, Betsukai, 088-2576, Japan
| | - Yuri Fujimoto
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan
| | - Junko Kohara
- Animal Research Center, Agricultural Research Department, Hokkaido Research Organization, Nishi 5-39, Shintoku, 081-0038, Japan
| | - Yasumoto Adachi
- Hayakita Meat Inspection Center, Iburi Sub-Prefectural Bureau, Hokkaido Prefectural Government, 695 Toasa, Abira Town, Yufutsu-Gun, Hokkaido, 059-1433, Japan
| | - Kohei Makita
- Veterinary Epidemiology Unit, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Rakuno Gakuen University, 582 Bunkyodai Midorimachi, Ebetsu, Hokkaido, 069-8501, Japan.
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Lendez PA, Martinez-Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Cytokine TNF-α and its receptors TNFRI and TNFRII play a key role in the in vitro proliferative response of BLV infected animals. Vet Res Commun 2021; 45:431-439. [PMID: 34453235 DOI: 10.1007/s11259-021-09825-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) main host cells are B lymphocytes. Infected animals can be classified into high or low proviral load (HPL or LPL respectively), regarding the number of proviral copies infected lymphocytes they carry. After infection, there is an overexpression of several cytokines, particularly TNF-α, which has a delicate regulation mediated by receptors TNFRI and TNFRII; the first one involved with apoptosis, while the other stimulates cell proliferation. The study aimed to quantify TNF-α and its receptors mRNA expression, and in which extent in vitro proliferation was affected, in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) from BLV-infected animals with different proviral loads, after the addition or not of synthetic TNF-α (rTNF-α) for 48 h. PBMC from BLV-infected animals showed spontaneous proliferation after 48 h in culture but did not show changes in proliferation rates after 48 h incubation in the presence of the rTNF-α. TNF-α mRNA expression after 48 h culture without exogenous stimulation was significantly lower, regardless of the proviral load of the donor, compared to non-infected animals. In the LPL animals, the expression of TNF-α mRNA was significantly lower with respect to the control group while the expression of TNFRI mRNA was significantly increased. The HPL animals showed a significant decrease in the expression of TNF-α and TNFRII mRNA respect to the control group. After 48 h incubation with rTNF-α, PBMC from infected animals had different responses: TNF-α and TNFRI mRNA expression was reduced in PBMC from the LPL group compared to the BLV negative group, but no differences were observed in PBMC from the HPL group. TNFRII mRNA expression showed no differences between HPL, LPL, and BLV negative groups, though HPL animals expressed 10.35 times more TNFRI mRNA than LPL. These results support the hypothesis that LPL animals, when faced with viral reactivation, present a pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative state. However, complementary studies are needed to explain the influence of TNFRII on the development of the HLP profile. On the other hand, exogenous stimulation studies reinforce the hypothesis that BLV infection compromises the immune response of the animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martinez-Cuesta
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Victoria Nieto Farias
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Virology Area, FCV-UNCPBA, Tandil; Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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Natural Infection of Dairy Cows with Bovine Leukemia Virus Affects Immunoglobulin Levels in Saliva and Serum but Not Milk. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070907. [PMID: 34358057 PMCID: PMC8308649 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retroviral infection that disrupts the immune function of infected animals. It is widespread among U.S. dairy cattle. In this pilot study, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations in milk, saliva, and serum samples from BLV ELISA-positive (ELISA+) dairy cows were compared against samples from BLV ELISA-negative (ELISA−) cows using the Kruskal–Wallis test (with ties). The results from ELISA+ cows were also stratified by lymphocyte count (LC) and proviral load (PVL). In milk and saliva from ELISA+ cows, the average total IgA and IgM concentrations were decreased compared to ELISA− cows, although this was only statistically significant for saliva IgM in cows with low PVL (p = 0.0424). Numerically, the average total IgA concentrations were 33.6% lower in milk and 23.7% lower in saliva, and the average total IgM concentrations were 42.4% lower in milk and 15.5% lower in saliva. No significant differences were observed in the total serum IgA concentrations, regardless of PVL and LC. The total serum IgM from ELISA+ cows was significantly decreased (p = 0.0223), with the largest decreases occurring in the highest PVL and LC subgroups. This pilot study is a first step in investigating the impact of BLV on mucosal immunity and will require further exploration in each of the various stages of disease progression.
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Lendez PA, Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Vater AA, Ghezzi MD, Mota-Rojas D, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Alterations in TNF-α and its receptors expression in cows undergoing heat stress. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 235:110232. [PMID: 33799007 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Heat stress is one of the environmental factors that most severely affects milk industry, as it has impact on production, immune responses and reproductive performance. The present study was conducted with high-performance Holando-Argentino cows. Our objective was to study TNF-α and its receptors pattern expression in cows from a region characterized by extreme climatic seasonality. Animals were evaluated in three periods: spring (n = 15), summer (n = 14) and autumn (n = 11). Meteorological records from a local station were used to estimate the temperature and humidity index (THI) by means of an equation previously defined. A THI higher than 68 is indicative of stressing conditions. During the summer period, the animals were exposed to 8.5 ± 1.09 h of heat stress, or THI > 68. In spring, stress hours were reduced to 1.4 ± 0.5 every day, while during the autumn, there were no recorded heat stress events. Expression of TNF-α, and its receptors was determined by qPCR. During the summer, TNF-α and its receptors expression diminished drastically compared to the rest of the year, when stressful conditions were infrequent. We conclude that animals that are not physiologically prepared to resist high temperatures might have a less efficient immune response, reinforcing the need to develop new strategies to improve animal welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Virology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martinez Cuesta
- Virology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Virology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Adrian Alejandro Vater
- Escuela de Educación Secundaria Agraria Nº1 "DR. RAMÓN SANTAMARINA", Pje La Porteña Ruta Pcial N° 30 KM 122.5, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Daniel Ghezzi
- Animal Welfare Area. Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - Daniel Mota-Rojas
- Stress Physiology and Farm Animal Welfare, Departamento de Producción Agrícola y Animal, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana (UAM), Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Virology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Virology Area, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Universidad Nacional Del Centro De la Provincia de Buenos Aires (UNCPBA), Tandil, Veterinary Research Center (CIVETAN), CONICET-CICPBA, Arroyo Seco S/N, Campus Universitario, Tandil, 7000, Argentina.
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Fan X, Hu H, Chen D, Yu B, He J, Yu J, Luo J, Eckhardt E, Luo Y, Wang J, Yan H, Mao X. Lentinan administration alleviates diarrhea of rotavirus-infected weaned pigs via regulating intestinal immunity. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2021; 12:43. [PMID: 33750472 PMCID: PMC7945689 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-021-00562-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lentinan (LNT) may regulate many important physiological functions of human and animals. This study aimed to verify whether LNT administration could relieve diarrhea via improving gut immunity in rotavirus (RV)-challenged weaned pigs. METHODS Twenty-eight weaned pigs were randomly fed 2 diets containing 0 or 84 mg/kg LNT product for 19 d (n = 14). RV infection was executed on d 15. After extracting polysaccharides from LNT product, its major monosaccharides were analyzed. Then, LNT polysaccharide was used to administrate RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells. RESULTS Dietary LNT supplementation supported normal function of piglets even when infected with RV, as reflected by reduced growth performance loss and diarrhea prevalence, and maintained gut immunity (P < 0.05). The polysaccharide was isolated from LNT product, which molecular weight was 5303 Da, and major monosaccharides included glucose, arabinose and galactose. In RV-infected IPEC-J2 cells, this polysaccharide significantly increased cell viability (P < 0.05), and significantly increased anti-virus immunity via regulating pattern recognition receptors and host defense peptides (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Those results suggest that LNT administration increases the piglets' resistance to RV-induced stress, likely by supporting intestinal immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqi Fan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Erik Eckhardt
- Adisseo SAS, Center of Excellence and Research in Nutrition, 03600 Malicorne, France
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianping Wang
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key Laboratory for Animal Disease-Resistance Nutrition of China Ministry of Education, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition and Feed of China Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition of Sichuan Province, Institute of Animal Nutrition, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211, Gongpinghuimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu, 611130 Sichuan Province People’s Republic of China
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12
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Sajiki Y, Konnai S, Okagawa T, Maekawa N, Nakamura H, Kato Y, Suzuki Y, Murata S, Ohashi K. A TLR7 agonist activates bovine Th1 response and exerts antiviral activity against bovine leukemia virus. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:103847. [PMID: 32888966 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) infection is a bovine chronic infection caused by BLV, a member of the genus Deltaretrovirus. In this study, we examined the immunomodulatory effects of GS-9620, a toll-like receptor (TLR) 7 agonist, in cattle (Bos taurus) and its therapeutic potential for treating BLV infection. GS-9620 induced cytokine production in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) as well as CD80 expression in CD11c+ cells and increased CD69 and interferon (IFN)-γ expressions in T cells. Removing CD11c+ cells from PBMCs decreased CD69 expression in T cells in the presence of GS-9620. These results suggest that TLR7 agonism promotes T-cell activation via CD11c+ cells. Analyses using PBMCs from BLV-infected cattle revealed that TLR7 expression in CD11c+ cells was upregulated during late-stage BLV infection. Furthermore, GS-9620 increased IFN-γ and TNF-α production and inhibited syncytium formation in vitro, suggesting that GS-9620 may be used to treat BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamato Sajiki
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Satoru Konnai
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Tomohiro Okagawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Naoya Maekawa
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Hayato Nakamura
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Yukinari Kato
- Department of Antibody Drug Development, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan; New Industry Creation Hatchery Center, Tohoku University, Sendai, 980-8575, Japan.
| | - Yasuhiko Suzuki
- Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Division of Bioresources, Research Center for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 001-0019, Japan.
| | - Shiro Murata
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiko Ohashi
- Department of Disease Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Department of Advanced Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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Casas E, Ma H, Lippolis JD. Expression of Viral microRNAs in Serum and White Blood Cells of Cows Exposed to Bovine Leukemia Virus. Front Vet Sci 2020; 7:536390. [PMID: 33195511 PMCID: PMC7536277 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2020.536390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) affects the health and productivity of cattle. The virus causes abnormal immune function and immunosuppression. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are involved in gene expression, having been associated with stress and immune response, tumor growth, and viral infection. The objective of this study was to determine the expression of circulating miRNAs produced by BLV in animals exposed to the virus. Sera from 14 animals were collected to establish IgG reactivity to BLV by ELISA, where seven animals were seropositive and seven were seronegative for BLV exposure. White blood cells (WBC) from each animal were also collected and miRNAs were identified by sequencing from sera and WBC. The seropositive group had higher counts of BLV miRNAs when compared to seronegative group in sera and WBC. Blv-miR-1-3p, blv-miR-B2-5p, blv-miR-B4-3p, and blv-miR-B5-5p were statistically significant (P < 0.00001) in serum with an average of 7 log2 fold difference between seropositive and seronegative groups. Blv-miR-B1-3p, blv-miR-B1-5p, blv-miR-B3, blv-miR-B4-3p, blv-miR-B4-5p, blv-miR-B5-5p were statistically significant (P < 1.08e−9) in WBC with an average of 7 log2 fold difference between the seropositive and the seronegative groups. Blv-miR-B2-3p and blv-miR-B2-5p were also statistically significant in WBC (P < 2.79e-17), with an average of 27 log2 fold difference between the seropositive and the seronegative groups. There were 18 genes identified as being potential targets for blv-miR-B1-5p, and 3 genes for blv-miR-B4-5p. Gene ontology analysis indicated that the target genes are mainly involved in the response to stress and in the immune system process. Several of the identified genes have been associated with leukemia development in humans and cattle. Differential expression of genes targeted by BLV miRNAs should be evaluated to determine their effect in BLV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Casas
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - Hao Ma
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
| | - John D Lippolis
- National Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Ames, IA, United States
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Forletti A, Lützelschwab CM, Cepeda R, Esteban EN, Gutiérrez SE. Early events following bovine leukaemia virus infection in calves with different alleles of the major histocompatibility complex DRB3 gene. Vet Res 2020; 51:4. [PMID: 31931875 PMCID: PMC6958566 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-019-0732-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Cattle maintaining a low proviral load (LPL) status after bovine leukaemia virus (BLV) infection have been recognized as BLV controllers and non-transmitters to uninfected cattle in experimental and natural conditions. LPL has been associated with host genetics, mainly with the BoLA class II DRB3 gene. The aim of this work was to study the kinetics of BLV and the host response in Holstein calves carrying different BoLA-DRB3 alleles. Twenty BLV-free calves were inoculated with infected lymphocytes. Two calves were maintained uninfected as controls. Proviral load, total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts, anti-BLVgp51 titres and BLVp24 expression levels were determined in blood samples at various times post-inoculation. The viral load peaked at 30 days post-inoculation (dpi) in all animals. The viral load decreased steadily from seroconversion (38 dpi) to the end of the study (178 dpi) in calves carrying a resistance-associated allele (*0902), while it was maintained at elevated levels in calves with *1501 or neutral alleles after seroconversion. Leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and BLVp24 expression did not significantly differ between genetic groups. Animals with < 20 proviral copies/30 ng of DNA at 178 dpi or < 200 proviral copies at 88 dpi were classified as LPL, while calves with levels above these limits were considered to have high proviral load (HPL) profiles. All six calves with the *1501 allele progressed to HPL, while LPL was attained by 6/7 (86%) and 2/6 (33%) of the calves with the *0902 and neutral alleles, respectively. One calf with both *0902 and *1501 developed LPL. This is the first report of experimental induction of the LPL profile in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustina Forletti
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Claudia María Lützelschwab
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Rosana Cepeda
- Area de Bioestadística, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Ecosistemas y Desarrollo Sustentable, Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Eduardo N Esteban
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Silvina Elena Gutiérrez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN-CONICET-CIC), Universidad Nacional del Centro de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (U.N.C.P.B.A.), Pinto 399, 7000, Tandil, Buenos Aires, Argentina. .,Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Kalashnikov AE, Kalashnikova L, Novák K. Analyzing the exome heterogeneity of cattle immunity genes with the method of flow-cell sequencing. BIO WEB OF CONFERENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1051/bioconf/20201700247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptors belong to the pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs), which have evolved to recognize conserved features of bacterial and viral molecules. We used the approach developed earlier to screen for the polymorphism in TLR genes in a representative set of historical and modern cattle breeds from Russia. The method pipeline included the steps of obtaining the overlapping amplification products from the coding regions of all ten bovine TLR genes, their subsequent purification and normalization. While the anti-bacterial group included TLR1, -2, -4, -5 and -6, the anti-viral group compressed TLR3, -7, -8, -9 and -10 (in spite of its unclear specificity). Animals from the about seven breeds, both bulls and cows, was used for analysis. The samples from the pooled genomic DNA were sequenced on the PacBio platform. After identification of variations, Bayesian analysis was carried out, followed by filtration on quality of sequencing. The 5–36 structural variants of TLRs were annotated according to their biological significance. Both new and already identified sites of variability, already annotated and documented in dbSNP, have been found. The data are needed for further breeding of local breeds in Russia with respect to their natural resistance to various diseases.
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Murakami H, Todaka H, Uchiyama J, Sato R, Sogawa K, Sakaguchi M, Tsukamoto K. A point mutation to the long terminal repeat of bovine leukemia virus related to viral productivity and transmissibility. Virology 2019; 537:45-52. [PMID: 31445323 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2019.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is important to establish the molecular basis of the high transmissibility of bovine leukemia virus (BLV) to develop new methods of preventing viral transmission. Hence, the aim of this study was to determine whether some strains had transmission advantages. First, we determined the whole BLV genome sequences of all 34 BLV-infected cows from one farm. Phylogenetic analysis divided strains into 26 major and 8 minor strains. The major strains dominantly spread independent of host factor, bovine leucocyte antigen. Further analysis, with molecular clones, associated transmissibility with viral productivity in vitro. In addition, the two groups could be classified by group-specific mutations. The reverse genetic approach demonstrated that a spontaneous mutation at nucleotide 175 of the BLV genome, which is located in the viral promoter region, could alter viral productivity by changing viral transactivation, suggesting that BLV transmissibility is affected by a spontaneous mutation associated with viral productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironobu Murakami
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan.
| | - Haruna Todaka
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Jumpei Uchiyama
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Reiichiro Sato
- Laboratory of Clinical Veterinary Medicine for Large Animal, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Sogawa
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, School of Life and Environmental Science, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sakaguchi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Microbiology Ⅰ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
| | - Kenji Tsukamoto
- Laboratory of Animal Health Ⅱ, School of Veterinary Medicine, Azabu University, 1-17-71 Fuchinobe, Chuo-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-5201, Japan
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17
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Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Lendez PA, Rowland RRR, Sheahan MA, Cheuquepán Valenzuela FA, Marin MS, Dolcini G, Ceriani MC. Effect of bovine leukemia virus on bovine mammary epithelial cells. Virus Res 2019; 271:197678. [PMID: 31381943 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that infects cattle and is associated with an increase in secondary infections. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of BLV infection on cell viability, apoptosis and morphology of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T), as well as Toll like receptors (TLR) and cytokine mRNA expression. Our findings show that BLV infection causes late syncytium formation, a decrease in cell viability, downregulation of the anti-apoptotic gene Bcl-2, and an increase in TLR9 mRNA expression. Moreover, we analyzed how this stably infected cell line respond to the exposure to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), a pathogen known to cause chronic mastitis. In the presence of S. aureus, MAC-T BLV cells had decreased viability and decreased Bcl-2 and TLR2 mRNA expression. The results suggest that mammary epithelial cells infected with BLV have altered the apoptotic and immune pathways, probably affecting their response to bacteria and favoring the development of mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina; Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA.
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela A Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Raymond R R Rowland
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Maureen A Sheahan
- Department of Diagnostic Medicine and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - Felipe A Cheuquepán Valenzuela
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Área de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maia S Marin
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1033AAJ Buenos Aires, Argentina; Área de Producción Animal, Estación Experimental Agropecuaria Balcarce, Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Ruta Nacional 226 Km 73.5 (7620), Balcarce, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil (7000) Pcia., Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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18
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Nieto Farias MV, Souza FN, Lendez PA, Martínez-Cuesta L, Santos KR, Della Libera AMMP, Ceriani MC, Dolcini GL. Lymphocyte proliferation and apoptosis of lymphocyte subpopulations in bovine leukemia virus-infected dairy cows with high and low proviral load. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2018; 206:41-48. [PMID: 30502911 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2018.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Revised: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is one of the most important virus in dairy cattle. The infection behavior follows what we call the iceberg phenomenon: 60% of infected animals do not show clinical signs; 30% develop persistent lymphocytosis (PL); and the remaining 10%, die due to lymphosarcoma. BLV transmission depends on infected cell exchange and thus, proviral load is determinant. Understanding the mechanisms by which cattle governs the control of viral dissemination will be desirable for designing effective therapeutic or preventive strategies for BLV. The development of high proviral load (HPL) or low proviral load (LPL) might be associated to genetic factors and humoral immune responses, however cellular responses are not fully described. It is known that BLV affects cellular homeostasis: proliferation and apoptosis. It is also known that the BLV tropism is directed towards B lymphocytes, and that lymphocytotic animals have elevated amounts of these cells. Usually, when an animal is infected by BLV, the B markers that increase are CD21, CD5 and CD11b. This increase could be related to the modulation of apoptosis in these cells. This is the first work in which animals infected with BLV are classified according to their proviral load and the subpopulations of B and T lymphocytes are evaluated in terms of their percentage in peripheral blood and its stage of apoptosis and viability. PBMCs from HPL animals proliferated more than LPL and non-infected animals. CD11b+/CD5+ lymphocytes in LPL animals presented greater early and late apoptosis than HPL animals and cells of HPL animals had increased viability than LPL animals. Our results confirm that BLV alters the mechanism of apoptosis and proliferation of infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Fernando Nogueira Souza
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Pamela Anahí Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Lucía Martínez-Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Kamila Reis Santos
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Alice Maria Melville Paiva Della Libera
- Veterinary Clinical Immunology Research Group, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva 87, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - María Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-UNCPBA-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Paraje Arroyo Seco s/n, 7000, Tandil, Argentina.
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19
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Martinez Cuesta L, Nieto Farias MV, Lendez PA, Barone L, Pérez SE, Dolcini GL, Ceriani MC. Stable infection of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T) with bovine leukemia virus (BLV). Virus Res 2018; 256:11-16. [PMID: 30055215 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Bovine leukemia virus (BLV) is a retrovirus that affects cattle causing a lymphoproliferative disease. BLV infection has been associated with misbalance of the immune response causing a higher incidence of other infections. Mastitis is one of the most important conditions that affect milk production in cattle. The aim of this study was to stably infect a bovine mammary epithelial cell line (MAC-T). MAC-T cell line was successfully infected with BLV and the infection was confirmed by nested PCR, qPCR, immunocytochemistry, western blot and transmission electron microscopy. This is the first report of a bovine mammary epithelial cell line stably infected with BLV. This new cell line could be used as an in vitro model to study the effect of BLV on the immune response in the mammary gland and the relationship with other agents causing mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Martinez Cuesta
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina.
| | - Maria Victoria Nieto Farias
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pamela Anahi Lendez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lucas Barone
- Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria, Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Veterinarias y Agronómicas, Instituto de Virología, Nicolás Repetto y Los Reseros s/n, Hurlingham, B1686, Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sandra Elizabeth Pérez
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Guillermina Laura Dolcini
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria Carolina Ceriani
- Laboratorio de Virología, Centro de Investigación Veterinaria de Tandil (CIVETAN, CONICET-CICPBA), Facultad de Cs. Veterinarias, UNCPBA, Pinto 399, Tandil, 7000 Pcia. Buenos Aires, Argentina
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