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Wang J, Zhang Y, Guo X, Jia L, Chen X. A bicarboxaminoquinoline-based ratiometric fluorescent sensor for the sequential detection of Zn 2+ and PPi. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 320:124594. [PMID: 38875928 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
A new ratiometric fluorescent sensor (LP) based on bicarboxaminoquinoline was designed and synthesized for sequentially recognizing Zn2+ and PPi. In aqueous solution, LP exhibited the ratiometric fluorescence response towards Zn2+, along with the about 4-folds enhancement of fluorescence quantum yield. Subsequently, the LP-Zn2+ complex displayed the fluorescence recovery upon adding PPi through the displacement strategy. And the LODs of LP and its Zn2+ complex for sensing Zn2+ and PPi were found to be 15 nM and 5.5 nM, respectively. Notably, the reversibility of LP for sequentially sensing Zn2+ and PPi had been employed to construct the INHIBIT logic gate. Moreover, LP and its Zn2+ complex had been successfully utilized for the detection of Zn2+ and PPi in two real water samples and cells imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of College of Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of College of Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China.
| | - Xiangfeng Guo
- College of Chemistry, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Guangdong, Maoming, 525000, China.
| | - Lihua Jia
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of College of Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
| | - Xiaoshuang Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals of College of Heilongjiang Province, Qiqihar University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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2
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Wang M, Yang X, Yuan M, Zhou W, Yang L. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probe for the Detection of Cysteine. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 78:744-752. [PMID: 39096170 DOI: 10.1177/00037028241241342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Hemicyanine dyes are an ideal structure for building near-infrared fluorescent probes due to their excellent emission wavelength properties and biocompatibility in biological imaging field. Developing a near-infrared fluorescent probe capable of detecting cysteine (Cys) was the aim of this study. A novel developed fluorescent probe P showed high selectivity and sensitivity to Cys in the presence of various analytes. The detection limit of P was found to be 0.329 μM. The MTT assay showed that the probe was essentially non-cytotoxic. Furthermore, the probe was successfully used as cysteine imaging in living cells and mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghui Wang
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Xindi Yang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Mengyao Yuan
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- College of Nursing and Health, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Henan Engineering Research Center of Industrial Recirculating Water Treatment, College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China
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Tamrakar A, Wani MA, Mishra G, Srivastava A, Pandey R, Pandey MD. Advancements in the development of fluorescent chemosensors based on CN bond isomerization/modulation mechanistic approaches. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2198-2228. [PMID: 38567418 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay02321d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The CN bond isomerization/modulation as a fluorescence signalling mechanism was explored by studying the photophysical properties of conformationally restricted molecules. From the beginning, the CN bond isomerization method has attracted the attention of researchers owing to its simplicity, high selectivity, and sensitivity in fluorescence evaluation. Continuous developments in the field of sensing using CN bond-containing compounds have been achieved via the customization of the isomerization process around the CN bond in numerous ways, and the results were obtained in the form of specific discrete photophysical changes. CN isomerization causes significant fluorescence enhancement in response to detected metal cations and other reactive species (Cys, Hys, ClO-, etc.) straightforwardly and effectively. This review sheds light on the process of CN bond isomerization/modulation as a signalling mechanism depending on fluorescence changes via conformational restriction. In addition, CN bond isomerization-based fluorescent sensors have yet to be well reviewed, although several fluorescent sensors based on this signalling mechanism have been reported. Therefore, CN-based fluorescent sensors are summarized in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpna Tamrakar
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, UP-221005, India.
| | - Manzoor Ahmad Wani
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, UP-221005, India.
| | - Gargi Mishra
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, UP-221005, India.
| | - Ankur Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, UP-221005, India.
| | - Rampal Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand, UK-246174, India.
| | - Mrituanjay D Pandey
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, UP-221005, India.
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4
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Samanta SS, Giri S, Mandal S, Mandal U, Beg H, Misra A. A fluorescence based dual sensor for Zn 2+ and PO 43- and the application of soft computing methods to predict machine learning outcomes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:10037-10053. [PMID: 38482924 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp05662g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
A phenolphthalein-based Schiff base, 3,3-bis-{4-hydroxy-3-[(pyridine-2-ylmethylimino)-methyl]-phenyl}-3H-isobenzofuran-1-one (PAP), has been synthesized and used for selective fluorescence 'turn on' and 'turn off' sensing of Zn2+ and PO43- respectively. The limit of detection using the 3σ method for Zn2+ is found to be 19.3 nM and that for PO43- is 8.3 μM. The sensing mechanism of PAP for Zn2+ ions has been explained by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, TRPL, ESI-MS, FT-IR, and DFT based calculations. Taking advantage of this fluorescence 'on-off' behavior of PAP in the sequential presence of Zn2+ and PO43- a two input fuzzy logic (FL) operation has been constructed. The chemosensor PAP can thus act as a metal ion and anion responsive molecular switch, and its corresponding emission intensity is used to mimic numerous FL functions. To replace various expensive, time-consuming experimental procedures, we implemented machine learning soft computing tools, such as fuzzy-logic, artificial neural networks (ANNs), and adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference systems (ANFIS), to correlate as well as predict the fluorescence intensity in the presence of any equivalent ratio of Zn2+ and PO43-. The statistical performance measures (MSE and RMSE, for example) show that the projected values of the cation and anion sensing data by the ANFIS network are the best and closer to the experimental values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Subhadip Giri
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sourav Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| | - Usha Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
| | - Hasibul Beg
- Department of Chemistry, Raja N. L. Khan Women's College, Midnapore, 721102, India
| | - Ajay Misra
- Department of Chemistry, Vidyasagar University, Midnapore 721102, West Bengal, India.
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5
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Mao W, Bui HTD, Cho W, Yoo HS. Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation in 3D environments for therapeutic development. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 201:115074. [PMID: 37619771 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2023.115074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopic techniques for monitoring stem cell and organoid proliferation have gained significant attention in therapeutic development. Spectroscopic techniques such as fluorescence, Raman spectroscopy, and infrared spectroscopy offer noninvasive and real-time monitoring of biochemical and biophysical changes that occur during stem cell and organoid proliferation. These techniques provide valuable insight into the underlying mechanisms of action of potential therapeutic agents, allowing for improved drug discovery and screening. This review highlights the importance of spectroscopic monitoring of stem cell and organoid proliferation and its potential impact on therapeutic development. Furthermore, this review discusses recent advances in spectroscopic techniques and their applications in stem cell and organoid research. Overall, this review emphasizes the importance of spectroscopic techniques as valuable tools for studying stem cell and organoid proliferation and their potential to revolutionize therapeutic development in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Mao
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoai-Thuong Duc Bui
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Wanho Cho
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyuk Sang Yoo
- Department of Biomedical Materials Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institute for Molecular Science and Fusion Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Institue of Biomedical Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea; Kangwon Radiation Convergence Research Support Center, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Wen J, Hua Q, Ding S, Sun A, Xia Y. Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Zinc Ions Based on Various Response Mechanisms. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-32. [PMID: 37486769 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2238078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a vital metal element with extensive applications in various fields such as industry, metallurgy, agriculture, food, and healthcare. For living organisms, zinc ions are indispensable, and their deficiency can lead to physiological and metabolic abnormalities that cause multiple diseases. Hence, there is a significant need for selective recognition and effective detection of free zinc ions. As a probe method with high sensitivity, high selectivity, real-time monitoring, safety, harmlessness and ease of operation, fluorescent probes have been widely used in metal ion identification studies, and many convenient, low-cost and easy-to-operate fluorescent probes for Zn2+ detection have been developed. This article reviews the latest research advances in fluorescent chemosensors for Zn2+ detection from 2019 to 2023. In particular, sensors working through photo-induced electron transfer (PET), excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT), intramolecular charge transfer (ICT), fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET), chelation-enhanced fluorescence (CHEF), and aggregation-induced emission (AIE) mechanisms are described. We discuss the use of various recognition mechanisms in detecting zinc ions through specific cases, some of which have been validated through theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinrong Wen
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Qianying Hua
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Sha Ding
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Aokui Sun
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
| | - Yong Xia
- School of Packaging and Materials Engineering, Hunan University of Technology, Zhuzhou, China
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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7
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Development of coumarin derivatives as fluoride ion sensor. Tetrahedron 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2023.133310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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8
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Chen Z, Zhang Z, Qi J, You J, Ma J, Chen L. Colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions with various chromogenic materials: Strategies and applications. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 441:129889. [PMID: 36087533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Detection of heavy metal ions has drawn significant attention in environmental and food area due to their threats to the human health and ecosystem. Colorimetry is one of the most frequently-used methods for the detection of heavy metal ions owing to its simplicity, easy operation and rapid on-site detection. The development of chromogenic materials and their sensing mechanisms are the key research direction in the area of colorimetric method. Since each chromogenic material has their unique optical and chemical properties, they have totally different colorimetric sensing mechanisms. This review focuses on the chromogenic materials and their sensing strategies for the colorimetric detection of heavy metal ions. We divide the chromogenic materials into three types, including organic materials, inorganic materials, and other materials. As for each type of chromogenic material, we discuss their detailed sensing strategies, sensing performance, and real sample applications. Moreover, current challenges and perspectives related to the colorimetry of heavy metal ions are also discussed in this review. The aim of this review is to help readers to better understand the principles of colorimetric methods for heavy metal ions and push the development of rapid detection of heavy metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 264003, China.
| | - Ji Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 264003, China
| | - Jinmao You
- Key Laboratory of Life-Organic Analysis of Shandong Province, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing 312000, China.
| | - Jiping Ma
- School of Environmental & Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Research Center for Coastal Environmental Engineering and Technology, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 264003, China; School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai 264003, China.
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9
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Singh D, Ibrahim A, Gupta R. Coumarin‐Based Reversible Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Sequential Detection of Copper and Citrate Ions. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202203326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Annan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi Delhi 110007 India
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10
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Özbek BB, Aktan E, Seferoğlu Z. Novel push–pull organic dyes bearing Indan-2-one/Inden-1-ylidene and coumarin: Synthesis and photophysical properties. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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11
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Rana S, Sharma RK, Fridman N, Kumar A. Structural characterization and bioimaging of Zn 2+ using meta-benziporphodimethene analogue. LUMINESCENCE 2022. [PMID: 36068987 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
"Prevention is better than cure, especially when something has no cure." Cancer, in most patients is detected at the stage beyond which it becomes non-curative. Thus, the early detection of cancer cells can play a crucial role in enhancing the chances of a patient's survival. In this light, we present a non-fluorescent receptor employed for the detection of Zn2+ ion in MDA-MB-231 carcinoma cells that exhibits fluorescence turn-on behaviour upon binding with the metal ion. In this work, the synthesis of 11,16-bis(2,6-difluorobenzene)-6,6,21,21-tetramethyl-meta-benziporpho-6,21-dimethene and its Zn2+ chloride complex have been reported. The compounds were fully characterized using UV-Visible, NMR, IR and mass spectrometry. Furthermore, the X-ray polymorphs of meta-benziporphodimethene analogue have been added. The study of its bioimaging applications in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells for the detection of Zn2+ ions have been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikha Rana
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India
| | | | - Natalia Fridman
- Schulich Faculty of Chemistry, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Anil Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Delhi Technological University, Bawana Road, Delhi, India
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12
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Singh D, Ibrahim A, Kumar P, Gupta R. Methylene Spacer Mediated Detection Switch Between Copper and Zinc Ions by Two Coumarin‐Pyrene Based Chemosensors. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202202574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Devender Singh
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi New Delhi 110007 India
| | - Annan Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi New Delhi 110007 India
| | - Pramod Kumar
- Department of Chemistry Mahamana Malviya College Khekra (Baghpat) C.C.S. University Meerut India
| | - Rajeev Gupta
- Department of Chemistry University of Delhi New Delhi 110007 India
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13
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Wang P, Wang Q, Guo Z, Xue S, Chen B, Liu Y, Ren W, Yang X, Wen S. A bifunctional peptide-based fluorescent probe for ratiometric and "turn-on" detection of Zn(II) ions and its application in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 268:120653. [PMID: 34838424 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a bifunctional peptide-based fluorescent probe L containing a tetrapeptide scaffold (Pro-Gly-His-Trp-NH2) and a dansyl group was synthesized using solid phase peptide synthesis (SPPS) technology. As designed, L, based on a FRET mechanism, exhibited high selectivity, excellent ratiometric signals, and fast response to Zn2+ in aqueous solutions at an excitation wavelength of 280 nm. In addition, when excited at 320 nm, L exhibited a fluorescent "turn-on" response towards Zn2+ based on PET mechanism. More importantly, the stoichiometry of L and Zn2+ was determined to be 2:1 by fluorescent titration, Job's plot method, and ESI-MS spectrometry. The association constant for Zn2+ ions was determined to be 6.26 × 108 M-2, while the limit of detection (LOD) of L was estimated as 5.43 nM, which is a much lower value than WHO and EPA guidelines for drinking water. Moreover, L was successfully applied to detect both Zn2+ and Cu2+ in living cells due to good biocompatibility and excellent low toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China.
| | - Qifan Wang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Zhouquan Guo
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Shirui Xue
- School of Journalism and Communications, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Bo Chen
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China
| | - Yi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology & Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Biology and Medicine (Ministry of Education), College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Wang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry of Sichuan Institutes of Higher Education, School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science & Engineering, Zigong 643000, China
| | - Xiupei Yang
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China.
| | - Shaohua Wen
- Chemical Synthesis and Pollution Control Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, China West Normal University, Shida Road 1#, Nanchong 637009, China.
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14
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Chen W, Liang H, Wen X, Li Z, Xiong H, Tian Q, Yan M, Tan Y, Royal G. Synchronous colorimetric determination of CN−, F−, and H2PO4− based on structural manipulation of hydrazone sensors. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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15
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Singh G, Suman, Diksha, Mohit, Gupta S, Thakur Y, Gonzalez-SilveraEspinosa-RuizAngelesEsteban. Development of 3-Acetylcoumarin derived organosilane as potent antioxidant: Selective and sensitive colorimetric and fluorescent sensor for Al3+ ions. Inorganica Chim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2022.120921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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16
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Alharbi KH. A Review on Organic Colorimetric and Fluorescent Chemosensors for the Detection of Zn(II) Ions. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1472-1488. [PMID: 35108139 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2033611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Organic compounds display several electronic and structural features which enable their application in various fields, ranging from biological to non-biological. These compounds contain heteroatoms like sulfur, nitrogen and, oxygen, which provide coordination sites to act as ligands in the field of coordination chemistry and are used as chemosensors to detect various metal ions. This review article covers different organic compounds including Schiff bases, thiourea, pyridine, rhodamine, triazole, pyrene, coumarin, imidazole, diaminomaleonitrile, naphthoxazole, pyrimidine, thiophene, thioether, and other functional groups based chemosensors that contain heteroatoms like sulfur, nitrogen and, oxygen for fluorimetric and colorimetric detection of Zn(II) ions in different environmental, agricultural, and biological samples. Further, the sensing performances of these chemosensors have been compared and discussed which could help the readers for the future design of organic fluorescent and colorimetric chemosensors for the detection of Zn(II) ions. We hope this study will support the new thoughts to design a simple, efficient, selective, and sensitive chemosensor for the detection of Zn(II) ions in different samples (environmental, agricultural, and biological).
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Affiliation(s)
- Khadijah H Alharbi
- Department of Chemistry, Science and Arts College, Rabigh Campus, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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17
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Soni H, Prasad J, Pandya A, Soni SS, Sutariya PG. Disposable paper-based PET fluorescence probe linked with calix[4]arene for lithium and phosphate ion detection. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj04536b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
As a part of our ongoing research, we have synthesized a new fluorescence probe, p-C4A, based on a calix[4]arene substituted with 4-aminoquinoline moieties with amide linkages for lithium and phosphate ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heni Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Jyoti Prasad
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Alok Pandya
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Institute of Advanced Research, Gandhinagar 382246, Gujarat, India
| | - Saurabh S. Soni
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
| | - Pinkesh G. Sutariya
- Department of Chemistry, Sardar Patel University, V. V. Nagar, 388120, Gujarat, India
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18
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Bag R, Sikdar Y, Sahu S, Islam MM, Mandal S, Goswami S. Benzimidazole–acid hydrazide Schiff–Mannich combo ligands enable nano–molar detection of Zn 2+ via fluorescence turn–on mode from semi–aqueous medium, HuH–7 cells, and plants. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj02875a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we have synthesized two unsymmetrical and dipodal Schiff–Mannich combo ligands, benzoic acid (3–benzoimidazol–1–ylmethyl–2–hydroxy–5–methyl–benzylidene)–hydrazide (H2BBH) and the hydroxyl analogue, 2–hydroxy–benzoic acid (3–benzoimidazol–1–ylmethyl–2–hydroxy–5–methyl–benzylidene)–hydrazide (H3BSH) for selective detection of Zn2+ in semi–aqueous...
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Xue WZ, Han XF, Zhao XL, Wu WN, Wang Y, Xu ZQ, Fan YC, Xu ZH. An AIRE-active far-red ratiometric fluorescent chemosensor for specifically sensing Zn 2+ and resultant Zn 2+ complex for subsequent pyrophosphate detection in almost pure aqueous media. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 263:120169. [PMID: 34273894 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A simple Schiff-base fluorescent chemosensor (1) was synthesized by the reaction of 3-amino-pyrazine-2-carbohydrazide and 7-diethylamino-3-formylcoumarin; the sensor 1 displayed a notable green emission at 524 nm in DMSO and an aggregation-induced ratiometric emission (AIRE) at 555 nm in an almost buffered aqueous media (0.5% DMSO content). The AIRE of 1 was quenched following binding to Zn2+ ions, while the fluorescence emission in the far-red region was evidently enhanced at 628 nm. Notably, the ratiometric signal output could be utilized to specifically distinguish Zn2+ among various metal ions. Moreover, the 1-Zn2+ complex was effectively employed as a fluorescent ratiometric chemosensor for pyrophosphate (PPi) detection. The detection limit was 3.52 μM and 2.45 μM for Zn2+ and PPi, respectively. The binding mechanism was evaluated by 1H NMR, ESI-MS, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, TEM, time-resolved fluorescence spectrophotometry, and density functional theory studies. Overall, owing to its sensitive fluorescence behavior, cell imaging studies demonstrated that this sensor is capable of sensing Zn2+ and PPi in living cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Zhao Xue
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xue-Feng Han
- College of Safety Science and Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Xiao-Lei Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Wei-Na Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Yuan Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China.
| | - Zhou-Qing Xu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Yun-Chang Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Polytechnic University, Jiaozuo 454000, PR China
| | - Zhi-Hong Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Detection, College of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Xuchang University, 461000, PR China; College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China.
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20
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Asavasuthiphan V, Nuisin R, Kraiya C, Sukwattanasinitt M, Rashatasakhon P. Ratiometric Fluorescent Sensor for Copper(II) and Phosphate Ions from Aminopyrene Derivatives. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:856-863. [PMID: 34861046 DOI: 10.1111/php.13569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Three derivatives of 1-aminopyrene are functionalized with 2-picolyl and 2-picolinyl groups and are tested as fluorescent sensors for metal ions. The target compounds are successfully synthesized in yields of 50-90% and characterized by 1 H-NMR, 13 C-NMR, and HRMS. The compound with an amino picolyl group (P1) exhibits an excellent selectivity toward Cu(II) ion as the fluorescent signal shifts from 433 to 630 nm. From a fluorescence titration experiment, the limit of detection for Cu(II) ion is estimated as 0.19 µm. The fluorescence spectral shift by Cu(II) ion is reliant on the use of acetonitrile as a co-solvent, and the results from cyclic voltammetry and UV-Vis spectroscopy suggest that the sensing mechanism involves a coordination complex between the P1, acetonitrile and Cu(II) ion. Furthermore, this P1-Cu complex can also be used as a selective fluorescent sensor for PO4 3- ion with a detection limit of 0.44 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Voravin Asavasuthiphan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Roongkan Nuisin
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Charoenkwan Kraiya
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Mongkol Sukwattanasinitt
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paitoon Rashatasakhon
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Nanotec-CU Center of Excellence on Food and Agriculture, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Aydin D, Karuk Elmas SN, Savran T, Arslan FN, Sadi G, Yilmaz I. An ultrasensitive ″OFF–ON″ fluorogenic sensor based on thiazole derivative for Zn2+: Food supplement, water and bio–imaging applications. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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22
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23
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Taş H, Adams J, Namyslo JC, Schmidt A. Zn 2+ detection of a benzimidazole 8-aminoquinoline fluorescent sensor by inhibited tautomerization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:36450-36458. [PMID: 35494348 PMCID: PMC9043439 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra05591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The sensor shows a high selectivity and sensitivity toward zinc cations, accompanied by a distinct green fluorescence emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harun Taş
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jörg Adams
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Arnold-Sommerfeld-Strasse 4, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Jan C. Namyslo
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt
- Clausthal University of Technology, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Leibnizstrasse 6, D-38678 Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany
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24
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Mou J, Qi H, Xiang R, Xu S, Liu J, Meng S, Chen N, Xue Y, Pei D. A novel fluorescence sensor for relay recognition of zinc ions and nitric oxide through fluorescence ‘off–on–off’ functionality. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj05018k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent ‘off–on–off’ probe for relay recognition of Zn2+ and nitro oxide (NO) was constructed with the detection limit of 10−8 mol L−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Mou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Hao Qi
- School of Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Rui Xiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Shaofeng Xu
- School of Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Jie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Sihan Meng
- School of Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Ninghai Chen
- School of Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Yunsheng Xue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of New Drug and Clinical Pharmacy
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou
- China
- School of Pharmacy
| | - Dongsheng Pei
- Department of Pathology
- Xuzhou Medical University
- Xuzhou 221006
- China
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25
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Ahmed N, Zareen W, Zhang D, Yang X, Ye Y. A DCM-based NIR sensor for selective and sensitive detection of Zn 2+ in living cells. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118758. [PMID: 32810778 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Zinc ion is the 2nd abundant transition metal element in human's body. It is responsible for many physiological and biological functioning in the body, such as growth of people, immunity, endocrine, etc. The deficiency of zinc could result in an increasing risk for growth retardation, neurological disorder and infectious disease. Thus, developing a nondestructive method for detecting Zn2+ in living systems is important. Here we reported a 2-(2-methyl-4H-ylidene)- malononitrile (DCM)-based NIR probe DF-Zn for selective and sensitive detection of Zn2+. The probe DF-Zn is cell-permeable and stable at broad pH range. DF-Zn showed a fast response to Zn2+, big stock's shift, and "nude-eye" recognition for Zn2+. Moreover, the selective binding of probe DF-Zn to Zn2+ was reversible. With the addition of EDTA in buffer solution, reversible response of probe to Zn2+ could be observed in MCF-7 cells imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadeem Ahmed
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Wajeeha Zareen
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Institute of Agricultural Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China.
| | - Xiaopeng Yang
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Yong Ye
- Green Catalysis Center, and College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
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26
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Design and synthesis of new salicylhydrazone tagged indole derivative for fluorometric sensing of Zn2+ ion and colorimetric sensing of F− ion: Applications in live cell imaging. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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27
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Jana A, Aher A, Brandao P, Ali SS, Samanta SK, Mondal G, Bera P, Santra A, Manna SK, Mahapatra AK, Bera P. Picoline based fluorescence ‘turn-on’ chemosensor for zinc(II) ion recognition, cell imaging and cytotoxicity study: Synthesis, crystal structure, spectroscopy and DFT. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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28
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Fan L, Qin JC, Li CR, Yang ZY. Two similar Schiff-base receptor based quinoline derivate: Highly selective fluorescent probe for Zn(II). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 236:118347. [PMID: 32305837 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As is known, Zn2+ plays a vital role in a variety of biological processes but excessive exposure of Zn2+ to human beings can cause toxicity, inducing a series of overt poisoning symptoms and neurodegenerative disorders. Thus, we designed and synthesized two quinoline-derived Schiff-bases HL1 and HL2, and investigated the fluorescence emission responses of these two Schiff-bases to various metal ions. A significant enhancement in fluorescence emission band centered at 450 nm was observed in the ethanolic solution of HL1 with addition of Zn2+, while remarkably lower fluorescence emission enhancement was obtained in the case of HL2 in which one methyl group was introduced to the azomethine carbon. In addition, HL1 showed good selectivity and high sensitivity towards Zn2+ in the existence of other various interfering metal ions, and the reversibility and regeneration of HL1 were also perfect for extending its applications in environmental and biological systems. Therefore, HL1 could be identified as a fluorescent probe for sensing Zn2+ environmentally and biologically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Fan
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China; Quality and Technical Supervision and Inspection of Jin Chang, Jin Chang 737100, PR China
| | - Jing-Can Qin
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Chao-Rui Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China
| | - Zheng-Yin Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, PR China.
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29
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Yan L, Zhang S, Xie Y, Mu X, Zhu J. Recent Progress in the Development of Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Hydrazine (N2H4). Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 52:210-229. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1797464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Yan
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Shiqing Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Ya Xie
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xinyue Mu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Jinbiao Zhu
- College of Chemistry and Bioengineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
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30
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Cho HJ, Kim T, Kim H, Song C. Solid-State Emissive Metallo-Supramolecular Assemblies of Quinoline-Based Acyl Hydrazone. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E600. [PMID: 31973170 PMCID: PMC7037554 DOI: 10.3390/s20030600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Revised: 01/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Development of fluorescence-based sensory materials for metal elements is currently in the mainstream of research due to the simplicity and usability of fluorescence as a method of detection. Herein, we report a novel "bis"-quinoline-based acyl hydrazone-named bQH that could be synthesized by a facile, low-cost method through simple condensation of hydrazide with an aldehyde. This acyl hydrazone showed emissive properties through Zn selective binding, especially in its solid-state, as shown by experiments such as UV-Vis, photoluminescence (PL), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and inductively-coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopies (ICP-OES), and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) mapping. The binding modes in which bQH coordinates to Zn2+ was proved to consist of two modes, 1:1 and 1:2 (bQH:Zn2+), where the binding mode was controlled by the Zn2+ ion content. Under the 1:1 binding mode, bQH-Zn2+ complexes formed a polymeric array through the metallo-supramolecular assembly. The resulting bQH-Zn2+ complex maintained its fluorescence in solid-state and exhibited excellent fluorescence intensity as compared to the previously reported quinoline-based acyl hydrazone derivative (mQH).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Changsik Song
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 16419, Korea; (H.J.C.); (T.K.); (H.K.)
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