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Wang Y, Zhang X, Lin Y, Lin H. The electron transport mechanism of downflow Leersia hexandra Swartz constructed wetland-microbial fuel cell when used to treat Cr(VI) and p-chlorophenol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37929-37945. [PMID: 36576625 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24872-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells are used to treat heavy metal and/or refractory organic wastewater. However, the electron transport mechanism of downflow Leersia hexandra constructed wetland-microbial fuel cells (DLCW-MFCs) is poorly understood when used to treat composite-polluted wastewater containing Cr(VI) and p-chlorophenol (4-CP) (C&P). In this study, metagenomics and in situ electrochemical techniques were used to investigate the electrochemical properties and the electricigens and their dominant gene functions. The DLCW-MFC was used to treat C&P and single-pollutant wastewater containing Cr(VI) (SC) and 4-CP (SP). The results showed that C&P had a higher current response and charge transfer capability and lower solution resistance plus charge transfer resistance. The anode bacteria solution of C&P contained more electron carriers (RF, FMN, FAD, CoQ10, and Cyt c). Metagenomic sequencing indicated that the total relative abundance of the microorganisms associated with electricity production (Desulfovibrio, Pseudomonas, Azospirillum, Nocardia, Microbacterium, Delftia, Geobacter, Acinetobacter, Bacillus, and Clostridium) was the highest in C&P (4.24%). However, Microbacterium was abundant in SP (0.12%), which exerted antagonistic effects on other electricigens. Among the 10 electricigens based on gene annotation, C&P had a higher overall relative abundance of the Unigene gene annotated to the KO pathway and CAZy level B compared with SC and SP, which were 1.31% and 0.582% respectively. Unigene153954 (ccmC), Unigene357497 (coxB), and Unigene1033667 (ubiG) were related to the electron carrier Cyt c, electron transfer, and CoQ biosynthesis, respectively. These were annotated to Desulfovibrio, Delftia, and Pseudomonas, respectively. Unigene161312 (AA1) used phenols and other substrates as electron donors and was annotated to Pseudomonas. Other functional carbohydrate enzyme genes (e.g., GT2, GT4, and GH31) used carbohydrates as donors and were annotated to other electricigens. This study provides a theoretical basis for electron transfer to promote the development of CW-MFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yian Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Xuehong Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Yi Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China
| | - Hua Lin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, Guilin, 541000, China.
- Guangxi Collaborative Innovation Center for Water Pollution Control and Water Safety in Karst Areas, Guilin University of Technology, 319 Yanshan Street, 541000, Guilin, China.
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Liu Y, Hu YJ, Fan WX, Quan X, Xu B, Li SZ. O-GlcNAcylation: The Underestimated Emerging Regulators of Skeletal Muscle Physiology. Cells 2022; 11:1789. [PMID: 35681484 PMCID: PMC9180116 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a highly dynamic, reversible and atypical glycosylation that regulates the activity, biological function, stability, sublocation and interaction of target proteins. O-GlcNAcylation receives and coordinates different signal inputs as an intracellular integrator similar to the nutrient sensor and stress receptor, which target multiple substrates with spatio-temporal analysis specifically to maintain cellular homeostasis and normal physiological functions. Our review gives a brief description of O-GlcNAcylation and its only two processing enzymes and HBP flux, which will help to better understand its physiological characteristics of sensing nutrition and environmental cues. This nutritional and stress-sensitive properties of O-GlcNAcylation allow it to participate in the precise regulation of skeletal muscle metabolism. This review discusses the mechanism of O-GlcNAcylation to alleviate metabolic disorders and the controversy about the insulin resistance of skeletal muscle. The level of global O-GlcNAcylation is precisely controlled and maintained in the "optimal zone", and its abnormal changes is a potential factor in the pathogenesis of cancer, neurodegeneration, diabetes and diabetic complications. Although the essential role of O-GlcNAcylation in skeletal muscle physiology has been widely studied and recognized, it still is underestimated and overlooked. This review highlights the latest progress and potential mechanisms of O-GlcNAcylation in the regulation of skeletal muscle contraction and structural properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Bin Xu
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
| | - Shi-Ze Li
- National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center of Animal Medicine Foundation, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing 163319, China; (Y.L.); (Y.-J.H.); (W.-X.F.); (X.Q.)
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Pizzamiglio C, Mahroo OA, Khan KN, Patasin M, Quinlivan R. Phenotype and genotype of 197 British patients with McArdle disease: An observational single-centre study. J Inherit Metab Dis 2021; 44:1409-1418. [PMID: 34534370 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
McArdle disease is caused by recessive mutations in PYGM gene. The condition is considered to cause a "pure" muscle phenotype with symptoms including exercise intolerance, inability to perform isometric activities, contracture, and acute rhabdomyolysis leading to acute renal failure. This is a retrospective observational study aiming to describe phenotypic and genotypic features of a large cohort of patients with McArdle disease between 2011 and 2019. Data relating to genotype and phenotype, including frequency of rhabdomyolysis, fixed muscle weakness, gout and comorbidities, inclusive of retinal disease (pattern retinal dystrophy) and thyroid disease, were collected. Data from 197 patients are presented. Seven previously unpublished PYGM mutations are described. Exercise intolerance (100%) and episodic rhabdomyolysis (75.6%) were the most common symptoms. Fixed muscle weakness was present in 82 (41.6%) subjects. Unexpectedly, ptosis was observed in 28 patients (14.2%). Hyperuricaemia was a common finding present in 88 subjects (44.7%), complicated by gout in 25% of cases. Thyroid dysfunction was described in 30 subjects (15.2%), and in 3 cases, papillary thyroid cancer was observed. Pattern retinal dystrophy was detected in 15 out of the 41 subjects that underwent an ophthalmic assessment (36.6%). In addition to fixed muscle weakness, ptosis was a relatively common finding. Surprisingly, dysfunction of thyroid and retinal abnormalities were relatively frequent comorbidities. Further studies are needed to better clarify this association, although our finding may have important implication for patient management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Pizzamiglio
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Omar A Mahroo
- Institute of Ophthalmology, University College London, London, UK
- Moorfields Eye Hospital, London, UK
- Section of Ophthalmology, King's College London, St Thomas' Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Kamron N Khan
- Leeds Centre for Ophthalmology, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, Leeds, UK
- Department of Ophthalmology, Calderdale and Huddersfield NHS Trust, Huddersfield, UK
| | - Maria Patasin
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
| | - Rosaline Quinlivan
- Department of Neuromuscular Diseases, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology and the National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, London, UK
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Lafont F, Fleury F, Benhelli-Mokrani H. DNA-PKcs Ser2056 auto-phosphorylation is affected by an O-GlcNAcylation/phosphorylation interplay. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129705. [PMID: 32805318 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA dependent Protein Kinase (DNA-PK) is an heterotrimeric complex regulating the Non Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) double strand break (DSB) repair pathway. The activity of its catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) is regulated by multiple phosphorylations, like the Ser2056 one that impacts DSB end processing and telomeres integrity. O-GlcNAcylation is a post translational modification (PTM) closely related to phosphorylation and its implication in the modulation of DNA-PKcs activity during the DNA Damage Response (DDR) is unknown. METHODS Using IP techniques, and HeLa cell line, we evaluated the effect of pharmacological or siOGT mediated O-GlcNAc level modulation on DNA-PKcs O-GlcNAcylation. We used the RPA32 phosphorylation as a DNA-PKcs activity reporter substrate to evaluate the effect of O-GlcNAc modulators. RESULTS We show here that human DNA-PKcs is an O-GlcNAc modified protein and that this new PTM is responsive to the cell O-GlcNAcylation level modulation. Our findings reveal that DNA-PKcs hypo O-GlcNAcylation affects its kinase activity and that the bleomycin-induced Ser2056 phosphorylation, is modulated by DNA-PKcs O-GlcNAcylation. CONCLUSIONS DNA-PKcs Ser2056 phosphorylation is antagonistically linked to DNA-PKcs O-GlcNAcylation level modulation. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Given the essential role of DNA-PKcs Ser2056 phosphorylation in the DDR, this study brings data about the role of cell O-GlcNAc level on genome integrity maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Lafont
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UFIP, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France
| | - Fabrice Fleury
- Université de Nantes, CNRS, UFIP, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France
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McArdle Disease: New Insights into Its Underlying Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20235919. [PMID: 31775340 PMCID: PMC6929006 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20235919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Revised: 11/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
McArdle disease, also known as glycogen storage disease type V (GSDV), is characterized by exercise intolerance, the second wind phenomenon, and high serum creatine kinase activity. Here, we recapitulate PYGM mutations in the population responsible for this disease. Traditionally, McArdle disease has been considered a metabolic myopathy caused by the lack of expression of the muscle isoform of the glycogen phosphorylase (PYGM). However, recent findings challenge this view, since it has been shown that PYGM is present in other tissues than the skeletal muscle. We review the latest studies about the molecular mechanism involved in glycogen phosphorylase activity regulation. Further, we summarize the expression and functional significance of PYGM in other tissues than skeletal muscle both in health and McArdle disease. Furthermore, we examine the different animal models that have served as the knowledge base for better understanding of McArdle disease. Finally, we give an overview of the latest state-of-the-art clinical trials currently being carried out and present an updated view of the current therapies.
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Li Y, Xie M, Men L, Du J. O-GlcNAcylation in immunity and inflammation: An intricate system (Review). Int J Mol Med 2019; 44:363-374. [PMID: 31198979 PMCID: PMC6605495 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2019.4238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic, low‑grade inflammation associated with obesity and diabetes result from the infiltration of adipose and vascular tissue by immune cells and contributes to cardiovascular complications. Despite an incomplete understanding of the mechanistic underpinnings of immune cell differentiation and inflammation, O‑GlcNAcylation, the addition of O‑linked N‑acetylglucosamine (O‑GlcNAc) to cytoplasmic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins by the two cycling enzymes, the O‑linked N‑acetylglucosamine transferase (OGT) and the O‑GlcNAcase (OGA), may contribute to fine‑tune immunity and inflammation in both physiological and pathological conditions. Early studies have indicated that O‑GlcNAcylation of proteins play a pro‑inflammatory role in diabetes and insulin resistance, whereas subsequent studies have demonstrated that this post‑translational modification could also be protective against acute injuries. These studies suggest that diverse types of insults result in dynamic changes to O‑GlcNAcylation patterns, which fluctuate with cellular metabolism to promote or inhibit inflammation. In this review, the current understanding of O‑GlcNAcylation and its adaptive modulation in immune and inflammatory responses is summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- Department of Endocrinology
| | - Mingzheng Xie
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China
| | | | - Jianling Du
- Department of Endocrinology
- Correspondence to: Dr Jianling Du, Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, 193 Lianhe Road, Dalian, Liaoning 116011, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Abstract
In the early 1980s, while using purified glycosyltransferases to probe glycan structures on surfaces of living cells in the murine immune system, we discovered a novel form of serine/threonine protein glycosylation (O-linked β-GlcNAc; O-GlcNAc) that occurs on thousands of proteins within the nucleus, cytoplasm, and mitochondria. Prior to this discovery, it was dogma that protein glycosylation was restricted to the luminal compartments of the secretory pathway and on extracellular domains of membrane and secretory proteins. Work in the last 3 decades from several laboratories has shown that O-GlcNAc cycling serves as a nutrient sensor to regulate signaling, transcription, mitochondrial activity, and cytoskeletal functions. O-GlcNAc also has extensive cross-talk with phosphorylation, not only at the same or proximal sites on polypeptides, but also by regulating each other's enzymes that catalyze cycling of the modifications. O-GlcNAc is generally not elongated or modified. It cycles on and off polypeptides in a time scale similar to phosphorylation, and both the enzyme that adds O-GlcNAc, the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), and the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), are highly conserved from C. elegans to humans. Both O-GlcNAc cycling enzymes are essential in mammals and plants. Due to O-GlcNAc's fundamental roles as a nutrient and stress sensor, it plays an important role in the etiologies of chronic diseases of aging, including diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative disease. This review will present an overview of our current understanding of O-GlcNAc's regulation, functions, and roles in chronic diseases of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald W Hart
- From the Complex Carbohydrate Research Center and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602
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8
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Wu ZL, Tatge TJ, Grill AE, Zou Y. Detecting and Imaging O-GlcNAc Sites Using Glycosyltransferases: A Systematic Approach to Study O-GlcNAc. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:1428-1435.e3. [PMID: 30100348 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is a reversible serine/threonine glycosylation for regulating protein activity and availability inside cells. In a given protein, O-GlcNAcylated and unoccupied O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) sites are referred to as closed and open sites, respectively. The balance between open and closed sites is believed to be dynamically regulated. In this report, closed sites are detected using in vitro incorporation of GalNAz by B3GALNT2, and open sites are detected by in vitro incorporation of GlcNAz by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), via click chemistry. For assessing total O-GlcNAc sites, a sample is O-GlcNAcylated in vitro by OGT before detecting by B3GALNT2. The methods are demonstrated on purified recombinant proteins including CK2, AKT1, and PFKFB3, and cellular extracts of HEK cells. Through O-GlcNAc imaging, the modification degree of O-GlcNAc in nuclei of Chinese hamster ovary cells was estimated. The detection and imaging of both open and closed O-GlcNAc sites provide a systematic approach to study this important post-translational modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengliang L Wu
- Department of Enzyme, Bio-techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA.
| | - Timothy J Tatge
- Department of Enzyme, Bio-techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Alex E Grill
- Department of Product Support Process Improvement, Bio-techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
| | - Yonglong Zou
- Department of Antibody Application Quality Control, Bio-techne, R&D Systems, Inc., 614 McKinley Place N.E., Minneapolis, MN 55413, USA
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Luanpitpong S, Chanthra N, Janan M, Poohadsuan J, Samart P, U-Pratya Y, Rojanasakul Y, Issaragrisil S. Inhibition of O-GlcNAcase Sensitizes Apoptosis and Reverses Bortezomib Resistance in Mantle Cell Lymphoma through Modification of Truncated Bid. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 17:484-496. [PMID: 29167312 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant energy metabolism represents a hallmark of cancer and contributes to numerous aggressive behaviors of cancer cells, including cell death and survival. Despite the poor prognosis of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), due to the inevitable development of drug resistance, metabolic reprograming of MCL cells remains an unexplored area. Posttranslational modification of proteins via O-GlcNAcylation is an ideal sensor for nutritional changes mediated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and is removed by O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Using various small-molecule inhibitors of OGT and OGA, we found for the first time that O-GlcNAcylation potentiates MCL response to bortezomib. CRISPR interference of MGEA5 (encoding OGA) validated the apoptosis sensitization by O-GlcNAcylation and OGA inhibition. To identify the potential clinical candidates, we tested MCL response to drug-like OGA inhibitor, ketoconazole, and verified that it exerts similar sensitizing effect on bortezomib-induced apoptosis. Investigations into the underlying molecular mechanisms reveal that bortezomib and ketoconazole act in concert to cause the accumulation of truncated Bid (tBid). Not only does ketoconazole potentiate tBid induction, but also increases tBid stability through O-GlcNAcylation that interferes with tBid ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation. Remarkably, ketoconazole strongly enhances bortezomib-induced apoptosis in de novo bortezomib-resistant MCL cells and in patient-derived primary cells with minimal cytotoxic effect on normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells and hepatocytes, suggesting its potential utility as a safe and effective adjuvant for MCL. Together, our findings provide novel evidence that combination of bortezomib and ketoconazole or other OGA inhibitors may present a promising strategy for the treatment of drug-resistant MCL. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(2); 484-96. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudjit Luanpitpong
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Nawin Chanthra
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Montira Janan
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jirarat Poohadsuan
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Parinya Samart
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowalak U-Pratya
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- WVU Cancer Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Surapol Issaragrisil
- Siriraj Center of Excellence for Stem Cell Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand. .,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.,Bangkok Hematology Center, Wattanosoth Hospital, BDMS Center of Excellence for Cancer, Bangkok, Thailand
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Peng C, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Liao Q, Chen Y, Zhao X, Guo Q, Shen P, Zhen B, Qian X, Yang D, Zhang JS, Xiao D, Qin W, Pei H. Regulation of the Hippo-YAP Pathway by Glucose Sensor O-GlcNAcylation. Mol Cell 2017; 68:591-604.e5. [PMID: 29100056 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Hippo pathway is crucial in organ size control and tissue homeostasis, with deregulation leading to cancer. An extracellular nutrition signal, such as glucose, regulates the Hippo pathway activation. However, the mechanisms are still not clear. Here, we found that the Hippo pathway is directly regulated by the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) in response to metabolic nutrients. Mechanistically, the core component of Hippo pathway (YAP) is O-GlcNAcylated by O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) at serine 109. YAP O-GlcNAcylation disrupts its interaction with upstream kinase LATS1, prevents its phosphorylation, and activates its transcriptional activity. And this activation is not dependent on AMPK. We also identified OGT as a YAP-regulated gene that forms a feedback loop. Finally, we confirmed that glucose-induced YAP O-GlcNAcylation and activation promoted tumorigenesis. Together, our data establish a molecular mechanism and functional significance of the HBP in directly linking extracellular glucose signal to the Hippo-YAP pathway and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changmin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13ST. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China; State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; Anhui Medical University, Hefei 230032, China; Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Wanjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qinchao Liao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13ST. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Yali Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xinyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Qiang Guo
- Cell Signaling and Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Pan Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Bei Zhen
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Dong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jin-San Zhang
- Cell Signaling and Epigenetics Laboratory, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dongguang Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin Industrial Microbiology Key Lab, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13ST. TEDA, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Weijie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China.
| | - Huadong Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics, Beijing Proteome Research Center, National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing), Beijing Institute of Lifeomics, Beijing 102206, China; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Science, 2300 Eye Street, N.W., Washington, DC 20037, USA.
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11
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The essential role of YAP O-GlcNAcylation in high-glucose-stimulated liver tumorigenesis. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15280. [PMID: 28474680 PMCID: PMC5424161 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation has been implicated in the tumorigenesis of various tissue origins, but its function in liver tumorigenesis is not clear. Here, we demonstrate that O-GlcNAcylation can enhance the expression, stability and function of Yes-associated protein (YAP), the downstream transcriptional regulator of the Hippo pathway and a potent oncogenic factor in liver cancer. O-GlcNAcylation induces transformative phenotypes of liver cancer cells in a YAP-dependent manner. An O-GlcNAc site of YAP was identified at Thr241, and mutating this site decreased the O-GlcNAcylation, stability, and pro-tumorigenic capacities of YAP, while increasing YAP phosphorylation. Importantly, we found via in vitro cell-based and in vivo mouse model experiments that O-GlcNAcylation of YAP was required for high-glucose-induced liver tumorigenesis. Interestingly, a positive feedback between YAP and global cellular O-GlcNAcylation is also uncovered. We conclude that YAP O-GlcNAcylation is a potential therapeutic intervention point for treating liver cancer associated with high blood glucose levels and possibly diabetes. Yap is a transcriptional factor involved in tumorigenesis. Here the authors show that a previously unknown post-translational modification of Yap, O-GlcNAcylation, increases its transcriptional activity and is required for high glucose-induced liver cancer development.
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12
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Llavero F, Artaso A, Lacerda HM, Parada LA, Zugaza JL. Lck/PLCγ control migration and proliferation of interleukin (IL)-2-stimulated T cells via the Rac1 GTPase/glycogen phosphorylase pathway. Cell Signal 2016; 28:1713-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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13
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Merino P, Delso I, Tejero T, Ghirardello M, Juste-Navarro V. Nucleoside Diphosphate Sugar Analogues that Target Glycosyltransferases. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.201600396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Merino
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Ignacio Delso
- NMR Service, Center of Chemistry and Materials of Aragon (CEQMA); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Tomás Tejero
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Mattia Ghirardello
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
| | - Verónica Juste-Navarro
- Department of Synthesis and Structure of Biomolecules; Institute of Chemical Synthesis and Homogeneous Catalysis (ISQCH); University of Zaragoza, CSIC; Zaragoza, Aragón 50009 Spain
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14
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Wright TH, Bower BJ, Chalker JM, Bernardes GJL, Wiewiora R, Ng WL, Raj R, Faulkner S, Vallée MRJ, Phanumartwiwath A, Coleman OD, Thézénas ML, Khan M, Galan SRG, Lercher L, Schombs MW, Gerstberger S, Palm-Espling ME, Baldwin AJ, Kessler BM, Claridge TDW, Mohammed S, Davis BG. Posttranslational mutagenesis: A chemical strategy for exploring protein side-chain diversity. Science 2016; 354:science.aag1465. [PMID: 27708059 DOI: 10.1126/science.aag1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 230] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Posttranslational modification of proteins expands their structural and functional capabilities beyond those directly specified by the genetic code. However, the vast diversity of chemically plausible (including unnatural but functionally relevant) side chains is not readily accessible. We describe C (sp3)-C (sp3) bond-forming reactions on proteins under biocompatible conditions, which exploit unusual carbon free-radical chemistry, and use them to form Cβ-Cγ bonds with altered side chains. We demonstrate how these transformations enable a wide diversity of natural, unnatural, posttranslationally modified (methylated, glycosylated, phosphorylated, hydroxylated), and labeled (fluorinated, isotopically labeled) side chains to be added to a common, readily accessible dehydroalanine precursor in a range of representative protein types and scaffolds. This approach, outside of the rigid constraints of the ribosome and enzymatic processing, may be modified more generally for access to diverse proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom H Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ben J Bower
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Justin M Chalker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Rafal Wiewiora
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Wai-Lung Ng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ritu Raj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Sarah Faulkner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | | | - Oliver D Coleman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Marie-Laëtitia Thézénas
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Maola Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | - Lukas Lercher
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | | | | | | | - Andrew J Baldwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Benedikt M Kessler
- Target Discovery Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FZ, UK
| | | | - Shabaz Mohammed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Benjamin G Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK.
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15
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Kakade PS, Budnar S, Kalraiya RD, Vaidya MM. Functional Implications of O-GlcNAcylation-dependent Phosphorylation at a Proximal Site on Keratin 18. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:12003-13. [PMID: 27059955 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.728717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratins 8/18 (K8/18) are phosphoglycoproteins and form the major intermediate filament network of simple epithelia. The three O-GlcNAcylation (Ser(29), Ser(30), and Ser(48)) and two phosphorylation (Ser(33) and Ser(52)) serine sites on K18 are well characterized. Both of these modifications have been reported to increase K18 solubility and regulate its filament organization. In this report, we investigated the site-specific interplay between these two modifications in regulating the functional properties of K18, like solubility, stability, and filament organization. An immortalized hepatocyte cell line (HHL-17) stably expressing site-specific single, double, and triple O-GlcNAc and phosphomutants of K18 were used to identify the site(s) critical for regulating these functions. Keratin 18 mutants where O-GlcNAcylation at Ser(30) was abolished (K18-S30A) exhibited reduced phosphorylation induced solubility, increased stability, defective filament architecture, and slower migration. Interestingly, K18-S30A mutants also showed loss of phosphorylation at Ser(33), a modification known to regulate the solubility of K18. Further to this, the K18 phosphomutant (K18-S33A) mimicked K18-S30A in its stability, filament organization, and cell migration. These results indicate that O-GlcNAcylation at Ser(30) promotes phosphorylation at Ser(33) to regulate the functional properties of K18 and also impact cellular processes like migration. O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation on the same or adjacent sites on most proteins antagonize each other in regulating protein functions. Here we report a novel, positive interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation at adjacent sites on K18 to regulate its fundamental properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam S Kakade
- From the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Srikanth Budnar
- From the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Rajiv D Kalraiya
- From the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
| | - Milind M Vaidya
- From the Advanced Centre for Treatment, Research, and Education in Cancer (ACTREC), Tata Memorial Centre, Sector 22, Kharghar, Navi Mumbai 410210, India
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16
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Cha MY, Cho HJ, Kim C, Jung YO, Kang MJ, Murray ME, Hong HS, Choi YJ, Choi H, Kim DK, Choi H, Kim J, Dickson DW, Song HK, Cho JW, Yi EC, Kim J, Jin SM, Mook-Jung I. Mitochondrial ATP synthase activity is impaired by suppressed O-GlcNAcylation in Alzheimer's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:6492-504. [PMID: 26358770 PMCID: PMC5007609 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glycosylation with O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is one of the protein glycosylations affecting various intracellular events. However, the role of O-GlcNAcylation in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) is poorly understood. Mitochondrial adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthase is a multiprotein complex that synthesizes ATP from ADP and Pi. Here, we found that ATP synthase subunit α (ATP5A) was O-GlcNAcylated at Thr432 and ATP5A O-GlcNAcylation was decreased in the brains of AD patients and transgenic mouse model, as well as Aβ-treated cells. Indeed, Aβ bound to ATP synthase directly and reduced the O-GlcNAcylation of ATP5A by inhibition of direct interaction between ATP5A and mitochondrial O-GlcNAc transferase, resulting in decreased ATP production and ATPase activity. Furthermore, treatment of O-GlcNAcase inhibitor rescued the Aβ-induced impairment in ATP production and ATPase activity. These results indicate that Aβ-mediated reduction of ATP synthase activity in AD pathology results from direct binding between Aβ and ATP synthase and inhibition of O-GlcNAcylation of Thr432 residue on ATP5A.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moon-Yong Cha
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Yang Ouk Jung
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Min Jueng Kang
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Melissa E Murray
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | | | - Young-Joo Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Heesun Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dong Kyu Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jisoo Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dennis W Dickson
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- Department of Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Won Cho
- Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea and
| | - Eugene C Yi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, School of Medicine and School of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jungsu Kim
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Seok Min Jin
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,
| | - Inhee Mook-Jung
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Seoul National University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea,
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17
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Hexosamine-Induced TGF-β Signaling and Osteogenic Differentiation of Dental Pulp Stem Cells Are Dependent on N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:924397. [PMID: 26583147 PMCID: PMC4637074 DOI: 10.1155/2015/924397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glycans of cell surface glycoproteins are involved in the regulation of cell migration, growth, and differentiation. N-acetyl-glucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V) transfers N-acetyl-d-glucosamine to form β1,6-branched N-glycans, thus playing a crucial role in the biosynthesis of glycoproteins. This study reveals the distinct expression of GnT-V in STRO-1 and CD-146 double-positive dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). Furthermore, we investigated three types of hexosamines and their N-acetyl derivatives for possible effects on the osteogenic differentiation potential of DPSCs. Our results showed that exogenous d-glucosamine (GlcN), N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (GlcNAc), d-mannosamine (ManN), and acetyl-d-mannosamine (ManNAc) promoted DPSCs' early osteogenic differentiation in the absence of osteogenic supplements, but d-galactosamine (GalN) or N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc) did not. Effects include the increased level of TGF-β receptor type I, activation of TGF-β signaling, and increased mRNA expression of osteogenic differentiation marker genes. The hexosamine-treated DPSCs showed an increased mineralized matrix deposition in the presence of osteogenic supplements. Moreover, the level of TGF-β receptor type I and early osteogenic differentiation were abolished in the DPSCs transfected with siRNA for GnT-V knockdown. These results suggest that GnT-V plays a critical role in the hexosamine-induced activation of TGF-β signaling and subsequent osteogenic differentiation of DPSCs.
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18
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Lu Q, Li S, Shao F. Sweet Talk: Protein Glycosylation in Bacterial Interaction With the Host. Trends Microbiol 2015; 23:630-641. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2015.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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19
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Kong H, Chen W, Lu H, Yang Q, Dong Y, Wang D, Zhang J. Synthesis of NAG-thiazoline-derived inhibitors for β-N-acetyl-d-hexosaminidases. Carbohydr Res 2015; 413:135-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Umbreen S, Linker T. Simple synthesis of conformationally fixed glycosamine analogues by beckmann rearrangement at the carbohydrate ring. Chemistry 2015; 21:7340-4. [PMID: 25858360 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201406546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Conformationally fixed carbohydrate analogues are promising small-molecule inhibitors for hydrolases like O-GlcNAcase (OGA); however, their synthesis usually requires many steps. Herein we describe cycloadditions of dichloroketene to various glycals and subsequent Beckmann rearrangements, which offer an easy and stereoselective entry to glycosamine derivatives in good yields. The reactions are applicable for hexoses, pentoses, and disaccharides, and transformations to the corresponding imidates proceed smoothly. First biological tests reveal that such imidates indeed inhibit human OGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Umbreen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam (Germany), Fax: (+49) 331-977-5056
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21
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Janetzko J, Walker S. The making of a sweet modification: structure and function of O-GlcNAc transferase. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:34424-32. [PMID: 25336649 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.r114.604405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
O-GlcNAc transferase is an essential mammalian enzyme responsible for transferring a single GlcNAc moiety from UDP-GlcNAc to specific serine/threonine residues of hundreds of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. This modification is dynamic and has been implicated in numerous signaling pathways. An unexpected second function for O-GlcNAc transferase as a protease involved in cleaving the epigenetic regulator HCF-1 has also been reported. Recent structural and biochemical studies that provide insight into the mechanism of glycosylation and HCF-1 cleavage will be described, with outstanding questions highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Janetzko
- the Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Suzanne Walker
- From the Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115 and
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22
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Fan X, Chuan S, Hongshan W. Protein O glycosylation regulates activation of hepatic stellate cells. Inflammation 2014; 36:1248-52. [PMID: 23743764 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-013-9662-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It was reported that O glycosylation is associated with hepatic stellate cell activation and regulates collagen expression. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effect of O glycosylation on the activation of human hepatic stellate cells. We found that the inhibitor of O glycosylation, benzyl-α-GalNAc (2 and 4 mM), could significantly inhibit cells proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, benzyl-α-GalNAc decreased the expressions of α-smooth muscle actin, collagen I, and collagen III. The results indicate that O glycosylation is involved in the activation of hepatic stellate cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fan
- Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100015, China
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23
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Abstract
The innate immune system has evolved under selective pressure since the radiation of multicellular life approximately 600 million years ago. Because of this long history, innate immune mechanisms found in modern eukaryotic organisms today are highly complex but yet built from common molecular strategies. It is now clear that evolution has selected a conserved set of antimicrobial peptides as well as pattern-recognition receptors (PRRs) that initiate cellular-based signals as a first line of defense against invading pathogens. Conversely, microbial pathogens employ their own strategies in order to evade, inhibit, or otherwise manipulate the innate immune response. Here, we discuss recent discoveries that have changed our view of immune modulatory mechanisms employed by bacterial pathogens, focusing specifically on the initial sites of microbial recognition and extending to host cellular signal transduction, proinflammatory cytokine production, and alteration of protein trafficking and secretion.
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24
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Wang S, Shen DL, Lafont D, Vercoutter-Edouart AS, Mortuaire M, Shi Y, Maniti O, Girard-Egrot A, Lefebvre T, Pinto BM, Vocadlo D, Vidal S. Design of glycosyltransferase inhibitors targeting human O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4md00063c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Inhibition of glycosyltransferases requires the design of neutral inhibitors to allow cell permeation as mimicks of their natural dianionic substrates.
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25
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Both P, Green AP, Gray CJ, Sardzík R, Voglmeir J, Fontana C, Austeri M, Rejzek M, Richardson D, Field RA, Widmalm G, Flitsch SL, Eyers CE. Discrimination of epimeric glycans and glycopeptides using IM-MS and its potential for carbohydrate sequencing. Nat Chem 2013; 6:65-74. [PMID: 24345949 DOI: 10.1038/nchem.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mass spectrometry is the primary analytical technique used to characterize the complex oligosaccharides that decorate cell surfaces. Monosaccharide building blocks are often simple epimers, which when combined produce diastereomeric glycoconjugates indistinguishable by mass spectrometry. Structure elucidation frequently relies on assumptions that biosynthetic pathways are highly conserved. Here, we show that biosynthetic enzymes can display unexpected promiscuity, with human glycosyltransferase pp-α-GanT2 able to utilize both uridine diphosphate N-acetylglucosamine and uridine diphosphate N-acetylgalactosamine, leading to the synthesis of epimeric glycopeptides in vitro. Ion-mobility mass spectrometry (IM-MS) was used to separate these structures and, significantly, enabled characterization of the attached glycan based on the drift times of the monosaccharide product ions generated following collision-induced dissociation. Finally, ion-mobility mass spectrometry following fragmentation was used to determine the nature of both the reducing and non-reducing glycans of a series of epimeric disaccharides and the branched pentasaccharide Man3 glycan, demonstrating that this technique may prove useful for the sequencing of complex oligosaccharides.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Both
- 1] School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK [2]
| | - A P Green
- 1] School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK [2]
| | - C J Gray
- 1] School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK [2]
| | - R Sardzík
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - J Voglmeir
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, 1 Weigang, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - C Fontana
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M Austeri
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - M Rejzek
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - D Richardson
- School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK
| | - R A Field
- Department of Biological Chemistry, John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - G Widmalm
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Arrhenius Laboratory, Stockholm University, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - S L Flitsch
- 1] School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK [2]
| | - C E Eyers
- 1] School of Chemistry & Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, UK [2]
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26
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Fredriksen L, Moen A, Adzhubei AA, Mathiesen G, Eijsink VGH, Egge-Jacobsen W. Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 O-linked protein glycosylation: an extended spectrum of target proteins and modification sites detected by mass spectrometry. Glycobiology 2013; 23:1439-51. [PMID: 24000282 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwt071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has recently been shown that the major autolysin Acm2 from Lactobacillus plantarum WCFS1 undergoes intracellular O-GlcNAcylation [Fredriksen L, Mathiesen G, Moen A, Bron PA, Kleerebezem M, Eijsink VG, Egge-Jacobsen W. 2012. The major autolysin Acm2 from Lactobacillus plantarum undergoes cytoplasmic O-glycosylation. J Bacteriol. 194(2):325-333]. To gain more insight into the occurrence of this protein modification, methods based on the higher energy collisional fragmentation of the Orbitrap XL mass spectrometer to generate both diagnostic oxonium (glycan) ions and significant peptide sequencing information were used to detect and identify novel glycoproteins. This led to the identification of 10 novel glycoproteins, including four proteins with well-known functions in the cytoplasm, a compartment not previously recognized to contain glycosylated proteins in bacteria: the molecular chaperone DnaK, the E2 subunit of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex PdhC, the signal recognition particle receptor FtsY and the DNA translocase FtsK1. Among the other, glycosylated proteins were two extracellular peptidoglycan hydrolases and a mucus-binding protein. In total, 49 glycosylation sites for N-acetylhexosamine (HexNAc) were detected in the 11 Lactobacillus glycoproteins found so far. Most of the attached glycans consisted of a single HexNAc per site, whereas hexose moieties were also found in a few cases (in both of the peptidoglycan hydrolases and in DnaK).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lasse Fredriksen
- Department of Chemistry, Biotechnology and Food Science, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 1432 Aas, Norway
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27
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Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO), such as the approved agents epoetin alfa and epoetin beta, has been used successfully for over 20 years to treat anemia in millions of patients. However, due to the relatively short half-life of the molecule (approximately 8 hours), frequent dosing may be required to achieve required hemoglobin levels. Therefore, a need was identified in some anemic patient populations for erythropoiesis stimulating agents with longer half-lives that required less frequent dosing. This need led to the development of second generation molecules which are modified versions of rHuEPO with improved pharma-cokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties such as darbepoetin alfa, a hyperglycosylated analog of rHuEPO, and pegzyrepoetin, a pegylated rHuEPO. Third generation molecules, such as peginesatide, which are peptide mimetics that have no sequence homology to rHuEPO have also recently been developed. The various molecular, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamic properties of these and other erythropoiesis stimulating agents will be discussed in this review.
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28
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Sousa PRM, de Alencar NAN, Lima AH, Lameira J, Alves CN. Protein-ligand interaction study of CpOGA in complex with GlcNAcstatin. Chem Biol Drug Des 2012; 81:284-90. [PMID: 23066949 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The GlcNAcstatin is a potent inhibitor of O-glycoprotein 2-acetamino-2-deoxy-β-D-glucopyranosidase, which has been related with type II diabetes and neurodegenerative disorders. Herein, hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics, molecular dynamics simulations, and potential of mean force were employed to study the interactions established between GlcNAcstatin and a bacterial O-GlcNAcase enzyme from Clostridium perfringens. The results reveal that the imidazole nitrogen atom of GlcNAcstatin has shown a better interaction with the active site of Clostridium perfringens in its protonated form, which is compatible with a substrate-assisted reaction mechanism involving two conserved aspartate residues (297 and 298). Furthermore, the quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics-molecular dynamics simulations appointed a strong interaction between Asp401, Asp298, and Asp297 residues and the GlcNAcstatin inhibitor, which is in accordance with experimental data. Lastly, these results may contribute to understand the molecular mechanism of inhibition of Clostridium perfringens by GlcNAcstatin inhibitor and, consequently, this study might be useful to design new molecules with more interesting inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Robson M Sousa
- Laboratório de Planejamento e Desenvolvimento de Fármacos, Instituto de Ciências Exatas e Naturais, Universidade Federal do Pará, CP 11101, 66075-110 Belém, PA, Brazil
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29
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Tvaroška I, Kozmon S, Wimmerová M, Koča J. Substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism of O-GlcNAc transferase discovered by quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics investigation. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:15563-71. [PMID: 22928765 DOI: 10.1021/ja307040m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In higher eukaryotes, a variety of proteins are post-translationally modified by adding O-linked N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) residue to serine or threonine residues. Misregulation of O-GlcNAcylation is linked to a wide variety of diseases, such as diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease. GlcNAc transfer is catalyzed by an inverting glycosyltransferase O-GlcNAc transferase (uridine diphospho-N-acetylglucosamine:polypeptide β-N-acetylaminyltransferase, OGT) that belongs to the GT-B superfamily. The catalytic mechanism of this metal-independent glycosyltransferase is of primary importance and is investigated here using QM(DFT)/MM methods. The structural model of the reaction site used in this paper is based on the crystal structures of OGT. The entire enzyme-substrate system was partitioned into two different subsystems: the QM subsystem containing 198 atoms, and the MM region containing 11,326 atoms. The catalytic mechanism was monitored by means of three two-dimensional potential energy maps calculated as a function of three predefined reaction coordinates at different levels of theory. These potential energy surfaces revealed the existence of a concerted S(N)2-like mechanism, in which a nucleophilic attack by O(Ser), facilitated by proton transfer to the catalytic base, and the dissociation of the leaving group occur almost simultaneously. The transition state for the proposed reaction mechanism at the MPW1K level was located at C1-O(Ser) = 1.92 Å and C1-O1 = 3.11 Å. The activation energy for this passage was estimated to be ~20 kcal mol(-1). These calculations also identified, for the first time for glycosyltransferases, the substrate-assisted mechanism in which the N-acetamino group of the donor participates in the catalytic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Tvaroška
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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The accessory Sec protein Asp2 modulates GlcNAc deposition onto the serine-rich repeat glycoprotein GspB. J Bacteriol 2012; 194:5564-75. [PMID: 22885294 DOI: 10.1128/jb.01000-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The accessory Sec system is a specialized transport system that exports serine-rich repeat (SRR) glycoproteins of Gram-positive bacteria. This system contains two homologues of the general secretory (Sec) pathway (SecA2 and SecY2) and several other essential proteins (Asp1 to Asp5) that share no homology to proteins of known function. In Streptococcus gordonii, Asp2 is required for the transport of the SRR adhesin GspB, but its role in export is unknown. Tertiary structure predictions suggest that the carboxyl terminus of Asp2 resembles the catalytic region of numerous enzymes that function through a Ser-Asp-His catalytic triad. Sequence alignment of all Asp2 homologues identified a highly conserved pentapeptide motif (Gly-X-Ser(362)-X-Gly) typical of most Ser-Asp-His catalytic triads, where Ser forms the reactive residue. Site-directed mutagenesis of residues comprising the predicted catalytic triad of Asp2 of S. gordonii had no effect upon GspB transport but did result in a marked change in the electrophoretic mobility of the protein. Lectin-binding studies and monosaccharide content analysis of this altered glycoform revealed an increase in glucosamine deposition. Random mutagenesis of the Asp2 region containing this catalytic domain also disrupted GspB transport. Collectively, our findings suggest that Asp2 is a bifunctional protein that is essential for both GspB transport and correct glycosylation. The catalytic domain may be responsible for controlling the glycosylation of GspB, while other surrounding regions are functionally required for glycoprotein transport.
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Zhang S, Roche K, Nasheuer HP, Lowndes NF. Modification of histones by sugar β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) occurs on multiple residues, including histone H3 serine 10, and is cell cycle-regulated. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:37483-95. [PMID: 21896475 PMCID: PMC3199494 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.284885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 08/16/2011] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The monosaccharide, β-N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc), can be added to the hydroxyl group of either serines or threonines to generate an O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) residue (Love, D. C., and Hanover, J. A. (2005) Sci. STKE 2005 312, 1-14; Hart, G. W., Housley, M. P., and Slawson, C. (2007) Nature 446, 1017-1022). This post-translational protein modification, termed O-GlcNAcylation, is reversible, analogous to phosphorylation, and has been implicated in many cellular processes. Here, we present evidence that in human cells all four core histones of the nucleosome are substrates for this glycosylation in the relative abundance H3, H4/H2B, and H2A. Increasing the intracellular level of UDP-GlcNAc, the nucleotide sugar donor substrate for O-GlcNAcylation enhanced histone O-GlcNAcylation and partially suppressed phosphorylation of histone H3 at serine 10 (H3S10ph). Expression of recombinant H3.3 harboring an S10A mutation abrogated histone H3 O-GlcNAcylation relative to its wild-type version, consistent with H3S10 being a site of histone O-GlcNAcylation (H3S10glc). Moreover, O-GlcNAcylated histones were lost from H3S10ph immunoprecipitates, whereas immunoprecipitation of either H3K4me3 or H3K9me3 (active or inactive histone marks, respectively) resulted in co-immunoprecipitation of O-GlcNAcylated histones. We also examined histone O-GlcNAcylation during cell cycle progression. Histone O-GlcNAcylation is high in G(1) cells, declines throughout the S phase, increases again during late S/early G(2), and persists through late G(2) and mitosis. Thus, O-GlcNAcylation is a novel histone post-translational modification regulating chromatin conformation during transcription and cell cycle progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Heinz-Peter Nasheuer
- Cell Cycle Control Laboratory, Center for Chromosome Biology, School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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Larkin A, Imperiali B. The expanding horizons of asparagine-linked glycosylation. Biochemistry 2011; 50:4411-26. [PMID: 21506607 DOI: 10.1021/bi200346n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Asparagine-linked glycosylation involves the sequential assembly of an oligosaccharide onto a polyisoprenyl donor, followed by the en bloc transfer of the glycan to particular asparagine residues within acceptor proteins. These N-linked glycans play a critical role in a wide variety of biological processes, such as protein folding, cellular targeting and motility, and the immune response. In the past decade, research in the field of N-linked glycosylation has achieved major advances, including the discovery of new carbohydrate modifications, the biochemical characterization of the enzymes involved in glycan assembly, and the determination of the biological impact of these glycans on target proteins. It is now firmly established that this enzyme-catalyzed modification occurs in all three domains of life. However, despite similarities in the overall logic of N-linked glycoprotein biosynthesis among the three kingdoms, the structures of the appended glycans are markedly different and thus influence the functions of elaborated proteins in various ways. Though nearly all eukaryotes produce the same nascent tetradecasaccharide (Glc(3)Man(9)GlcNAc(2)), heterogeneity is introduced into this glycan structure after it is transferred to the protein through a complex series of glycosyl trimming and addition steps. In contrast, bacteria and archaea display diversity within their N-linked glycan structures through the use of unique monosaccharide building blocks during the assembly process. In this review, recent progress toward gaining a deeper biochemical understanding of this modification across all three kingdoms will be summarized. In addition, a brief overview of the role of N-linked glycosylation in viruses will also be presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelyn Larkin
- Department of Chemistry Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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Daou S, Mashtalir N, Hammond-Martel I, Pak H, Yu H, Sui G, Vogel JL, Kristie TM, Affar EB. Crosstalk between O-GlcNAcylation and proteolytic cleavage regulates the host cell factor-1 maturation pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:2747-52. [PMID: 21285374 PMCID: PMC3041071 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1013822108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Host Cell Factor 1 (HCF-1) plays critical roles in regulating gene expression in a plethora of physiological processes. HCF-1 is first synthesized as a precursor, and subsequently specifically proteolytically cleaved within a large middle region termed the proteolytic processing domain (PPD). Although the underlying mechanism remains enigmatic, proteolysis of HCF-1 regulates its transcriptional activity and is important for cell cycle progression. Here we report that HCF-1 proteolysis is a regulated process. We demonstrate that a large proportion of the signaling enzyme O-linked-N-acetylglucosaminyl transferase (OGT) is complexed with HCF-1 and this interaction is essential for HCF-1 cleavage. Moreover, HCF-1 is, in turn, required for stabilizing OGT in the nucleus. We provide evidence indicating that OGT regulates HCF-1 cleavage via interaction with and O-GlcNAcylation of the HCF-1 PPD. In contrast, although OGT also interacts with the basic domain in the HCF-1 amino-terminal subunit, neither the interaction nor the O-GlcNAcylation of this region are required for proteolysis. Moreover, we show that OGT-mediated modulation of HCF-1 impacts the expression of the herpes simplex virus immediate-early genes, targets of HCF-1 during the initiation of viral infection. Together the data indicate that O-GlcNAcylation of HCF-1 is a signal for its proteolytic processing and reveal a unique crosstalk between these posttranslational modifications. Additionally, interactions of OGT with multiple HCF-1 domains may indicate that OGT has several functions in association with HCF-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salima Daou
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Nazar Mashtalir
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Ian Hammond-Martel
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Helen Pak
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Helen Yu
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
| | - Guangchao Sui
- Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC 27157; and
| | - Jodi L. Vogel
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Thomas M. Kristie
- Laboratory of Viral Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - El Bachir Affar
- Maisonneuve-Rosemont Hospital Research Center, Department of Medicine, University of Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada H1T 2M4
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Eyrich B, Sickmann A, Zahedi RP. Catch me if you can: mass spectrometry-based phosphoproteomics and quantification strategies. Proteomics 2011; 11:554-70. [PMID: 21226000 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201000489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2010] [Revised: 09/13/2010] [Accepted: 09/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorylation of proteins is one of the most prominent PTMs and for instance a key regulator of signal transduction. In order to improve our understanding of cellular phosphorylation events, considerable effort has been devoted to improving the analysis of phosphorylation by MS-based proteomics. Different enrichment strategies for phosphorylated peptides/proteins, such as immunoaffinity chromatography (IMAC) or titanium dioxide, have been established and constantly optimized for subsequent MS analysis. Concurrently, specific MS techniques were developed for more confident identification and phosphorylation site localization. In addition, more attention is paid to the LC-MS instrumentation to avoid premature loss of phosphorylated peptides within the analytical system. Despite major advances in all of these fields, the analysis of phosphopeptides still remains far from being routine in proteomics. However, to reveal cellular regulation by phosphorylation events, not only qualitative information about the phosphorylation status of proteins but also, in particular, quantitative information about distinct changes in phosphorylation patterns upon specific stimulation is mandatory. Thus, yielded insights are of outstanding importance for the emerging field of systems biology. In this review, we will give an insight into the historical development of phosphoproteome analysis and discuss its recent progress particularly regarding phosphopeptide quantification and assessment of phosphorylation stoichiometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beate Eyrich
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-eV, Dortmund, Germany
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35
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Bottoni A, Pietro Miscione G, Calvaresi M. Computational evidence for the substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism of O-GlcNAcase. A DFT investigation. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2011; 13:9568-77. [DOI: 10.1039/c0cp02308f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Corzana F, Fernández-Tejada A, Busto JH, Joshi G, Davis AP, Jiménez-Barbero J, Avenoza A, Peregrina JM. Molecular Recognition of β-O-GlcNAc Glycopeptides by a Lectin-Like Receptor: Binding Modulation by the Underlying Ser or Thr Amino Acids. Chembiochem 2010; 12:110-7. [DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201000526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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37
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McKay SL, Johnson TL. A bird's-eye view of post-translational modifications in the spliceosome and their roles in spliceosome dynamics. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2010; 6:2093-102. [PMID: 20672149 PMCID: PMC4065859 DOI: 10.1039/c002828b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pre-mRNA splicing, the removal of noncoding intron sequences from the pre-mRNA, is a critical reaction in eukaryotic gene expression. Pre-mRNA splicing is carried out by a remarkable macromolecular machine, the spliceosome, which undergoes dynamic rearrangements of its RNA and protein components to assemble its catalytic center. While significant progress has been made in describing the "moving parts" of this machine, the mechanisms by which spliceosomal proteins mediate the ordered rearrangements within the spliceosome remain elusive. Here we explore recent evidence from proteomics studies revealing extensive post-translational modification of splicing factors. While the functional significance of most of these modifications remains to be characterized, we describe recent studies in which the roles of specific post-translational modifications of splicing factors have been characterized. These examples illustrate the importance of post-translational modifications in spliceosome dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susannah L. McKay
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section MC-0377, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
| | - Tracy L. Johnson
- Division of Biological Sciences, Molecular Biology Section MC-0377, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA 92093-0377, USA
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38
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He Y, Bubb AK, Stubbs KA, Gloster TM, Davies GJ. Inhibition of a bacterial O-GlcNAcase homologue by lactone and lactam derivatives: structural, kinetic and thermodynamic analyses. Amino Acids 2010; 40:829-39. [PMID: 20689974 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0700-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The dynamic, intracellular, O-GlcNAc modification is of continuing interest and one whose study through targeted "chemical genetics" approaches is set to increase. Of particular importance is the inhibition of the O-GlcNAc hydrolase, O-GlcNAcase (OGA), since this provides a route to elevate cellular O-GlcNAc levels, and subsequent phenotypic evaluation. Such a small molecule approach complements other methods and potentially avoids changes in protein-protein interactions that manifest themselves in molecular biological approaches to O-GlcNAc transferase knockout or over-expression. Here we describe the kinetic, thermodynamic and three-dimensional structural analysis of a bacterial OGA analogue from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, BtGH84, in complex with a lactone oxime (LOGNAc) and a lactam form of N-acetylglucosamine and compare their binding signatures with that of the more potent inhibitor O-(2-acetamido-2-deoxy-D-glucopyranosylidene)amino N-phenyl carbamate (PUGNAc). We show that both LOGNAc and the N-acetyl gluconolactam are significantly poorer inhibitors than PUGNAc, which may reflect poorer mimicry of transition state geometry and steric clashes with the enzyme upon binding; drawbacks that the phenyl carbamate adornment of PUGNAc helps mitigate. Implications for the design of future generations of inhibitors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan He
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, York, UK
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39
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Dorfmueller HC, Borodkin VS, Blair DE, Pathak S, Navratilova I, van Aalten DMF. Substrate and product analogues as human O-GlcNAc transferase inhibitors. Amino Acids 2010; 40:781-92. [PMID: 20640461 PMCID: PMC3040809 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0688-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Protein glycosylation on serine/threonine residues with N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is a dynamic, inducible and abundant post-translational modification. It is thought to regulate many cellular processes and there are examples of interplay between O-GlcNAc and protein phosphorylation. In metazoa, a single, highly conserved and essential gene encodes the O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) that transfers GlcNAc onto substrate proteins using UDP-GlcNAc as the sugar donor. Specific inhibitors of human OGT would be useful tools to probe the role of this post-translational modification in regulating processes in the living cell. Here, we describe the synthesis of novel UDP-GlcNAc/UDP analogues and evaluate their inhibitory properties and structural binding modes in vitro alongside alloxan, a previously reported weak OGT inhibitor. While the novel analogues are not active on living cells, they inhibit the enzyme in the micromolar range and together with the structural data provide useful templates for further optimisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helge C Dorfmueller
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, Scotland, UK
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40
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Khoushab F, Yamabhai M. Chitin research revisited. Mar Drugs 2010; 8:1988-2012. [PMID: 20714419 PMCID: PMC2920538 DOI: 10.3390/md8071988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2010] [Revised: 05/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Two centuries after the discovery of chitin, it is widely accepted that this biopolymer is an important biomaterial in many aspects. Numerous studies on chitin have focused on its biomedical applications. In this review, various aspects of chitin research including sources, structure, biosynthesis, chitinolytic enzyme, chitin binding protein, genetic engineering approach to produce chitin, chitin and evolution, and a wide range of applications in bio- and nanotechnology will be dealt with.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feisal Khoushab
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
| | - Montarop Yamabhai
- School of Biotechnology, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000, Thailand; E-Mail:
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41
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Site-specific interplay between O-GlcNAcylation and phosphorylation in cellular regulation. FEBS Lett 2010; 584:2526-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2010.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Brimble S, Wollaston-Hayden EE, Teo CF, Morris AC, Wells L. The Role of the O-GlcNAc Modification in Regulating Eukaryotic Gene Expression. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 5:12-24. [PMID: 25484640 DOI: 10.2174/157436210790226465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) modification of proteins has been shown to be involved in many different cellular processes, such as cell cycle control, nutrient sensing, signal transduction, stress response and transcriptional regulation. Cells have developed complex regulatory systems in order to regulate gene expression appropriately in response to environmental and intracellular cues. Control of eukaryotic gene transcription often involves post-translational modification of a multitude of proteins including transcription factors, basal transcription machinery, and chromatin remodeling complexes to modulate their functions in a variety of manners. In this review we describe the emerging functional roles for and techniques to detect and modulate the O-GlcNAc modification and illustrate that the O-GlcNAc modification is intricately involved in at least seven different general mechanisms for the control of gene transcription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandii Brimble
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602
| | - Edith E Wollaston-Hayden
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602
| | - Chin Fen Teo
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602
| | - Andrew C Morris
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602
| | - Lance Wells
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602 ; Department of Chemistry, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA 30602
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Martinez-Fleites C, He Y, Davies GJ. Structural analyses of enzymes involved in the O-GlcNAc modification. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2009; 1800:122-33. [PMID: 19647042 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2009.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 07/18/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In order to study the O-GlcNAc modification in vivo, it is evident that a range of specific small molecule inhibitors would be a valuable asset. One strategy for the design of such compounds would be to utilise 3-D structural information in tandem with knowledge of catalytic mechanism. The last few years has seen major breakthroughs in our understanding of the 3-D structure of the enzymes involved in the O-GlcNAc modification notably from the study of the tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain of the human O-GlcNAc transferase, of the bacterial homologs of the O-GlcNAc hydrolase and more latterly bacterial homologs of the O-GlcNAc transferase itself. Of particular note are the bacterial O-GlcNAc hydrolase homologs that provide near identical active centres to the human enzyme. These have informed the design and/or subsequent analysis of inhibitors of this enzyme which have found great use in the chemical dissection of the O-GlcNAc in vivo, as described by Macauley and Vocadlo elsewhere in this issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Martinez-Fleites
- York Structural Biology Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, The University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5YW, UK
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Filhoulaud G, Guillemain G, Scharfmann R. The hexosamine biosynthesis pathway is essential for pancreatic beta cell development. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:24583-94. [PMID: 19586915 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.025288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic exocrine and endocrine cells develop during embryonic life from endodermal progenitors. This process depends on activation of a hierarchy of transcription factors. Although information is available regarding the mesodermal signals controlling pancreas development, little is known about the role of environmental factors such as nutrients, including glucose, that also may impact development. Previously, we showed that glucose plays an important and specific role in beta cell development by activating the transition of Neurogenin3-positive endocrine progenitors into beta cells. Here, we examined the implication of glucose metabolism and more precisely the role of the hexosamine biosynthesis pathway (HBP) to understand the mechanisms by which glucose regulates beta cell development. We have established an in vitro model of endocrine and exocrine cells development from embryonic day 13.5 rat pancreases in a manner that replicates in vivo pancreas development perfectly. Using this model, we tested the effect of selective inhibitors and activators of the HBP and found that the HBP has a modest effect on cell proliferation and exocrine cell differentiation. On the other hand, beta cell development is tightly controlled by the HBP. Specifically, HBP activators increase beta cell development, whereas inhibitors repress such development. Importantly, both the HBP and glucose control the same steps in beta cell development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaëlle Filhoulaud
- INSERM U845, Centre de Recherche Croissance et Signalisation, Université Paris Descartes, Faculté de Médecine, Hôpital Necker, 75015 Paris, France
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45
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GlcNAcstatins are nanomolar inhibitors of human O-GlcNAcase inducing cellular hyper-O-GlcNAcylation. Biochem J 2009; 420:221-7. [PMID: 19275764 PMCID: PMC2691177 DOI: 10.1042/bj20090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
O-GlcNAcylation is an essential, dynamic and inducible post-translational glycosylation of cytosolic proteins in metazoa and can show interplay with protein phosphorylation. Inhibition of OGA (O-GlcNAcase), the enzyme that removes O-GlcNAc from O-GlcNAcylated proteins, is a useful strategy to probe the role of this modification in a range of cellular processes. In the present study, we report the rational design and evaluation of GlcNAcstatins, a family of potent, competitive and selective inhibitors of human OGA. Kinetic experiments with recombinant human OGA reveal that the GlcNAcstatins are the most potent human OGA inhibitors reported to date, inhibiting the enzyme in the sub-nanomolar to nanomolar range. Modification of the GlcNAcstatin N-acetyl group leads to up to 160-fold selectivity against the human lysosomal hexosaminidases which employ a similar substrate-assisted catalytic mechanism. Mutagenesis studies in a bacterial OGA, guided by the structure of a GlcNAcstatin complex, provides insight into the role of conserved residues in the human OGA active site. GlcNAcstatins are cell-permeant and, at low nanomolar concentrations, effectively modulate intracellular O-GlcNAc levels through inhibition of OGA, in a range of human cell lines. Thus these compounds are potent selective tools to study the cell biology of O-GlcNAc.
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Abstract
Some thirty years ago, work on mammalian tissues suggested the presence of two cytosolic hexosaminidases in mammalian cells; one of these has been more recently characterized in a recombinant form and has an important role in cellular function due to its ability to cleave beta-N-acetylglucosamine residues from a variety of nuclear and cytoplasmic proteins. However, the molecular nature of the second cytosolic hexosaminidase, named hexosaminidase D, has remained obscure. In the present study, we molecularly characterize for the first time the human and murine recombinant forms of enzymes, encoded by HEXDC genes, which appear to correspond to hexosaminidase D in terms of substrate specificity, pH dependency and temperature stability. Furthermore, a Myc-tagged form of this novel hexosaminidase displays a nucleocytoplasmic localization. Transcripts of the corresponding gene are expressed in a number of murine tissues. On the basis of its sequence, this enzyme represents, along with the lysosomal hexosaminidase subunits encoded by the HEXA and HEXB genes, the third class 20 glycosidase to be identified from mammalian sources.
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