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A network analysis and empirical validation of executive deficits in patients with psychosis and their healthy siblings. Schizophr Res 2021; 237:122-130. [PMID: 34521039 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychopathological symptoms and cognitive impairment are core features of patients with psychotic disorders. Executive dysfunctions are commonly observed and typically assessed using tests like the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST). However, the structure of executive deficits remains unclear, and the underlying processes may be different. This study aimed to explore and compare the network structure of WCST measures in patients with psychosis and their unaffected siblings and to empirically validate the resulting network structure of the patients. METHODS The subjects were 298 patients with a DSM 5 diagnosis of a psychotic disorder and 89 of their healthy siblings. The dimensionality and network structure of the WCST were examined by means of exploratory graph analysis (EGA) and network centrality parameters. RESULTS The WCST network structure comprised 4 dimensions: perseveration (PER), inefficient sorting (IS), failure to maintain set (FMS) and learning (LNG). The patient and sibling groups showed a similar network structure, which was reliably estimated. PER and IS showed common and strong associations with antecedent, concurrent and outcome validators. The LNG dimension was also moderately associated with these validators, but FMS did not show significant associations. CONCLUSIONS Four cognitive processes underlying WCST performance were identified by the network analysis. PER, IS and LNG were associated with and shared common antecedent, concurrent and outcome validators, while FMS was not associated with external validators. These four underlying dysfunctions might help disentangle the neurofunctional basis of executive deficits in psychosis.
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Kataoka Y, Shimada T, Koide Y, Okubo H, Uehara T, Shioiri T, Kawasaki Y, Ohi K. Differences in executive function among patients with schizophrenia, their unaffected first-degree relatives and healthy participants. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2020; 23:pyaa052. [PMID: 32692837 PMCID: PMC7745249 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyaa052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with schizophrenia (SCZ) display impaired executive functions compared with healthy controls (HCs). Furthermore, unaffected first-degree relatives (FRs) of patients with SCZ independently perform worse executive functions than do HCs. However, few studies have investigated the differences in executive functions assessed among patients with SCZ, FRs, and HCs, and the findings are inconsistent. METHODS We investigated diagnostic differences in executive functions, namely, (i) numbers of categories achieved (CA), (ii) total errors (TE) and (iii) %perseverative errors of Nelson types (%PEN), using the Wisconsin card sorting test (WCST) among patients with SCZ (n=116), unaffected FRs (n=62) and HCs (n=146) at a single institute. Correlations between these executive functions and clinical variables were investigated. RESULTS Significant differences existed in all executive functions among diagnostic groups (CA, F2,319=15.5, p=3.71×10-7; TE, F2,319=16.2, p=2.06×10-7; and %PEN, F2,319=21.3, p=2.15×10-9). Patients with SCZ had fewer CA and more TE and %PEN than those of HCs (CA, Cohen's d=-0.70, p=5.49×10-8; TE, d=0.70, p=5.62×10-8; and %PEN, d=0.82, p=2.85×10-10) and FRs (TE, d=0.46, p=3.73×10-3 and %PEN, d=0.38, p=0.017). Of the three executive functions, CA and %PEN of FRs were intermediately impaired between patients with SCZ and HCs (CA, d=-0.41, p=0.011 and %PEN, d=0.41, p=0.012). In contrast, no significant difference in TE existed between FRs and HCs (d=0.22, p=0.18). Although CA and TE were affected by the duration of illness (p<0.017), %PEN was not affected by any clinical variable in patients with SCZ (p>0.017). CONCLUSIONS Executive function, particularly %PEN, could be a useful intermediate phenotype for understanding the genetic mechanisms implicated in SCZ pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzuru Kataoka
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takamitsu Shimada
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Yoko Koide
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Okubo
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Takashi Uehara
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Toshiki Shioiri
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Kawasaki
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazutaka Ohi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Kanazawa Medical University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Teigset CM, Mohn C, Rund BR. Perinatal complications and executive dysfunction in early-onset schizophrenia. BMC Psychiatry 2020; 20:103. [PMID: 32131788 PMCID: PMC7057649 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-020-02517-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study examined the association between perinatal obstetric complications and executive dysfunction in early-onset schizophrenia (EOS), compared to healthy controls. Higher incidences of obstetric complications and more severe executive dysfunctions characterize EOS. Research shows extensive brain maturation in newborns, suggesting them to be particularly vulnerable for perinatal insults. Executive function is mainly mediated by the prefrontal cortex, an area that matures last during pregnancy. Thus, exposure to perinatal complications may influence executive dysfunction in EOS. METHODS The participants were 19 EOS patients and 54 healthy controls. Executive function was assessed with the D-KEFS Color Word Interference Test and the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test. Information on perinatal obstetric complications and Apgar 5-min scores were obtained from the Norwegian Medical Birth Registry. Associations between perinatal conditions and executive function were studied using stepwise regression analyses. RESULTS Perinatal complications, and especially shorter gestational lengths, were significantly associated with significant executive dysfunctions in EOS. Perinatal complications did not affect executive function among healthy controls. A significant relationship between lower Apgar 5-min scores and executive dysfunction was found among both EOS patients and healthy controls. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to perinatal complications, and particularly a shorter gestational length, was associated with increased executive dysfunction in EOS. Exposed healthy controls did not exhibit similar executive difficulties, suggesting that the EOS patients seemed especially vulnerable for executive deficits due to perinatal insults. The findings indicate that EOS youths learn more slowly and experience more difficulty with problem-solving, which carry important implications for clinical practice. Lower Apgar 5-min scores were associated with executive dysfunction in both groups. Low Apgar score at 5 min may therefore be an important early indicator of executive difficulties among adolescents, independent of diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte M. Teigset
- grid.459157.b0000 0004 0389 7802Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Research Department, Wergelands gate 10, 3004 Drammen, Norway
| | - Christine Mohn
- grid.459157.b0000 0004 0389 7802Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Research Department, Wergelands gate 10, 3004 Drammen, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921NORMENT Norwegian Centre for Mental Disorders Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Postboks 4956 Nydalen, 0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Bjørn Rishovd Rund
- grid.459157.b0000 0004 0389 7802Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Research Department, Wergelands gate 10, 3004 Drammen, Norway ,grid.5510.10000 0004 1936 8921Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, Postboks 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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Karamaouna P, Zouraraki C, Giakoumaki SG. Cognitive Functioning and Schizotypy: A Four-Years Study. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:613015. [PMID: 33488431 PMCID: PMC7820122 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.613015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Although there is ample evidence from cross-sectional studies indicating cognitive deficits in high schizotypal individuals that resemble the cognitive profile of schizophrenia-spectrum patients, there is still lack of evidence by longitudinal/follow-up studies. The present study included assessments of schizotypal traits and a wide range of cognitive functions at two time points (baseline and 4-years assessments) in order to examine (a) their stability over time, (b) the predictive value of baseline schizotypy on cognition at follow-up and (c) differences in cognition between the two time points in high negative schizotypal and control individuals. Only high negative schizotypal individuals were compared with controls due to the limited number of participants falling in the other schizotypal groups at follow-up. Seventy participants (mean age: 36.17; 70% females) were assessed at baseline and follow-up. Schizotypal traits were evaluated with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. We found that schizotypal traits decreased over time, except in a sub-group of participants ("schizotypy congruent") that includes individuals who consistently meet normative criteria of inclusion in either a schizotypal or control group. In these individuals, negative schizotypy and aspects of cognitive-perceptual and disorganized schizotypy remained stable. The stability of cognitive functioning also varied over time: response inhibition, aspects of cued attention switching, set-shifting and phonemic/semantic verbal fluency improved at follow-up. High negative schizotypy at baseline predicted poorer response inhibition and semantic switching at follow-up while high disorganized schizotypy predicted poorer semantic processing and complex processing speed/set-shifting. The between-group analyses revealed that response inhibition, set-shifting and complex processing speed/set-shifting were poorer in negative schizotypals compared with controls at both time points, while maintaining set and semantic switching were poorer only at follow-up. Taken together, the findings show differential stability of the schizotypal traits over time and indicate that different aspects of schizotypy predict a different pattern of neuropsychological task performance during a 4-years time window. These results are of significant use in the formulation of targeted early-intervention strategies for high-risk populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penny Karamaouna
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.,University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.,University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
| | - Stella G Giakoumaki
- Laboratory of Neuropsychology, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece.,University of Crete Research Center for the Humanities, The Social and Educational Sciences (UCRC), University of Crete, Rethymno, Greece
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5
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Luperdi SC, Tabarés-Seisdedos R, Livianos L, Vieta E, Cuesta MJ, Balanzá-Martínez V. Neurocognitive endophenotypes in schizophrenia and bipolar disorder: A systematic review of longitudinal family studies. Schizophr Res 2019; 210:21-29. [PMID: 31272906 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2019.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Although there is substantial evidence supporting the existence of neurocognitive impairment in patients diagnosed with schizophrenia (SZ) and bipolar disorder (BD), few studies have explored the field from an endophenotypic perspective. The present systematic review sought to identify longitudinal family studies exploring suitable neurocognitive endophenotypes in unaffected relatives of patients with SZ and/or BD. Following the PRISMA statement, only five follow-up studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising 79 SZ patients, 159 SZ unaffected relatives of SZ, 131 BD patients, 77 unaffected relatives of BD, and 248 controls. Verbal memory, auditory attention, face memory and emotion processing were found as putative endophenotypic candidates for SZ, whereas this strategy identified none for BD. Substantial heterogeneity and lack of standardization in global neurocognitive assessment within this area should be pointed out; nevertheless, several candidate endophenotypes were identified for SZ, except for executive impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sussy C Luperdi
- Department of Psychiatry, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; PhD Program in Medicine. University of Valencia, Spain
| | - Rafael Tabarés-Seisdedos
- Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lorenzo Livianos
- Department of Psychiatry, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Public Health (CIBERESP-Grupo 17), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduard Vieta
- Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Neuroscience, Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Manuel J Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Vicent Balanzá-Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, La Fe University and Polytechnic Hospital, Valencia, Spain; Teaching Unit of Psychiatry and Psychological Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Valencia, Spain; Biomedical Research Networking Center for Mental Health Network (CIBERSAM), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain.
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Sánchez-Torres AM, Moreno-Izco L, Lorente-Omeñaca R, Cabrera B, Lobo A, González-Pinto AM, Merchán-Naranjo J, Corripio I, Vieta E, de la Serna E, Butjosa A, Contreras F, Sarró S, Mezquida G, Ribeiro M, Bernardo M, Cuesta MJ. Individual trajectories of cognitive performance in first episode psychosis: a 2-year follow-up study. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2018; 268:699-711. [PMID: 29164332 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-017-0857-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Individual changes over time in cognition in patients with psychotic disorders have been studied very little, especially in the case of first episode psychosis (FEP). We aimed to establish whether change in individual trajectories in cognition over 2 years of a sample of 159 FEP patients was reliable and clinically significant, using the reliable change index (RCI) and clinically significant change (CSC) methods. We also studied a sample of 151 matched healthy controls. Patients and controls were assessed with a set of neuropsychological tests, as well as premorbid, clinical and functionality measures. We analysed the course of cognitive measures over time, using analysis of variance, and the individual trajectories in the cognitive measures with the regression-based RCI (RCISRB) and the CSC. The RCISRB showed that between 5.4 and 31.2% of the patients showed deterioration patterns, and between 0.6 and 8.8% showed improvement patterns in these tests over time. Patients showing better cognitive profiles according to RCISRB (worsening in zero to two cognitive measures) showed better premorbid, clinical and functional profiles than patients showing deterioration patterns in more than three tests. When combining RCISRB and CSC values, we found that less than 10% of patients showed improvement or deterioration patterns in executive function and attention measures. These results support the view that cognitive impairments are stable over the first 2 years of illness, but also that the analysis of individual trajectories could help to identify a subgroup of patients with particular phenotypes, who may require specific interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Sánchez-Torres
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - L Moreno-Izco
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - R Lorente-Omeñaca
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - B Cabrera
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
| | - A Lobo
- Department of Medicine and Psychiatry, Aragon Institute for Health Research (IIS Aragon), University of Zaragoza, Saragossa, Spain
| | - A M González-Pinto
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- BIOARABA Health Research Institute, OSI Araba University Hospital, Vitoria, Spain
- University of the Basque Country, Vitoria, Spain
| | - J Merchán-Naranjo
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, School of Medicine, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, IISGM, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - I Corripio
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Vieta
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Clinical Institute for the Neurosciences, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- August Pi i Sunyer Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBAPS), Catalonia, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychology, University of Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - E de la Serna
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clinic of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Butjosa
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Teaching, Research & Innovation Unit, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Sant Joan de Déu Research Foundation. Esplugues de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Personality, Evaluation and Psychological Treatment, Faculty of Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - F Contreras
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Psychiatry Department, Bellvitge University Hospital-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
- Department of Clinical Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - S Sarró
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- FIDMAG Hermanas Hospitalarias Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - G Mezquida
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Ribeiro
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - M Bernardo
- Barcelona Clínic Schizophrenia Unit, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Network Centre for Biomedical Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Psychiatry and Clinical Psychobiology, University of Barcelona, IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M J Cuesta
- Department of Psychiatry, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, c/Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain.
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Molins C, Carceller-Sindreu M, Navarro H, Carmona C, Piñeiro M, Martínez E, Álvarez E, Portella MJ. Plasma ratio of clozapine to N-desmethylclozapine can predict cognitive performance in treatment-resistant psychotic patients. Psychiatry Res 2017; 258:153-157. [PMID: 29024893 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive symptoms play a central role in schizophrenia and are strongly associated with social functioning. Treatment with clozapine presents controversial results regarding its effects on cognition. The opposite effects of clozapine and n-desmethylclozapine (NDMC) on cholinergic system have been suggested to underlie these inconclusive findings. The aim of this study is to determine whether clozapine/NDMC ratio can predict cognitive performance in patients with treatment-resistant psychosis. Nineteen clinically stable patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder treated with clozapine monotherapy completed demographic and clinical interviews. For the purpose of the study, patients were assessed with a neuropsychological battery and on the same day a blood sampling was obtained from each patient to measure plasma levels of clozapine and NDMC. Our results showed that clozapine/NDMC ratio, but not clozapine or NDMC plasma levels separately, was a predictive factor of cognitive performance, specifically of executive functioning. Our results showed that lower clozapine/NDMC ratios are associated with better executive functioning in clinically stable patients. These findings could be interpreted by the different pharmacodynamic properties on cholinergic, dopaminergic and serotonergic systems of NDMC compared to clozapine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conrad Molins
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Carceller-Sindreu
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research IIB-Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain.
| | - Helena Navarro
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Carmona
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Marina Piñeiro
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Estrella Martínez
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Álvarez
- Hospital de la Santa Creu i Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Maria J Portella
- Sant Pau Institute of Biomedical Research IIB-Sant Pau, Department of Psychiatry, Barcelona, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
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8
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Zouraraki C, Karamaouna P, Karagiannopoulou L, Giakoumaki SG. Schizotypy-Independent and Schizotypy-Modulated Cognitive Impairments in Unaffected First-Degree Relatives of Schizophrenia-spectrum Patients. Arch Clin Neuropsychol 2017; 32:1010-1025. [PMID: 28383650 DOI: 10.1093/arclin/acx029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of the study was to compare the neurocognitive profile of unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients with control individuals, controlling for different schizotypal traits. Method One hundred and fifteen adult unaffected first-degree relatives of schizophrenia-spectrum patients and 122 controls were tested for schizotypy with the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. They also underwent a thorough neurocognitive assessment with a range of tasks covering several aspects of executive functioning. Between-group differences in cognition were examined first with multivariate analysis of variance and then with a series of multivariate analyses of covariance, including the schizotypal dimensions as covariates. Results The relatives had higher scores on all schizotypal dimensions compared with controls and poorer planning, problem solving, strategy formation and working memory, irrespective of schizotypal traits. They also scored lower in executive working memory and verbal fluency. The difference in executive working memory was sensitive to the effects of paranoid and negative schizotypy (both dimensions abolished the between-group difference) whereas the difference in verbal fluency was sensitive only to the effects of paranoid schizotypy. Neither cognitive-perceptual nor disorganized schizotypy accounted for any differences in neurocognition between relatives and the controls. Conclusions Impairments in planning, problem solving, strategy formation and working memory are "core" impairments in the schizophrenia-spectrum, possibly due to high heritability effects in these functions. Impairments in executive working memory and verbal fluency are associated with paranoid and negative schizotypy, possibly due to alterations in a common fronto-temporo-parietal neural network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrysoula Zouraraki
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Penny Karamaouna
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
| | - Leda Karagiannopoulou
- Department of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Crete, Rethymno 74100, Crete, Greece
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9
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Gupta CN, Castro E, Rachkonda S, van Erp TGM, Potkin S, Ford JM, Mathalon D, Lee HJ, Mueller BA, Greve DN, Andreassen OA, Agartz I, Mayer AR, Stephen J, Jung RE, Bustillo J, Calhoun VD, Turner JA. Biclustered Independent Component Analysis for Complex Biomarker and Subtype Identification from Structural Magnetic Resonance Images in Schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2017; 8:179. [PMID: 29018368 PMCID: PMC5623192 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and cognitive symptoms domain-based subtyping in schizophrenia (Sz) has been critiqued due to the lack of neurobiological correlates and heterogeneity in symptom scores. We, therefore, present a novel data-driven framework using biclustered independent component analysis to detect subtypes from the reliable and stable gray matter concentration (GMC) of patients with Sz. The developed methodology consists of the following steps: source-based morphometry (SBM) decomposition, selection and sorting of two component loadings, subtype component reconstruction using group information-guided ICA (GIG-ICA). This framework was applied to the top two group discriminative components namely the insula/superior temporal gyrus/inferior frontal gyrus (I-STG-IFG component) and the superior frontal gyrus/middle frontal gyrus/medial frontal gyrus (SFG-MiFG-MFG component) from our previous SBM study, which showed diagnostic group difference and had the highest effect sizes. The aggregated multisite dataset consisted of 382 patients with Sz regressed of age, gender, and site voxelwise. We observed two subtypes (i.e., two different subsets of subjects) each heavily weighted on these two components, respectively. These subsets of subjects were characterized by significant differences in positive and negative syndrome scale (PANSS) positive clinical symptoms (p = 0.005). We also observed an overlapping subtype weighing heavily on both of these components. The PANSS general clinical symptom of this subtype was trend level correlated with the loading coefficients of the SFG-MiFG-MFG component (r = 0.25; p = 0.07). The reconstructed subtype-specific component using GIG-ICA showed variations in voxel regions, when compared to the group component. We observed deviations from mean GMC along with conjunction of features from two components characterizing each deciphered subtype. These inherent variations in GMC among patients with Sz could possibly indicate the need for personalized treatment and targeted drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cota Navin Gupta
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati, India
| | - Eduardo Castro
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Computational Biology Center, IBM Thomas J. Watson Research, Yorktown Heights, NY, United States
| | | | - Theo G M van Erp
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Steven Potkin
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Judith M Ford
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Mathalon
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Hyo Jong Lee
- Divisions of Electronics and Information Engineering, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, South Korea
| | - Bryon A Mueller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Douglas N Greve
- MGH/MIT/HMS Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Agartz
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Center for Psychosis Research, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden.,Department of Research, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Andrew R Mayer
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Julia Stephen
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Rex E Jung
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Juan Bustillo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, United States
| | - Jessica A Turner
- The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, United States.,Department of Psychology, Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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10
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Gay O, Plaze M, Oppenheim C, Gaillard R, Olié JP, Krebs MO, Cachia A. Cognitive control deficit in patients with first-episode schizophrenia is associated with complex deviations of early brain development. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2016; 41:150267. [PMID: 27673502 PMCID: PMC5373705 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.150267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several clinical and radiological markers of early neurodevelopmental deviations have been independently associated with cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to test the cumulative and/or interactive effects of these early neurodevelopmental factors on cognitive control (CC) deficit, a core feature of schizophrenia. METHODS We recruited patients with first-episode schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, who underwent structural MRI. We evaluated CC efficiency using the Trail Making Test (TMT). Several markers of early brain development were measured: neurological soft signs (NSS), handedness, sulcal pattern of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and ventricle enlargement. RESULTS We included 41 patients with schizophrenia in our analysis, which revealed a main effect of ACC morphology (p = 0.041) as well as interactions between NSS and ACC morphology (p = 0.005), between NSS and handedness (p = 0.044) and between ACC morphology and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) volume (p = 0.005) on CC measured using the TMT-B score - the TMT-A score. LIMITATIONS No 3- or 4-way interactions were detected between the 4 neurodevelopmental factors. The sample size was clearly adapted to detect main effects and 2-way interactions, but may have limited the statistical power to investigate higher-order interactions. The effects of treatment and illness duration were limited as the study design involved only patients with first-episode psychosis. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, our study provides the first evidence of cumulative and interactive effects of different neurodevelopmental markers on CC efficiency in patients with schizophrenia. Such findings, in line with the neurodevelopmental model of schizophrenia, support the notion that CC impairments in patients with schizophrenia may be the final common pathway of several early neurodevelopmental mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivier Gay
- From the INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs); the Service d’Imagerie Morphologique et Fonctionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Oppenheim); the CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant, Paris, France (Cachia); and the Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France (Cachia)
| | - Marion Plaze
- From the INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs); the Service d’Imagerie Morphologique et Fonctionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Oppenheim); the CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant, Paris, France (Cachia); and the Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France (Cachia)
| | - Catherine Oppenheim
- From the INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs); the Service d’Imagerie Morphologique et Fonctionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Oppenheim); the CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant, Paris, France (Cachia); and the Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France (Cachia)
| | - Raphael Gaillard
- From the INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs); the Service d’Imagerie Morphologique et Fonctionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Oppenheim); the CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant, Paris, France (Cachia); and the Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France (Cachia)
| | - Jean-Pierre Olié
- From the INSERM UMR 894, Centre de Psychiatrie & Neurosciences, CNRS GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Oppenheim, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs, Cachia); the Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Gay, Plaze, Gaillard, Olié, Krebs); the Service d’Imagerie Morphologique et Fonctionnelle, Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Paris, France (Oppenheim); the CNRS UMR 8240, Laboratoire de Psychologie du Développement et de l’Éducation de l’Enfant, Paris, France (Cachia); and the Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France (Cachia)
| | | | - Arnaud Cachia
- Correspondence to: Prof. A. Cachia, Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, UMR 894, INSERM – Université, Paris Descartes, Hôpital Sainte-Anne, Paris, France;
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11
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Haatveit B, Vaskinn A, Sundet KS, Jensen J, Andreassen OA, Melle I, Ueland T. Stability of executive functions in first episode psychosis: One year follow up study. Psychiatry Res 2015; 228:475-81. [PMID: 26165960 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 05/19/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Executive functioning is a multi-dimensional construct covering several sub-processes. The aim of this study was to determine whether executive functions, indexed by a broad range of executive measures remain stable in first episode psychosis (FEP) over time. Eighty-two patients and 107 age and gender matched healthy controls were assessed on five subdomains of executive functioning; working memory, fluency, flexibility, and inhibitory control at baseline and at 1 year follow-up. Results showed that patients performed significantly poorer than controls on all executive measures at both assessment points. In general executive functions remained stable from baseline to follow-up, although both groups improved on measures of inhibitory control and flexibility. In phonemic fluency, controls showed a slight improvement while patients showed a slight decline. Investigation of individual trajectories revealed some fluctuations in both groups over time, but mainly supports the group level findings. The implications of these results are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beathe Haatveit
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anja Vaskinn
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Kjetil S Sundet
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jimmy Jensen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway; Centre for Psychology, Kristianstad University, Elmetorpsvägen 15, 291 39 Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Ole A Andreassen
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Ingrid Melle
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway
| | - Torill Ueland
- NORMENT, KG Jebsen Centre for Psychosis Research, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital & Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0407 Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1094 Blindern, 0317 Oslo, Norway
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12
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Chien YL, Liu CM, Shan JC, Lee HJ, Hsieh MH, Hwu HG, Chiou LC. Elevated plasma orexin A levels in a subgroup of patients with schizophrenia associated with fewer negative and disorganized symptoms. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2015; 53:1-9. [PMID: 25560205 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Orexin A and B, a pair of hypothalamic neuropeptides also named hypocretin 1 and 2, play a role in the regulation of arousal, appetite, reward, attention, and cognition. Animal studies showed that antipsychotics can activate orexin neurons in a manner correlated with their weight gain liability. However, little is known about the role of orexin in patients with schizophrenia. This study aimed to investigate the correlation of plasma orexin level with clinical symptom profile, neurocognitive functioning and weight gain liability of the antipsychotics taken in patients with schizophrenia. METHODS We measured plasma levels of orexin A in 127 patients with schizophrenia and 34 healthy controls by radioimmunoassay. In patients, we assessed clinical symptoms on the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale and executive function by the Wisconsin Card Sorting test (WCST), and examined their associations with plasma orexin A level. RESULTS Patients with schizophrenia had a significantly higher mean orexin A level than healthy controls (60.7±37.9 vs. 38.8±15.5pg/ml). Patients were divided into two subgroups based on their orexin A levels that were distributed in two clusters divided by 80pg/ml. Patients in the high-orexin subgroup had significantly fewer negative and disorganized symptoms, and tended to have fewer perseverative errors, more failure to maintain set yet comparable category achieved on the WCST than the normal-orexin subgroup. There was no significant difference in orexin A levels among patients taking antipsychotics with different weight gain liabilities. CONCLUSION Higher level of orexin A seems to be related to favorable clinical symptom profiles of schizophrenia, but the causal relationship needs further clarification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Chien
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Min Liu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jia-Chi Shan
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, Cathay General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Jung Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming H Hsieh
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hai-Gwo Hwu
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Psychiatry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Lih-Chu Chiou
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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13
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Roca M, Manes F, Cetkovich M, Bruno D, Ibáñez A, Torralva T, Duncan J. The relationship between executive functions and fluid intelligence in schizophrenia. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:46. [PMID: 24605092 PMCID: PMC3932409 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An enduring question is unity vs. separability of executive deficits resulting from impaired frontal lobe function. In previous studies, we have asked how executive deficits link to a conventional measure of fluid intelligence, obtained either by standard tests of novel problem-solving, or by averaging performance in a battery of novel tasks. For some classical executive tasks, such as the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), Verbal Fluency, and Trail Making Test B (TMTB), frontal deficits are entirely explained by fluid intelligence. However, on a second set of executive tasks, including tests of multitasking and decision making, deficits exceed those predicted by fluid intelligence loss. In this paper we discuss how these results shed light on the diverse clinical phenomenology observed in frontal dysfunction, and present new data on a group of 15 schizophrenic patients and 14 controls. Subjects were assessed with a range of executive tests and with a general cognitive battery used to derive a measure of fluid intelligence. Group performance was compared and fluid intelligence was introduced as a covariate. In line with our previous results, significant patient-control differences in classical executive tests were removed when fluid intelligence was introduced as a covariate. However, for tests of multitasking and decision making, deficits remained. We relate our findings to those of previous factor analytic studies describing a single principal component, which accounts for much of the variance of schizophrenic patients' cognitive performance. We propose that this general factor reflects low fluid intelligence capacity, which accounts for much but not all cognitive impairment in this patient group. Partialling out the general effects of fluid intelligence, we propose, may clarify the role of additional, more specific cognitive impairments in conditions such as schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Roca
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO, Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales UniversitySantiago, Chile
- Neuropsychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Facundo Manes
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neuropsychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marcelo Cetkovich
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neuropsychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Diana Bruno
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Agustín Ibáñez
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Laboratory of Cognitive and Social Neuroscience (LaNCyS), UDP-INECO, Foundation Core on Neuroscience (UIFCoN), Diego Portales UniversitySantiago, Chile
- Universidad Autónoma del CaribeBarranquilla, Colombia
| | - Teresa Torralva
- Neuropsychology Research Department, Institute of Cognitive Neurology (INECO)Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Neuropsychology Department, Institute of Neurosciences Favaloro UniversityBuenos Aires, Argentina
| | - John Duncan
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitCambridge, UK
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of OxfordOxford, UK
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14
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Massuda R, Bücker J, Czepielewski LS, Narvaez JC, Pedrini M, Santos BT, Teixeira AS, Souza AL, Vasconcelos-Moreno MP, Vianna-Sulzbach M, Goi PD, Belmonte-de-Abreu P, Gama CS. Verbal memory impairment in healthy siblings of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2013; 150:580-2. [PMID: 24035560 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2013.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive deficits have been recognized as a core feature of schizophrenia (SZ) and are present in most patients. Verbal memory (VM), working memory (WM), and executive function (EF) are domains commonly impaired in patients with SZ. These latter domains have been related to the genetic risk of the disorder characterizing as possible endophenotypes. In order to study neurocognitive endophenotypes in a Brazilian population with elevated genetic risks to develop SZ, we measured VM (Hopkins Verbal Learning Test Revised), WM (Letter-Number Sequencing and Digit Span) and EF (Stroop Test) in 90 subjects (45 unaffected siblings of patients with SZ and 45 matched healthy controls). No differences were found in EF and WM (Letter-Number Sequencing and Digit Span). However, in VM, siblings of patients performed worse than controls on the immediate recall and delayed recall. Our results suggest that VM impairment could be considered an endophenotype of SZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raffael Massuda
- Laboratory of Molecular Psychiatry, INCT for Translational Medicine, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.
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