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Faris P, Pischedda D, Palesi F, D’Angelo E. New clues for the role of cerebellum in schizophrenia and the associated cognitive impairment. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1386583. [PMID: 38799988 PMCID: PMC11116653 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1386583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SZ) is a complex neuropsychiatric disorder associated with severe cognitive dysfunction. Although research has mainly focused on forebrain abnormalities, emerging results support the involvement of the cerebellum in SZ physiopathology, particularly in Cognitive Impairment Associated with SZ (CIAS). Besides its role in motor learning and control, the cerebellum is implicated in cognition and emotion. Recent research suggests that structural and functional changes in the cerebellum are linked to deficits in various cognitive domains including attention, working memory, and decision-making. Moreover, cerebellar dysfunction is related to altered cerebellar circuit activities and connectivity with brain regions associated with cognitive processing. This review delves into the role of the cerebellum in CIAS. We initially consider the major forebrain alterations in CIAS, addressing impairments in neurotransmitter systems, synaptic plasticity, and connectivity. We then focus on recent findings showing that several mechanisms are also altered in the cerebellum and that cerebellar communication with the forebrain is impaired. This evidence implicates the cerebellum as a key component of circuits underpinning CIAS physiopathology. Further studies addressing cerebellar involvement in SZ and CIAS are warranted and might open new perspectives toward understanding the physiopathology and effective treatment of these disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Faris
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Doris Pischedda
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Fulvia Palesi
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Egidio D’Angelo
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
- Digital Neuroscience Center, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
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Chen Y, Li W, Lv L, Yue W. Shared Genetic Determinants of Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorder Implicate Opposite Risk Patterns: A Genome-Wide Analysis of Common Variants. Schizophr Bull 2024:sbae044. [PMID: 38616054 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND HYPOTHESIS The synaptic pruning hypothesis posits that schizophrenia (SCZ) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) may represent opposite ends of neurodevelopmental disorders: individuals with ASD exhibit an overabundance of synapses and connections while SCZ was characterized by excessive pruning of synapses and a reduction. Given the strong genetic predisposition of both disorders, we propose a shared genetic component, with certain loci having differential regulatory impacts. STUDY DESIGN Genome-Wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) data of European descent from SCZ (N cases = 53 386, N controls = 77 258) and ASD (N cases = 18 381, N controls = 27 969) were analyzed. We used genetic correlation, bivariate causal mixture model, conditional false discovery rate method, colocalization, Transcriptome-Wide Association Study (TWAS), and Phenome-Wide Association Study (PheWAS) to investigate the genetic overlap and gene expression pattern. STUDY RESULTS We found a positive genetic correlation between SCZ and ASD (rg = .26, SE = 0.01, P = 7.87e-14), with 11 genomic loci jointly influencing both conditions (conjFDR <0.05). Functional analysis highlights a significant enrichment of shared genes during early to mid-fetal developmental stages. A notable genetic region on chromosome 17q21.31 (lead SNP rs2696609) showed strong evidence of colocalization (PP.H4.abf = 0.85). This SNP rs2696609 is linked to many imaging-derived brain phenotypes. TWAS indicated opposing gene expression patterns (primarily pseudogenes and long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) for ASD and SCZ in the 17q21.31 region and some genes (LRRC37A4P, LINC02210, and DND1P1) exhibit considerable variation in the cerebellum across the lifespan. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a shared genetic basis for SCZ and ASD. A common genetic variant, rs2696609, located in the Chr17q21.31 locus, may exert differential risk regulation on SCZ and ASD by altering brain structure. Future studies should focus on the role of pseudogenes, lncRNAs, and cerebellum in synaptic pruning and neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
| | - Wenqiang Li
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Luxian Lv
- Department of Psychiatry, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Key Lab of Biological Psychiatry, International Joint Research Laboratory for Psychiatry and Neuroscience of Henan, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Collaborative Innovation Center of Prevention and Treatment of Mental Disorder, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Henan Province People's Hospital, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Weihua Yue
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Mental Health (Peking University), National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, China
- PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, China
- Research Unit of Diagnosis and Treatment of Mood Cognitive Disorder (2018RU006), Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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3
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Saeedi Borujeni MJ, Codoner Franch P, Alonso Iglesias E, Gombert M. Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and its Effects on the Developing Cerebellum: A Narrative Review on Experimental Studies. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CHILD NEUROLOGY 2024; 18:9-22. [PMID: 38617398 PMCID: PMC11015721 DOI: 10.22037/ijcn.v18i2.36632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 04/16/2024]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus during pregnancy is a common complication of gestation, but its effects on the offspring's development are poorly understood. Recently, some studies reported that gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) impairs cerebellar development, and some genetic alterations have been described as consequences. Cerebellum, one of the hindbrain derived structures in the posterior cranial fossa, plays a crucial role in cognition and behavioral functions. In recent years, some surveys stated that gestational diabetes has adverse effects on the fetus's cerebellum. Disruption of cerebellar cortex morphogenesis, reduce the volume of the cerebellum, reduce the thickness of cerebellar cortex layers, and its neuronal cells and effects on the expression of synaptophysin, insulin, and insulin-like growth factor -1 receptors are some of the maternal diabetes effects on developing cerebellum. On other hand, GDM, as a neurotoxic agent, impaired cerebellar development and could be a cause for the behavioral, functional, and structural anomalies observed in pups of diabetic mothers. Based on the literature review, most studies have pointed out that administering insulin in patients with GDM decreased the cellular and molecular alterations that induced by GDM in the developing cerebellum. Undoubtedly, screening strategies for all pregnant women are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pilar Codoner Franch
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Marie Gombert
- Department of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
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Di Liegro CM, Schiera G, Schirò G, Di Liegro I. Role of Post-Transcriptional Regulation in Learning and Memory in Mammals. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:337. [PMID: 38540396 PMCID: PMC10970538 DOI: 10.3390/genes15030337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2024] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
After many decades, during which most molecular studies on the regulation of gene expression focused on transcriptional events, it was realized that post-transcriptional control was equally important in order to determine where and when specific proteins were to be synthesized. Translational regulation is of the most importance in the brain, where all the steps of mRNA maturation, transport to different regions of the cells and actual expression, in response to specific signals, constitute the molecular basis for neuronal plasticity and, as a consequence, for structural stabilization/modification of synapses; notably, these latter events are fundamental for the highest brain functions, such as learning and memory, and are characterized by long-term potentiation (LTP) of specific synapses. Here, we will discuss the molecular bases of these fundamental events by considering both the role of RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) and the effects of non-coding RNAs involved in controlling splicing, editing, stability and translation of mRNAs. Importantly, it has also been found that dysregulation of mRNA metabolism/localization is involved in many pathological conditions, arising either during brain development or in the adult nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Maria Di Liegro
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Gabriella Schiera
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (C.M.D.L.); (G.S.)
| | - Giuseppe Schirò
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
- Neurology and Multiple Sclerosis Center, Unità Operativa Complessa (UOC), Foundation Institute “G. Giglio”, 90015 Cefalù, Italy
| | - Italia Di Liegro
- Department of Biomedicine, Neurosciences and Advanced Diagnostics, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy;
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Du L, Zhao L, Elumalai P, Zhu X, Wang L, Zhang K, Li D, Ji J, Luo J, Cui J, Gao X. Effects of sublethal fipronil exposure on cross-generational functional responses and gene expression in Binodoxys communis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024:10.1007/s11356-024-32211-6. [PMID: 38296923 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32211-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
The effective systemic insecticide fipronil is widely used on a variety of crops and in public spaces to control insect pests. Binodoxys communis (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is the dominant natural enemy of Aphis gossypii Glover (Homoptera: Aphididae), an important cotton pest, and has good efficiency in inhibiting aphid populations. The direct effects of environmental residues of sublethal fipronil doses on adult B. communis have not previously been reported. This study therefore aimed to evaluate the side effects and transcriptomic impacts of sublethal fipronil doses on B. communis. The results showed that exposure to the LC10 dose of fipronil significantly reduced the survival rate and parasitism rate of the F0 generation, but did not affect these indicators in the F1 generation. The LC25 dose did not affect the survival or parasitic rates of the F0 generation, but did significantly reduce the survival rate of F1 generation parasitoids. These results indicated that sublethal doses of fipronil affected B. communis population growth. Transcriptome analysis showed that differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in B. communis at 1 h after treatment were primarily enriched in pathways associated with fatty acid elongation, biosynthesis of fatty acids, and fatty acid metabolism. DEGs at 3 days after treatment were mainly enriched in ribosomal functions, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, and tyrosine metabolism. Six DEGs (PY, ELOVL, VLCOAR, MRJP1, ELOVL AAEL008004-like, and RPL13) were selected for validation with real-time fluorescent quantitative PCR. This is the first report of sublethal, trans-generational, and transcriptomic side effects of fipronil on the dominant parasitoid of A. gossypii. The results of this study show that adaptation of parasitoids to high concentrations of pesticides may be at the expense of their offspring. These findings broaden our overall understanding of the intergenerational adjustments used by insects to respond to pesticide stress and call for risk assessments of the long-term impacts and intergenerational effects of other pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingen Du
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Likang Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Punniyakotti Elumalai
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Xiangzhen Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Li Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Dongyang Li
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jichao Ji
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Junyu Luo
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Jinjie Cui
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China
| | - Xueke Gao
- National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, Institute of Cotton Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang, 455000, Henan, China.
- Zhengzhou Research Base, National Key Laboratory of Cotton Bio-Breeding and Integrated Utilization, School of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji, 831100, China.
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Cubello J, Marvin E, Conrad K, Merrill AK, George JV, Welle K, Jackson BP, Chalupa D, Oberdörster G, Sobolewski M, Cory-Slechta DA. The contributions of neonatal inhalation of copper to air pollution-induced neurodevelopmental outcomes in mice. Neurotoxicology 2024; 100:55-71. [PMID: 38081392 PMCID: PMC10842733 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposures to ambient ultrafine particle (UFP) air pollution (AP) during the early postnatal period in mice (equivalent to human third trimester brain development) produce male-biased changes in brain structure, including ventriculomegaly, reduced brain myelination, alterations in neurotransmitters and glial activation, as well as impulsive-like behavioral characteristics, all of which are also features characteristic of male-biased neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The purpose of this study was to ascertain the extent to which inhaled Cu, a common contaminant of AP that is also dysregulated across multiple NDDs, might contribute to these phenotypes. For this purpose, C57BL/6J mice were exposed from postnatal days 4-7 and 10-13 for 4 hr/day to inhaled copper oxide (CuxOy) nanoparticles at an environmentally relevant concentration averaging 171.9 ng/m3. Changes in brain metal homeostasis and neurotransmitter levels were determined following termination of exposure (postnatal day 14), while behavioral changes were assessed in adulthood. CuxOy inhalation modified cortical metal homeostasis and produced male-biased disruption of striatal neurotransmitters, with marked increases in dopaminergic function, as well as excitatory/inhibitory imbalance and reductions in serotonergic function. Impulsive-like behaviors in a fixed ratio (FR) waiting-for-reward schedule and a fixed interval (FI) schedule of food reward occurred in both sexes, but more prominently in males, effects which could not be attributed to altered locomotor activity or short-term memory. Inhaled Cu as from AP exposures, at environmentally relevant levels experienced during development, may contribute to impaired brain function, as shown by its ability to disrupt brain metal homeostasis and striatal neurotransmission. In addition, its ability to evoke impulsive-like behavior, particularly in male offspring, may be related to striatal dopaminergic dysfunction that is known to mediate such behaviors. As such, regulation of air Cu levels may be protective of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Cubello
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
| | - Elena Marvin
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Katherine Conrad
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Alyssa K Merrill
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jithin V George
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Kevin Welle
- Proteomics Core, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Brian P Jackson
- Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - David Chalupa
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Günter Oberdörster
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Marissa Sobolewski
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Deborah A Cory-Slechta
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA.
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7
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Constable PA, Lim JKH, Thompson DA. Retinal electrophysiology in central nervous system disorders. A review of human and mouse studies. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1215097. [PMID: 37600004 PMCID: PMC10433210 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1215097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The retina and brain share similar neurochemistry and neurodevelopmental origins, with the retina, often viewed as a "window to the brain." With retinal measures of structure and function becoming easier to obtain in clinical populations there is a growing interest in using retinal findings as potential biomarkers for disorders affecting the central nervous system. Functional retinal biomarkers, such as the electroretinogram, show promise in neurological disorders, despite having limitations imposed by the existence of overlapping genetic markers, clinical traits or the effects of medications that may reduce their specificity in some conditions. This narrative review summarizes the principal functional retinal findings in central nervous system disorders and related mouse models and provides a background to the main excitatory and inhibitory retinal neurotransmitters that have been implicated to explain the visual electrophysiological findings. These changes in retinal neurochemistry may contribute to our understanding of these conditions based on the findings of retinal electrophysiological tests such as the flash, pattern, multifocal electroretinograms, and electro-oculogram. It is likely that future applications of signal analysis and machine learning algorithms will offer new insights into the pathophysiology, classification, and progression of these clinical disorders including autism, attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, depression, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's disease. New clinical applications of visual electrophysiology to this field may lead to earlier, more accurate diagnoses and better targeted therapeutic interventions benefiting individual patients and clinicians managing these individuals and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A. Constable
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, Caring Futures Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Jeremiah K. H. Lim
- Discipline of Optometry, School of Allied Health, University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Dorothy A. Thompson
- The Tony Kriss Visual Electrophysiology Unit, Clinical and Academic Department of Ophthalmology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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Kim Y, Jeon SJ, Gonzales EL, Shin D, Remonde CG, Ahn T, Shin CY. Pirenperone relieves the symptoms of fragile X syndrome in Fmr1 knockout mice. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20966. [PMID: 36470953 PMCID: PMC9723111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25582-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is caused by the loss of Fragile X-linked mental retardation protein (FMRP), an RNA binding protein that can bind and recognize different RNA structures and regulate the target mRNAs' translation involved in neuronal synaptic plasticity. Perturbations of this gene expression network have been related to abnormal behavioral symptoms such as hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Considering the roles of FMRP in the modulation of mRNA translation, we investigated the differentially expressed genes which might be targeted to revert to normal and ameliorate behavioral symptoms. Gene expression data was analyzed and used the connectivity map (CMap) to understand the changes in gene expression in FXS and predict the effective drug candidates. We analyzed the GSE7329 dataset that had 15 control and 8 FXS patients' lymphoblastoid samples. Among 924 genes, 42 genes were selected as signatures for CMap analysis, and 24 associated drugs were found. Pirenperone was selected as a potential drug candidate for FXS for its possible antipsychotic effect. Treatment of pirenperone increased the expression level of Fmr1 gene. Moreover, pirenperone rescued the behavioral deficits in Fmr1 KO mice including hyperactivity, spatial memory, and impulsivity. These results suggest that pirenperone is a new drug candidate for FXS, which should be verified in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujeong Kim
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Se Jin Jeon
- grid.412357.60000 0004 0533 2063Department of Integrative Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Sahmyook University, Seoul, 01795 Republic of Korea
| | - Edson Luck Gonzales
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Dongpil Shin
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - Chilly Gay Remonde
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
| | - TaeJin Ahn
- grid.411957.f0000 0004 0647 2543Department of Life Science, Handong Global University, Nehemiah 36, Handong-ro 558, Pohang, 37554 Republic of Korea
| | - Chan Young Shin
- grid.258676.80000 0004 0532 8339Department of Pharmacology and Department of Advanced Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029 Republic of Korea
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Insights into the toxicity and biodegradation of fipronil in contaminated environment. Microbiol Res 2022; 266:127247. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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GABA Receptor SNPs and Elevated Plasma GABA Levels Affect the Severity of the Indian ASD Probands. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:1300-1312. [PMID: 35562522 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Altered signaling of the chief inhibitory neurotransmitter, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), has been speculated in the etiology of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We have investigated the association of six GABAA-receptor genetic variants and plasma GABA levels with ASD. Subjects were recruited based on the DSM, and CARS2-ST and ADI-R assessed disease severity. Peripheral blood was collected from the ASD probands (N = 251), their parents, and ethnically matched controls (N = 347). A positive correlation between the CARS2-ST and ADI-R scores was observed; domain scores of ADI-R were higher in the severe group categorized by the CARS2-ST. GABRB3 rs1432007 "A," GABRG3 rs897173 "A," and GABRA5 rs140682 "T" showed significant association with ASD. Trait scores were influenced by rs1432007 "AA" and rs140682 "TT." GABA level was significantly higher in the probands than the age-matched controls. Our findings indicate an influence of GABA in the etiology of ASD in the Indian probands.
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Brašić JR, Goodman JA, Nandi A, Russell DS, Jennings D, Barret O, Martin SD, Slifer K, Sedlak T, Mathur AK, Seibyl JP, Berry-Kravis EM, Wong DF, Budimirovic DB. Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein and Cerebral Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 in Men with Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2022; 12:314. [PMID: 35326270 PMCID: PMC8946825 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12030314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that a deficiency of Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein (FMRP) mediates dysfunction of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) in the pathogenesis of fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most commonly known single-gene cause of inherited intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Nevertheless, animal and human studies regarding the link between FMRP and mGluR5 expression provide inconsistent or conflicting findings about the nature of those relationships. Since multiple clinical trials of glutamatergic agents in humans with FXS did not demonstrate the amelioration of the behavioral phenotype observed in animal models of FXS, we sought measure if mGluR5 expression is increased in men with FXS to form the basis for improved clinical trials. Unexpectedly marked reductions in mGluR5 expression were observed in cortical and subcortical regions in men with FXS. Reduced mGluR5 expression throughout the living brains of men with FXS provides a clue to examine FMRP and mGluR5 expression in FXS. In order to develop the findings of our previous study and to strengthen the objective tools for future clinical trials of glutamatergic agents in FXS, we sought to assess the possible value of measuring both FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression in men with FXS. We aimed to show the value of measurement of FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with FXS and related conditions. We administered 3-[18F]fluoro-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB), a specific mGluR5 radioligand for quantitative measurements of the density and the distribution of mGluR5s, to six men with the full mutation (FM) of FXS and to one man with allele size mosaicism for FXS (FXS-M). Utilizing the seven cortical and subcortical regions affected in neurodegenerative disorders as indicator variables, adjusted linear regression of mGluR5 expression and FMRP showed that mGluR5 expression was significantly reduced in the occipital cortex and the thalamus relative to baseline (anterior cingulate cortex) if FMRP levels are held constant (F(7,47) = 6.84, p < 0.001).These findings indicate the usefulness of cerebral mGluR5 expression measured by PET with [18F]FPEB and FMRP values in men with FXS and related conditions for assessments in community facilities within a hundred-mile radius of a production center with a cyclotron. These initial results of this pilot study advance our previous study regarding the measurement of mGluR5 expression by combining both FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression as tools for meaningful clinical trials of glutamatergic agents for men with FXS. We confirm the feasibility of this protocol as a valuable tool to measure FMRP levels and mGluR5 expression in clinical trials of individuals with FXS and related conditions and to provide the foundations to apply precision medicine to tailor treatment plans to the specific needs of individuals with FXS and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Brašić
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - Jack Alexander Goodman
- Frank H. Netter MD School of Medicine, Quinnipiac University, North Haven, CT 06473, USA;
| | - Ayon Nandi
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - David S. Russell
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Danna Jennings
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Olivier Barret
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, CEDEX, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Samuel D. Martin
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Keith Slifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Sedlak
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-General Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Anil Kumar Mathur
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
| | - John P. Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Berry-Kravis
- Departments of Pediatrics, Neurological Sciences, and Biochemistry, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, IL 60612, USA;
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (A.K.M.); (D.F.W.)
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuropsychopharmacology and Multimodal, Imaging (CNAMI), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dejan B. Budimirovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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12
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Yang X, Yin H, Wang X, Sun Y, Bian X, Zhang G, Li A, Cao A, Li B, Ebrahimi-Fakhari D, Yang Z, Meisler MH, Liu Q. Social Deficits and Cerebellar Degeneration in Purkinje Cell Scn8a Knockout Mice. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 15:822129. [PMID: 35557557 PMCID: PMC9087741 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2022.822129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the SCN8A gene encoding the voltage-gated sodium channel α-subunit Nav1. 6 have been reported in individuals with epilepsy, intellectual disability and features of autism spectrum disorder. SCN8A is widely expressed in the central nervous system, including the cerebellum. Cerebellar dysfunction has been implicated in autism spectrum disorder. We investigated conditional Scn8a knockout mice under C57BL/6J strain background that specifically lack Scn8a expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells (Scn8a flox/flox , L7Cre + mice). Cerebellar morphology was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and MR imaging. Mice were subjected to a battery of behavioral tests including the accelerating rotarod, open field, elevated plus maze, light-dark transition box, three chambers, male-female interaction, social olfaction, and water T-maze tests. Patch clamp recordings were used to evaluate evoked action potentials in Purkinje cells. Behavioral phenotyping demonstrated that Scn8a flox/flox , L7Cre + mice have impaired social interaction, motor learning and reversal learning as well as increased repetitive behavior and anxiety-like behaviors. By 5 months of age, Scn8a flox/flox , L7Cre + mice began to exhibit cerebellar Purkinje cell loss and reduced molecular thickness. At 9 months of age, Scn8a flox/flox , L7Cre + mice exhibited decreased cerebellar size and a reduced number of cerebellar Purkinje cells more profoundly, with evidence of additional neurodegeneration in the molecular layer and deep cerebellar nuclei. Purkinje cells in Scn8a flox/flox , L7Cre + mice exhibited reduced repetitive firing. Taken together, our experiments indicated that loss of Scn8a expression in cerebellar Purkinje cells leads to cerebellar degeneration and several ASD-related behaviors. Our study demonstrated the specific contribution of loss of Scn8a in cerebellar Purkinje cells to behavioral deficits characteristic of ASD. However, it should be noted that our observed effects reported here are specific to the C57BL/6 genome type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Yang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Hongqiang Yin
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China.,Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental & Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaojing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yueqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xianli Bian
- Department of Neurology, Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Gaorui Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Anning Li
- Department of Radiology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Aihua Cao
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Baomin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Darius Ebrahimi-Fakhari
- Department of Neurology, The F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Zhuo Yang
- Medical School, State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials for Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Miriam H Meisler
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Qiji Liu
- Key Laboratory of Experimental Teratology, Ministry of Education, Department of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Regulation and Control Technology of National Health Commission of China, Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital of Shandong Province, Jinan, China
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13
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Lin J, Ling F, Huang P, Chen M, Song M, Lu K, Wang W. The Development of GABAergic Network in Depression in Recent 17 Years: A Visual Analysis Based on CiteSpace and VOSviewer. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:874137. [PMID: 35664493 PMCID: PMC9157549 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.874137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we analyzed the status and research trends of the GABAergic system in depression from 2004 to 2020 to provide a reference for further research. The Web of Science database was used as the data source and 1,658 publishments were included. Using two visualization analysis software, CiteSpace and VOSviewer, we analyzed the publishing years, countries, institutions, authors, journals, categories, keywords, and research frontiers in depression. The publishments revealed an upward trend from 2004 to 2020; the most prolific country and institutions were the United States and INSERM, respectively. The journal of Neuroscience was the most published and cited journal. The most relevant category was neurosciences. The hot topics in this field were GABAergic research in Gaba(a) receptor; the research frontier was depressive model. These analysis results provide a new perspective for researchers to conduct studies on related topics in the future and guidance for scientists to identify potential collaborators and research cooperation institutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieping Lin
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fa Ling
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ping Huang
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Chen
- College of Medical Examination and Biotechnology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Min Song
- Southern Medical University Library, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kangrong Lu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Safety Evaluation of Cosmetics, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wanshan Wang
- Laboratory Animal Management Center, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Guangzhou Southern Medical Laboratory Animal Sci. and Tech. Co., Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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14
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Fyke W, Velinov M. FMR1 and Autism, an Intriguing Connection Revisited. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12081218. [PMID: 34440392 PMCID: PMC8394635 DOI: 10.3390/genes12081218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) represents a distinct phenotype of behavioral dysfunction that includes deficiencies in communication and stereotypic behaviors. ASD affects about 2% of the US population. It is a highly heritable spectrum of conditions with substantial genetic heterogeneity. To date, mutations in over 100 genes have been reported in association with ASD phenotypes. Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common single-gene disorder associated with ASD. The gene associated with FXS, FMR1 is located on chromosome X. Accordingly, the condition has more severe manifestations in males. FXS results from the loss of function of FMR1 due to the expansion of an unstable CGG repeat located in the 5'' untranslated region of the gene. About 50% of the FXS males and 20% of the FXS females meet the Diagnostic Statistical Manual 5 (DSM-5) criteria for ASD. Among the individuals with ASD, about 3% test positive for FXS. FMRP, the protein product of FMR1, is a major gene regulator in the central nervous system. Multiple pathways regulated by FMRP are found to be dysfunctional in ASD patients who do not have FXS. Thus, FXS presents the opportunity to study cellular phenomena that may have wider applications in the management of ASD and to develop new strategies for ASD therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Fyke
- SUNY Downstate Medical Center, SUNY Downstate College of Medicine, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA;
- Graduate Program in Neural and Behavioral Science, SUNY Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Milen Velinov
- Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Child Health Institute of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Fetit R, Hillary RF, Price DJ, Lawrie SM. The neuropathology of autism: A systematic review of post-mortem studies of autism and related disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 129:35-62. [PMID: 34273379 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Post-mortem studies allow for the direct investigation of brain tissue in those with autism and related disorders. Several review articles have focused on aspects of post-mortem abnormalities but none has brought together the entire post-mortem literature. Here, we systematically review the evidence from post-mortem studies of autism, and of related disorders that present with autistic features. The literature consists of a small body of studies with small sample sizes, but several remarkably consistent findings are evident. Cortical layering is largely undisturbed, but there are consistent reductions in minicolumn numbers and aberrant myelination. Transcriptomics repeatedly implicate abberant synaptic, metabolic, proliferation, apoptosis and immune pathways. Sufficient replicated evidence is available to implicate non-coding RNA, aberrant epigenetic profiles, GABAergic, glutamatergic and glial dysfunction in autism pathogenesis. Overall, the cerebellum and frontal cortex are most consistently implicated, sometimes revealing distinct region-specific alterations. The literature on related disorders such as Rett syndrome, Fragile X and copy number variations (CNVs) predisposing to autism is particularly small and inconclusive. Larger studies, matched for gender, developmental stage, co-morbidities and drug treatment are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Fetit
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK.
| | - Robert F Hillary
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH4 2XU, UK
| | - David J Price
- Simons Initiative for the Developing Brain, University of Edinburgh, Hugh Robson Building, George Square, Edinburgh, EH8 9XD, UK
| | - Stephen M Lawrie
- Division of Psychiatry, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK; Patrick Wild Centre, Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH10 5HF, UK
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16
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Brašić JR, Nandi A, Russell DS, Jennings D, Barret O, Martin SD, Slifer K, Sedlak T, Seibyl JP, Wong DF, Budimirovic DB. Cerebral Expression of Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor Subtype 5 in Idiopathic Autism Spectrum Disorder and Fragile X Syndrome: A Pilot Study. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2863. [PMID: 33799851 PMCID: PMC7999711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22062863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence suggest that dysfunction of the metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGluR5) plays a role in the pathogenesis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Yet animal and human investigations of mGluR5 expression provide conflicting findings about the nature of dysregulation of cerebral mGluR5 pathways in subtypes of ASD. The demonstration of reduced mGluR5 expression throughout the living brains of men with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common known single-gene cause of ASD, provides a clue to examine mGluR5 expression in ASD. We aimed to (A) compare and contrast mGluR5 expression in idiopathic autism spectrum disorder (IASD), FXS, and typical development (TD) and (B) show the value of positron emission tomography (PET) for the application of precision medicine for the diagnosis and treatment of individuals with IASD, FXS, and related conditions. Two teams of investigators independently administered 3-[18F]fluoro-5-(2-pyridinylethynyl)benzonitrile ([18F]FPEB), a novel, specific mGluR5 PET ligand to quantitatively measure the density and the distribution of mGluR5s in the brain regions, to participants of both sexes with IASD and TD and men with FXS. In contrast to participants with TD, mGluR5 expression was significantly increased in the cortical regions of participants with IASD and significantly reduced in all regions of men with FXS. These results suggest the feasibility of this protocol as a valuable tool to measure mGluR5 expression in clinical trials of individuals with IASD and FXS and related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Robert Brašić
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (D.F.W.)
| | - Ayon Nandi
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (D.F.W.)
| | - David S. Russell
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Research Clinic, Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Danna Jennings
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Research Clinic, Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Denali Therapeutics, Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Olivier Barret
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Research Clinic, Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
- Laboratoire des Maladies Neurodégénératives, Molecular Imaging Research Center (MIRCen), Institut de Biologie François Jacob, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Commissariat à l’Énergie Atomique et aux Énergies Alternatives (CEA), Université Paris-Saclay, 92265 Fontenay-aux-Roses CEDEX, France
| | - Samuel D. Martin
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Zanvyl Krieger School of Arts and Sciences, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - Keith Slifer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Behavioral Psychology, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Thomas Sedlak
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (D.F.W.)
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-General Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - John P. Seibyl
- Institute for Neurodegenerative Disorders, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; (D.S.R.); (D.J.); (O.B.); (J.P.S.)
- Research Clinic, Invicro, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Section of High Resolution Brain Positron Emission Tomography Imaging, Division of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging, The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA; (A.N.); (S.D.M.); (T.S.); (D.F.W.)
- Laboratory of Central Nervous System (CNS) Neuropsychopharmacology and Multimodal Imaging (CNAMI), Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology, Washington University, Saint Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Dejan B. Budimirovic
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences-Child Psychiatry, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
- Department of Psychiatry, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
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17
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Ketogenic Diet: A Dietary Modification as an Anxiolytic Approach? Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123822. [PMID: 33327540 PMCID: PMC7765029 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety disorders comprise persistent, disabling conditions that are distributed across the globe, and are associated with the high medical and socioeconomic burden of the disease. Within the array of biopsychosocial treatment modalities—including monoaminergic antidepressants, benzodiazepines, and CBT—there is an unmet need for the effective treatment of anxiety disorders resulting in full remission and recovery. Nutritional intervention may be hypothesized as a promising treatment strategy; in particular, it facilitates relapse prevention. Low-carbohydrate high-fat diets (LCHF) may provide a rewarding outcome for some anxiety disorders; more research is needed before this regimen can be recommended to patients on a daily basis, but the evidence mentioned in this paper should encourage researchers and clinicians to consider LCHF as a piece of advice somewhere between psychotherapy and pharmacology, or as an add-on to those two.
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18
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Yang A, Chen J, Zhao XM. nMAGMA: a network-enhanced method for inferring risk genes from GWAS summary statistics and its application to schizophrenia. Brief Bioinform 2020; 22:5998843. [PMID: 33230537 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbaa298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 09/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
MOTIVATION Annotating genetic variants from summary statistics of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) is crucial for predicting risk genes of various disorders. The multimarker analysis of genomic annotation (MAGMA) is one of the most popular tools for this purpose, where MAGMA aggregates signals of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to their nearby genes. In biology, SNPs may also affect genes that are far away in the genome, thus missed by MAGMA. Although different upgrades of MAGMA have been proposed to extend gene-wise variant annotations with more information (e.g. Hi-C or eQTL), the regulatory relationships among genes and the tissue specificity of signals have not been taken into account. RESULTS We propose a new approach, namely network-enhanced MAGMA (nMAGMA), for gene-wise annotation of variants from GWAS summary statistics. Compared with MAGMA and H-MAGMA, nMAGMA significantly extends the lists of genes that can be annotated to SNPs by integrating local signals, long-range regulation signals (i.e. interactions between distal DNA elements), and tissue-specific gene networks. When applied to schizophrenia (SCZ), nMAGMA is able to detect more risk genes (217% more than MAGMA and 57% more than H-MAGMA) that are involved in SCZ compared with MAGMA and H-MAGMA, and more of nMAGMA results can be validated with known SCZ risk genes. Some disease-related functions (e.g. the ATPase pathway in Cortex) are also uncovered in nMAGMA but not in MAGMA or H-MAGMA. Moreover, nMAGMA provides tissue-specific risk signals, which are useful for understanding disorders with multitissue origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anyi Yang
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, China
| | - Jingqi Chen
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, China
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19
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Majumder M, Johnson RH, Palanisamy V. Fragile X-related protein family: a double-edged sword in neurodevelopmental disorders and cancer. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 55:409-424. [PMID: 32878499 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2020.1810621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The fragile X-related (FXR) family proteins FMRP, FXR1, and FXR2 are RNA binding proteins that play a critical role in RNA metabolism, neuronal plasticity, and muscle development. These proteins share significant homology in their protein domains, which are functionally and structurally similar to each other. FXR family members are known to play an essential role in causing fragile X mental retardation syndrome (FXS), the most common genetic form of autism spectrum disorder. Recent advances in our understanding of this family of proteins have occurred in tandem with discoveries of great importance to neurological disorders and cancer biology via the identification of their novel RNA and protein targets. Herein, we review the FXR family of proteins as they pertain to FXS, other mental illnesses, and cancer. We emphasize recent findings and analyses that suggest contrasting functions of this protein family in FXS and tumorigenesis based on their expression patterns in human tissues. Finally, we discuss current gaps in our knowledge regarding the FXR protein family and their role in FXS and cancer and suggest future studies to facilitate bench to bedside translation of the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinmoyee Majumder
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Roger H Johnson
- Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Viswanathan Palanisamy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
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20
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Li T, Wang H, Zhang H, Liu L, Li P, Ma S. Effect of the pineal gland on 5-hydroxytryptamine and γ-aminobutyric acid secretion in the hippocampus of male rats during the summer and winter. JOURNAL OF TRADITIONAL CHINESE MEDICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcms.2020.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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21
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Vidal-Domènech F, Riquelme G, Pinacho R, Rodriguez-Mias R, Vera A, Monje A, Ferrer I, Callado LF, Meana JJ, Villén J, Ramos B. Calcium-binding proteins are altered in the cerebellum in schizophrenia. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230400. [PMID: 32639965 PMCID: PMC7343173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the cortico-cerebellar-thalamic-cortical circuit might underlie the diversity of symptoms in schizophrenia. However, molecular changes in cerebellar neuronal circuits, part of this network, have not yet been fully determined. Using LC-MS/MS, we screened altered candidates in pooled grey matter of cerebellum from schizophrenia subjects who committed suicide (n = 4) and healthy individuals (n = 4). Further validation by immunoblotting of three selected candidates was performed in two cohorts comprising schizophrenia (n = 20), non-schizophrenia suicide (n = 6) and healthy controls (n = 21). We found 99 significantly altered proteins, 31 of them previously reported in other brain areas by proteomic studies. Transport function was the most enriched category, while cell communication was the most prevalent function. For validation, we selected the vacuolar proton pump subunit 1 (VPP1), from transport, and two EF-hand calcium-binding proteins, calmodulin and parvalbumin, from cell communication. All candidates showed significant changes in schizophrenia (n = 7) compared to controls (n = 7). VPP1 was altered in the non-schizophrenia suicide group and increased levels of parvalbumin were linked to antipsychotics. Further validation in an independent cohort of non-suicidal chronic schizophrenia subjects (n = 13) and non-psychiatric controls (n = 14) showed that parvalbumin was increased, while calmodulin was decreased in schizophrenia. Our findings provide evidence of calcium-binding protein dysregulation in the cerebellum in schizophrenia, suggesting an impact on normal calcium-dependent synaptic functioning of cerebellar circuits. Our study also links VPP1 to suicide behaviours, suggesting a possible impairment in vesicle neurotransmitter refilling and release in these phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Vidal-Domènech
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Gemma Riquelme
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Raquel Pinacho
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Ricard Rodriguez-Mias
- Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - América Vera
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Alfonso Monje
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Isidre Ferrer
- Departamento de Patologia y Terapeutica Experimental, Universidad de Barcelona, Senior consultant Servicio Anatomia Patológica, Hospital Universitario de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, CIBERNED, Hospital de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, CIBERSAM, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - J. Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, CIBERSAM, Spain
- Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Judit Villén
- Department of Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Belén Ramos
- Psiquiatria Molecular, Institut de Recerca Sant Joan de Déu, Esplugues de Llobregat, Spain
- Dept. de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain
- Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental, Madrid, CIBERSAM, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Murari G, Liang DRS, Ali A, Chan F, Mulder-Heijstra M, Verhoeff NPLG, Herrmann N, Chen JJ, Mah L. Prefrontal GABA Levels Correlate with Memory in Older Adults at High Risk for Alzheimer's Disease. Cereb Cortex Commun 2020; 1:tgaa022. [PMID: 34296099 PMCID: PMC8152914 DOI: 10.1093/texcom/tgaa022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
γ-Aminobutyric acid (GABA), a primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, plays a significant role in aging and in neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). We investigated the relationship between GABA levels in the dorsomedial/dorsoanterolateral prefrontal cortex (DM/DA-PFC) and memory in high-AD risk participants. Thirty-eight participants (14 Cognitively Normal [CN], 11 with Subjective Cognitive Decline (SCD), and 13 Mild Cognitive Impairment [MCI]) underwent magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3 Tesla. SCD and MCI participants were grouped together to form a single high-AD risk group (N = 24) for the purposes of statistical analyses. Partial correlations of GABA+/Cr level with verbal memory, assessed on California Verbal Learning Test-II, and nonverbal memory, assessed on Brief Visuospatial Memory Test and Rey-Osterrieth test, were examined separately within the high-AD risk and CN groups. GABA+/Cr levels were positively correlated with long-delayed verbal memory (r = 0.69, P = 0.009) and immediate nonverbal memory (r = 0.97, P = 0.03) in high-AD risk, but not in CN participants. These results remained significant after controlling for depression. These preliminary findings, which require replication due to the limited sample sizes, are the first report of an association between GABA+/Cr levels within the DM/DA-PFC and memory performance in high-AD risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali Murari
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Aliya Ali
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Frankie Chan
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | | | - Nicolaas Paul L G Verhoeff
- Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - Nathan Herrmann
- Department of Psychiatry, Geriatric Psychiatry Division, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5T 1R8, Canada
| | - J Jean Chen
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
| | - Linda Mah
- Rotman Research Institute, Baycrest Health Sciences, Toronto, ON M6A 2E1, Canada
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23
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Frajman A, Maggio N, Muler I, Haroutunian V, Katsel P, Yitzhaky A, Weiser M, Hertzberg L. Gene expression meta-analysis reveals the down-regulation of three GABA receptor subunits in the superior temporal gyrus of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 2020; 220:29-37. [PMID: 32376074 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
One of the main theories accounting for the underlying pathophysiology of schizophrenia posits alterations in GABAergic neurotransmission. While previous gene expression studies of postmortem brain samples typically report the down-regulation of GABA related genes in schizophrenia, the results are often inconsistent and not uniform across studies. We performed a systematic gene expression analysis of 22 GABA related genes in postmortem superior temporal gyrus (STG) samples of 19 elderly subjects with schizophrenia (mean age: 77) and 14 matched controls from the Icahn school of Medicine at Mount Sinai (MSSM) cohort. To test the validity and robustness of the resulting differentially expressed genes, we then conducted a meta-analysis of the MSSM and an independent dataset from the Stanley Consortium of 14 STG samples of relatively young subjects with schizophrenia (mean age: 44) and 15 matched controls. For the first time, the findings showed the down-regulation of three GABA-receptor subunits of type A, GABRA1, GABRA2 and GABRB3, in the STG samples of subjects with schizophrenia, in both the elderly and the relatively young patients. These findings, as well as previous results, lend weight to the notion of a common upstream pathology that alters GABAergic neurotransmission in schizophrenia. GABRA1, GABRA2 and GABRB3 down-regulation may contribute to the pathophysiology and clinical manifestations of schizophrenia through altered oscillation synchronization in the STG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Frajman
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Inna Muler
- Childhood Leukemia Research Institute, Department of Pediatric Hemato-Oncology, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Ramat-Gan, Israel; Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA; Department of Psychiatry (MIRECC), James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Pavel Katsel
- Department of Psychiatry, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | - Assif Yitzhaky
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Mark Weiser
- Department of Psychiatry, Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat-Gan and the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel
| | - Libi Hertzberg
- Department of Physics of Complex Systems, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel; Shalvata Mental Health Center, Affiliated with the Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel.
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24
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Holloway ZR, Paige NB, Comstock JF, Nolen HG, Sable HJ, Lester DB. Cerebellar Modulation of Mesolimbic Dopamine Transmission Is Functionally Asymmetrical. THE CEREBELLUM 2020; 18:922-931. [PMID: 31478166 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01074-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres are known to be asymmetrical in structure and function, and previous literature supports that asymmetry extends to the neural dopamine systems. Using in vivo fixed potential amperometry with carbon fiber microelectrodes in anesthetized mice, the current study assessed hemispheric lateralization of stimulation-evoked dopamine in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) and the influence of the cerebellum in regulating this reward-associated pathway. Our results suggest that cerebellar output can modulate mesolimbic dopamine transmission, and this modulation contributes to asymmetrically lateralized dopamine release. Dopamine release did not differ between hemispheres when evoked by medial forebrain bundle (MFB) stimulation; however, dopamine release was significantly greater in the right NAc relative to the left when evoked by electrical stimulation of the cerebellar dentate nucleus (DN). Furthermore, cross-hemispheric talk between the left and right cerebellar DN does not seem to influence mesolimbic release given that lidocaine infused into the DN opposite to the stimulated DN did not alter release. These studies may provide a neurochemical mechanism for studies identifying the cerebellum as a relevant node for reward, motivational behavior, saliency, and inhibitory control. An increased understanding of the lateralization of dopaminergic systems may reveal novel targets for pharmacological interventions in neuropathology of the cerebellum and extending projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zade R Holloway
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Nick B Paige
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Josiah F Comstock
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Hunter G Nolen
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Helen J Sable
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA
| | - Deranda B Lester
- Department of Psychology, University of Memphis, Memphis, TN, 38152-3520, USA.
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25
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Post-translational protein modifications in schizophrenia. NPJ SCHIZOPHRENIA 2020; 6:5. [PMID: 32123175 PMCID: PMC7051976 DOI: 10.1038/s41537-020-0093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Research investigating the pathophysiology of schizophrenia has not yet precisely defined the molecular phenotype of this disorder. Many studies have investigated cellular dysfunction by examining expression levels of molecular targets in postmortem patient brain; however, inconsistencies between transcript and protein measures in schizophrenia are common in the field and represent a challenge to the identification of a unified model of schizophrenia pathogenesis. In humans, >4800 unique proteins are expressed, and the majority of these are modified by glycans and/or lipids. Estimates indicate ~70% of all eukaryotic proteins are modified by at least one type of glycosylation, while nearly 20% of all proteins are known to be lipid-modified. Protein post-translational modification (PTM) by glycosylation and lipidation rely on the spatiotemporal colocalization of enzyme, substrate, and glycan or lipid donor molecule and do not require an upstream “blueprint” or specialized processing machinery for synthesis. Glycan and lipid PTMs can thus facilitate cellular adaptation to environmental signals more rapidly than changes of gene or protein expression, and can significantly impact the localization, function, and interactions of modified substrates, though relatively few studies in schizophrenia have evaluated the PTM status of target proteins. A growing body of literature reports glycosylation and lipidation abnormalities in schizophrenia brain as well as in patient peripheral fluids. In this review, we explain the functional significance of key glycan and lipid PTMs and summarize current findings associated with abnormal glycosylation and lipidation in this illness.
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26
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Light-Adapted Electroretinogram Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder. J Autism Dev Disord 2020; 50:2874-2885. [DOI: 10.1007/s10803-020-04396-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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27
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Riley JD, Delahunty C, Alsadah A, Mazzola S, Astbury C. Further evidence of GABRA4 and TOP3B as autism susceptibility genes. Eur J Med Genet 2020; 63:103876. [PMID: 32028044 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2020.103876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Chromosomal copy number variants (CNVs) are known contributors to neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Both array comparative genomic hybridization and next-generation sequencing techniques have led to an increased detection of small CNVs and the identification of many candidate susceptibility genes for ASD. We report familial inheritance of two CNVs that include genes with known involvement in neurodevelopment. These CNVs are found in various combinations among four siblings with autism spectrum disorder, as well as in their neurodevelopmentally normal parents. We describe a 2.4 Mb duplication of 4p12 to 4p11 that includes GABRA4 (OMIM: 137141) and other GABA receptor genes, as well as a 246 kb deletion at 22q11.22 involving the TOP3B gene (OMIM: 603582). The maternally inherited 4p duplication was detected in three siblings, two of whom also had the paternally inherited 22q11.22 deletion. The fourth sibling only had the 22q11.22 deletion. These CNVs have rarely been reported in the literature. Upon review, a single publication was found describing a similar 4p duplication in three generations of a family with neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders, as well as in an unrelated patient with autism (Polan et al., 2014). TOP3B falls within the distal 22q11.22 microdeletion syndrome and has been associated with schizophrenia, neurodevelopmental disorders including epilepsy, and cardiac defects. The identification of this family contributes to the understanding of specific genetic contributors to neurodevelopmental disorders and an emerging phenotype associated with proximal 4p duplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacquelyn D Riley
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Carol Delahunty
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Developmental and Rehabilitation Pediatrics, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Adnan Alsadah
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Sarah Mazzola
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA; Center for Personalized Genetic Healthcare, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Caroline Astbury
- Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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28
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Samra K, Rogers J, Mahdi-Rogers M, Stanton B. Catatonia with GABA A receptor antibodies. Pract Neurol 2019; 20:139-143. [PMID: 31771952 DOI: 10.1136/practneurol-2019-002388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
A 22-year-old African woman developed acute behavioural change, against a background of sickle cell disease with strokes requiring a ventriculoperitoneal shunt. She alternated between mutism with prolonged staring and posturing, and a state of agitation with elation and echolalia. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) protein was elevated and electroencephalogram showed mild slowing with bitemporal slow and sharp waves. We suspected catatonia secondary to possible autoimmune encephalitis but her condition persisted despite intravenous methylprednisolone. After identifying a positive serum anti-gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA) antibody, treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin, oral corticosteroids and rituximab led to gradual improvement. Patients with catatonia may show reduced GABAA receptor density and there are two other reports of catatonia with anti-GABAA antibodies. This patient's treatment response supports the antibody's causative role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiran Samra
- Neurology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jonathan Rogers
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Neuropsychiatry Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Biba Stanton
- Neurology Department, King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.,Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Neuropsychiatry Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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29
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Taylor SF, Grove TB, Ellingrod VL, Tso IF. The Fragile Brain: Stress Vulnerability, Negative Affect and GABAergic Neurocircuits in Psychosis. Schizophr Bull 2019; 45:1170-1183. [PMID: 31150555 PMCID: PMC6811817 DOI: 10.1093/schbul/sbz046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Persons with schizophrenia exhibit sensitivity to stress and negative affect (NA), both strongly correlated with poor functional outcome. This theoretical review suggests that NA reflects a "fragile brain," ie, vulnerable to stress, including events not experienced as stressful by healthy individuals. Based on postmortem evidence of altered gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) function in parvalbumin positive interneurons (PVI), animal models of PVI abnormalities and neuroimaging data with GABAergic challenge, it is suggested that GABAergic disruptions weaken cortical regions, which leads to stress vulnerability and excessive NA. Neurocircuits that respond to stressful and salient environmental stimuli, such as the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the amygdala, are highly dysregulated in schizophrenia, exhibiting hypo- and hyper-activity. PVI abnormalities in lateral prefrontal cortex and hippocampus have been hypothesized to affect cognitive function and positive symptoms, respectively; in the medial frontal cortex (dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and dorsal medial prefrontal cortex), these abnormalities may lead to vulnerability to stress, NA and dysregulation of stress responsive systems. Given that postmortem PVI disruptions have been identified in other conditions, such as bipolar disorder and autism, stress vulnerability may reflect a transdiagnostic dimension of psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan F Taylor
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI,To whom correspondence should be addressed; tel: 734-936-4955, fax: 734-936-7868, e-mail:
| | - Tyler B Grove
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI
| | | | - Ivy F Tso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Rachel Upjohn Building, Ann Arbor, MI
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30
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Gisbert L, Vilar L, Rovira P, Sánchez-Mora C, Pagerols M, Garcia-Martínez I, Richarte V, Corrales M, Casas M, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Soler Artigas M, Ribasés M. Genome-wide analysis of emotional lability in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2019; 29:795-802. [PMID: 31085060 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2019.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Emotional lability is strongly associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), represents a major source of impairment and predicts poor clinical outcome in ADHD. Given that no specific genes with a role in the co-occurrence of both conditions have been described, we conducted a GWAS of emotional lability in 563 adults with ADHD. Despite not reaching genome-wide significance, the results highlighted genes related with neurotransmission, cognitive function and a wide range of psychiatric disorders that have emotional lability as common clinical feature. By constructing polygenic risk scores on mood instability in the UK Biobank sample and assessing their association with emotional lability in our clinical dataset, we found suggestive evidence of common genetic variation contributing to emotional lability in general population and in clinically diagnosed ADHD. Although not conclusive, these tentative results are in agreement with previous studies that suggest emotion dysregulation as a transdiagnostic construct and highlight the need for further investigation to disentangle the genetic basis of mood instability in ADHD and co-occurring psychiatric disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Gisbert
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Vilar
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Rovira
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Mora
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Pagerols
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iris Garcia-Martínez
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Grup de Coagulopaties Congènites, Banc de Sang i Teixits, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Vanesa Richarte
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Montserrat Corrales
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Miguel Casas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Antoni Ramos-Quiroga
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Department of Psychiatry and Legal Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Soler Artigas
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Marta Ribasés
- Department of Psychiatry, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain; Biomedical Network Research Centre on Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain; Psychiatric Genetics Unit, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Sequeira A, Shen K, Gottlieb A, Limon A. Human brain transcriptome analysis finds region- and subject-specific expression signatures of GABA AR subunits. Commun Biol 2019; 2:153. [PMID: 31069263 PMCID: PMC6494906 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0413-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered expression of GABA receptors (GABAARs) has been implicated in neurological and psychiatric disorders, but limited information about region-specific GABAAR subunit expression in healthy human brains, heteromeric assembly of major isoforms, and their collective organization across healthy individuals, are major roadblocks to understanding their role in non-physiological states. Here, by using microarray and RNA-Seq datasets-from single cell nuclei to global brain expression-from the Allen Institute, we find that transcriptional expression of GABAAR subunits is anatomically organized according to their neurodevelopmental origin. The data show a combination of complementary and mutually-exclusive expression patterns that delineate major isoforms, and which is highly stereotypical across brains from control donors. We summarize the region-specific signature of GABAR subunits per subject and its variability in a control population sample that can be used as a reference for remodeling changes during homeostatic rearrangements of GABAAR subunits after physiological, pharmacological or pathological challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Sequeira
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, School of Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA USA
| | - Kevin Shen
- Department of Neurology, Mitchel Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
| | - Assaf Gottlieb
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX USA
| | - Agenor Limon
- Department of Neurology, Mitchel Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, School of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX USA
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Zafarullah M, Tassone F. Molecular Biomarkers in Fragile X Syndrome. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9050096. [PMID: 31035599 PMCID: PMC6562871 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9050096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common inherited form of intellectual disability (ID) and a known monogenic cause of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a trinucleotide repeat disorder, in which more than 200 CGG repeats in the 5’ untranslated region (UTR) of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene causes methylation of the promoter with consequent silencing of the gene, ultimately leading to the loss of the encoded fragile X mental retardation 1 protein, FMRP. FMRP is an RNA binding protein that plays a primary role as a repressor of translation of various mRNAs, many of which are involved in the maintenance and development of neuronal synaptic function and plasticity. In addition to intellectual disability, patients with FXS face several behavioral challenges, including anxiety, hyperactivity, seizures, repetitive behavior, and problems with executive and language performance. Currently, there is no cure or approved medication for the treatment of the underlying causes of FXS, but in the past few years, our knowledge about the proteins and pathways that are dysregulated by the loss of FMRP has increased, leading to clinical trials and to the path of developing molecular biomarkers for identifying potential targets for therapies. In this paper, we review candidate molecular biomarkers that have been identified in preclinical studies in the FXS mouse animal model and are now under validation for human applications or have already made their way to clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Zafarullah
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
| | - Flora Tassone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
- MIND Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, 95817 CA, USA.
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Nagayach A, Singh A, Geller AI. Separate Gene Transfers into Pre- and Postsynaptic Neocortical Neurons Connected by mGluR5-Containing Synapses. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 68:549-564. [PMID: 30972540 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01317-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
mGluR5-containing synapses have essential roles in synaptic plasticity, circuit physiology, and learning, and dysfunction at these synapses is implicated in specific neurological disorders. As mGluR5-containing synapses are embedded in large and complex distributed circuits containing many neuron and synapse types, it is challenging to elucidate the roles of these synapses and to develop treatments for the associated disorders. Thus, it would be advantageous to deliver different genes into pre- and postsynaptic neurons connected by a mGluR5-containing synapse. Here, we develop this capability: The first gene transfer, into the presynaptic neurons, uses standard techniques to deliver a vector that expresses a synthetic peptide neurotransmitter. This peptide neurotransmitter has three domains: a dense core vesicle sorting domain, a mGluR5-binding domain composed of a single-chain variable fragment anti-mGluR5, and the His tag. Upon release, this peptide neurotransmitter binds to mGluR5, predominately located on the postsynaptic neurons. Selective gene transfer into these neurons uses antibody-mediated, targeted gene transfer and anti-His tag antibodies, as the synthetic peptide neurotransmitter contains the His tag. For the model system, we studied the connection between neurons in two neocortical areas: postrhinal and perirhinal cortices. Targeted gene transfer was over 80% specific for mGluR5-containing synapses, but untargeted gene transfer was only ~ 15% specific for these synapses. This technology may enable studies on the roles of mGluR5-containing neurons and synapses in circuit physiology and learning and support gene therapy treatments for specific disorders that involve dysfunction at these synapses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Nagayach
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Anshuman Singh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA
| | - Alfred I Geller
- Department of Ophthalmology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, USA.
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Liu Y, Ding M, Liu YP, Zhang XC, Xing JX, Xuan JF, Xia X, Yao J, Wang BJ. Functional analysis of haplotypes and promoter activity at the 5' region of the human GABRB3 gene and associations with schizophrenia. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e652. [PMID: 30908890 PMCID: PMC6503024 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study investigated the effects of haplotypes T‐G and C‐A derived from NG_012836.1:g.4160T>C and NG_012836.1:g.4326G>A on protein expression levels in vitro and identified the functional sequence in the regulatory region of the GABRB3 gene linked to possible associations with schizophrenia. Methods Recombinant plasmids with haplotypes T‐G and C‐A and 10 recombinant vectors containing deletion fragments from the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulatory region were transfected into HEK‐293, SK‐N‐SH, and SH‐SY5Y cells. The relative fluorescence intensity of the two haplotypes and different sequences was compared using a dual luciferase reporter assay system. Results The relative fluorescence intensity of haplotype C‐A was significantly lower than that of T‐G. We shortened the core promoter sequence of the GABRB3 gene 5′ regulation region from −177 bp to −18 bp (ATG+1). We also found an expression suppression region from −1,735 bp to −1,638 bp and an enhanced regulatory region from −1,638 bp to −1,335 bp. Multiple inhibitory functional elements were identified in the region from −680 bp to −177 bp. Conclusion We demonstrated that haplotype C‐A might increase the risk of schizophrenia and found multiple regulatory regions that had an effect on GABRB3 receptor expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Mei Ding
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yong-Ping Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi-Cen Zhang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jia-Xin Xing
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jin-Feng Xuan
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xi Xia
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Bao-Jie Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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The Terminalia laxiflora modulates the neurotoxicity induced by fipronil in male albino rats. Biosci Rep 2019; 39:BSR20181363. [PMID: 30777931 PMCID: PMC6395302 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20181363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 12/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive use of fipronil (FPN) may trigger hazards to more than insects. The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the abrogating role of Terminalia laxiflora (TL) methanol extract (TLE) against the neurotoxic effects provoked by FPN. Fourty male albino rats were assigned into four equal groups. The first group served as control, the second one was orally administered FPN (10.5 mg/kg BW), the third group was given combination of FPN and TLE) (100 mg/kg BW), and the fourth one was orally given TLE. Our findings highlighted the efficacy of TLE as a neuroprotectant through a significant reduction in malondialdehyde (MDA) content by 25.8%, elevations of the reduced glutathione (GSH) level, catalase (CAT,) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities by 30.9, 41.2, and 48.2% respectively. Consequently, the relative mRNA levels of both Bax and caspase-3 were down-regulated by 40.54% and caspase-3 by 30.35% compared with the control group. Moreover, restoration of the pathological tissue injuries were detected. In conclusion, TLE proved to be a potent neuroprotective agent against the FPN-induced toxicity.
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Xiong Z, Zhang K, Ren Q, Chang L, Chen J, Hashimoto K. Increased expression of inwardly rectifying Kir4.1 channel in the parietal cortex from patients with major depressive disorder. J Affect Disord 2019; 245:265-269. [PMID: 30419525 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Revised: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inwardly rectifying K+ channel subtype Kir4.1 has been well studied in the astrocyte within brain; however, the precise role of this protein in psychiatric disorders is unknown. Kir4.1 is also known to interact with GABAB receptors which may be implicated in psychiatric disorders. Here we studied whether expression of Kir4.1 and GABAB receptors was altered in the postmortem brain samples (parietal cortex and cerebellum) from patients with major psychiatric disorders. METHODS Protein expression of Kir4.1 and GABAB receptors in the parietal cortex and cerebellum from control, major depressive disorder (MDD), schizophrenia (SZ), and bipolar disorder (BD) groups was measured. RESULTS Levels of Kir4.1 in the parietal cortex from MDD group, but not SZ and BD groups, were significantly higher than the control group. Furthermore, levels of GABAB receptor subunit 1 in the parietal cortex from MDD group and SZ group, but not BD group, were also significantly higher than the control group. Interestingly, there was a positive correlation between Kir4.1 protein and GABAB receptor subunit 1 in the parietal cortex from control group, but not MDD group. LIMITATIONS The small number in each group may limit our interpretation. Only two brain regions were analyzed. CONCLUSIONS Abnormalities in the interaction of Kir4.1 and GABAB receptor in the parietal cortex might play a role in the pathophysiology of MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwei Xiong
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan; Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Qian Ren
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Lijia Chang
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan
| | - Jincao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, PR China
| | - Kenji Hashimoto
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Chiba University Center for Forensic Mental Health, Chiba 260-8670, Japan.
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Chong PN, Sangu M, Huat TJ, Reza F, Begum T, Yusoff AAM, Jaafar H, Abdullah JM. Trkb-IP3 Pathway Mediating Neuroprotection in Rat Hippocampal Neuronal Cell Culture Following Induction of Kainic Acid. Malays J Med Sci 2018; 25:28-45. [PMID: 30914877 PMCID: PMC6422567 DOI: 10.21315/mjms2018.25.6.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Following brain injury, development of hippocampal sclerosis often led to the temporal lobe epilepsy which is sometimes resistant to common anti-epileptic drugs. Cellular and molecular changes underlying epileptogenesis in animal models were studied, however, the underlying mechanisms of kainic acid (KA) mediated neuronal damage in rat hippocampal neuron cell culture alone has not been elucidated yet. METHODS Embryonic day 18 (E-18) rat hippocampus neurons were cultured with poly-L-lysine coated glass coverslips. Following optimisation, KA (0.5 μM), a chemoconvulsant agent, was administered at three different time-points (30, 60 and 90 min) to induce seizure in rat hippocampal neuronal cell culture. We examined cell viability, neurite outgrowth density and immunoreactivity of the hippocampus neuron culture by measuring brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), γ-amino butyric acid A (GABAA) subunit α-1 (GABRA1), tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB), and inositol trisphosphate receptor (IP3R/IP3) levels. RESULTS The results revealed significantly decreased and increased immunoreactivity changes in TrkB (a BDNF receptor) and IP3R, respectively, at 60 min time point. CONCLUSION The current findings suggest that TrkB and IP3 could have a neuroprotective role which could be a potential pharmacological target for anti-epilepsy drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Nei Chong
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Muthuraju Sangu
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tee Jong Huat
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Faruque Reza
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Tahamina Begum
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Abdul Aziz Mohamed Yusoff
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Hasnan Jaafar
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Jafri Malin Abdullah
- Department of Neurosciences, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Centre for Neuroscience Services and Research, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 16150 Kubang Kerian, Kelantan, Malaysia
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mGlu1 Receptors Monopolize the Synaptic Control of Cerebellar Purkinje Cells by Epigenetically Down-Regulating mGlu5 Receptors. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13361. [PMID: 30190524 PMCID: PMC6127335 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31369-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In cerebellar Purkinje cells (PCs) type-1 metabotropic glutamate (mGlu1) receptors play a key role in motor learning and drive the refinement of synaptic innervation during postnatal development. The cognate mGlu5 receptor is absent in mature PCs and shows low expression levels in the adult cerebellar cortex. Here we found that mGlu5 receptors were heavily expressed by PCs in the early postnatal life, when mGlu1α receptors were barely detectable. The developmental decline of mGlu5 receptors coincided with the appearance of mGlu1α receptors in PCs, and both processes were associated with specular changes in CpG methylation in the corresponding gene promoters. It was the mGlu1 receptor that drove the elimination of mGlu5 receptors from PCs, as shown by data obtained with conditional mGlu1α receptor knockout mice and with targeted pharmacological treatments during critical developmental time windows. The suppressing activity of mGlu1 receptors on mGlu5 receptor was maintained in mature PCs, suggesting that expression of mGlu1α and mGlu5 receptors is mutually exclusive in PCs. These findings add complexity to the the finely tuned mechanisms that regulate PC biology during development and in the adult life and lay the groundwork for an in-depth analysis of the role played by mGlu5 receptors in PC maturation.
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Wang L, Li J, Shuang M, Lu T, Wang Z, Zhang T, Yue W, Jia M, Ruan Y, Liu J, Wu Z, Zhang D, Wang L. Association study and mutation sequencing of genes on chromosome 15q11-q13 identified GABRG3 as a susceptibility gene for autism in Chinese Han population. Transl Psychiatry 2018; 8:152. [PMID: 30108208 PMCID: PMC6092396 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-018-0197-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cytogenetic studies suggested that chromosome 15q11-q13 might be a candidate region that increases the risk of autism. Previous association studies in Caucasian populations identified the risk variants of genes in this region. However, the association of these genes with autism in Chinese Han population remains unclear. Herein, 512 autism trios were utilized for a family-based association study of 41 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in this region to explore the association between protein-coding genes on chromosome 15q11-q13 and autism in Chinese Han population. Furthermore, we sequenced these autism-related genes to detect rare variants in 512 autism trios and 575 healthy controls. Our results showed that the C allele of rs7180500 in GABRG3 was a risk variant for autism (p = 0.00057). The expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL) analysis revealed that the C allele of rs7180500 might be associated with the expression of GABRG3 in the cerebellum (Braineac: p = 0.0048; GTEx: p = 0.0010). Moreover, the sequencing identified two rare variants rs201602655 (p.Val233Met) and rs201427468 (p.Pro365Ser) in GABRG3 and six rare variants in GABRB3 in autistic patients. Among these variants, rs201602655 (p.Val233Met) in GABRG3 were observed in 9 of 512 autistic children and 2 of 575 healthy controls (Pearson χ2-test, χ2 = 5.375, p = 0.020). The functional prediction indicated that rs201602655 (p.Val233Met) might be deleterious. Thus, these findings demonstrated that GABRG3 might contribute to the pathogenesis of autism in Chinese Han population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Wang
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jun Li
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Mei Shuang
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tianlan Lu
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Tian Zhang
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Weihua Yue
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Meixiang Jia
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Yanyan Ruan
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China
| | - Jing Liu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
| | - Zhiliu Wu
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China. .,The Affiliated Brain Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University (Guangzhou Huiai Hospital), Guangzhou, 510370, China.
| | - Dai Zhang
- 0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1769 3691grid.453135.5Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0004 1798 0615grid.459847.3National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China ,0000 0001 2256 9319grid.11135.37PKU-IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Lifang Wang
- Peking University Sixth Hospital, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Peking University Institute of Mental Health, Beijing, 100191, China. .,Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Ministry of Health (Peking University), Beijing, 100191, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Mental Disorders, (Peking University Sixth Hospital), Beijing, 100191, China.
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Zuena AR, Iacovelli L, Orlando R, Di Menna L, Casolini P, Alemà GS, Di Cicco G, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F. In Vivo Non-radioactive Assessment of mGlu5 Receptor-Activated Polyphosphoinositide Hydrolysis in Response to Systemic Administration of a Positive Allosteric Modulator. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:804. [PMID: 30108503 PMCID: PMC6079191 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
mGlu5 receptor-mediated polyphosphoinositide (PI) hydrolysis is classically measured by determining the amount of radioactivity incorporated in inositolmonophosphate (InsP) after labeling of membrane phospholipids with radioactive inositol. Although this method is historically linked to the study of mGlu receptors, it is inappropriate for the assessment of mGlu5 receptor signaling in vivo. Using a new ELISA kit we showed that systemic treatment with the selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of mGlu5 receptors VU0360172 enhanced InsP formation in different brain regions of CD1 or C57Black mice. The action of VU0360172 was sensitive to the mGlu5 receptor, negative allosteric modulator (NAM), MTEP, and was abolished in mice lacking mGlu5 receptors. In addition, we could demonstrate that endogenous activation of mGlu5 receptors largely accounted for the basal PI hydrolysis particularly in the prefrontal cortex. This method offers opportunity for investigation of mGlu5 receptor signaling in physiology and pathology, and could be used for the functional screening of mGlu5 receptor PAMs in living animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna R Zuena
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Luisa Iacovelli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Rosamaria Orlando
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Paola Casolini
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Gabriele Di Cicco
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer," Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
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Prefrontal cortex-dependent innate behaviors are altered by selective knockdown of Gad1 in neuropeptide Y interneurons. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200809. [PMID: 30024942 PMCID: PMC6053188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
GABAergic dysfunction has been implicated in a variety of neurological and psychiatric disorders, including anxiety disorders. Anxiety disorders are the most common type of psychiatric disorder during adolescence. There is a deficiency of GABAergic transmission in anxiety, and enhancement of GABA transmission through pharmacological means reduces anxiety behaviors. GAD67—the enzyme responsible for GABA production–has been linked to anxiety disorders. One class of GABAergic interneurons, Neuropeptide Y (NPY) expressing cells, is abundantly found in brain regions associated with anxiety and fear learning, including prefrontal cortex, hippocampus and amygdala. Additionally, NPY itself has been shown to have anxiolytic effects, and loss of NPY+ interneurons enhances anxiety behaviors. A previous study showed that knockdown of Gad1 from NPY+ cells led to reduced anxiety behaviors in adult mice. However, the role of GABA release from NPY+ interneurons in adolescent anxiety is unclear. Here we used a transgenic mouse that reduces GAD67 in NPY+ cells (NPYGAD1-TG) through Gad1 knockdown and tested for effects on behavior in adolescent mice. Adolescent NPYGAD1-TG mice showed enhanced anxiety-like behavior and sex-dependent changes in locomotor activity. We also found enhancement in two other innate behavioral tasks, nesting construction and social dominance. In contrast, fear learning was unchanged. Because we saw changes in behavioral tasks dependent upon prefrontal cortex and hippocampus, we investigated the extent of GAD67 knockdown in these regions. Immunohistochemistry revealed a 40% decrease in GAD67 in NPY+ cells in prefrontal cortex, indicating a significant but incomplete knockdown of GAD67. In contrast, there was no decrease in GAD67 in NPY+ cells in hippocampus. Consistent with this, there was no change in inhibitory synaptic transmission in hippocampus. Our results show the behavioral impact of cell-specific interneuron dysfunction and suggest that GABA release by NPY+ cells is important for regulating innate prefrontal cortex-dependent behavior in adolescents.
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The GABRB3 Polymorphism and its Association with Schizophrenia. J Mol Neurosci 2017; 64:75-79. [PMID: 29196882 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore whether schizophrenia occurrence is associated with polymorphisms in the 5' regulatory region of GABRB3 (gamma-aminobutyric acid type A receptor beta 3, subunit gene). The study included 324 patients with schizophrenia and 327 unaffected participants; all individuals were northern Han Chinese. Genotype and haplotype frequency distributions were compared for the 2 groups by means of PCR amplification and direct sequencing of the promoter region of GABRB3. The genotype distribution among control participants was in accordance with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. Five common single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) sites were detected in the 5' promoter region of GABRB3: rs4243768, rs7171660, rs4363842, rs4906902, and rs8179184. Only rs8179184 and rs4906902 differed significantly in frequency between controls and cases (P < 0.05); this difference remained significant when only women in each group were compared. The 2 SNP sites showed linkage disequilibrium, resulting in 2 haplotypes: T-G and C-A. The frequency of C-A was significantly higher among patients with schizophrenia than among controls. Our findings suggest that rs4906902 and rs8179184 in the 5' promoter region of GABRB3 are associated with schizophrenia. The C-A haplotype may entail an increased risk of schizophrenia, and the onset of schizophrenia may be gender-specific.
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Zeidler S, de Boer H, Hukema RK, Willemsen R. Combination Therapy in Fragile X Syndrome; Possibilities and Pitfalls Illustrated by Targeting the mGluR5 and GABA Pathway Simultaneously. Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:368. [PMID: 29163043 PMCID: PMC5681991 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragile X syndrome (FXS) is the most common monogenetic cause of intellectual disability and autism. The disorder is characterized by altered synaptic plasticity in the brain. Synaptic plasticity is tightly regulated by a complex balance of different synaptic pathways. In FXS, various synaptic pathways are disrupted, including the excitatory metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) and the inhibitory γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) pathways. Targeting each of these pathways individually, has demonstrated beneficial effects in animal models, but not in patients with FXS. This lack of translation might be due to oversimplification of the disease mechanisms when targeting only one affected pathway, in spite of the complexity of the many pathways implicated in FXS. In this report we outline the hypothesis that targeting more than one pathway simultaneously, a combination therapy, might improve treatment effects in FXS. In addition, we present a glance of the first results of chronic combination therapy on social behavior in Fmr1 KO mice. In contrast to what we expected, targeting both the mGluR5 and the GABAergic pathways simultaneously did not result in a synergistic effect, but in a slight worsening of the social behavior phenotype. This does implicate that both pathways are interconnected and important for social behavior. Our results underline the tremendous fine-tuning that is needed to reach the excitatory-inhibitory balance in the synapse in relation to social behavior. We believe that alternative strategies focused on combination therapy should be further explored, including targeting pathways in different cellular compartments or cell-types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shimriet Zeidler
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Helen de Boer
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Renate K Hukema
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Rob Willemsen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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Tuchman R. What is the Relationship Between Autism Spectrum Disorders and Epilepsy? Semin Pediatr Neurol 2017; 24:292-300. [PMID: 29249509 DOI: 10.1016/j.spen.2017.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The association of epilepsy and autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is best understood by examining the relationship between social cognition, nonsocial cognition, and epilepsy. The relationship between ASD and epilepsy is bidirectional and is strongly linked to intellectual disability (ID). The risk of developing ASD in children with epilepsy is highest in children with early onset seizures, with a high prevalence in children with infantile spasms. The risk of developing epilepsy in children first diagnosed with ASD is highest in those with ID. The prevalence of seizures in ASD increases with age. When epilepsy and ASD coexist, they share common pathophysiological mechanisms. In epilepsy with and without ID, social-cognitive deficits are an important determinant of neurodevelopmental outcomes. Early recognition of social deficits is an important aspect of the comprehensive management of children with epilepsy. Treating the seizures in individuals with epilepsy and ASD is crucial but interventions that address social-cognitive deficits are necessary to maximize neurodevelopmental outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tuchman
- From the Department of Neurology, Nicklaus Children's Hospital Miami Children's Health System, Miami, FL.
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45
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Copy number variations independently induce autism spectrum disorder. Biosci Rep 2017; 37:BSR20160570. [PMID: 28533427 PMCID: PMC6434077 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20160570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The examination of copy number variation (CNV) is critical to understand the etiology of the CNV-related autism spectrum disorders (ASD). DNA samples were obtained from 64 ASD probands, which were genotyped on an Affymetrix CytoScan HD platform. qPCR or FISH were used as a validation for some novel recurrent CNVs. We further compared the clinical phenotypes of the genes in the Database of Chromosomal Imbalance and Phenotype in Humans Using Ensembl Resources (DECIPHER) database with these overlapping genes. Using vast, readily available databases with previously reported clinically relevant CNVs from human populations, the genes were evaluated using Enrichment Analysis and GO Slim Classification. By using the Ploysearch2 software, we identified the interaction relationship between significant genes and known ASD genes. A total of 29 CNVs, overlapping with 520 genes, including 315 OMIM genes, were identified. Additionally, myocyte enhancer factor 2 family (MEF2C) with two cases of CNV overlapping were also identified. Enrichment analysis showed that the 520 genes are most likely to be related to membrane components with protein-binding functions involved in metabolic processes. In the interaction network of those genes, the known ASD genes are mostly at the core position and the significant genes found in our samples are closely related to the known ASD genes. CNVs should be an independent factor to induce autism. With the strategy of our study, we could find the ASDs candidate genes by CNV data and review certain pathogenesis of this disorder. Those CNVs were associated with ASD and they may contribute to ASD by affecting the ASD-related genes.
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46
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Shinn AK, Roh YS, Ravichandran CT, Baker JT, Öngür D, Cohen BM. Aberrant cerebellar connectivity in bipolar disorder with psychosis. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2017; 2:438-448. [PMID: 28730183 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum, which modulates affect and cognition in addition to motor functions, may contribute substantially to the pathophysiology of mood and psychotic disorders, such as bipolar disorder. A growing literature points to cerebellar abnormalities in bipolar disorder. However, no studies have investigated the topographic representations of resting state cerebellar networks in bipolar disorder, specifically their functional connectivity to cerebral cortical networks. METHODS Using a well-defined cerebral cortical parcellation scheme as functional connectivity seeds, we compared ten cerebellar resting state networks in 49 patients with bipolar disorder and a lifetime history of psychotic features and 55 healthy control participants matched for age, sex, and image signal-to-noise ratio. RESULTS Patients with psychotic bipolar disorder showed reduced cerebro-cerebellar functional connectivity in somatomotor A, ventral attention, salience, and frontoparietal control A and B networks relative to healthy control participants. These findings were not significantly correlated with current symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Patients with psychotic bipolar disorder showed evidence of cerebro-cerebellar dysconnectivity in selective networks. These disease-related changes were substantial and not explained by medication exposure or substance use. Therefore, they may be mechanistically relevant to the underlying susceptibility to mood dysregulation and psychosis. Cerebellar mechanisms deserve further exploration in psychiatric conditions, and this study's findings may have value in guiding future studies on pathophysiology and treatment of mood and psychotic disorders, in particular.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann K Shinn
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Youkyung S Roh
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA
| | - Caitlin T Ravichandran
- Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Lurie Center for Autism, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Justin T Baker
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dost Öngür
- Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder Program, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bruce M Cohen
- Program for Neuropsychiatric Research, McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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47
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Kim YS, Yoon BE. Altered GABAergic Signaling in Brain Disease at Various Stages of Life. Exp Neurobiol 2017; 26:122-131. [PMID: 28680297 PMCID: PMC5491580 DOI: 10.5607/en.2017.26.3.122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 05/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
In the healthy brain, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is regulated by neurons and glia. This begs the question: what happens in the malfunctioning brain? There are many reasons why diseases occur, including genetic mutations, systemic problems, and environmental influences. There are also many ways in which GABA can become dysregulated, such as through alterations in its synthesis or release, and changes in systems that respond to it. Notably, dysregulation of GABA can have a large impact on the brain. To date, few reviews have examined brain diseases in which dysregulation of GABA is implicated as an underlying factor. Accordingly, the time is ripe for investigating alterations in GABAergic signaling that may play a role in changes in neuronal activity observed in the major brain disorders that occur during various stages of life. This review is meant to provide a better understanding of the role of GABA in brain health and contributor to social problems from a scientific perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoo Sung Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
| | - Bo-Eun Yoon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, Korea
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Zong L, Zhou L, Hou Y, Zhang L, Jiang W, Zhang W, Wang L, Luo X, Wang S, Deng C, Peng Z, Li S, Hu J, Zhao H, Zhao C. Genetic and epigenetic regulation on the transcription of GABRB2: Genotype-dependent hydroxymethylation and methylation alterations in schizophrenia. J Psychiatr Res 2017; 88:9-17. [PMID: 28063323 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2016.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To improve our understanding of the abnormalities and non-Mendelian inheritance characteristics of schizophrenia, this study examined DNA methylation (5mC) and hydroxymethylation (5hmC) in the schizophrenia-associated GABRB2 gene encoding the type A γ-aminobutyric acid receptor β2 subunit. DNAs from the peripheral white blood cells of 279 schizophrenic patients and 256 controls from the Chinese Han population were examined to reveal that the GABRB2 promoter P1-5mC level which was correlated with olanzapine administration, P2-5mC/5hmC level, and Alu-5mC level which was correlated with administration of ziprasidone or oxcarbazepine, were increased in schizophrenic patients. Significant correlations of the promoter 5mC/5hmC levels with the genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were observed with SNPs rs72815526 (C/A) and rs3811997 (C/T). In schizophrenics, the heterozygous genotypes of rs72815526 (C/A) were correlated with increased 5hmC levels whereas the heterozygous genotypes of rs3811997 (C/T) were correlated with decreased 5mC levels. Moreover, the GABRB2 promoter with rs3811997(C/T) minor allele T or the methylation-disrupted type AG at -254 and -231 CCGG sites was observed to enhance the promoter activity in the luciferase reporter-transfected human embryonic kidney 293 cells. An elevated GABRB2 mRNA transcriptional level in human neuroblastoma IMR32 cells were accompanied by the decreased promoter 5hmC/5mC levels induced by 5-azacytidine or by increased histone H4 acetylation levels of the Alu-Yi6 region induced by valproic acid. These results reveal alterations in GABRB2 genotype-dependent methylation and hydroxymethylation in schizophrenia, which yielded transcriptional and translational alterations in the cultured cells, and help elucidate the genetic-epigenetic interactions influencing schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zong
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lin Zhou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Key Laboratory of Genetics and Birth Health of Hunan Province, Family Planning Institute of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Hou
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lulu Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Guangzhou First People's Hospital, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wenwei Zhang
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Lijuan Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xia Luo
- Department of Psychiatry, Shenzhen Kangning Hospital & Shenzhen Mental Health Center, Shenzhen, China
| | - Shiqing Wang
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cong Deng
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhizhen Peng
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jiming Hu
- The Third People's Hospital of Zhongshan, Zhongshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Hu Zhao
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Cunyou Zhao
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Guangdong Technology and Engineering Research Center for Molecular Diagnostics of Human Genetic Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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49
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Notartomaso S, Mascio G, Scarselli P, Martinello K, Fucile S, Gradini R, Bruno V, Battaglia G, Nicoletti F. Expression of the K +/Cl - cotransporter, KCC2, in cerebellar Purkinje cells is regulated by group-I metabotropic glutamate receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 115:51-59. [PMID: 27498071 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The neuronal K+/Cl- symporter, KCC2, shapes synaptic responses mediated by Cl--permeant GABAA receptors. Moving from the evidence that excitatory neurotransmission drives changes in KCC2 expression in cerebellar neurons, we studied the regulation of KCC2 expression by group-I metabotropic glutamate (mGlu) receptors in the cerebellum of adult mice. Mice lacking mGlu5 receptors showed a large reduction in cerebellar KCC2 protein levels and a loss of KCC2 immunoreactivity in Purkinje cells. Similar changes were seen in mice treated with the mGlu5 receptor antagonist, MPEP, whereas treatment with the mGlu5 receptor positive allosteric modulator (PAM), VU0360172, increased KCC2 expression. In contrast, pharmacological inhibition of mGlu1 receptors with JNJ16259685 enhanced cerebellar KCC2 protein levels and KCC2 immunoreactivity in Purkinje cells, whereas treatment with the mGlu1 receptor PAM, RO0711401, reduced KCC2 expression. To examine whether the reduction in KCC2 expression caused by the absence or the inhibition of mGlu5 receptors could affect GABAergic transmission, we performed electrophysiological and behavioral studies. Recording of extracellular action potentials in Purkinje cells showed that the inhibitory effect of the GABAA receptor agonist, muscimol, was lost in cerebellar slices prepared from mGlu5-/- mice or from mice treated systemically with MPEP, in line with the reduction in KCC2 expression. Similarly, motor impairment caused by the GABAA receptor PAM, diazepam, was attenuated in mice pre-treated with MPEP. These findings disclose a novel function of mGlu5 receptors in the cerebellum and suggest that mGlu5 receptor ligands might influence GABAergic transmission in the cerebellum and affect motor responses to GABA-mimetic drugs. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors, 5 years on'.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Sergio Fucile
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Gradini
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Experimental Medicine, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy
| | | | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- IRCCS Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University Sapienza of Rome, Italy.
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50
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Hameed MQ, Dhamne SC, Gersner R, Kaye HL, Oberman LM, Pascual-Leone A, Rotenberg A. Transcranial Magnetic and Direct Current Stimulation in Children. Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep 2017; 17:11. [PMID: 28229395 PMCID: PMC5962296 DOI: 10.1007/s11910-017-0719-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Promising results in adult neurologic and psychiatric disorders are driving active research into transcranial brain stimulation techniques, particularly transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), in childhood and adolescent syndromes. TMS has realistic utility as an experimental tool tested in a range of pediatric neuropathologies such as perinatal stroke, depression, Tourette syndrome, and autism spectrum disorder (ASD). tDCS has also been tested as a treatment for a number of pediatric neurologic conditions, including ASD, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, epilepsy, and cerebral palsy. Here, we complement recent reviews with an update of published TMS and tDCS results in children, and discuss developmental neuroscience considerations that should inform pediatric transcranial stimulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mustafa Q Hameed
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Sameer C Dhamne
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Roman Gersner
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Harper L Kaye
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - Lindsay M Oberman
- Neuroplasticity and Autism Spectrum Disorder Program and Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, E.P. Bradley Hospital and Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alvaro Pascual-Leone
- Berenson-Allen Center for Noninvasive Brain Stimulation and Division for Cognitive Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconness Medical Center Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Institut Guttmann, Universitat Autonoma, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alexander Rotenberg
- Neuromodulation Program, Division of Epilepsy and Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
- F.M. Kirby Neurobiology Center, Department of Neurology, Boston Children's Hospital Harvard Medical School, 300 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
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