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Nys C, Van Sprang P, Lofts S, Baken S, Delbeke K, De Schamphelaere K. Updated Chronic Copper Bioavailability Models for Invertebrates and Algae. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:450-467. [PMID: 38018744 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic copper (Cu) bioavailability models have been successfully implemented in European risk assessment frameworks and compliance evaluations. However, they were developed almost two decades ago, which calls for an update. In the study, we present updated chronic Cu bioavailability models for invertebrates and algae. They consider recent ecotoxicity data sets and use the more recent speciation model Windermere Humic Aqueous Model (WHAM) VII and an optimized model structure (i.e., a generalized bioavailability model [gBAM]). Contrary to the classic biotic ligand model, a gBAM models the effect of pH on Cu2+ toxicity via a log-linear relationship parametrized through the pH slope SpH . The recalibrated SpH parameters are -0.208 for invertebrates (Daphnia magna, two clones) and -0.975 for algae (Raphidocelis subcapitata and Chlorella vulgaris). The updated models predict 80% to 100% of the observed effect levels for eight different species within a factor of 2. The only exception was one of the two data sets considering subchronic 7-day mortality to Hyalella azteca: the prediction performance of the updated invertebrate model at pH ≥ 8.3 was poor because the effect of pH on Cu2+ toxicity appeared to be dependent on the pH itself (with a steeper pH slope compared with the updated invertebrate model at pH ≥ 8.1). The prediction performance of the updated Cu bioavailability models was similar to or better than that of the models used for regulatory application in Europe until now, with one exception (i.e., H. azteca). Together with the recently published fish bioavailability model, the models developed in the present study constitute a complete, updated, and consistent bioavailability model set. Overall, the updated chronic Cu bioavailability model set is robust and can be used in regulatory applications. The updated bioavailability model set is currently used under the European Union Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation, and Restriction of Chemicals framework regulation to guide the safe use of Cu. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:450-467. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stephen Lofts
- UK Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (UKCEH), Lancaster, UK
| | - Stijn Baken
- International Copper Association, Brussels, Belgium
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2
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Brix KV, Tear L, DeForest DK, Adams WJ. Development of Multiple Linear Regression Models for Predicting Chronic Iron Toxicity to Aquatic Organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2023; 42:1386-1400. [PMID: 36988398 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed multiple linear regression (MLR) models for predicting iron (Fe) toxicity to aquatic organisms for use in deriving site-specific water quality guidelines (WQGs). The effects of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), hardness, and pH on Fe toxicity to three representative taxa (Ceriodaphnia dubia, Pimephales promelas, and Raphidocelis subcapitata) were evaluated. Both DOC and pH were identified as toxicity-modifying factors (TMFs) for P. promelas and R. subcapitata, whereas only DOC was a TMF for C. dubia. The MLR models based on effective concentration 10% and 20% values were developed and performed reasonably well, with adjusted R2 of 0.68-0.89 across all species and statistical endpoints. Differences among species in the MLR models precluded development of a pooled model. Instead, the species-specific models were assumed to be representative of invertebrates, fish, and algae and were applied accordingly to normalize toxicity data. The species sensitivity distribution (SSD) included standard laboratory toxicity data and effects data from mesocosm experiments on aquatic insects, with aquatic insects being the predominant taxa in the lowest quartile of the SSD. Using the European Union approach for deriving WQGs, application of MLR models to this SSD resulted in WQGs ranging from 114 to 765 μg l-1 Fe across the TMF conditions evaluated (DOC: 0.5-10 mg l-1 ; pH: 6.0-8.4), with slightly higher WQGs (199-910 μg l-1 ) derived using the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) methodology. An important uncertainty in these derivations is the applicability of the C. dubia MLR model (no pH parameter) to aquatic insects, and understanding the pH sensitivity of aquatic insects to Fe toxicity is a research priority. An Excel-based tool for calculating Fe WQGs using both European Union and USEPA approaches across a range of TMF conditions is provided. Environ Toxicol Chem 2023;00:1-15. © 2023 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin V Brix
- EcoTox, Miami, Florida, USA
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lucinda Tear
- Windward Environmental, Seattle, Washington, USA
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3
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Amer NR, Lawler SP, Zohdy NM, Younes A, ElSayed WM, Wos G, Abdelrazek S, Omer H, Connon RE. Copper Exposure Affects Anti-Predatory Behaviour and Acetylcholinesterase Levels in Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). INSECTS 2022; 13:1151. [PMID: 36555061 PMCID: PMC9782022 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Copper is an essential metal that occurs chronically in the environment and affects the development and physiology of aquatic insects. In excess amounts, it can impair their nervous system and behaviour. We tested the anti-predatory behaviour of Cx. pipiens larvae after seven days exposure with several concentrations of copper up to 500 mg L-1. We measured responses to non- consumptive (predation cues) and consumptive predation (dragonfly larvae) across two generations. We also tested the accumulated effect of copper on AChE enzyme activity. We exposed half of treated and control larvae to predation cues (water with predator odour and crushed conspecifics) and the other half to water without predation cues. We evaluated total distance moved and velocity. Copper reduced the distance moved and velocity, with stronger effects in the second generation. Copper had no significant effect on larvae eaten by dragonflies. Copper inhibited the AChE enzyme across both generations at 500 µg L-1. Copper can affect the nervous system directly by inhibiting AChE activity, and possibly also by impairing the olfaction sensors of the larvae, resulting in larval inability to detect predation cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen R. Amer
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sharon P. Lawler
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Nawal M. Zohdy
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Aly Younes
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Wael M. ElSayed
- Entomology Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Guillaume Wos
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, 31-120 Krakow, Poland
| | - Samah Abdelrazek
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Hind Omer
- Entomology and Nematology Department, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Richard E. Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology & Cell Biology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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Tagliaferro M, Rocha C, Marques JC, Gonçalves AMM. Assessment of metal exposure (uranium and copper) in fatty acids and carbohydrate profiles of Calamoceras marsupus larvae (Trichoptera) and Alnus glutinosa leaf litter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155613. [PMID: 35523349 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Physiological changes were explored in fatty acids (FA) and carbohydrate (CHO) composition in the shredder Calamoceras marsupus larvae (Trichoptera) and leaf litter (C. marsupus food) exposed to copper and uranium under natural and experimental conditions. We measured FA and CHO content in leaf litter and larvae specimens from reference and impacted streams, and exposed for 5 weeks to four realistic environmental concentrations of copper (35 μg L-1 and 70 μg L-1) and uranium (25 μg L-1 and 50 μg L-1). Regarding FA, (1) leaf litter had a reduced polyunsaturated FA (PUFA) content in metal treatments, s (14 to 33% of total FA), compared to natural conditions (≥39% of total FA). Leaf litter exposed to uranium also differed in saturated FA (SFA) composition, with lower values in natural conditions and higher values under low uranium concentrations. (2) C. marsupus had/showed low PUFA content under Cu and U exposure, particularly in high uranium concentrations. Detritivores also decreased in PUFA under exposure to both metals, particularly in high uranium concentrations. On the other hand, (1) microorganisms of the biofilm colonizing leaf litter differed in CHO composition between natural (impacted and reference) and experimental conditions, with glucose and galactose being consistently the most abundant sugars, found in different amounts under copper or uranium exposure; (2) CHO of detritivores showed similar high galactose and fucose concentrations in contaminated streams and high copper treatments, whereas low copper treatment showed distinct CHO profiles, with higher mannose, glucose, arabinose, and fucose concentrations. Our study provides evidence of metal exposure effects on FA and CHO contents at different trophic levels, which might alter the quality of food flow in trophic webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Tagliaferro
- IDEA - Instituto de Diversidad y Ecología Animal (Universidad Nacional de Córdoba - CONICET), Av, Vélez Sarsfield 299, X5000 JJC Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - Carolina Rocha
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - João C Marques
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Ana M M Gonçalves
- University of Coimbra, MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, 3001-456 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Biology and CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Wen F, Yang J, Huang X, Huang X. Analysis of Differential Gene Expression of the Aquatic Insect Protohermes costalis (Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in Response to Cadmium Exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 51:815-823. [PMID: 35762274 DOI: 10.1093/ee/nvac041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal pollution in freshwater ecosystems is a serious threat to aquatic organisms. Species of Megaloptera are important predators of aquatic invertebrates and have been widely used as bioindicators in assessing the quality of freshwater ecosystems. In this study, we determined the differential gene expression profile of Protohermes costalis (Walker) (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) in response to cadmium (Cd) exposure by using transcriptome analysis. A total of 60,627 unigenes were obtained in the transcriptomes of 150 mg/liter (PL), 1,000 mg/liter (PH) CdCl2 treatment, and the no Cd control (PC). Differential expression gene (DEG) analysis by pairwise comparison identified 2,794 DEGs after filtering the noninsect genes and repetitive counts. 606 DEGs were shared in comparisons of PL versus PC and PH versus PC, with 165 DEGs consistently up-regulated and 441 down-regulated by both PL and PH. Six heat shock proteins (HSPs) in the HSP70 family were identified in P. costalis and PcosHSP68 was up-regulated by both PL and PH. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) confirmed that the expression levels of PcosHSP68 in PL and PH were higher than that of PC by 31 and 197%, respectively. These results showed that exposure to Cd altered the gene expression profiles of P. costalis and the transcriptome data presented in this study provide insight into future studying on molecular mechanisms of Cd toxicity to these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fasheng Wen
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Jie Yang
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xingrui Huang
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Peoples Republic of China
| | - Xinglong Huang
- College of Biology and Environmental Sciences, Jishou University, Jishou 416000, Peoples Republic of China
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Hierlmeier VR, Gurten S, Freier KP, Schlick-Steiner BC, Steiner FM. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals in insects: Current state of research and where to from here? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153830. [PMID: 35181364 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The ongoing decline in the biomass, abundance, and species number of insects is an established fact. Persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic chemicals (PBTs) - persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and, in the case of our study, mercury (Hg) - play an important role, but their effect on insect populations is insufficiently investigated. Here, the current state of research on PBTs related to insects is examined with a systematic literature study using Web of Science™. We investigate time trends of research intensity compared with other organisms, insect orders and chemicals analyzed, chemicals' effects on insects, and geographical aspects. We show that research intensity increased in the early 1990s, but studies on PBTs in insects are still underrepresented compared with other organisms. The taxonomic focus lies strongly on dipterans. The predominance of studies on DDT suggests its relevance in the context of disease-vector management. Phenotypic and acute effects on insects were more often investigated than genotypic and chronic effects. Laboratory-bred insects and wild-bred insects were examined equally often, pollutant exposure and analysis were conducted predominantly in the laboratory. Mostly habitats with a medium or high human impact were studied, and natural and near-natural habitats are understudied. The sources of the substances are often unknown. Most studies were carried out in economically rich continents, including North America, Europe, and Australia. The numbers of publications dealing with Asia, South America, and Africa are comparatively low, although the control of vector-borne diseases with POPs is still intensively practiced there. We identify gaps in the research - among others, refined analytical methods for biomarkers and for the examination of chronic effects, combinations of field and laboratory experiments to analyze the same problem, and a global approach for the monitoring of PBTs will be needed for accelerating the dearly needed progress in the research of PBTs in insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika R Hierlmeier
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria; Bavarian Environment Agency, Department Gsteigstraße 43, 82467 Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany.
| | - Sabrina Gurten
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
| | - Korbinian P Freier
- Bavarian Environment Agency, Department Bürgermeister-Ulrich-Straße 160, 86179 Augsburg, Germany.
| | | | - Florian M Steiner
- Department of Ecology, University of Innsbruck, Technikerstraße 25, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria.
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Iwasaki Y, Cadmus P, Ranville J, Clements WH. Stream Mesocosm Experiments Show no Protective Effects of Calcium on Copper Toxicity to Macroinvertebrates. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1304-1310. [PMID: 35156224 PMCID: PMC9311704 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Although the concept and modeling of metal bioavailability and toxicity have been well developed based largely on laboratory experiments with standard test species, additional evidence is required to demonstrate their applicability for macroinvertebrates typically found in natural lotic ecosystems. We conducted 10-day stream mesocosm experiments to test the hypothesis that increased water hardness (in the present study, the calcium [Ca] concentration was increased by adding CaCl2 ) would mitigate the effects of copper (Cu) on natural benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Exposure of macroinvertebrate communities to 25 μg/L Cu for 10 days in stream mesocosm experiments resulted in significant decreases in total abundance, in number of taxa, and in abundance of many macroinvertebrate taxa. However, the addition of Ca to stream mesocosms and the associated increase in water hardness up to 250 mg/L CaCO3 did not mitigate these effects of Cu on macroinvertebrate communities. The results showed that the hardness-based water quality criteria for Cu of the US Environmental Protection Agency were not protective under the conditions of relatively high hardness, low alkalinity, and circumneutral pH. In contrast, the water quality criteria based on the biotic ligand model predicted little protective effects of Ca on Cu toxicity, which is consistent with our results. Additional experiments are required to understand the influence of modifying factors on the toxicity of metals to macroinvertebrate communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1304-1310. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Iwasaki
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityColoradoFort CollinsUSA
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and SustainabilityNational Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and TechnologyIbarakiTsukubaJapan
| | - Pete Cadmus
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityColoradoFort CollinsUSA
- Colorado Parks and WildlifeColoradoFort CollinsUSA
| | - James Ranville
- Department of Chemistry and Geochemistry Colorado School of MinesColoradoGoldenUSA
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation BiologyColorado State UniversityColoradoFort CollinsUSA
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8
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Effects of Trace Metals and Municipal Wastewater on the Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera of a Stream Community. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:biology11050648. [PMID: 35625376 PMCID: PMC9137756 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abundances of EPT larvae sampled in a Central European locality affected by mining and smelting, as well as by the continual inflow of treated communal wastewaters (WWs), were recorded. High concentrations of trace metals in water (maximum 1200 µg·L–1 for zinc) and sediments (maximum 140,000 mg·kg–1 in dry weight for lead) were found at the most contaminated sites. The highest loads of pesticides, pharmaceuticals, and illegal drugs were found under the WW effluent. Other associated factors such as the physicochemical parameters of the water and alterations to microhabitats were also evaluated and taken into account. Although EPT richness was lower at affected sites, abundances did not fall. Stoneflies were dominant at unaffected sites, while caddisflies dominated at affected sites. Only baetid mayflies were detected at the sites contaminated by trace metals and WWs; ephemerellid, heptageniid, and leptophlebiid mayflies were absent from these sites. The site contaminated by trace metals was also inhabited by numerous limnephilid caddisflies, in which limb malformations were detected in up to 11.8% of all specimens of a single taxon. Downstream from the entrance of the WWs, the locality was dominated by hydropsychid caddisflies. The increasing prevalence of predator or passive filter-feeding strategies in these EPT communities was significantly related to increasing water conductivity and acute ecosystemic exposure to ‘poorly treated’ WWs.
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Besser JM, Ivey CD, Steevens JA, Cleveland D, Soucek D, Dickinson A, Van Genderen EJ, Ryan AC, Schlekat CE, Garman E, Middleton E, Santore R. Modeling the Bioavailability of Nickel and Zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Neocloeon triangulifer in Toxicity Tests with Natural Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:3049-3062. [PMID: 34297851 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We studied biotic ligand model (BLM) predictions of the toxicity of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) in natural waters from Illinois and Minnesota, USA, which had combinations of pH, hardness, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) more extreme than 99.7% of waters in a nationwide database. We conducted 7-day chronic tests with Ceriodaphnia dubia and 96-hour acute and 14-day chronic tests with Neocloeon triangulifer and estimated median lethal concentrations and 20% effect concentrations for both species. Toxicity of Ni and Zn to both species differed among test waters by factors from 8 (Zn tests with C. dubia) to 35 (Zn tests with N. triangulifer). For both species and metals, tests with Minnesota waters (low pH and hardness, high DOC) showed lower toxicity than Illinois waters (high pH and high hardness, low DOC). Recalibration of the Ni BLM to be more responsive to pH-related changes improved predictions of Ni toxicity, especially for C. dubia. For the Zn BLM, we compared several input data scenarios, which generally had minor effects on model performance scores (MPS). A scenario that included inputs of modeled dissolved inorganic carbon and measured Al and Fe(III) produced the highest MPS values for tests with both C. dubia and N. triangulifer. Overall, the BLM framework successfully modeled variation in toxicity for both Zn and Ni across wide ranges of water chemistry in tests with both standard and novel test organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:3049-3062. © 2021 SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Besser
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Chris D Ivey
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jeffery A Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Danielle Cleveland
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - David Soucek
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy Dickinson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Adam C Ryan
- International Zinc Association, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Chris E Schlekat
- Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Emily Garman
- Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ellie Middleton
- Nickel Producers Environmental Research Association, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Arnold A, Murphy JF, Pretty JL, Duerdoth CP, Smith BD, Rainbow PS, Spencer KL, Collins AL, Jones JI. Accumulation of trace metals in freshwater macroinvertebrates across metal contamination gradients. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116721. [PMID: 33601199 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Historical mining activities cause widespread, long-term trace metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems. However, measuring trace metal bioavailability has proven difficult, because it depends on many factors, not least concentrations in water, sediment and habitat. Simple tools are needed to assess bioavailabilities. The use of biomonitors has been widely advocated to provide a realistic measure. To date there have been few attempts to identify ubiquitous patterns of trace metal accumulation within and between freshwater biomonitors at geographical scales relevant to trace metal contamination. Here we address this through a nationwide collection of freshwater biomonitors (species of Gammarus, Leuctra, Baetis, Rhyacophila, Hydropsyche) from 99 English and Welsh stream sites spanning a gradient of high to low trace metal loading. The study tested for inter-biomonitor variation in trace metal body burden, and for congruence amongst accumulations of trace metals within taxa and between taxa across the gradient. In general, significant differences in trace metal body burden occurred between taxa: Gammarus sp. was the most different compared with insect biomonitors. Bivariate relationships between trace metals within biomonitors reflected trace metal profiles in the environment. Strong correlations between some trace metals suggested accumulation was also influenced by physiological pathways. Bivariate relationships between insect biomonitors for body burdens of As, Cu, Mn and Pb were highly consistent. Our data show that irrespective of taxonomic or ecological differences, there is a commonality of response amongst insect taxa, indicating one or more could provide consistent measures of trace metal bioavailability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Arnold
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - John F Murphy
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - James L Pretty
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Charles P Duerdoth
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Brian D Smith
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Philip S Rainbow
- Department of Life Sciences, Natural History Museum, Cromwell Road, London, SW7 5BD, UK.
| | - Kate L Spencer
- School of Geography, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
| | - Adrian L Collins
- Sustainable Agricultural Sciences, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, Okehampton, Devon, EX20 2SB, UK.
| | - J Iwan Jones
- School of Biological & Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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Wang J, Koopman KR, Collas FPL, Posthuma L, de Nijs T, Leuven RSEW, Hendriks AJ. Towards an ecosystem service-based method to quantify the filtration services of mussels under chemical exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:144196. [PMID: 33383510 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
As filter-feeders, freshwater mussels provide the ecosystem service (ES) of biofiltration. Chemical pollution may impinge on the provisioning of mussels' filtration services. However, few attempts have been made to estimate the impacts of chemical mixtures on mussels' filtration capacities in the field, nor to assess the economic benefits of mussel-provided filtration services for humans. The aim of the study was to derive and to apply a methodology for quantifying the economic benefits of mussel filtration services in relation to chemical mixture exposure. To this end, we first applied the bootstrapping approach to quantify the filtration capacity of dreissenid mussels when exposed to metal mixtures in the Rhine and Meuse Rivers in the Netherlands. Subsequently, we applied the value transfer method to quantify the economic benefits of mussel filtration services to surface water-dependent drinking water companies. The average mixture filtration inhibition (filtration rate reduction due to exposure to metal mixtures) to dreissenids was estimated to be <1% in the Rhine and Meuse Rivers based on the measured metal concentrations from 1999 to 2017. On average, dreissenids on groynes were estimated to filter the highest percentage of river discharge in the Nederrijn-Lek River (9.1%) and the lowest in the Waal River (0.1%). We estimated that dreissenid filtration services would save 110-12,000 euros/million m3 for drinking water production when abstracting raw water at the end of respective rivers. Economic benefits increased over time due to metal emission reduction. This study presents a novel methodology for quantifying the economic benefits of mussel filtration services associated with chemical pollution, which is understandable to policymakers. The derived approach could potentially serve as a blueprint for developing methods in examining the economic value of other filter-feeders exposed to other chemicals and environmental stressors. We explicitly discuss the uncertainties for further development and application of the method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - K Remon Koopman
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Frank P L Collas
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species (NEC-E), P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo Posthuma
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ton de Nijs
- Centre for Sustainability, Environment and Health, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Rob S E W Leuven
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species (NEC-E), P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Radboud University, P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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12
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Metals Alter Membership but Not Diversity of a Headwater Stream Microbiome. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02635-20. [PMID: 33452033 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02635-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal contamination from mining or natural weathering is a common feature of surface waters in the American west. Advances in microbial analyses have created the potential for routine sampling of aquatic microbiomes as a tool to assess the quality of stream habitat. We sought to determine if microbiome diversity and membership were affected by metal contamination and identify candidate microbial taxa to be used to indicate metal stress in stream ecosystems. We evaluated microbiome membership from sediments at multiple sites within the principal drainage of an EPA superfund site near the headwaters of the Upper Arkansas River, Leadville, CO. From each sample, we extracted DNA and sequenced the 16S rRNA gene amplicon on the Illumina MiSeq platform. We used the remaining sediments to simultaneously evaluate environmental metal concentrations. We also conducted an artificial stream mesocosm experiment using sediments collected from two of the observational study sites. The mesocosm experiment had a two-by-two factorial design: (i) location (upstream or downstream of contaminating tributary), and (ii) treatment (metal exposure or control). We found no difference in diversity between upstream and downstream sites in the field. Similarly, diversity changed very little following experimental metal exposure. However, microbiome membership differed between upstream and downstream locations and experimental metal exposure changed microbiome membership in a manner that depended on origin of the sediments used in each mesocosm.IMPORTANCE Our results suggest that microbiomes can be reliable indicators of ecosystem metal stress even when surface water chemistry and other metrics used to assess ecosystem health do not indicate ecosystem stress. Results presented in this study, in combination with previously published work on this same ecosystem, are consistent with the idea that a microbial response to metals at the base of the food web may be affecting primary consumers. If effects of metals are mediated through shifts in the microbiome, then microbial metrics, as presented here, may aid in the assessment of stream ecosystem health, which currently does not include assessments of the microbiome.
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13
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Amer NR, Lawler SP, Zohdy NM, Younes A, ElSayed WM, Connon RE. Effect of long-term exposure to copper on survival and development of two successive generations of Culex pipiens (Diptera, Culicidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:351-360. [PMID: 33566271 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02358-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic invertebrates can be exposed to copper from various sources, including agricultural applications. For example, concentrations up to 1000 µg L-1 are found within rice fields, where copper-containing formulations are used as fungicides and algaecides. We conducted toxicity tests to study lethal and sublethal effects of copper sulfate pentahydrate on all immature stages across two generations of Culex pipiens mosquitoes as our model organism. Mortality was dose-dependent at concentrations of 500 µg L-1 and above in the first generation, and 125 µg L-1 and above in the second generation. The median lethal concentrations (LC50) of copper sulfate pentahydrate for larval Cx. pipiens were 476 ± 30.60 µg L-1 and 348.67 ± 23.20 µg L-1 for the first and second generations, respectively. Generation one pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 48% at 500 µg L-1, while the second-generation pupation decreased from 96% in controls to 17.5% at 500 µg L-1. Mortality during the pupal stage varied from 2 to 10% at 500 µg L-1 of first and second generations, respectively. Higher levels also delayed development to adulthood in both generations. The duration of the immature period was 14.8 days in controls in both generations, but when exposed at 500 µg L-1 it increased to 18.8 days in the first generation and to 20.5 days in the second generation. The chronic, multi-generation exposures in this study showed greater toxicity than reported for shorter exposures of Cx. pipiens, and confamilial taxa like Culex hortensis and Anopheles hispaniola.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nermeen R Amer
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt.
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Sharon P Lawler
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Nawal M Zohdy
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Aly Younes
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Wael M ElSayed
- Department of Entomology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, 11311, Egypt
| | - Richard E Connon
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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14
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Tszydel M, Błońska D, Jóźwiak P, Jóźwiak M. SEM-EDX analysis of heavy metals in anal papillae of Hydropsyche angustipennis larvae (Trichoptera, Insecta) as a support for water quality assessment. THE EUROPEAN ZOOLOGICAL JOURNAL 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/24750263.2021.1931490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- M. Tszydel
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - D. Błońska
- Department of Ecology and Vertebrate Zoology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - P. Jóźwiak
- Department of Invertebrate Zoology and Hydrobiology, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - M. Jóźwiak
- Department of Environment Protect and Modelling, Jan Kochanowski University of Humanities and Sciences, Kielce, Poland
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15
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Lidman J, Jonsson M, Berglund ÅMM. The effect of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) contamination on aquatic insect community composition and metamorphosis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139406. [PMID: 32464398 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal contamination of freshwater ecosystems is a great threat to aquatic insect communities. In the past, focus has been on the toxic effects on the insect larvae, despite emerging evidence showing that negative effects can occur during metamorphosis to adults. There is therefore a risk that traditional studies on insect larvae would underestimate effect from metals. In this study, we investigated the effect of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) on aquatic insect abundance, including metamorphosis and adult emergence at 9 lakes, near an abandoned Pb/Zn mine, with different Pb and Zn concentrations in sediment and water. Further, differences in response to metal contamination among taxa, and potential community composition changes, were also investigated. Total insect abundance was not affected by metal contamination, but Zn had a negative effect on metamorphosis and proportionally less adults emerged compared to larval abundance when the bioavailable Zn concentration in water increased. The opposite pattern was found for bioavailable Pb (negative effect on larvae but not on adult emergence). All studied insect groups had similar response to metal contamination, and no change in community structure towards dominance of more tolerant taxa was observed. Our study shows that it is important to include metamorphosis when metal toxicity is evaluated in aquatic insects, and that metals can have opposite and contradicting effects. Thus, although combined cocktail effects of metal mixtures are important to assess, effects of individual metals can be underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Lidman
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden.
| | - Micael Jonsson
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Åsa M M Berglund
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
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16
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Nitzsche KN, Shin K, Kato Y, Kamauchi H, Takano S, Tayasu I. Magnesium and zinc stable isotopes as a new tool to understand Mg and Zn sources in stream food webs. Ecosphere 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.3197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Nils Nitzsche
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Ki‐Cheol Shin
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Kato
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Hiromitsu Kamauchi
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
| | - Shotaro Takano
- Institute for Chemical Research Kyoto University Uji Kyoto611‐0011Japan
| | - Ichiro Tayasu
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature (RIHN) 457‐4 Motoyama, Kamigamo Kita‐ku Kyoto603‐8047Japan
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17
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Soucek DJ, Dickinson A, Schlekat C, Van Genderen E, Hammer EJ. Acute and Chronic Toxicity of Nickel and Zinc to a Laboratory Cultured Mayfly (Neocloeon triangulifer) in Aqueous but Fed Exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:1196-1206. [PMID: 32043286 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic insects are poorly represented in water quality criteria, and previous studies have suggested a lack of sensitivity in acute toxicity tests despite observational studies demonstrating the contrary. Our objectives were to determine the toxicity of nickel (Ni) and zinc (Zn) to the mayfly Neocloeon triangulifer in fed acute (96-h) and chronic exposures to estimate aqueous effect concentrations while acknowledging the importance of dietary exposure for these insects. For the chronic tests, we conducted preliminary full-life cycle (~25-30 d) and subchronic (14 d) exposures to compare the relative sensitivity of the 2 test durations under similar conditions (i.e., feeding rates). Observing similar sensitivity, we settled on 14 d as the definitive test duration. Furthermore, we conducted experiments to determine how much food could be added to a given volume of water while minimally impacting dissolved metal recovery; a ratio of food dry mass to water volume (<0.005) achieved this. In the 14-d tests, we obtained a median lethal concentration and most sensitive chronic endpoint of 147 and 23 µg/L dissolved Ni (acute to chronic ratio [ACR] = 6.4), respectively, and 81 (mean value) and 10 µg/L dissolved Zn (ACR = 8.1), respectively. The acute values are orders of magnitude lower than previously published values for mayflies, probably most importantly due to the presence of dietary exposure but also potentially with some influence of organism age and test temperature. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:1196-1206. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Soucek
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy Dickinson
- Illinois Natural History Survey, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Edward J Hammer
- Wetlands and Watersheds Branch, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chicago, Illinois
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18
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Andrade VS, Wiegand C, Pannard A, Gagneten AM, Pédrot M, Bouhnik-Le Coz M, Piscart C. How can interspecific interactions in freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates modify trace element availability from sediment? CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 245:125594. [PMID: 31855766 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess how bioturbation by freshwater benthic macroinvertebrates with different biological traits alone or in combination could modify trace elements (TE) fate between sediment and water, and if water TE concentration and animal TE content impair their body stores. Three macroinvertebrate species were exposed to TE contaminated sediment for 7 days: the omnivorous Echinogammarus berilloni (Amphipoda), the sediment feeding Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta) and the filter feeding Pisidium sp. (Bivalvia). Treatments were one without invertebrates (control), two with amphipods or mussels alone, and the combinations amphipod-mussel, and amphipod-mussel-worms. Water TE concentration increased significantly in 2 or 3 species mesocosms, concerning mainly Rare Earth Elements, Cr, U and Pb, known to be associated to the colloidal phase. By contrast, water soluble TE were not affected by animals. For both, amphipods and mussels, TE body content increased with the number of coexisting species. For amphipods, this increase concerned both, soluble and colloid-associated TE, possibly due to intense contact and feeding from sediment and predation on tubificids. TE bioaccumulation in mussel was less important and characterized by soluble TE, with water filtration as most plausible uptake route. Protein, triglyceride and Whole Body Energy Budget increased in amphipods with the number of coexisting species (probably by feeding on mussels' feces and tubificids) whereas triglycerides declined in mussels (presumably filtration was disturbed by amphipods). This study highlights interspecific interactions as key drivers explaining both: TE bioturbation, depending on their water solubility or colloidal association, and the exposure/contamination of species through another species activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Soledad Andrade
- Lab. de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional Nº 168, Km 472.4, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Tecnológicas (CONICET), Godoy Cruz 2290, C1425FQB, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, F-35000, Rennes, France.
| | - Claudia Wiegand
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Alexandrine Pannard
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Ana María Gagneten
- Lab. de Ecotoxicología, Facultad de Humanidades y Ciencias, Universidad Nacional del Litoral, Ciudad Universitaria, Ruta Nacional Nº 168, Km 472.4, 3000, Santa Fe, Argentina
| | - Mathieu Pédrot
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes - UMR 6118, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 15, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Martine Bouhnik-Le Coz
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, Géosciences Rennes - UMR 6118, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 15, F-35000, Rennes, France
| | - Christophe Piscart
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ECOBIO - UMR 6553, 263 Avenue Général Leclerc, Campus de Beaulieu, Bâtiment 14A, F-35000, Rennes, France
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19
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Mebane CA, Schmidt TS, Miller JL, Balistrieri LS. Bioaccumulation and Toxicity of Cadmium, Copper, Nickel, and Zinc and Their Mixtures to Aquatic Insect Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2020; 39:812-833. [PMID: 31916284 PMCID: PMC7154727 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
We describe 2 artificial stream experiments that exposed aquatic insect communities to zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and cadmium (year 2014) and to Zn, Cu, and nickel (year 2015). The testing strategy was to concurrently expose insect communities to single metals and mixtures. Single-metal tests were repeated to evaluate the reproducibility of the methods and year-to-year variability. Metals were strongly accumulated in sediments, periphyton, and insect (caddisfly) tissues, with the highest concentrations occurring in periphyton. Sensitive mayflies declined in metal treatments, and effect concentrations could be predicted effectively from metal concentrations in either periphyton or water. Most responses were similar in the replicated tests, but median effect concentration values for the mayfly Rhithrogena sp. varied 20-fold between the tests, emphasizing the difficulty comparing sensitivities across studies and the value of repeated testing. Relative to the single-metal responses, the toxicity of the mixtures was either approximately additive or less than additive when calculated as the product of individual responses (response addition). However, even less-than-additive relative responses were sometimes greater than responses to similar concentrations tested singly. The ternary mixtures resulted in mayfly declines at concentrations that caused no declines in the concurrent single-metal tests. When updating species-sensitivity distributions (SSDs) with these results, the mayfly responses were among the most sensitive 10th percentile of available data for all 4 metals, refuting older literature placing mayflies in the insensitive portion of metal SSDs. Testing translocated aquatic insect communities in 30-d artificial streams is an efficient approach to generate multiple species effect values under quasi-natural conditions that are relevant to natural streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:812-833. Published 2020 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work, and as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis S. Schmidt
- Colorado Water Science CenterUS Geological SurveyFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Janet L. Miller
- Fort Collins Science CenterUS Geological SurveyFt. CollinsColorado
| | - Laurie S. Balistrieri
- Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science CenterUS Geological Survey, GeologyGraftonWisconsin
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20
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Clements WH, Cadmus P, Kotalik CJ, Wolff BA. Context-Dependent Responses of Aquatic Insects to Metals and Metal Mixtures: A Quantitative Analysis Summarizing 24 Yr of Stream Mesocosm Experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2486-2496. [PMID: 31403735 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Modernizing water quality criteria to predict how contaminants affect natural aquatic communities requires that we utilize data obtained across multiple lines of evidence, including laboratory, mesocosm, and field studies. We report the results of 29 mesocosm experiments conducted from 1994 to 2017 at the Colorado State University Stream Research Laboratory (Fort Collins, CO, USA). The primary goal of the present study was to quantify responses of aquatic insect communities collected from 8 different locations to different combinations of cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), and zinc (Zn). Treatments that included Cu or Fe, either alone or in combination with other metals, were especially toxic to aquatic insects. The results showed that effects of metals were context dependent and varied significantly among the 8 sites where communities were collected. In particular, effects on communities from smaller streams were significantly greater than those from larger streams. Our analyses also showed that several morphological (body size, shape, gills, degree of sclerotization) and life history (voltinism) traits were significantly correlated with sensitivity to metals. Across all taxa and experiments, aquatic insects broadly classified as small (maximum body length <8 mm) were significantly more sensitive to metals than medium or large individuals. These findings demonstrate the advantages of integrating results of mesocosm experiments with species traits to develop a mechanistic understanding of biotic and abiotic factors that influence community responses to contaminants. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2486-2496. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- William H Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Pete Cadmus
- Colorado Parks and Wildlife, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Christopher J Kotalik
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
| | - Brian A Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States
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21
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Wolff BA, Duggan SB, Clements WH. Resilience and regime shifts: Do novel communities impede ecological recovery in a historically metal‐contaminated stream? J Appl Ecol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/1365-2664.13503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian A. Wolff
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - Sam B. Duggan
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
| | - William H. Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology Colorado State University Fort Collins Colorado
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22
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Kotalik CJ, Clements WH. Stream Mesocosm Experiments Show Significant Differences in Sensitivity of Larval and Emerging Adults to Metals. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8362-8370. [PMID: 31184880 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Evaluations of aquatic insect responses to contaminants typically use larval life stages to characterize taxa sensitivity, but the effects of contaminants to emerging terrestrial adults have received less attention. We present the results of two stream mesocosm experiments that exposed aquatic insects to mixtures of Cu and Zn. We compared responses of larvae and emerging adults in a single-species experiment with the mayfly Rhithrogena robusta and a benthic community experiment. Results showed that R. robusta larvae and emerging adults were highly tolerant of metals. In the benthic community experiment, larval and emerging adult life stages of the mayfly Baetidae were highly sensitive to metals exposure, with significant alterations in adult sex ratios. In contrast, the emergence of Chironomidae (midge) was unaffected, but larval abundance strongly decreased. Timing of adult emergence was significantly different among treatments and varied among taxa, with emergence stimulation in Chironomidae and delays in emergence in R. robusta and Simuliidae (black fly). Our results demonstrate that metal tolerance in aquatic insects is life stage dependent and that taxa sensitivity is influenced by a combination of physiology and phylogeny. Regulatory frameworks would benefit by including test results that account for effects of contaminants on metamorphosis and adult insect emergence for the development of aquatic life standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Kotalik
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology , Colorado State University Fort Collins , Colorado 80521 , United States
| | - William H Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology , Colorado State University Fort Collins , Colorado 80521 , United States
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23
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Mebane CA, Sumpter JP, Fairbrother A, Augspurger TP, Canfield TJ, Goodfellow WL, Guiney PD, LeHuray A, Maltby L, Mayfield DB, McLaughlin MJ, Ortego LS, Schlekat T, Scroggins RP, Verslycke TA. Scientific integrity issues in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry: Improving research reproducibility, credibility, and transparency. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2019; 15:320-344. [PMID: 30609273 PMCID: PMC7313240 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.4119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-profile reports of detrimental scientific practices leading to retractions in the scientific literature contribute to lack of trust in scientific experts. Although the bulk of these have been in the literature of other disciplines, environmental toxicology and chemistry are not free from problems. While we believe that egregious misconduct such as fraud, fabrication of data, or plagiarism is rare, scientific integrity is much broader than the absence of misconduct. We are more concerned with more commonly encountered and nuanced issues such as poor reliability and bias. We review a range of topics including conflicts of interests, competing interests, some particularly challenging situations, reproducibility, bias, and other attributes of ecotoxicological studies that enhance or detract from scientific credibility. Our vision of scientific integrity encourages a self-correcting culture that promotes scientific rigor, relevant reproducible research, transparency in competing interests, methods and results, and education. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;00:000-000. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Anne LeHuray
- Chemical Management Associates, Alexandria, Virginia, USA
| | | | | | | | - Lisa S Ortego
- Bayer CropScience, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tamar Schlekat
- Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, Florida, USA
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24
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Schmidt TS, Rogers HA, Miller JL, Mebane CA, Balistrieri LS. Understanding the captivity effect on invertebrate communities transplanted into an experimental stream laboratory. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2018; 37:2820-2834. [PMID: 30035388 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about how design and testing methodologies affect the macroinvertebrate communities that are held captive in mesocosms. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted a 32-d test to determine how seeded invertebrate communities changed once removed from the natural stream and introduced to the laboratory. We evaluated larvae survival and adult emergence in controls from 4 subsequent studies, as well as corresponding within-river community changes. The experimental streams maintained about 80% of the invertebrates that originally colonized the introduced substrates. Many macroinvertebrate populations experienced changes in numbers through time, suggesting that these taxa are unlikely to maintain static populations throughout studies. For example, some taxa (Tanytarsini, Simuliidae, Cinygmula sp.) increased in number, grew (Simuliidae), and possibly recruited new individuals (Baetidae) as larvae, while several also completed other life history events (pupation and emergence) during the 30- to 32-d studies. Midges and mayflies dominated emergence, further supporting the idea that conditions are conducive for many taxa to complete their life cycles while held captive in the experimental streams. However, plecopterans were sensitive to temperature changes >2 °C between river and laboratory. Thus, this experimental stream testing approach can support diverse larval macroinvertebrate communities for durations consistent with some chronic criterion development and life cycle assessments (i.e., 30 d). The changes in communities held captive in the experimental streams were mostly consistent with the parallel changes observed from in situ river samples, indicating that mesocosm results are reasonably representative of real river insect communities. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:2820-2834. Published 2018 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Laurie S Balistrieri
- Geology, Minerals, Energy, and Geophysics Science Center, US Geological Survey, Grafton, Wisconsin
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Tomczyk NJ, Parr TB, Gray E, Iburg J, Capps KA. Trophic Strategies Influence Metal Bioaccumulation in Detritus-Based, Aquatic Food Webs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11886-11894. [PMID: 30226374 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Metal accumulation in aquatic food webs is mediated by physiochemical parameters of the environment and organismal traits. Trophic strategies influence an organisms' exposure to metal pollution, but links between trophic ecology and exposure to divalent metals are relatively understudied. While organically bound metals are typically considered unavailable for uptake, organisms directly consuming dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and bacteria-via the microbial loop-must also be consuming organically bound metals. Hence, we predicted animals feeding within the microbial loop would accumulate metals through their diet. To test this prediction, we exploited dietary differences between two organisms, Simulium vittatum, a filter-feeding black fly and Hyalella azteca, a shredding detritivore. We exposed both species to three treatments of DOC (labile, recalcitrant, and no additional DOC) that were crossed with exposure to variable copper (Cu) concentrations (2-14 μg L-1) in laboratory microcosms. As predicted, H. azteca experienced a buffering effect by DOC. However, this pattern was not apparent for S. vittatum. Our results highlight the importance of considering trophic strategies when examining the impacts of metal pollution on aquatic communities, and demonstrate the potential for the microbial loop to facilitate metal uptake in freshwater food webs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan J Tomczyk
- Odum School of Ecology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia United States
- Savannah River Ecology Lab , University of Georgia , Aiken , South Carolina United States
| | - Thomas B Parr
- Department of Biology , University of Oklahoma , Norman , Oklahoma United States
| | - Elmer Gray
- Department of Entomology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia United States
| | - Joseph Iburg
- City of Bullhead , Bullhead City , Arizona United States
| | - Krista A Capps
- Odum School of Ecology , University of Georgia , Athens , Georgia United States
- Savannah River Ecology Lab , University of Georgia , Aiken , South Carolina United States
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26
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Debecker S, Stoks R. Pace of life syndrome under warming and pollution: integrating life history, behavior, and physiology across latitudes. ECOL MONOGR 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecm.1332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Debecker
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Evolutionary Stress Ecology and Ecotoxicology; KU Leuven (University of Leuven); Charles Deberiotstraat 32 3000 Leuven Belgium
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27
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Collas FPL, Buijse AD, Hendriks AJ, Velde G, Leuven RSEW. Sensitivity of native and alien freshwater bivalve species in Europe to climate‐related environmental factors. Ecosphere 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ecs2.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Frank P. L. Collas
- Department of Environmental Science Institute in Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species (NEC‐E) Nature Plaza P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Anthonie D. Buijse
- Department of Freshwater Ecology and Water Quality Deltares P.O. Box 177, 2600 MH Delft The Netherlands
| | - A. Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science Institute in Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Gerard Velde
- Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species (NEC‐E) Nature Plaza P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center P.O. Box 9517, 2300 RA Leiden The Netherlands
| | - Rob S. E. W. Leuven
- Netherlands Centre of Expertise for Exotic Species (NEC‐E) Nature Plaza P.O. Box 9010, 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
- Department of Animal Ecology and Physiology Institute for Water and Wetland Research Radboud University P.O. Box 9010 6500 GL Nijmegen The Netherlands
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Iwasaki Y, Schmidt TS, Clements WH. Quantifying Differences in Responses of Aquatic Insects to Trace Metal Exposure in Field Studies and Short-Term Stream Mesocosm Experiments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:4378-4384. [PMID: 29565570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b06628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Characterizing macroinvertebrate taxa as either sensitive or tolerant is of critical importance for investigating impacts of anthropogenic stressors in aquatic ecosystems and for inferring causality. However, our understanding of relative sensitivity of aquatic insects to metals in the field and under controlled conditions in the laboratory or mesocosm experiments is limited. In this study, we compared the response of 16 lotic macroinvertebrate families to metals in short-term (10-day) stream mesocosm experiments and in a spatially extensive field study of 154 Colorado streams. Comparisons of field and mesocosm-derived EC20 (effect concentration of 20%) values showed that aquatic insects were generally more sensitive to metals in the field. Although the ranked sensitivity to metals was similar for many families, we observed large differences between field and mesocosm responses for some groups (e.g., Baetidae and Heptageniidae). These differences most likely resulted from the inability of short-term experiments to account for factors such as dietary exposure to metals, rapid recolonization in the field, and effects of metals on sensitive life stages. Understanding mechanisms responsible for differences among field, mesocosm, and laboratory approaches would improve our ability to predict contaminant effects and establish ecologically meaningful water-quality criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichi Iwasaki
- Research Center for Life and Environmental Sciences , Toyo University , 1-1-1 Izumino , Itakura , Oura, Gunma 374-0193 , Japan
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability , National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology , 16-1 Onogawa , Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8569 , Japan
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- Colorado Water Science Center , U.S. Geological Survey , Fort Collins , Colorado 80526 , United States
| | - William H Clements
- Department of Fish, Wildlife and Conservation Biology , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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29
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Memtombi Chanu C, Gupta S, Gupta A. Acute toxicity of cadmium in Anisops sardeus (Heteroptera:Notonectidae): Effects on adult and nymphal survival and swimming behavior. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:169-175. [PMID: 28734219 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Adult female and male, and final instar nymph of Anisops sardeus (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) were exposed to graded concentrations of cadmium in 96h static-with-renewal acute toxicity tests, which were conducted in dry (March) and wet (May-June) seasons. The 96h LC50 values for instar V nymph, adult female and male were found to be 0.9, 0.59 and 0.51mgL-1 Cd, respectively, in wet season, while these were 26.7 and 20.2mgL-1 Cd for adult female and male, respectively, in dry season. Adult males were most sensitive to Cd, followed by females in both seasons, while highest tolerance in wet season was observed in instar V nymph. There was a steep decline in LC50 values from 24 to 96h in wet season. Besides mortality at higher concentrations of Cd, sublethal effects in terms of reduced 'velocity magnitude' (swimming speed) and mostly increased 'rotation angle' (turning angle) could be discerned at concentrations as low as 0.03mgL-1. The swimming pattern of Cd-exposed nymph and adults were also affected. Based on the bioaccumulation factor (BAF) values, A. sardeus could be designated as a macroconcentrator of Cd (BAF > 2), with highest Cd accumulation in instar V nymph, followed by that in female, and with lowest Cd accumulation in male.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Susmita Gupta
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India
| | - Abhik Gupta
- Department of Ecology & Environmental Science, Assam University, Silchar 788011, India.
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Nasirian H, Irvine KN. Odonata larvae as a bioindicator of metal contamination in aquatic environments: application to ecologically important wetlands in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:436. [PMID: 28779428 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6145-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of this study were twofold: (i) assess the bioaccumulation characteristics of a suite of metals associated with several different species of Odonata and (ii) examine Odonata species richness as a reflection of ecosystem health in two ecologically important wetlands of southwestern Iran, the Shadegan and Hawr Al Azim wetlands. Levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), iron (Fe), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) were determined using inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) in nine different Odonata larva species. Based on these data, biota-sediment accumulation factors (BSAFs) were calculated and generally, it was found that Cr, Cu, Mn, and Zn were being taken up by the Odonata (BSAFs >1). Because of its prevalence in the wetland and its observed ability to take up metals, it is suggested that Ischnura ramburii is an appropriate indicator of ecosystem health for these wetlands with respect to metal contamination. Odonata species richness across all sites was 49, while for the individual sites, the greatest species richness was 26 and the lowest species richness was 13. The species richness value across all sites is quite healthy, given the arid climate of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasirian
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 6446-14155, Tehran, Iran.
| | - K N Irvine
- National Institute of Education and Environmental and Process Modelling Centre, Nanyang Environment and Water Research Institute, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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31
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Marziali L, Rosignoli F, Drago A, Pascariello S, Valsecchi L, Rossaro B, Guzzella L. Toxicity risk assessment of mercury, DDT and arsenic legacy pollution in sediments: A triad approach under low concentration conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 593-594:809-821. [PMID: 28371758 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.03.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The determination of sediment toxicity is challenging due to site-specific factors affecting pollutants distribution and bioavailability, especially when contamination levels are close to expected non-effect concentrations. Different lines of evidence and sensitive tools are necessary for a proper toxicity risk assessment. We examined the case study of the Toce River (Northern Italy), where past industrial activities determined Hg, DDT and As enrichment in sediments. A triad approach comprising chemical, ecotoxicological and ecological analyses (benthic invertebrates) was carried out for risk assessment of residual contamination in river sediments. A "blank" site upstream from the industrial site was selected to compare the other sites downstream. Sediment, water and benthic invertebrate samplings were carried out following standard protocols. Results emphasized that despite the emissions of the industrial site ceased about 20years ago, sediments in the downstream section of the river remain contaminated by Hg, DDT and As with concentrations exceeding Threshold Effect Concentrations. A chronic whole-sediment test with Chironomus riparius showed decreased development rate and a lower number of eggs per mass in the contaminated sediments. Benthic community was analyzed with the calculation of integrated (STAR_ICMi) and stressor-specific metrics (SPEARpesticide and mean sensitivity to Hg), but no significant differences were found between upstream and downstream sites. On the other hand, multivariate analysis (partial Redundancy Analysis and variation partitioning) emphasized a slight impact on invertebrate community, accounting for 5% variation in taxa composition. Results show that legacy contaminants in sediments, even at low concentrations, may be bioavailable and possibly toxic for benthic invertebrates. At low concentration levels, sensitive and site-specific tools need to be developed for a proper risk analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Marziali
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy.
| | - F Rosignoli
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - A Drago
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - S Pascariello
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - L Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
| | - B Rossaro
- University of Milan, Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Via Celoria 2, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - L Guzzella
- Water Research Institute - National Research Council (IRSA-CNR), Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, MB, Italy
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32
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Liess M, Gerner NV, Kefford BJ. Metal toxicity affects predatory stream invertebrates less than other functional feeding groups. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 227:505-512. [PMID: 28499260 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Revised: 04/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecosystem effects of heavy metals need to be identified for a retrospective risk assessment, and potential impacts need to be predicted for a prospective risk assessment. In this study, we established a strong correlation between the toxic pressure of dissolved metals and invertebrate species. We compiled available data from a wide geographical range of Australian streams that were contaminated with heavy metals [mainly copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn)] and the corresponding invertebrate communities. Heavy metal toxicity is positively related to the proportion of predators within the invertebrate community, represented by the predatorratio, with an effect threshold range of 2.6 μg/L - 26 μg/L for Cu and 62 μg/L - 617 μg/L for Zn. These effect concentrations are in the ranges of the concentrations identified in model ecosystems and other field investigations and are just above the existing guideline limits. Heavy metals also affects the taxa richness negatively. Other community measures, such as the evenness, number of EPT (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera) taxa, SPEcies At Risk (SPEAR)pesticides or SPEARsalinity were relatively poorly correlated with heavy metal toxicity in the streams. Therefore, we suggest applying the predatorratio within the community as a starting point for an indicator of the dissolved metal toxicity, the SPEARmetals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Liess
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Nadine V Gerner
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Emschergenossenschaft, Kronprinzenstraße 24, 45128 Essen, Germany; Quantitative Landscape Ecology, Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany
| | - Ben J Kefford
- University of Canberra, ACT 2601, Institute for Applied Ecology, Australia
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Mebane CA, Schmidt TS, Balistrieri LS. Larval aquatic insect responses to cadmium and zinc in experimental streams. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:749-762. [PMID: 27541712 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the risks of metal mixture effects to natural stream communities under ecologically relevant conditions, the authors conducted 30-d tests with benthic macroinvertebrates exposed to cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in experimental streams. The simultaneous exposures were with Cd and Zn singly and with Cd+Zn mixtures at environmentally relevant ratios. The tests produced concentration-response patterns that for individual taxa were interpreted in the same manner as classic single-species toxicity tests and for community metrics such as taxa richness and mayfly (Ephemeroptera) abundance were interpreted in the same manner as with stream survey data. Effect concentrations from the experimental stream exposures were usually 2 to 3 orders of magnitude lower than those from classic single-species tests. Relative to a response addition model, which assumes that the joint toxicity of the mixtures can be predicted from the product of their responses to individual toxicants, the Cd+Zn mixtures generally showed slightly less than additive toxicity. The authors applied a modeling approach called Tox to explore the mixture toxicity results and to relate the experimental stream results to field data. The approach predicts the accumulation of toxicants (hydrogen, Cd, and Zn) on organisms using a 2-pKa bidentate model that defines interactions between dissolved cations and biological receptors (biotic ligands) and relates that accumulation through a logistic equation to biological response. The Tox modeling was able to predict Cd+Zn mixture responses from the single-metal exposures as well as responses from field data. The similarity of response patterns between the 30-d experimental stream tests and field data supports the environmental relevance of testing aquatic insects in experimental streams. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:749-762. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Travis S Schmidt
- Fort Collins Science Center, US Geological Survey, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA
| | - Laurie S Balistrieri
- US Geological Survey and School of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Gerner NV, Koné M, Ross MS, Pereira A, Ulrich AC, Martin JW, Liess M. Stream invertebrate community structure at Canadian oil sands development is linked to concentration of bitumen-derived contaminants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 575:1005-1013. [PMID: 27707570 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.09.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2016] [Revised: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In Canada, the Athabasca oil sands deposits are a source of bitumen-derived contaminants, reaching the aquatic environment via various natural and anthropogenic pathways. The ecological effects of these contaminants are under debate. To quantify the effects of bitumen-derived contaminants we monitored the aquatic exposure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, and naphthenic acids as well as the invertebrate community in the Athabasca River and its tributaries. PAH concentrations over 3 consecutive years were related to discharge and were highest in the year with high autumn rainfall. In the year with the highest PAH concentrations, these were linked with adverse effects on the aquatic invertebrate communities. We observed relative effects of the composition and concentration of contaminants on the invertebrate fauna. This is reflected by the composition and abundance of invertebrate species via the use of the species' traits "physiological sensitivity" and "generation time". Applying the SPEAR approach we observed alterations of community structure in terms of an increased physiological sensitivity and a decrease of generation time for the average species. These effects were apparent at concentrations 100 times below the acute sensitivity of the standard test organism Daphnia magna. To rapidly identify oil sands related effects in the field we designed a biological indicator system, SPEARoil, applicable for future routine monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine V Gerner
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; Quantitative Landscape Ecology, Institute for Environmental Science, University of Koblenz-Landau, Fortstraße 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Macoura Koné
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 3-091 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - Matthew S Ross
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Alberto Pereira
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Ania C Ulrich
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, 3-091 Markin/CNRL Natural Resources Engineering Facility, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan W Martin
- Division of Analytical & Environmental Toxicology, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, 10-102 Clinical Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
| | - Matthias Liess
- UFZ, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, Department System-Ecotoxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany; RWTH Aachen University, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), Worringer Weg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Salmelin J, Leppänen MT, Karjalainen AK, Vuori KM, Gerhardt A, Hämäläinen H. Assessing ecotoxicity of biomining effluents in stream ecosystems by in situ invertebrate bioassays: A case study in Talvivaara, Finland. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:147-155. [PMID: 27253991 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mining of sulfide-rich pyritic ores produces acid mine drainage waters and has induced major ecological problems in aquatic ecosystems worldwide. Biomining utilizes microbes to extract metals from the ore, and it has been suggested as a new sustainable way to produce metals. However, little is known of the potential ecotoxicological effects of biomining. In the present study, biomining impacts were assessed using survival and behavioral responses of aquatic macroinvertebrates at in situ exposures in streams. The authors used an impedance conversion technique to measure quantitatively in situ behavioral responses of larvae of the regionally common mayfly, Heptagenia dalecarlica, to discharges from the Talvivaara mine (Sotkamo, Northern Finland), which uses a biomining technique. Behavioral responses measured in 3 mine-impacted streams were compared with those measured in 3 reference streams. In addition, 3-d survival of the mayfly larvae and the oligochaete Lumbriculus variegatus was measured in the study sites. Biomining impacts on stream water quality included increased concentrations of sulfur, sulfate, and metals, especially manganese, cadmium, zinc, sodium, and calcium. Survival of the invertebrates in the short term was not affected by the mine effluents. In contrast, apparent behavioral changes in mayfly larvae were detected, but these responses were not consistent among sites, which may reflect differing natural water chemistry of the study sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:147-155. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Salmelin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti T Leppänen
- Laboratory Center/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Anna K Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari-Matti Vuori
- Laboratory Center/Ecotoxicology and Risk Assessment, Finnish Environment Institute, Jyväskylä, Finland
- Lappeenranta University of Technology, Lappeenranta, Finland
| | | | - Heikki Hämäläinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyväskylä, Finland
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36
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Colombo V, Pettigrove VJ, Hoffmann AA, Golding LA. Effects of Lumbriculus variegatus (Annelida, Oligochaete) bioturbation on zinc sediment chemistry and toxicity to the epi-benthic invertebrate Chironomus tepperi (Diptera: Chironomidae). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:198-207. [PMID: 27262133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2016] [Revised: 05/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Classical laboratory-based single-species sediment bioassays do not account for modifications to toxicity from bioturbation by benthic organisms which may impact predictions of contaminated sediment risk to biota in the field. This study aims to determine the effects of bioturbation on the toxicity of zinc measured in a standard laboratory bioassay conducted with chironomid larvae (Chironomus tepperi). The epi-benthic chironomid larvae were exposed to two different levels of sediment contamination (1600 and 1980 mg/kg of dry weight zinc) in the presence or absence of annelid worms (Lumbriculus variegatus) which are known to be tolerant to metal and to have a large impact on sediment properties through bioturbation. Chironomids had 5-6x higher survival in the presence of L. variegatus which shows that bioturbation had a beneficial effect on the chironomid larvae. Chemical analyses showed that bioturbation induced a flux of zinc from the pore water into the water column, thereby reducing the bioavailability of zinc in pore water to the chironomid larvae. This also suggested that pore water was the major exposure path for the chironomids to metals in sediment. During the study, annelid worms (Oligochaetes) produced a thin layer of faecal pellets at the sediment surface, a process known to: (i) create additional adsorption sites for zinc, thus reducing its availability, (ii) increase the microbial abundance that in turn could represent an additional food source for opportunistic C. tepperi larvae, and (iii) modify the microbial community's structure and alter the biogeochemical processes it governs thus indirectly impact zinc toxicity. This study represents a contribution in recognising bioturbating organisms as "ecological engineers" as they directly and indirectly influence metal bioavailability and impact other sediment-inhabiting species. This is significant and should be considered in risk assessment of zinc levels (and other metals) in contaminated sediment when extrapolating from laboratory studies to the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentina Colombo
- CAPIM (Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Vincent J Pettigrove
- CAPIM (Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management), School of BioSciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Ary A Hoffmann
- CAPIM (Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management), Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia.
| | - Lisa A Golding
- CSIRO Land and Water, Lucas Heights, Sydney, NSW, 2234, Australia.
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Turpin-Nagel K, Vadas TM. Controls on metal exposure to aquatic organisms in urban streams. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2016; 18:956-967. [PMID: 27170052 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00151c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Streams in urban ecosystems receive metal inputs primarily from stormwater runoff and wastewater effluent. The relative contribution of these metal sources to stream impairment is difficult to discern based on simple water characteristics and biological surveys. Stream impairment in these systems is often indicated by reduced abundance and diversity of aquatic insects, which tend to be more sensitive to chronic metal exposures. Metal species and controls on metal species in both the waterborne and dietborne exposure pathways to aquatic organisms are reviewed here. In addition, ecological changes that can control dietborne species are discussed. A main focus is on how organic matter from different anthropogenic sources may control both aqueous metal speciation as well as interaction with various inorganic or microbiological surfaces in streams. Most of the reviewed research focuses on Cu, Zn or Pb as those are the primary metals of concern in developed systems and Cu and Pb have unique and strong interactions with organic matter. Recommendations for further research are described in the context of exposure species, dynamics of exposure, stoichiometry, or advanced analytical tools, and regulatory implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn Turpin-Nagel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Rd. Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269, USA.
| | - Timothy M Vadas
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Connecticut, 261 Glenbrook Rd. Unit 3037, Storrs, CT 06269, USA. and Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT 06269, USA
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Toušová Z, Kuta J, Hynek D, Adam V, Kizek R, Bláha L, Hilscherová K. Metallothionein modulation in relation to cadmium bioaccumulation and age-dependent sensitivity of Chironomus riparius larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:10504-10513. [PMID: 26957427 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6362-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to contribute to understanding of the mechanisms behind sensitivity differences between early and late instar larvae of Chironomus riparius and to address the influence of the differences in standard testing approaches on the toxicity evaluation. A 10-day contact sediment toxicity test was carried out to assess sensitivity to cadmium exposure in relation to different age and laboratory culture line origin of test organisms. Chironomid larvae of early (OECD 218 method) and late instar (US-EPA600/R-99/064 method) differed substantially in sensitivity of traditional endpoints (OECD: LOEC 50 and 10 μg Cd/g dry weight (dw); US-EPA: LOEC > 1000 and 100 μg Cd/g dw for survival and growth, respectively). Bioaccumulated cadmium and metallothioneins (MTs) concentrations were analyzed to investigate the role of MTs in reduced sensitivity to cadmium in late instar larvae. Metallothioneins were induced after treatment to greater Cd concentrations, but their levels in relation to cadmium body burdens did not fully explain low sensitivity of late instars to cadmium, which indicates some other effective way of detoxification in late instars. This study brings new information related to the role of MTs in age-dependent toxicant sensitivity and discusses the implications of divergence in data generated by chironomid sediment toxicity tests by standardized methods using different instars.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Toušová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kuta
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - David Hynek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - René Kizek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemědělská 1, 613 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Luděk Bláha
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Klára Hilscherová
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Custer KW, Kochersberger JP, Anderson PD, Fetters KJ, Hummel S, Burton GA. Macroinvertebrate responses to nickel in multisystem exposures. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:101-114. [PMID: 26178528 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Metals introduced to sediments undergo a variety of complexation and partitioning changes that affect metal bioavailability. Using simultaneously extracted metal (SEM)/acid volatile sulfide (AVS) and organic carbon (f(OC)) models, the authors examined nickel (Ni) toxicity and bioavailability in 2 field studies (using streamside mesocosm and in situ colonization) and 1 laboratory study. The streamside mesocosm experiments indicated that benthic communities (Ephemeroptera, abundance, and taxa richness) responded negatively to increasing SEM(Ni) /AVS and (SEM(Ni) -AVS)/f(OC) models. In the in situ colonization study, taxa richness, abundance, and Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera (EPT) taxa decreased with increasing SEM(Ni) and SEM(Ni)/AVS values. Nickel-spiked sediments were tested in the laboratory with indigenous field-collected mayflies (Anthopotamus verticis, Isonychia spp., and Stenonema spp) and a beetle (Psephenus herricki), and with laboratory-cultured Hyalella azteca and Chironomus dilutus. The amphipod H. azteca was the most sensitive organism tested, and the mayflies Anthopotamus verticis and Stenonema spp. were the most sensitive indigenous organisms to Ni-spiked sediments. These studies help discern which factors are important in determining Ni toxicity and bioavailability at the individual, population, and community levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin W Custer
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Jon P Kochersberger
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Padrick D Anderson
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Kyle J Fetters
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - Steven Hummel
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA
| | - G Allen Burton
- School of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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Struewing KA, Lazorchak JM, Weaver PC, Johnson BR, Funk DH, Buchwalter DB. Part 2: Sensitivity comparisons of the mayfly Centroptilum triangulifer to Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna using standard reference toxicants; NaCl, KCl and CuSO4. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:597-603. [PMID: 24932778 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Criteria for establishing water quality standards that are protective for 95% of the native species are generally based upon laboratory toxicity tests. These tests utilize common model organisms that have established test methods. However, for invertebrates these species represent mostly the zooplankton community and are not inclusive of all taxa. In order to examine a potential under-representation in emerging aquatic invertebrates the US Environmental Protection Agency has cultured a parthenogenetic mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer (Ephemeroptera: Baetidae). This study established a 48h acute and a 14-day short-term chronic testing procedure for C. triangulifer and compared its sensitivity to two model invertebrates, Ceriodaphnia dubia and Daphnia magna. Toxicity tests were conducted to determine mortality and growth effects using standard reference toxicants: NaCl, KCl and CuSO4. In 48-h acute tests, the average LC50 for the mayfly was 659mgL(-1) NaCl, 1957mgL(-1) KCl, and 11μgL(-1) CuSO4. IC25 values, using dry weight as the endpoint, were 228mgL(-1) NaCl, 356mgL(-1) KCl and 5μgL(-1) CuSO4. C. triangulifer was the most sensitive species in NaCl acute and chronic growth tests. At KCl concentrations tested, C. triangulifer was less sensitive for acute tests but was equally or more sensitive than C. dubia and D. magna for growth measurements. This study determined C. triangulifer has great potential and benefits for use in ecotoxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James M Lazorchak
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. MLK Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States.
| | - Paul C Weaver
- The McConnell Group, 26 W. MLK Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - Brent R Johnson
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 26 W. MLK Blvd., Cincinnati, OH 45268, United States
| | - David H Funk
- Stroud Water Research Center, Avondale, PA, United States
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41
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Wallin J, Karjalainen AK, Schultz E, Järvistö J, Leppänen M, Vuori KM. Weight-of-evidence approach in assessment of ecotoxicological risks of acid sulphate soils in the Baltic Sea river estuaries. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:452-461. [PMID: 25506908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/23/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Acidity and leaching of metals from acid sulphate soils (ASSs) impair the water quality of receiving surface waters. The largest ASS areas in Europe are found in the coasts of the northern Baltic Sea. We used weight-of-evidence (WoE) approach to assess potential risks in 14 estuary sites affected by ASS in the Gulf of Finland, northern Baltic Sea. The assessment was based on exposure and effect profiles utilizing sediment and water metal concentrations and concurrent pH variation, sediment toxicity tests using the luminescent bacterium Vibrio fischeri and the midge Chironomus riparius, and the ecological status of benthic macroinvertebrate communities. Sediment metal concentrations were compared to national sediment quality criteria/guidelines, and water metal concentrations to environmental quality standards (EQSs). Hazard quotients (HQs) were established for maximum aluminium, cadmium and zinc concentrations at low pH based on applicable US EPA toxicity database. Sediment metal concentrations were clearly elevated in most of the studied estuaries. The EQS of cadmium (0.1 μg/l) was exceeded in 3 estuaries out of 14. The pH-minima were below the national threshold value (5.5) between good and satisfactory water quality in 10 estuaries. V. fischeri bioluminescence indicated toxicity of the sediments but toxic response was not observed in the C. riparius emergence test. Benthic invertebrate communities were deteriorated in 6 out of 14 sites based on the benthic invertebrate quality index. The overall ecotoxicological risk was assessed as low in five, moderate in three and high in five of the estuary sites. The risk assessment utilizing the WoE approach indicated that harmful effects of ASSs are likely to occur in the Baltic Sea river estuaries located at the ASS hotspot area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaana Wallin
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - Anna K Karjalainen
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Eija Schultz
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Hakuninmaantie 6, FI-00430 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Järvistö
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Matti Leppänen
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Kari-Matti Vuori
- Finnish Environment Institute SYKE, Survontie 9 A, FI-40500 Jyväskylä, Finland
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42
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Ebau W, Rawi CSMD, Din Z, Al-Shami SA. Toxicity of cadmium and lead on tropical midge larvae, Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus Kieffer (Diptera: Chironomidae). Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2015; 2:631-4. [PMID: 23569984 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(12)60110-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the acute toxicity of cadmium and lead on larvae of two tropical Chironomid species, Chironomus kiiensis (C. kiiensis) Tokunaga and Chironomus javanus (C. javanus) Kieffer. METHODS Different larval instars (first-fourth) were exposed using a static non-replacement testing procedures to various concentrations of cadmium and lead. RESULTS In general, younger larvae (first and second instars) of both species were more sensitive to both metals than older larvae (third and forth instars). The toxic effects of the metals on C. kiiensis and C. javanus were influenced by the age of the larvae (first to fourth instars), types of metals (cadmium or lead) and duration of larval exposure (24, 48, 72 and 96 h) to the metals. CONCLUSIONS Cadmium was more toxic to the chironomids than lead and C. javanus was significantly more sensitive to both metals than C. kiiensis (P<0.05).
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Affiliation(s)
- Warrin Ebau
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Penang, Malaysia
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43
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Lacerda ACF, Gusmão GA, Hamada N. Tests of chronic and acute toxicity of crude oil on larvae of Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga (Diptera: Chironomidae). BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 74:S70-7. [PMID: 25627368 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.24012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The Amazon region, known for its mega-biodiversity, also holds large reserves of petroleum and natural gas. The increasing exploitation of natural gas and crude oil in the Amazon has not been accompanied by studies evaluating the impact of these pollutants on local biological communities, particularly aquatic organisms. The aim of the present study was to determine the values of acute and chronic toxicity of crude oil from Urucu to larvae of Chironomus kiiensis Tokunaga, 1936. The LD5048h of crude oil for second-instar larvae of C. kiiensis was 26.5 mg/L, and mortality for the majority of concentrations tested was greatest during the first 24 hours of the experiment. The survival of eggs of C. kiiensis exposed to concentrations of crude oil was also evaluated but did not differ significantly among the treatments. Despite the high tolerance observed for the species in the experiments, there is a possibility that in the natural environment the oil interacts with other factors, leading to synergistic effects, so further studies are needed to assess the effects of this pollutant on aquatic insect species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C F Lacerda
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas (Zoologia), Departamento de Sistemática e Ecologia, Universidade Federal da Paraíba - UFPB, João Pessoa,, PB, Brazil
| | - G A Gusmão
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus,, AM, Brazil
| | - N Hamada
- Coordenação de Biodiversidade, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia - INPA, Manaus,, AM, Brazil
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Donnachie RL, Johnson AC, Moeckel C, Pereira MG, Sumpter JP. Using risk-ranking of metals to identify which poses the greatest threat to freshwater organisms in the UK. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 194:17-23. [PMID: 25084241 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater aquatic organisms face the challenge of being exposed to a multitude of chemicals discharged by the human population. The objective of this study was to rank metals according to the threat they pose to aquatic organisms. This will contribute to a wider Chemical Strategy for freshwater which will risk-rank all chemicals based on their potential risk to wildlife in a UK setting. The method involved comparing information on ecotoxicological thresholds with measured concentrations in rivers. The bioconcentration factor was also considered as a ranking method. The metals; Ag, Al, As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn, were analysed using this approach. Triclosan and lindane were used as comparative organic pollutants. Using a range of ranking techniques, Cu, Al and Zn came top of the list of concern, with Cu coming first.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L Donnachie
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Andrew C Johnson
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Wallingford, Oxfordshire, OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - Claudia Moeckel
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - M Glória Pereira
- Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Bailrigg, Lancaster, LA1 4AP, UK.
| | - John P Sumpter
- Institute for the Environment, Brunel University, Uxbridge, UB8 3PH, UK.
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Belowitz R, Leonard EM, O'Donnell MJ. Effects of exposure to high concentrations of waterborne Tl on K and Tl concentrations in Chironomus riparius larvae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 166:59-64. [PMID: 25046737 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2014.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Thallium (Tl) is a non-essential metal which is released into the environment primarily as the result of anthropogenic activities such as fossil fuel burning and smelting of ores. The ionic radius of monovalent Tl⁺ is similar to that of K⁺ and Tl⁺ may thus interfere with K⁺-dependent processes. We determined that the acute (48 h) lethal concentration where 50% of the organisms do not survive (LC₅₀) of Tl for 4th instar Chironomus riparius larvae was 723 μmol L⁻¹. Accumulation of Tl by the whole animal was saturable, with a maximum accumulation (Jmax) of 4637 μmol kg⁻¹ wet mass, and K(D) of 670 μmol Tl l⁻¹. Tl accumulation by the gut appeared saturable at the lowest four Tl concentrations, with a Jmax of 2560 μmol kg⁻¹ wet mass and a K(D) of 54.5 μmol Tl l⁻¹. The saturable accumulation at the gut may be indicative of a limited capacity for intracellular detoxification, such as storage in lysosomes or complexation with metal-binding proteins. Tl accumulation by the hemolymph was found to be linear and Tl concentrations in the hemolymph were ~75% of the exposure concentration at Tl exposures >26.9 μmol L⁻¹. There was not a significant decrease in whole animal, gut or hemolymph K during exposure to waterborne Tl at any of the concentrations tested (up to 1500 μmol L⁻¹). The avoidance of hypokalemia by C. riparius larvae may contribute to survival during acute waterborne exposures to Tl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Belowitz
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Erin M Leonard
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
| | - Michael J O'Donnell
- Department of Biology, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada.
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Wesner JS, Kraus JM, Schmidt TS, Walters DM, Clements WH. Metamorphosis enhances the effects of metal exposure on the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:10415-10422. [PMID: 25093980 DOI: 10.1021/es501914y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The response of larval aquatic insects to stressors such as metals is used to assess the ecological condition of streams worldwide. However, nearly all larval insects metamorphose from aquatic larvae to winged adults, and recent surveys indicate that adults may be a more sensitive indicator of stream metal toxicity than larvae. One hypothesis to explain this pattern is that insects exposed to elevated metal in their larval stages have a reduced ability to successfully complete metamorphosis. To test this hypothesis we exposed late-instar larvae of the mayfly, Centroptilum triangulifer, to an aqueous Zn gradient (32-476 μg/L) in the laboratory. After 6 days of exposure, when metamorphosis began, larval survival was unaffected by zinc. However, Zn reduced wingpad development at concentrations above 139 μg/L. In contrast, emergence of subimagos and imagos tended to decline with any increase in Zn. At Zn concentrations below 105 μg/L (hardness-adjusted aquatic life criterion), survival between the wingpad and subimago stages declined 5-fold across the Zn gradient. These results support the hypothesis that metamorphosis may be a survival bottleneck, particularly in contaminated streams. Thus, death during metamorphosis may be a key mechanism explaining how stream metal contamination can impact terrestrial communities by reducing aquatic insect emergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Wesner
- Colorado State University, Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Conservation Biology, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523 United States
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47
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Campos D, Alves A, Lemos MFL, Correia A, Soares AMVM, Pestana JLT. Effects of cadmium and resource quality on freshwater detritus processing chains: a microcosm approach with two insect species. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2014; 23:830-839. [PMID: 24648031 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-014-1223-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Detritus processing is vital for freshwater ecosystems that depend on the leaf litter from riparian vegetation and is mediated by microorganisms and aquatic invertebrates. Shredder invertebrates transform coarse particulate organic matter into fine particulate organic matter used as food by collector species. Direct and indirect effects of contaminants can impair detritus processing and thus affect the functioning of these ecosystems. Here, we assessed the combined effects of a toxic metal (cadmium) and resource quality (leaf species) on detritus processing and shredder-collector interactions. We considered two types of leaves, alder and eucalyptus that were microbially conditioned under different Cd concentrations in the laboratory. The microbial communities present on leaves were analyzed by Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE), and we also measured microbial respiration rates. Sericostoma vittatum (a caddisfly shredder) and Chironomus riparius (a midge collector) were also exposed to Cd and allowed to consume the corresponding alder or eucalyptus leaves. We evaluated C. riparius growth and leaf mass loss in multispecies microcosms. Cadmium exposure affected leaf conditioning and fungal diversity on both leaf species, as assessed by DGGE. Cadmium exposure also affected the mass loss of alder leaves by reductions in detritivore feeding, and impaired C. riparius growth. Chironomus riparius consumed alder leaf discs in the absence of shredders, but S. vittatum appear to promote C. riparius growth in treatments containing eucalyptus. These results show that indirect effects of contaminants along detritus-processing chains can occur through effects on shredder-collector interactions such as facilitation but they also depend on the nutritional quality of detritus and on sensitivity and feeding plasticity of detritivore species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Campos
- Departamento de Biologia and CESAM, Universidade de Aveiro, Campus Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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48
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Van Praet N, De Jonge M, Blust R, Stoks R, Bervoets L. Behavioural, physiological and biochemical markers in damselfly larvae (Ischnura elegans) to assess effects of accumulated metal mixtures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:208-215. [PMID: 24140691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.09.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Currently it is not known at which organismal level effects of metal mixtures in nature can best be detected, which is relevant to develop accurate monitoring schemes and quality standards. The present study investigated relationships between accumulated metals with different levels of biological organisation in the aquatic larval stage of the damselfly Ischnura elegans. Larvae were collected in seven Flemish ponds differing in metal load. In each field-collected larva we quantified concentrations of accumulated metals and a set of biochemical markers (acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and glutathione-S-transferase (GST)), physiological endpoints (energy storage), and behavioural responses (locomotory activity and the feeding rate). Accumulated metal levels and the measured endpoints significantly differed among ponds, however, a large variation in metal load index was observed within individuals of the same population. Only GST and energy availability could be partly predicted by the observed variation in metal load index on individual damselfly level. However, no single endpoint could be used to detect the observed variation in metal load index among populations. In conclusion, the sublethal endpoints cannot be used as reliable biomarkers to monitor the toxicity of accumulated metal mixtures in natural populations of I. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nander Van Praet
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Maarten De Jonge
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ronny Blust
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Department of Biology, Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven, Ch. Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Department of Biology, Systemic Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group (SPHERE), University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
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49
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Janssens L, Dinh Van K, Debecker S, Bervoets L, Stoks R. Local adaptation and the potential effects of a contaminant on predator avoidance and antipredator responses under global warming: a space-for-time substitution approach. Evol Appl 2014; 7:421-30. [PMID: 24665344 PMCID: PMC3962302 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The ability to deal with temperature-induced changes in interactions with contaminants and predators under global warming is one of the outstanding, applied evolutionary questions. For this, it is crucial to understand how contaminants will affect activity levels, predator avoidance and antipredator responses under global warming and to what extent gradual thermal evolution may mitigate these effects. Using a space-for-time substitution approach, we assessed the potential for gradual thermal evolution shaping activity (mobility and foraging), predator avoidance and antipredator responses when Ischnura elegans damselfly larvae were exposed to zinc in a common-garden warming experiment at the mean summer water temperatures of shallow water bodies at southern and northern latitudes (24 and 20°C, respectively). Zinc reduced mobility and foraging, predator avoidance and escape swimming speed. Importantly, high-latitude populations showed stronger zinc-induced reductions in escape swimming speed at both temperatures, and in activity levels at the high temperature. The latter indicates that local thermal adaptation may strongly change the ecological impact of contaminants under global warming. Our study underscores the critical importance of considering local adaptation along natural gradients when integrating biotic interactions in ecological risk assessment, and the potential of gradual thermal evolution mitigating the effects of warming on the vulnerability to contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizanne Janssens
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Khuong Dinh Van
- Institute of Aquaculture, Nha Trang University Nha Trang, Vietnam
| | - Sara Debecker
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Lieven Bervoets
- Systemic, Physiological and Ecotoxicological Research Group, University of Antwerp Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Robby Stoks
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, University of Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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Peters A, Simpson P, Moccia A. Accounting for both local aquatic community composition and bioavailability in setting site-specific quality standards for zinc. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:105-117. [PMID: 23636591 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1720-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 04/04/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen considerable improvement in water quality standards (QS) for metals by taking account of the effect of local water chemistry conditions on their bioavailability. We describe preliminary efforts to further refine water quality standards, by taking account of the composition of the local ecological community (the ultimate protection objective) in addition to bioavailability. Relevance of QS to the local ecological community is critical as it is important to minimise instances where quality classification using QS does not reconcile with a quality classification based on an assessment of the composition of the local ecology (e.g. using benthic macroinvertebrate quality assessment metrics such as River InVertebrate Prediction and Classification System (RIVPACS)), particularly where ecology is assessed to be at good or better status, whilst chemical quality is determined to be failing relevant standards. The alternative approach outlined here describes a method to derive a site-specific species sensitivity distribution (SSD) based on the ecological community which is expected to be present at the site in the absence of anthropogenic pressures (reference conditions). The method combines a conventional laboratory ecotoxicity dataset normalised for bioavailability with field measurements of the response of benthic macroinvertebrate abundance to chemical exposure. Site-specific QSref are then derived from the 5%ile of this SSD. Using this method, site QSref have been derived for zinc in an area impacted by historic mining activities. Application of QSref can result in greater agreement between chemical and ecological metrics of environmental quality compared with the use of either conventional (QScon) or bioavailability-based QS (QSbio). In addition to zinc, the approach is likely to be applicable to other metals and possibly other types of chemical stressors (e.g. pesticides). However, the methodology for deriving site-specific targets requires additional development and validation before they can be robustly applied during surface water classification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Peters
- WCA Environment Ltd., Brunel House, Volunteer Way, Faringdon, Oxfordshire, SN7 7YR, UK,
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