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Lin ZF, Lin HY, Doong RA, Schäfer AI. Heterostructure g-C 3N 4/Bi 2MoO 6 PVDF nanofiber composite membrane for the photodegradation of steroid hormone micropollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134765. [PMID: 38905981 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalytic membrane reactors (PMRs) are a promising technology for micropollutant removal. Sunlight utilization and catalyst surface sites limit photodegradation. A poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofiber composite membrane (NCM) with immobilized visible-light-responsive g-C3N4/Bi2MoO6 (BMCN) were developed. Photodegradation of steroid hormones with the PVDF-BMCN NCM was investigated with varying catalyst properties, operating conditions, and relevant solution chemistry under solar irradiation. Increasing CN ratio (0-65 %) enhanced estradiol (E2) degradation from 20 ± 10 to 75 ± 7 % due to improved sunlight utilization and photon lifetime. PVDF nanofibers reduced self-aggregation of catalysts. Hydraulic residence time and light intensity enhanced the photodegradation. With the increasing pH value, the E2 removal decreased from 84 ± 4 to 67 ± 7 % owing to electrical repulsion and thus reduced adsorption between catalysts and E2. A removal of 96 % can be attained at environmentally relevant feed concentration (100 ng.L-1) with a flux of 60 L.m-2.h-1, irradiance of 100 mW.cm-2, and 1 mg.cm-2 BMCN65 loading. This confirmed that heterojunction photocatalysts can enhance micropollutants degradation in PMRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Fu Lin
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany; Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan, R.O.C.; International Intercollegiate Ph.D. Program, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Han-Ya Lin
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ruey-An Doong
- Institute of Analytical and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 30044, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.
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2
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Liu L, Lu Z, Cai W, Owens G, Chen Z. Green rGO/FeNPs nanocomposites activated peroxydisulfate for the removal of mixed 17β-estradiol and estriol. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 245:118057. [PMID: 38154565 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Reduced graphene oxide/iron nanoparticles (rGO/FeNPs) synthesized by the chemical method have been used in Fenton oxidation of organic contaminants, yet little is known about biosynthesized rGO/FeNPs using green tea extract (GT) as how to activate persulfate in sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes. In this study, rGO/FeNPs were used to activate peroxydisulfate (PDS) for 17β-estradiol (βE2) and estriol (E3) removal. The rGO/FeNPs-PDS system removed 83.6% of βE2 and 62.5% of E3 within 240 min, which was confirmed by a combination of adsorption and degradation via both radical and non-radical pathways. Four main reactive species in βE2 and E3 degradation were observed, i.e., hydroxyl radical (·OH), sulfate radical (SO4·-), singlet oxygen (1O2) and electron transfer, with the respective contributions of ·OH (32.9 and 34.7%), SO4·- (16.1 and 19.7%), 1O2 (12.2 and 14.1%) and electron transfer (8.0 and 7.2%). Analysis of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and electrochemical measurements all indicated that beside the well-known role of Fe, CO from rGO through the generation of ·OH, SO4·-, 1O2 and electron transfer, as well as GT through electron transfer also participated in the activation of PDS. Finally, the degradation pathways of βE2/E3 were proposed. Overall, this study provides a new insight into the biosynthesis of rGO/FeNPs to activate PDS for the oxidation of mixed emerging contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longjie Liu
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Zeyang Lu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Fujian Academy of Environmental Sciences, Fuzhou, 350011, China.
| | - Wanling Cai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China
| | - Gary Owens
- Environmental Contaminants Group, Future Industries Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, South Australia, 5095, Australia
| | - Zuliang Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, 350007, Fujian Province, China.
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3
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Odehnalová K, Přibilová P, Maršálková E, Zezulka Š, Pochylý F, Rudolf P, Maršálek B. Hydrodynamic cavitation-enhanced activation of sodium percarbonate for estrogen removal. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 88:2905-2916. [PMID: 38096077 PMCID: wst_2023_382 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The present paper investigated the potential of hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) as an effective tool for activating sodium percarbonate (SPC). The method's efficiency was demonstrated by effectively removing estrogens, which are pollutants that have adverse impacts on aquatic ecosystems. The effects of the SPC concentration, temperature of solution, and cavitation time were evaluated. After SPC/HC treatment, the removal of estrogens was monitored by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC -MS/MS). Already after 4 s of treatment and 24 h of reaction time, more than 97% of estrogens (initial concentration of 300 ng/L) were removed. The effect of post-treatment time is not considered in several papers, even though it seems to be crucial and is discussed here. The results were supported by the values of degradation rate constants, which fit the pseudo-first-order kinetic model. We also verified that HC alone was not effective for estrogen removal under the selected conditions. The sustainability of the SPC/HC system was evaluated based on electric energy per order calculation. The combination of SPC and HC is a promising approach for rapidly degrading micropollutants such as estrogenic compounds without the need for additional technological steps, such as pH or temperature adjustment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Odehnalová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic E-mail:
| | - Petra Přibilová
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Eliška Maršálková
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - Štěpán Zezulka
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
| | - František Pochylý
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, V. Kaplan Department of Fluid Engineering, Technická 2896/2, Brno 61669, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Rudolf
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, V. Kaplan Department of Fluid Engineering, Technická 2896/2, Brno 61669, Czech Republic
| | - Blahoslav Maršálek
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Lidická 25/27, Brno 60200, Czech Republic
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Liu S, Véron E, Lotfi S, Fischer K, Schulze A, Schäfer AI. Poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane with immobilized TiO 2 for degradation of steroid hormone micropollutants in a photocatalytic membrane reactor. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130832. [PMID: 36696777 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The lack of effective technologies to remove steroid hormones (SHs) from aquatic systems is a critical issue for both environment and public health. The performance of a flow-through photocatalytic membrane reactor (PMR) with TiO2 immobilized on a photostable poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane (PVDF-TiO2) was evaluated in the context of SHs degradation at concentrations from 0.05 to 1000 µg/L under UV exposure (365 nm). A comprehensive investigation into the membrane preparation approach, including varying the surface Ti content and distribution, and membrane pore size, was conducted to gain insights on the rate-limiting steps for the SHs degradation. Increasing surface Ti content from 4 % to 6.5 % enhanced the 17β-estradiol (E2) degradation from 46 ± 12-81 ± 6 %. Apparent degradation kinetics were independent of both TiO2 homogeneity and membrane pore size (0.1-0.45 µm). With optimized conditions, E2 removal was higher than 96 % at environmentally relevant feed concentration (100 ng/L), a flux of 60 L/m2h, 25 mW/cm2, and 6.5 % Ti. These results indicated that the E2 degradation on the PVDF-TiO2 membrane was limited by the catalyst content and light penetration depth. Further exploration of novel TiO2 immobilization approach that can offer a larger catalyst content and light penetration is required to improve the micropollutant removal efficiency in PMR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siqi Liu
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Eléonore Véron
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Shabnam Lotfi
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kristina Fischer
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr.15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Agnes Schulze
- Leibniz Institute of Surface Engineering (IOM), Permoserstr.15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andrea I Schäfer
- Institute for Advanced Membrane Technology (IAMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
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5
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El Mouchtari EM, El Mersly L, Belkodia K, Piram A, Lebarillier S, Briche S, Rafqah S, Wong-Wah-Chung P. Sol-Gel Synthesis of New TiO 2 Ball/Activated Carbon Photocatalyst and Its Application for Degradation of Three Hormones: 17α-EthinylEstradiol, Estrone, and β-Estradiol. TOXICS 2023; 11:299. [PMID: 37112526 PMCID: PMC10143179 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Many approaches have been investigated to eliminate pharmaceuticals in wastewater treatment plants during the last decades. However, a lack of sustainable and efficient solutions exists for the removal of hormones by advanced oxidation processes. The aim of this study was to synthesize and test new photoactive bio composites for the elimination of these molecules in wastewater effluents. The new materials were obtained from the activated carbon (AC) of Arganian spinosa tree nutshells and titanium tetrachloride by the sol gel method. SEM analysis allowed one to confirm the formation of TiO2 particles homogeneously dispersed at the surface of AC with a controlled titanium dioxide mass ratio, a specific TiO2 anatase structure, and a highly specific surface area, evidenced by ATG, XRD, and BET analysis, respectively. The obtained composites were revealed to quantitatively absorb carbamazepine (CBZ), which is used as a referred pharmaceutical, and leading to its total elimination after 40 min under irradiation with the most effective material. TiO2 high content disfavors CBZ adsorption but improves its degradation. In the presence of the composite, three hormones (17α-ethinylestradiol, estrone, and β-estradiol) are partially adsorbed onto the composite and totally degraded after 60 min under UV light exposure. This study constitutes a promising solution for the efficient treatment of wastewater contaminated by hormones.
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Affiliation(s)
- El Mountassir El Mouchtari
- Laboratoire Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire (LCAM), Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.M.)
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Lekbira El Mersly
- Laboratoire Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire (LCAM), Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.M.)
| | - Kaltoum Belkodia
- Laboratoire Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire (LCAM), Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.M.)
| | - Anne Piram
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Stéphanie Lebarillier
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13000 Marseille, France
| | - Samir Briche
- Département Stockage de l’Energie et Revêtements Multifonctionnels (SERM), Moroccan Foundation for Advanced Science Innovation and Research (MAScIR), Rabat 10100, Morocco
| | - Salah Rafqah
- Laboratoire Chimie Analytique et Moléculaire (LCAM), Faculté Polydisciplinaire de Safi, Université Cadi Ayyad, Marrakech 40000, Morocco; (E.M.E.M.)
| | - Pascal Wong-Wah-Chung
- Laboratoire Chimie Environnement (LCE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Aix-Marseille University, 13000 Marseille, France
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6
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Lin Y, zhang Q, Lou Y, Liu G, Li S, Chen L, Yuan B, Zou D, Chen J. Efficient degradation of Nizatidine by a Fe(II)/ persulfate system actived with Zero-valent iron. Chem Eng Res Des 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cherd.2023.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
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7
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Yang L, Su W, He Y, Yan B, Luo L, Luan T. Dark transformation from 17β-estradiol to estrone initiated by hydroxyl radical in dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 230:119570. [PMID: 36621273 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and fate of 17β-estradiol (E2) in natural water have gained extensive attention owing to its high ecotoxic risk to wildlife. Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous water constituent and contributes significantly to E2 removal, although the reaction mechanism is rarely clarified. The present study aims to investigate E2 transformation in water containing fresh or aged DOM surrogates at environmentally relevant concentrations in the dark. Experiments along with radical probes of benzene and furfuryl alcohol reveal that reactive radicals, particularly hydroxyl radical (·OH), formed non-photochemically at higher concentrations in aged DOM than in fresh DOM. The contribution of ·OH in E2 removal is indicated by the decreases in the removal of radical probes in the presence of E2; moreover, E2 removal is inhibited in the presence of radical scavengers. The dose-dependent inhibitive effect of substrate concentrations, including E2 and coexistent propylparaben, shows that the radical concentration is a limiting factor for E2 removal, which could be enhanced by increasing DOM concentration, dissolved oxygen, and light supply. As the main byproduct, estrone (E1) is persistent in the current DOM water in the dark, but it can be easily photodegraded when exposed to light. Theoretical analysis reveals that the initial step is ·OH-initiated H- abstraction on the hydroxyl group in the cyclopentane ring of E2. The formed singlet excited state of E2 undergoes further intramolecular rearrangement and oxidative dehydrogenation to generate E1 and the hydroperoxy radical (·HO2). Considering the universal occurrence of E2 in DOM-rich aquatic matrices, the present findings have special implications for the biogeochemical cycle and risk assessment of this pollutant in natural aquatic environments, particularly those beyond the photic zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihua Yang
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Weiqi Su
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yingyao He
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Binhua Yan
- South China Sea Resource Exploitation and Protection Collaborative Innovation Center, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Resources and Coastal Engineering, School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lijuan Luo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Tiangang Luan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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8
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Hao Z, Huang Y, Wang Y, Meng X, Wang X, Liu X. Enhanced degradation and mineralization of estriol over ZrO 2/OMS-2 nanocomposite: Kinetics, pathway and mechanism. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136521. [PMID: 36169050 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although remarkable progresses have been achieved in the exploration of new and efficient catalytic systems for efficient degradation of estriol, there are only very few available reports providing high mineralization of estriol. Hence, it is still a serious challenge to develop the novel and efficient methods for enhanced degradation and mineralization of estriol due to its serious threat to environment and human health. Herein, this study proposes a series of ZrO2 modified manganese oxide octahedral molecular sieve (ZrO2/OMS-2) nanocomposites as efficient catalysts for enhanced degradation and mineralization of estriol via PMS activation at 30 °C. Among them, ZrO2/OMS-2-27% provided the highest degradation efficiency (95%) and mineralization degrees (70.1%), which exceeded most reported catalytic systems, in the catalytic degradation of estriol. These quenching tests and EPR analysis had confirmed that O2•- and 1O2 were primary reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the ZrO2/OMS-2-27%/PMS system, contrary to the OMS-2/PMS system for which SO4•- and OH• are primary ROS. This might be due to the abundant O-containing surface functional groups of ZrO2/OMS-2-27%. This work not only provides a facile and high-efficiency methodology for the construction of Mn-based nanomaterial, but also proposes a new and efficient nano-catalyst for estriol removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Hao
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China
| | - Yingping Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China; College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, 443002, Hubei, China.
| | - Yanlan Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Liaocheng University, 252059, Liaocheng, China
| | - Xu Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Xiaopei Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Eco-Environment in Three Gorges Reservoir Region of Ministry of Education, College of Materials and Chemical Engineering, China Three Gorges University, Yichang, Hubei, 443002, China.
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9
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Kotowska U, Karpińska J, Kiejza D, Ratkiewicz A, Piekutin J, Makarova K, Olchowik-Grabarek E. Oxidation of contaminants of emerging concern by combination of peracetic acid with iron ions and various types of light radiation – optimization, kinetics, removal efficiency and mechanism investigation. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.120859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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10
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Zhao J, Hu S, Zhu L, Wang W. Formation of chlorinated halobenzoquinones during chlorination of free aromatic amino acids. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 825:153904. [PMID: 35189221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated halobenzoquinones (HBQs) widely exist in drinking water as emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs), which have attracted significant attention due to their wide occurrence and high toxicity. In this study, the formation of chlorinated HBQs from the three free aromatic amino acids, tryptophan (Trp), tyrosine (Tyr) and phenylalanine (Phe), during chlorination was investigated, the formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs were explained based on the detected intermediates and influence factors. The results revealed that four chlorinated HBQs, including 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone (2,6-DCBQ), 2,3,5-trichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-1,4-benzoquinone and 2,6-dichloro-3-methyl-1,4-benzonquinone, were formed in chlorination of the three free aromatic amino acids, and 2,6-DCBQ was the dominant species among the formed chlorinated HBQs. Of the three free aromatic amino acids, Trp and Tyr presented relatively high yields of chlorinated HBQs than Phe. Moreover, ten intermediates were successfully detected (e.g., N,2-dichloroaniline from Trp, 2,4,6-trichlorophenol from Tyr) according to the isotope and fragment information obtained using high resolution mass spectrometry. The formation pathways of chlorinated HBQs from Trp and Tyr were proposed to include electrophilic addition, electrophilic substitution, oxidation, deacidification and dehydration reaction, and further validated using theoretical calculation. The yields of chlorinated HBQs during chlorination of the free aromatic amino acids were significantly affected by free chlorine dosage, pH and temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Zhao
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shaoyang Hu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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11
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Li J, Chen J, Ao Y, Gao X, Che H, Wang P. Prominent dual Z-scheme mechanism on phase junction WO3/CdS for enhanced visible-light-responsive photocatalytic performance on imidacloprid degradation. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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12
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Zhu F, Pan J, Zou Q, Wu M, Wang H, Xu G. Electron beam irradiation of typical sulfonamide antibiotics in the aquatic environment: Kinetics, removal mechanisms, degradation products and toxicity assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129713. [PMID: 33545585 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to their widespread use and harmful effects on aquatic environment, sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) have become an emerging pollutant of great concern around the world. In this study, we investigated the degradation process and mechanism of sulfamerazine (SMR), sulfadiazine (SDZ), and sulfapyridine (SPD) by electron-beam irradiation (EBI). The results showed that the three SAs were well suited to the pseudo-first-order reaction kinetics, and they could be almost completely removed with high efficiency (5 kGy). Among the environmental factors, pH (3.0) and O2 atmosphere can further enhance the removal of the sulfonamides (SAs), while NO2- has the most pronounced degrading inhibitory effects among the many ions, these results illustrate that hydroxyl radicals play a dominant role. Compared with SMR and SDZ, the degree of mineralization of lower molecular weight SPD is obvious (45%). LC-MS and DFT calculations indicate that the concentrations of degradation products of the three SAs show a tendency to increase and then decrease, demonstrating that EBI can achieve efficient removal and further mineralization of SAs. Meanwhile, the results of the common product 4-Aminophenol produced during the degradation process further indicate that HO is the predominant reactive oxygen species (ROS). In addition, acute toxicity experiments with luminescent bacteria and predictions of ECOSAR procedures proved the toxic effects greatly decreased after the degradation. This study provides new ideas for achieving efficient and profound removal of emerging pollutants from the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Jiali Pan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Qi Zou
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Minghong Wu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Hongyong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, Shanghai University, 20 Chengzhong Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Gang Xu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, China; Key Laboratory of Organic Compound Pollution Control Engineering, Ministry of Education, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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13
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Radiolysis of cardiovascular drug atenolol in aqueous solution by electron beam: Effect of water components and persulfate addition. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2021.109458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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14
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He M, Wan Z, Tsang DCW, Sun Y, Khan E, Hou D, Graham NJD. Performance indicators for a holistic evaluation of catalyst-based degradation-A case study of selected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 402:123460. [PMID: 32683158 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Considerable efforts have been made to develop effective and sustainable catalysts, e.g., carbon-/biochar-based catalyst, for the decontamination of organic pollutants in water/wastewater. Most of the published studies evaluated the catalytic performance mainly upon degradation efficiency of parent compounds; however, comprehensive and field-relevant performance assessment is still in need. This review critically analysed the performance indicators for carbon-/biochar-based catalytic degradation from the perspectives of: (1) degradation of parent compounds, i.e., concentrations, kinetics, reactive oxidative species (ROS) analysis, and residual oxidant concentration; (2) formation of intermediates and by-products, i.e., intermediates analysis, evolution of inorganic ions, and total organic carbon (TOC); and (3) impact assessment of treated samples, i.e., toxicity evolution, disinfection effect, and biodegradability test. Five most frequently detected pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) (sulfamethoxazole, carbamazepine, ibuprofen, diclofenac, and acetaminophen) were selected as a case study to articulate the performance indicators for a holistic evaluation of carbon-/biochar-based catalytic degradation. This review also encourages the development of alternative performance indicators to facilitate the rational design of catalysts in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjing He
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhonghao Wan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV, 89154, USA
| | - Deyi Hou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Nigel J D Graham
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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15
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Theoretical and experimental findings regarding the electroanalysis of dienestrol in natural waters using a silver nanoparticles/single-walled carbon nanotubes-based amperometric sensor. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2020.114821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Simonson T, Pisklak DM. Application of Various Molecular Modelling Methods in the Study of Estrogens and Xenoestrogens. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6411. [PMID: 32899216 PMCID: PMC7504198 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, applications of various molecular modelling methods in the study of estrogens and xenoestrogens are summarized. Selected biomolecules that are the most commonly chosen as molecular modelling objects in this field are presented. In most of the reviewed works, ligand docking using solely force field methods was performed, employing various molecular targets involved in metabolism and action of estrogens. Other molecular modelling methods such as molecular dynamics and combined quantum mechanics with molecular mechanics have also been successfully used to predict the properties of estrogens and xenoestrogens. Among published works, a great number also focused on the application of different types of quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) analyses to examine estrogen's structures and activities. Although the interactions between estrogens and xenoestrogens with various proteins are the most commonly studied, other aspects such as penetration of estrogens through lipid bilayers or their ability to adsorb on different materials are also explored using theoretical calculations. Apart from molecular mechanics and statistical methods, quantum mechanics calculations are also employed in the studies of estrogens and xenoestrogens. Their applications include computation of spectroscopic properties, both vibrational and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and also in quantum molecular dynamics simulations and crystal structure prediction. The main aim of this review is to present the great potential and versatility of various molecular modelling methods in the studies on estrogens and xenoestrogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Helena Mazurek
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Thomas Simonson
- Laboratoire de Biochimie (CNRS UMR7654), Ecole Polytechnique, 91-120 Palaiseau, France;
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Department of Physical Chemistry, Medical Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw Poland; (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
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17
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Celik Bayar C, Turker L. Investigation of π-π Interactions between TNT and ( R)-Hexahelicene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/10406638.2020.1749088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caglar Celik Bayar
- Department of Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Zonguldak Bulent Ecevit University, Zonguldak, Turkey
| | - Lemi Turker
- Department of Chemistry, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Zhong C, Zhao H, Cao H, Huang Q. Polymerization of micropollutants in natural aquatic environments: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133751. [PMID: 31462391 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Micropollutants with high ecotoxicological risks are frequently detected in aquatic environments, which has aroused great concern in recent years. Humification is one of the most important natural detoxification processes of aquatic micropollutants, and the core reactions of this process are polymerization and coupling. During humification, micropollutants are incorporated into the macrostructures of humic substances and precipitated from aqueous systems into sediments. However, the similarities and differences among the polymerization/coupling pathways of micropollutants in different oxidative systems have not been systematically summarized in a review. This article reviews the current knowledge on the weak oxidation-induced spontaneous polymerization/coupling transformation of micropollutants. First, four typical weak oxidative conditions for the initiation of micropollutant polymerization reactions in aquatic environments are compared: enzymatic catalysis, biomimetic catalysis, metal oxide oxidation, and photo-initiated oxidation. Second, three major subsequent spontaneous transformation pathways of micropollutants are elucidated: radical polymerization, nucleophilic addition/substitution and cyclization. Different solution conditions are also summarized. Furthermore, the importance of toxicity evolution during the weak oxidation-induced coupling/polymerization of micropollutants is particularly emphasized. This review provides a new perspective for the transformation mechanism and pathways of micropollutants from aquatic systems into sediments and the atmosphere and offers theoretical support for developing micropollutant control technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - He Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
| | - Hongbin Cao
- National Key Laboratory of Biochemical Engineering, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Process Pollution Control, Institute of Process Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Deng S, Kang S, Feng N, Zhu J, Yu B, Xie X, Chen J. Mechanochemical mechanism of rapid dechlorination of hexachlorobenzene. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 333:116-127. [PMID: 28342352 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent researches indicate that mechanochemical treatment (MCT) is a promising method to degrade the environmental hazards, especially in the area of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) disposal. However, the mechanochemical dechlorination mechanism of POPs still needs to be further verified. In this mechanochemical process, hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was chosen as a model pollutant with aluminum and alumina (Al+Al2O3) powders as the co-milling regents. Both of the intermediate analysis and quantum chemical calculations were adopted to elucidate the free radical dechlorination mechanism of HCB. The solid residues were characterized by electron spin-resonance (ESR) spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and X-ray photoelectron (XPS) spectra, which proposed that the radicals formed in the mechanochemical process were chlorinated phenoxyl radicals (CB-O). Four quantum chemical descriptors were selected in predicting the intermediates and reaction pathway: (i) atomic charge, (ii) electrostatic potential (ESP), (iii) frontier molecular orbitals (FMO) theory and (iv) dual descriptor. Then, a stepwise dechlorination mechanism based on CB-O was proposed. It was found that the intermediates and radical-related reactions in the mechanochemical dechlorination of HCB are quite different from that happen in a typical photocatalytic dechlorination process. Impacts of different radical reactions on the dechlorination of HCB were also compared at last.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Deng
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shaoguo Kang
- BCEG Environmental Remediation Co. Ltd.,No.6 Jingshun East Street, Chaoyang District, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Nannan Feng
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianxin Zhu
- Department of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences,18 Shuangqing Road, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Bo Yu
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaofeng Xie
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute of Nuclear and New Energy Technology, Tsinghua University,Haidian District, Beijing 100084, China
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20
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Studziński W, Gackowska A, Przybyłek M, Gaca J. Studies on the formation of formaldehyde during 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate demethylation in the presence of reactive oxygen and chlorine species. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:8049-8061. [PMID: 28133704 PMCID: PMC5384958 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8477-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In order to protect the skin from UV radiation, personal care products (PCPS) often contain chemical UV-filters. These compounds can enter the environment causing serious consequences on the water ecosystems. The aim of this study was to examine, the effect of different factors, such as UV light, the presence of NaOCl and H2O2 on the formaldehyde formation during popular UV filter, 2-ethylhexyl 4-(dimethylamino)benzoate (ODPABA) demethylation. The concentration of formaldehyde was determined by VIS spectrophotometry after derivatization. The reaction mixtures were qualitatively analyzed using GC/MS chromatography. The highest concentration of formaldehyde was observed in the case of ODPABA/H2O2/UV reaction mixture. In order to describe two types of demethylation mechanisms, namely, radical and ionic, the experimental results were enriched with Fukui function analysis and thermodynamic calculations. In the case of non-irradiated system containing ODPABA and NaOCl, demethylation reaction probably proceeds via ionic mechanism. As it was established, amino nitrogen atom in the ODPABA molecule is the most susceptible site for the HOCl electrophilic attack, which is the first step of ionic demethylation mechanism. In the case of irradiated mixtures, the reaction is probably radical in nature. The results of thermodynamic calculations showed that abstraction of the hydrogen from N(CH3)2 group is more probable than from 2-ethylhexyl moiety, which indicates higher susceptibility of N(CH3)2 to the oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alicja Gackowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ludwik Rydygier Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Jerzy Gaca
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Sciences, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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21
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Suri RPS, Andaluri G. Oxidative Sonication of Estrogen Hormones in Water and Municipal Wastewater. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.3923/rjes.2017.71.81] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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22
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Pan S, Gupta AK, Subramanian V, Chattaraj PK. Quantitative Structure-Activity/Property/Toxicity Relationships through Conceptual Density Functional Theory-Based Reactivity Descriptors. PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.4018/978-1-5225-1762-7.ch058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing effective structure-activity/property/toxicity relationships (QSAR/QSPR/QSTR) is very helpful in predicting biological activity, property, and toxicity of a given set of molecules. Regular change in these properties with the structural alteration is the main reason to obtain QSAR/QSPR/QSTR models. The advancement in making different QSAR/QSPR/QSTR models to describe activity, property, and toxicity of various groups of molecules is reviewed in this chapter. The successful implementation of Conceptual Density Functional Theory (CDFT)-based global as well as local reactivity descriptors in modeling effective QSAR/QSPR/QSTR is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pan
- Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, India
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23
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Turkay O, Inan H, Dimoglo A. Experimental and theoretical study on catalytic ozonation of humic acid by ZnO catalyst. SEP SCI TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/01496395.2016.1252776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ozge Turkay
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hatice Inan
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Anatoli Dimoglo
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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24
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Dostanić J, Lončarević D, Zlatar M, Vlahović F, Jovanović DM. Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis of substituted arylazo pyridone dyes in photocatalytic system: Experimental and theoretical study. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 316:26-33. [PMID: 27209516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A series of arylazo pyridone dyes was synthesized by changing the type of the substituent group in the diazo moiety, ranging from strong electron-donating to strong electron-withdrawing groups. The structural and electronic properties of the investigated dyes was calculated at the M062X/6-31+G(d,p) level of theory. The observed good linear correlations between atomic charges and Hammett σp constants provided a basis to discuss the transmission of electronic substituent effects through a dye framework. The reactivity of synthesized dyes was tested through their decolorization efficiency in TiO2 photocatalytic system (Degussa P-25). Quantitative structure-activity relationship analysis revealed a strong correlation between reactivity of investigated dyes and Hammett substituent constants. The reaction was facilitated by electron-withdrawing groups, and retarded by electron-donating ones. Quantum mechanical calculations was used in order to describe the mechanism of the photocatalytic oxidation reactions of investigated dyes and interpret their reactivities within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). According to DFT based reactivity descriptors, i.e. Fukui functions and local softness, the active site moves from azo nitrogen atom linked to benzene ring to pyridone carbon atom linked to azo bond, going from dyes with electron-donating groups to dyes with electron-withdrawing groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Dostanić
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - D Lončarević
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M Zlatar
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Chemistry, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - F Vlahović
- University of Belgrade, Innovation center of the Faculty of Chemistry, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
| | - D M Jovanović
- University of Belgrade, Institute of Chemistry, Technology and Metallurgy, Department of Catalysis and Chemical Engineering, Njegoševa 12, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia
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Liu H, Sun P, He Q, Feng M, Liu H, Yang S, Wang L, Wang Z. Ozonation of the UV filter benzophenone-4 in aquatic environments: Intermediates and pathways. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 149:76-83. [PMID: 26855209 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.01.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2015] [Revised: 01/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of benzophenone-4 (BP-4) in water environments may pose a serious public health hazard due to its potential endocrine disrupting effects. In this work, the intermediates, probable degradation pathways and toxicity changes during ozonation of BP-4 in aqueous solution were systematically investigated. Results revealed that alkaline conditions favored the oxidation of BP-4. However, inorganic anions (Cl(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-)), cations (K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+)) and humic acid had no remarkable effect on BP-4 removal within the tested concentrations. Ozonation was also effective for the fast removal of BP-4 in real waters. The TOC suggested a low mineralization rate, even after the complete BP-4 removal. Meanwhile, the treated mixtures exhibited an obvious inhibition to the bioluminescent bacteria Photobacterium phosphoreum, indicating the formation of transformation products with higher toxicities. Furthermore, fourteen products were identified by means of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. Notably, seven of them have not been reported previously. The quenching test indicated that the degradation processes probably were dominated by OH. Next, possible degradation pathways were proposed and further justified by theoretical calculations of frontier electron densities. This investigation will contribute to the systematic elucidation of the ozonation process of UV filters in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hongxia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China; College of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Jiaxing University, Zhejiang, Jiaxing 314001, PR China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu, Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Gackowska A, Przybyłek M, Studziński W, Gaca J. Formation of chlorinated breakdown products during degradation of sunscreen agent, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate in the presence of sodium hypochlorite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:1886-97. [PMID: 26408113 PMCID: PMC4713459 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5444-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a new degradation path of sunscreen active ingredient, 2-ethylhexyl-4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and 4-methoxycinnamic acid (MCA) in the presence of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), was discussed. The reaction products were detected using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Since HOCl treatment leads to more polar products than EHMC, application of polar extracting agents, dichloromethane and ethyl acetate/n-hexane mixture, gave better results in terms of chlorinated breakdown products identification than n-hexane. Reaction of EHMC with HOCl lead to the formation of C=C bridge cleavage products such as 2-ethylhexyl chloroacetate, 1-chloro-4-methoxybenzene, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, and 3-chloro-4-methoxybenzaldehyde. High reactivity of C=C bond attached to benzene ring is also characteristic for MCA, since it can be converted in the presence of HOCl to 2,4-dichlorophenole, 2,6-dichloro-1,4-benzoquinone, 1,3-dichloro-2-methoxybenzene, 1,2,4-trichloro-3-methoxybenzene, 2,4,6-trichlorophenole, and 3,5-dichloro-2-hydroxyacetophenone. Surprisingly, in case of EHMC/HOCl/UV, much less breakdown products were formed compared to non-UV radiation treatment. In order to describe the nature of EHMC and MCA degradation, local reactivity analysis based on the density functional theory (DFT) was performed. Fukui function values showed that electrophilic attack of HOCl to the C=C bridge in EHMC and MCA is highly favorable (even more preferable than phenyl ring chlorination). This suggests that HOCl electrophilic addition is probably the initial step of EHMC degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Gackowska
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Science, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Maciej Przybyłek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Kurpińskiego 5, 85-950, Bydgoszcz, Poland.
| | - Waldemar Studziński
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Science, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Gaca
- Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, University of Technology and Life Science, Seminaryjna 3, 85-326, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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27
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Competitive Degradation of Steroid Estrogens by Potassium Permanganate Combined with Ultrasound. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:15434-48. [PMID: 26690185 PMCID: PMC4690931 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121214995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The occurrence of natural estrogens including estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), and synthetic 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), which can be excreted by both humans and animals, and can enter the aqueous environment along with the discharge of domestic sewage, is a major concern since this may represent a serious health risk to humans even at extremely trace levels (ng·L−1). Simultaneous degradation of three coexisting steroid estrogens (SEs) in aqueous solutions by coupled ultrasound and KMnO4 systems (KMnO4/ultrasound) were investigated to find out whether there is a competitive degradation of multiple contaminants or not. Results indicate that the degradation ratios of target SEs were all more than 50% after 120 min reaction contact, greatly enhanced when compared with the single KMnO4 (2 mg·L−1) oxidation of E2 (37.0%), EE2 (34.4%), and E1 (34.0%), and the single sonochemical oxidation of E2 (37.1%), EE2 (31.1%), and E1 (29.7%). In the adopted processes, the degradations of SEs fit the first-order kinetic reaction, with different reaction rates. Kinetic parameters revealed there was little difference between coexisting SEs, which means there was almost no competitive degradation. The removal efficiency and degradation rate of SEs in natural water was higher than those in pure water, which suggested that the coupled KMnO4/ultrasound technology had prospective applications in the removal of complex contaminants in actual drinking water treatment.
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Qu R, Feng M, Wang X, Huang Q, Lu J, Wang L, Wang Z. Rapid Removal of Tetrabromobisphenol A by Ozonation in Water: Oxidation Products, Reaction Pathways and Toxicity Assessment. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139580. [PMID: 26430733 PMCID: PMC4592209 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) is one of the most widely used brominated flame retardants and has attracted more and more attention. In this work, the parent TBBPA with an initial concentration of 100 mg/L was completely removed after 6 min of ozonation at pH 8.0, and alkaline conditions favored a more rapid removal than acidic and neutral conditions. The presence of typical anions and humic acid did not significantly affect the degradation of TBBPA. The quenching test using isopropanol indicated that direct ozone oxidation played a dominant role during this process. Seventeen reaction intermediates and products were identified using an electrospray time-of-flight mass spectrometer. Notably, the generation of 2,4,6-tribromophenol was first observed in the degradation process of TBBPA. The evolution of reaction products showed that ozonation is an efficient treatment for removal of both TBBPA and intermediates. Sequential transformation of organic bromine to bromide and bromate was confirmed by ion chromatography analysis. Two primary reaction pathways that involve cleavage of central carbon atom and benzene ring cleavage concomitant with debromination were thus proposed and further justified by calculations of frontier electron densities. Furthermore, the total organic carbon data suggested a low mineralization rate, even after the complete removal of TBBPA. Meanwhile, the acute aqueous toxicity of reaction solutions to Photobacterium Phosphoreum and Daphnia magna was rapidly decreased during ozonation. In addition, no obvious difference in the attenuation of TBBPA was found by ozone oxidation using different water matrices, and the effectiveness in natural waters further demonstrates that ozonation can be adopted as a promising technique to treat TBBPA-contaminated waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruijuan Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Mingbao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Xinghao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Qingguo Huang
- College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, University of Georgia, Griffin, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Junhe Lu
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Nanjing Agriculture University, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Jiangsu Nanjing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Oliveira HG, Ferreira LH, Bertazzoli R, Longo C. Remediation of 17-α-ethinylestradiol aqueous solution by photocatalysis and electrochemically-assisted photocatalysis using TiO2 and TiO2/WO3 electrodes irradiated by a solar simulator. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 72:305-14. [PMID: 25238917 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2014.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
TiO2 and TiO2/WO3 electrodes, irradiated by a solar simulator in configurations for heterogeneous photocatalysis (HP) and electrochemically-assisted HP (EHP), were used to remediate aqueous solutions containing 10 mg L(-1) (34 μmol L(-1)) of 17-α-ethinylestradiol (EE2), active component of most oral contraceptives. The photocatalysts consisted of 4.5 μm thick porous films of TiO2 and TiO2/WO3 (molar ratio W/Ti of 12%) deposited on transparent electrodes from aqueous suspensions of TiO2 particles and WO3 precursors, followed by thermal treatment at 450 (°)C. First, an energy diagram was organized with photoelectrochemical and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy data and revealed that EE2 could be directly oxidized by the photogenerated holes at the semiconductor surfaces, considering the relative HOMO level for EE2 and the semiconductor valence band edges. Also, for the irradiated hybrid photocatalyst, electrons in TiO2 should be transferred to WO3 conduction band, while holes move toward TiO2 valence band, improving charge separation. The remediated EE2 solutions were analyzed by fluorescence, HPLC and total organic carbon measurements. As expected from the energy diagram, both photocatalysts promoted the EE2 oxidation in HP configuration; after 4 h, the EE2 concentration decayed to 6.2 mg L(-1) (35% of EE2 removal) with irradiated TiO2 while TiO2/WO3 electrode resulted in 45% EE2 removal. A higher performance was achieved in EHP systems, when a Pt wire was introduced as a counter-electrode and the photoelectrodes were biased at +0.7 V; then, the EE2 removal corresponded to 48 and 54% for the TiO2 and TiO2/WO3, respectively. The hybrid TiO2/WO3, when compared to TiO2 electrode, exhibited enhanced sunlight harvesting and improved separation of photogenerated charge carriers, resulting in higher performance for removing this contaminant of emerging concern from aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haroldo G Oliveira
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Leticia H Ferreira
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6122, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Bertazzoli
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6122, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Claudia Longo
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, PO Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Da Pieve F, Stankowski M, Hogan C. Electronic structure calculations of mercury mobilization from mineral phases and photocatalytic removal from water and the atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:596-605. [PMID: 24982025 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Mercury is a hazardous environmental pollutant mobilized from natural sources, and anthropogenically contaminated and disturbed areas. Current methods to assess mobility and environmental impact are mainly based on field measurements, soil monitoring, and kinetic modelling. In order to understand in detail the extent to which different mineral sources can give rise to mercury release it is necessary to investigate the complexity at the microscopic level and the possible degradation/dissolution processes. In this work, we investigated the potential for mobilization of mercury structurally trapped in three relevant minerals occurring in hot spring environments and mining areas, namely, cinnabar (α-HgS), corderoite (α-Hg3S2Cl2), and mercuric chloride (HgCl2). Quantum chemical methods based on density functional theory as well as more sophisticated approaches are used to assess the possibility of a) direct photoreduction and formation of elemental Hg at the surface of the minerals, providing a path for ready release in the environment; and b) reductive dissolution of the minerals in the presence of solutions containing halogens. Furthermore, we study the use of TiO2 as a potential photocatalyst for decontamination of polluted waters (mainly Hg(2+)-containing species) and air (atmospheric Hg(0)). Our results partially explain the observed pathways of Hg mobilization from relevant minerals and the microscopic mechanisms behind photocatalytic removal of Hg-based pollutants. Possible sources of disagreement with observations are discussed and further improvements to our approach are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Da Pieve
- Université libre de Bruxelles (U.L.B.), Boulevard du Triomphe, CP 231, Campus Plaine, B-1050 Bruxelles, Belgium.
| | - Martin Stankowski
- LU Open Innovation Center, Lund University, Box 117, SE-221 00 Lund, Sweden; European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF)
| | - Conor Hogan
- European Theoretical Spectroscopy Facility (ETSF); Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Struttura della Materia (CNR-ISM), University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy; Physics Department, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy
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Turkay O, Inan H, Dimoglo A. Experimental and theoretical investigations of CuO-catalyzed ozonation of humic acid. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Sethi A, Bhatia A, Maurya A, Panday A, Bhatia G, Shrivastava A, Singh RP, Prakash R. Proficient synthesis of biologically active pregnane derivatives and its glycoside – Experimental and theoretical approach. J Mol Struct 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2013.08.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Rokhina EV, Vattikonda NS, Johnson C, Suri RPS. Reply to Comments on "Ozonation of a mixture of estrogens and progestins in aqueous solution: interpretation of experimental results by computational methods" by Ekaterina V. Rokhina, Nagarjuna S. Vattikonda, Candice Johnson, Rominder P.S. Suri [Chemosphere 89 (11) (2012) 1323-1329]. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 92:1064-1066. [PMID: 23561574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
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Rokhina EV, Vattikonda NS, Johnson C, Suri RPS. Ozonation of a mixture of estrogens and progestins in aqueous solution: interpretation of experimental results by computational methods. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 89:1323-1329. [PMID: 22704204 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.05.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of the mixture of steroid hormones including seven estrogens (17α-estradiol, 17β-estradiol, 17α-dihydroequilin, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, estriol, estrone and equilin) and five progestins (levonorgestrel, gestodene, trimegestrone, medrogestone and progesterone) by ozonation in aqueous solution is investigated. The ozonation process provides high removal (up to 100%) of hormones and estrogenicity in the treated water. Computational methods such as quantum chemistry calculations (QCCs) are applied to interpret the observed results. Quantum chemistry descriptors computed for steroid hormones explain the nature of the reactions and differences in reactivities between estrogen and progestin hormones within the framework of the Density Functional Theory (DFT). Computed molecular descriptors were combined with physical properties to develop qualitative structure activity relationship (QSAR) models (using multiple linear regression algorithm). The developed models have correlation coefficients (R(2)) of 0.994 for estrogens and 0.997 for progestins, and could be used to predict the removal efficiencies for similar compounds. The frontier molecular orbitals (the HOMO and the LUMO) have a major impact on the reactivity of steroid hormones. The susceptibility of certain functional groups to ozone and possible reactive sites for all steroids was discussed by Frontier Molecular Orbital approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Rokhina
- NSF Water and Environmental Technology (WET) Center, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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