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Nguyen VBC, Reut J, Rappich J, Hinrichs K, Syritski V. Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensor for the Detection of Azoxystrobin in Aqueous Media. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1394. [PMID: 38794587 PMCID: PMC11125202 DOI: 10.3390/polym16101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This work presents an electrochemical sensor detecting a fungicide-azoxystrobin (AZO) in aqueous environments. This AZO sensor utilizes a thin-film metal electrode (TFME) combined with an AZO-selective molecularly imprinted polymer (AZO-MIP). The AZO-MIP was directly generated on TFME through electrochemical polymerization from the solution containing two functional monomers: aniline (Ani) and m-phenylenediamine (mPD), and the template: AZO, which was afterwards removed to form AZO-selective cavities in the polymer matrix. The AZO-MIP preparation was characterized by electrochemical and ellipsometry measurements. Optimization of the synthesis parameters, including the charge density applied during electrodeposition, the monomer-to-template ratio, was performed to enhance the sensor's performance. The results demonstrated that the AZO sensor achieved a low limit of detection (LOD) of 3.6 nM and a limit of quantification (LOQ) of 11.8 nM in tap water, indicating its sensitivity in a complex aqueous environment. The sensor also exhibited satisfactory selectivity for AZO in both ultrapure and tap-water samples and achieved a good recovery (94-119%) for the target analyte. This study highlights the potential of MIP-based electrochemical sensors for the rapid and accurate detection of fungicide contaminants in water, contributing to the advancement of analytical tools for water-quality monitoring and risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Bao Chau Nguyen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.B.C.N.)
| | - Jekaterina Reut
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.B.C.N.)
| | - Jörg Rappich
- Young Investigator Group Nanoscale Solid-Liquid Interfaces, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Schwarzschildstr. 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Karsten Hinrichs
- Application Laboratories Berlin, Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-e.V., Schwarzschildstraße 8, 12489 Berlin, Germany;
| | - Vitali Syritski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia; (V.B.C.N.)
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Su H, Li J, Ye L, Su G. Establishment of compound database of emerging antioxidants and high-resolution mass spectrometry screening in lake sediment from Taihu Lake Basin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:28341-28352. [PMID: 38532220 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Antioxidants are ubiquitous in various environmental samples, leading to increasing concern regarding their potential risk to environments or humans. However, there is dearth of information regarding the environmental fate of antioxidants and unknown/unexpected antioxidants in the environment. Here, we established a compound database (CDB) containing 320 current-used antioxidants by collecting the chemicals from EPA's functional use database and published documents. Physical-chemical characteristics of these antioxidants were estimated, and 19 ones were considered as persistent and bioaccumulative (P&B) substances. This CDB was further coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) technique, which was employed for suspect screening of antioxidants in extracts of sediments (n = 88) collected from Taihu Lake basin. We screened 119 HRMS features that can match 135 chemical formulas in the CDB, and 20 out of them exhibited the detection frequencies ≥ 90%. The total concentrations of suspect antioxidants in sediments ranged from 6.41 to 830 ng/g dw. Statistical analysis demonstrated that concentrations of suspect antioxidants in Taihu Lake were statistically significantly lower than those in Shihu and Jiulihu Lake, but greater than those from other small lakes. Collectively, this study provided a CDB that could be helpful for further monitoring studies of antioxidant in the environments, and also provided the first evidence regarding the ubiquity of antioxidants in aquatic environment of Taihu Lake basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huijun Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Low Metamorphic Coal Clean Utilization, Yulin Engineering Research Center of Coal Chemical Wastewater, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yulin University, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Langjie Ye
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecological Health, Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China.
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Sandoval MA, Calzadilla W, Vidal J, Brillas E, Salazar-González R. Contaminants of emerging concern: Occurrence, analytical techniques, and removal with electrochemical advanced oxidation processes with special emphasis in Latin America. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 345:123397. [PMID: 38272166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 12/02/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in environmental systems is gradually more studied worldwide. However, in Latin America, the presence of contaminants of emerging concern, together with their environmental and toxicological impacts, has recently been gaining wide interest in the scientific community. This paper presents a critical review about the source, fate, and occurrence of distinct emerging contaminants reported during the last two decades in various countries of Latin America. In recent years, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia are the main countries that have conducted research on the presence of these pollutants in biological and aquatic compartments. Data gathered indicated that pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and personal care products are the most assessed CECs in Latin America, being the most common compounds the followings: atrazine, acenaphthene, caffeine, carbamazepine, ciprofloxacin, diclofenac, diuron, estrone, losartan, sulfamethoxazole, and trimethoprim. Most common analytical methodologies for identifying these compounds were HPLC and GC coupled with mass spectrometry with the potential to characterize and quantify complex substances in the environment at low concentrations. Most CECs' monitoring and detection were observed near to urban areas which confirm the out-of-date wastewater treatment plants and sanitization infrastructures limiting the removal of these pollutants. Therefore, the implementation of tertiary treatment should be required. In this tenor, this review also summarizes some studies of CECs removal using electrochemical advanced oxidation processes that showed satisfactory performance. Finally, challenges, recommendations, and future perspectives are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Sandoval
- Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Guanajuato, Tecnológico Nacional de México, Carretera Estatal Guanajuato-Puentecillas Km. 10.5, 36262, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Wendy Calzadilla
- Research Group of Analysis, Treatments, Electrochemistry, Recovery and Reuse of Water, (WATER2), Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Chile
| | - Jorge Vidal
- Departamento de Química de Los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile
| | - Enric Brillas
- Laboratori d'Electroquímica dels Materials i del Medi Ambient, Departament de Ciència de Materials i de Química Física, Facultat de Química, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ricardo Salazar-González
- Departamento de Química de Los Materiales, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Chile.
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Gutierrez M, Mutavdžić Pavlović D, Stipaničev D, Repec S, Avolio F, Zanella M, Verlicchi P. A thorough analysis of the occurrence, removal and environmental risks of organic micropollutants in a full-scale hybrid membrane bioreactor fed by hospital wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169848. [PMID: 38190908 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Revised: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024]
Abstract
The Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive recent draft issued last October 2022 pays attention to contaminants of emerging concern including organic micropollutants (OMPs) and requires the removal of some of them at large urban wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) calling for their upgrading. Many investigations to date have reported the occurrence of a vast group of OMPs in the influent and many technologies have been tested for their removal at a lab- or pilot-scale. Moreover, it is well-known that hospital wastewater (HWW) contains specific OMPs at high concentration and therefore its management and treatment deserves attention. In this study, a 1-year investigation was carried out at a full-scale membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating mainly HWW. To promote the removal of OMPs, powdered activated carbon (PAC) was added to the bioreactor at 0.1 g/L and 0.2 g/L which resulted in the MBR operating as a hybrid MBR. Its performance was tested for 232 target and 90 non-target OMPs, analyzed by UHPLC-QTOF-MS using a direct injection method. A new methodology was defined to select the key compounds in order to evaluate the performance of the treatments. It was based on their frequency, occurrence, persistence to removal, bioaccumulation and toxicity. Finally, an environmental risk assessment of the OMP residues was conducted by means of the risk quotient approach. The results indicate that PAC addition increased the removal of most of the key OMPs (e.g., sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac, lidocaine) and OMP classes (e.g., antibiotics, psychiatric drugs and stimulants) with the highest loads in the WWTP influent. The hybrid MBR also reduced the risk in the receiving water as the PAC dosage increased mainly for spiramycin, lorazepam, oleandomycin. Finally, uncertainties and issues related to the investigation being carried out at full-scale under real conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gutierrez
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dragana Mutavdžić Pavlović
- University of Zagreb, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Marulićev trg 20, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Draženka Stipaničev
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institut, Central Water Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Siniša Repec
- Josip Juraj Strossmayer Water Institut, Central Water Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Francesco Avolio
- HERA S.p.A., Direzione Acqua, Via Cesare Razzaboni 80, 41122 Modena, Italy
| | - Marcello Zanella
- HERA S.p.A., Direzione Acqua, Via Cesare Razzaboni 80, 41122 Modena, Italy
| | - Paola Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, 44122 Ferrara, Italy.
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Anagnostopoulpou K, Nannou C, Aschonitis VG, Lambropoulou DA. Screening of pesticides and emerging contaminants in eighteen Greek lakes by using target and non-target HRMS approaches: Occurrence and ecological risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:157887. [PMID: 35952888 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Lakes, albeit ecosystems of vital importance, are insufficiently investigated with respect to the degradation of water quality due to the organic micropollutants load. As regards Greece, screening of lake waters is scarce and concerns a limited number of contaminants. However, understanding the occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) and other micropollutants in lakes is essential to appraise their potential ecotoxicological effects. The aim of this study was to deploy a multiresidue screening approach based on liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) to get a first snapshot for >470 target CECs, including pesticides, pharmaceuticals, personal care products (PPCPs), per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), as well as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in eighteen Greek lakes in Central, Northern and West Northern Greece. The omnipresent compounds were DEET (N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide), caffeine and TCPP (tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate). Maximum concentrations varied among the different classes. DEET was detected at a maximum average concentration of >1000 ng/L in Lake Orestiada, while its mean concentration was estimated at 233 ng/L. The maximum total concentrations for pesticides, PPCPs, PFASs, and OPFRs were 5807, 2669, 33.1, and 1214 ng/L, respectively, indicating that Greek lakes are still threatened by the intense agricultural activity. Besides, HRMS enabled a non-target screening by exploiting the rich content of the full-scan raw data, allowing the 'discovery' of tentative candidates, such as surfactants, pharmaceuticals, and preservatives among others, without reference standards. The potential ecotoxicity was assessed by both the risk quotient method and ECOSAR (Ecological Structure Activity Relationships) revealing low risk for most of the compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulpou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Vassilis G Aschonitis
- Soil and Water Resources Institute, Hellenic Agricultural Organization - DIMITRA, Thermi, Thessaloniki 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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Sun W, Yan S, Meng Z, Tian S, Jia M, Huang S, Wang Y, Zhou Z, Diao J, Zhu W. Combined ingestion of polystyrene microplastics and epoxiconazole increases health risk to mice: Based on their synergistic bioaccumulation in vivo. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107391. [PMID: 35803075 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Microplastic and pesticide are two common environmental pollutants whose adverse effects have been widely reported, but it is unclear whether they cause combined toxicity in mammals. In this study, polystyrene microplastics (5 µm, 0.012 or 0.120 mg/kg) or/and epoxiconazole (0.080 mg/kg) were administered orally to mice for 6 weeks, their toxicity to liver and kidney was assessed from changes in histopathology, tissue function, oxidative defense system and metabolic profile. In addition, mechanism of combined toxicity was explored in terms of bioaccumulation levels, intestinal barrier, gut microbiota. Results showed that combined ingestion of polystyrene (0.120 mg/kg) and epoxiconazole caused more severe tissue damage, dysfunction, oxidative stress, and metabolic disorders compared to single exposure sources. Interestingly, occurrence of combined toxicity was associated with their increased accumulation in tissues. In-depth exploration found that epoxiconazole caused intestinal barrier damage by targeting the gut microbiota, leading to massive invasion and accumulation of polystyrene, which in turn interfered with the metabolic clearance of epoxiconazole in liver. In all, findings highlighted that polystyrene and epoxiconazole could cause combined toxicity in mice through the synergistic effect of their bioaccumulation in vivo, which provided new reference for understanding the health risks of microplastics and pesticides and sheds light on the potential risk to humans of their combined ingestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Sen Yan
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- School of Horticulture and Plant Protection, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225009, China
| | - Sinuo Tian
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Ming Jia
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiran Huang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Innovation Center of Pesticide Research, Department of Applied Chemistry, College of Science, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
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Abstract
Developing effective and green methods for food analysis and separation has become an urgent issue regarding the ever-increasing concern of food quality and safety. Ionic liquids (ILs) are a new chemical medium and soft functional material developed under the framework of green chemistry and possess many unique properties, such as low melting points, low-to-negligible vapor pressures, excellent solubility, structural designability and high thermal stability. Combining ILs with extraction techniques not only takes advantage of ILs but also overcomes the disadvantages of traditional extraction methods. This subject has attracted intensive research efforts recently. Here, we present a brief review of the current research status and latest developments regarding the application of IL-assisted microextraction, including dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) and solid-phase microextraction (SPME), in food analysis and separation. The practical applications of ILs in determining toxic and harmful substances in food specimens with quite different natures are summarized and discussed. The critical function of ILs and the advantages of IL-based microextraction techniques over conventional extraction techniques are discussed in detail. Additionally, the recovery of ILs using different approaches is also presented to comply with green analytical chemistry requirements.
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Anagnostopoulou K, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Lambropoulou D. Overarching issues on relevant pesticide transformation products in the aquatic environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152863. [PMID: 34995614 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The intensification of agricultural production during the last decades has forced the rapid increase in the use of pesticides that finally end up in the aquatic environment. Albeit well-documented, pesticides continue to raise researchers' attention, because of their potential adverse impacts on the environment and, inevitably, humans. Once entering the aquatic bodies, pesticides undergo biotic and abiotic processes, resulting in transformation products (TPs) that sometimes are even more toxic than the parent compounds. A substantial shift of the scientific interest in the TPs of pesticides has been observed since their environmental fate, occurrence and toxicity is still in its formative stage. In an ongoing effort to expand the existing knowledge on the topic, several interesting works have been performed mostly in European countries, such as France, Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Greece, and Spain that counts the highest number of relevant publications. Pesticide TPs have been also studied to a lesser extent in Asia, North and South America. To this end, the main objective of this review is to delineate the global occurrence, fate, toxicity as well as the analytical challenges related to pesticide TPs in surface, ground, and wastewaters, with the view to contribute to a better understanding of the environmental problems related with TPs formation. The concentration levels of the TPs, ranging from the low ng/L to high μg/L scale and distributed worldwide. Ultimately, an attempt to predict the acute and chronic toxicity of TPs has been carried out with the aid of an in-silico approach based on ECOSAR, revealing increased chronic toxicity for the majority of the identified TPs, despite the change they underwent, while a small portion of them presented serious acute toxicity values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyriaki Anagnostopoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece
| | - Dimitra Lambropoulou
- Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki, 10th km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd, GR 57001, Greece.
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Sweeney CL, Smith NK, Sweeney E, Cohen AM, Kim JS. Analysis of human serum and urine for tentative identification of potentially carcinogenic pesticide-associated N-nitroso compounds using high-resolution mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 205:112493. [PMID: 34896088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Human serum and urine samples were analyzed for a suite of nitrosatable pesticides and potentially carcinogenic pesticide-associated N-nitroso (PANN) compounds. Formation of PANN compounds may occur in vivo after consumption of food or water containing trace amounts of nitrosatable pesticide residues and nitrate. Using a modified version of the Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged, and Safe (QuEChERS) method, nine nitrosatable pesticides and byproducts were extracted from serum and urine from 64 individuals from two different sample populations in Atlantic Canada: (i) Prince Edward Island, a region where nitrate and trace amounts of nitrosatable pesticides have been detected in groundwater; and (ii) Halifax, Nova Scotia, a non-agricultural urban area. Samples were then analyzed using ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with high-resolution accurate mass (HRAM) single-stage orbitrap mass spectrometry (MS), which allows for semi-targeted analysis and tentative identification of a virtually limitless number of exposure biomarkers. Two nitrosatable target analytes, ethylenethiourea (ETU) and 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol (TCPy) were found in serum, while atrazine (ATR) and ETU were detected in urine. Five and six PANN compounds were tentatively identified in serum and urine, respectively. The two PANN compounds that were most frequently tentatively identified in serum were N-nitroso dimethoate (N-DIM) and N-nitroso omethoate (N-OME) with detection frequencies of 78% and 95%, respectively. This is the first biomonitoring study of its kind to investigate PANN compounds in human serum and urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Crystal L Sweeney
- Interdisciplinary PhD Program, Faculty of Graduate Studies, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Nathan K Smith
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Ellen Sweeney
- Atlantic PATH, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Alejandro M Cohen
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Jong Sung Kim
- Health and Environments Research Centre (HERC) Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada; Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada.
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10
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Alexandrino DAM, Almeida CMR, Mucha AP, Carvalho MF. Revisiting pesticide pollution: The case of fluorinated pesticides. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 292:118315. [PMID: 34634397 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 09/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Fluorinated pesticides acquired a significant market share in the agrochemical sector due to the surge of new fluoroorganic ingredients approved in the last two decades. This growing trend has not been accompanied by a comprehensive scientific and regulatory framework entailing all their potential negative impacts for the environment, especially when considering the hazardous properties that may result from the incorporation of fluorine into organic molecules. This review aims to address the safe/hazardous dichotomy associated with fluorinated pesticides by providing an updated outlook on their relevancy in the agrochemical sector and how it leads to their role as environmental pollutants. Specifically, the environmental fate and distribution of these pesticides in the ecosystems is discussed, while also analysing their potential to act as toxic substances for non-target organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo A M Alexandrino
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - C Marisa R Almeida
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Ana P Mucha
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre 790, 4150-171, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria F Carvalho
- CIIMAR - Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Avenida General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal; School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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11
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Pesticides Burden in Neotropical Rivers: Costa Rica as a Case Study. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26237235. [PMID: 34885823 PMCID: PMC8658955 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26237235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neotropical ecosystems are highly biodiverse; however, the excessive use of pesticides has polluted freshwaters, with deleterious effects on aquatic biota. This study aims to analyze concentrations of active ingredients (a.i) of pesticides and the risks posed to freshwater Neotropical ecosystems. We compiled information from 1036 superficial water samples taken in Costa Rica between 2009 and 2019. We calculated the detection frequency for 85 a.i. and compared the concentrations with international regulations. The most frequently detected pesticides were diuron, ametryn, pyrimethanil, flutolanil, diazinon, azoxystrobin, buprofezin, and epoxiconazole, with presence in >20% of the samples. We observed 32 pesticides with concentrations that exceeded international regulations, and the ecological risk to aquatic biota (assessed using the multi-substance potentially affected fraction model (msPAF)) revealed that 5% and 13% of the samples from Costa Rica pose a high or moderate acute risk, especially to primary producers and arthropods. Other Neotropical countries are experiencing the same trend with high loads of pesticides and consequent high risk to aquatic ecosystems. This information is highly valuable for authorities dealing with prospective and retrospective risk assessments for regulatory decisions in tropical countries. At the same time, this study highlights the need for systematic pesticide residue monitoring of fresh waters in the Neotropical region.
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Wang W, Xiong P, Zhang H, Zhu Q, Liao C, Jiang G. Analysis, occurrence, toxicity and environmental health risks of synthetic phenolic antioxidants: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111531. [PMID: 34146526 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The continuous improvement of living standards is related to higher requirements for the freshness and taste of food. For example, synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are added to fats and fried foods as food additives to minimize the oxidative rancidity of oils and fats. Hence, the global use of SPAs is increasing year by year. Dibutyl hydroxytoluene is one of the widely used SPAs, often in combination with butyl hydroxyanisole or gallate SPAs. The extensive use of these compounds makes them and their transformation products to be widespread in various environmental matrices, including indoor dust, wastewater, river water, sewage sludge, and sediment, as well as human samples, such as nails and urine, at concentrations varying from nanogram per gram (ng/g) to microgram per gram (μg/g). Animal experiments have shown that high-dose SPA exposure is toxic, which may lead to DNA damage and mismatches and the development of cancerous tumors. Since the biosphere shares the same set of genetic codes, humans and animals have many identical or similar feedback mechanisms and information pathways. Therefore, the damage of SPAs to animals may also threaten human health. This review discusses the properties, occurrence, analysis, and environmental health risks of typical SPAs, including butyl hydroxyanisole, dibutyl hydroxytoluene, tert-butylhydroquinone, propyl gallate, octyl gallate, and lauryl gallate, used as food additives. In addition, AO2246, which is used in food packaging bags, is also considered. Future research directions on SPAs and their transformation products (TPs) are identified and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Ping Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - He Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Northeastern University, Shenyang, 110819, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Gallego JL, Olivero-Verbel J. Cytogenetic toxicity from pesticide and trace element mixtures in soils used for conventional and organic crops of Allium cepa L. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116558. [PMID: 33631688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and trace elements occur in complex mixtures in agroecosystems, affecting soil health and food security. Hence, it is necessary to determine their toxicity in field conditions and to develop monitoring approaches to assess conventional and organic agriculture. The aim of this research was to evaluate the associations between Allium cepa L. cytogenetic biomarkers and the realistic mixture of pesticides and trace elements found in soils of conventional, conversion, and organic crops in an intensive agricultural region in Colombia. Pesticide screening was conducted using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods. Arsenic, cadmium, lead, and zinc were analyzed by ICP-MS; chromium, copper, nickel, and selenium by ICP-OES; and mercury by a direct analyzer. The meristematic cells in roots of Allium cepa L. were analyzed through microscopic observations to quantify cytogenetic effects. In conventional crops, 26 pesticides were detected in the soil samples, and those were below the limit of quantification in organic crops. The mean levels of As, Cd, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Se were also greater in soils of conventional crops compared to the organics. In addition, the biomarkers of cytotoxicity and genotoxicity appeared augmented in conventional samples, and those were correlated with pesticide and trace element concentrations, pollution indices, and hazard quotients. Subsequently, a discriminant function based on the mitotic index, chromosomal aberrations, and nuclear abnormalities was suitable to classify the samples by crop type. These results demonstrate the sensitivity of Allium cepa L. to the toxicity of complex mixtures in field crops and its potential as an in-situ approach for soil health monitoring in organic and conventional crop systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge L Gallego
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, 130014, Colombia.
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Emerging Contaminants: Analysis, Aquatic Compartments and Water Pollution. EMERGING CONTAMINANTS VOL. 1 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-69079-3_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants: A Review of Environmental Occurrence, Fate, Human Exposure, and Toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:11706-11719. [PMID: 32915564 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various industrial and commercial products to retard oxidative reactions and lengthen product shelf life. In recent years, numerous studies have been conducted on the environmental occurrence, human exposure, and toxicity of SPAs. Here, we summarize the current understanding of these issues and provide recommendations for future research directions. SPAs have been detected in various environmental matrices including indoor dust, outdoor air particulates, sea sediment, and river water. Recent studies have also observed the occurrence of SPAs, such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di-tert-butyl-phenol (DBP), in humans (fat tissues, serum, urine, breast milk, and fingernails). In addition to these parent compounds, some transformation products have also been detected both in the environment and in humans. Human exposure pathways include food intake, dust ingestion, and use of personal care products. For breastfeeding infants, breast milk may be an important exposure pathway. Toxicity studies suggest some SPAs may cause hepatic toxicity, have endocrine disrupting effects, or even be carcinogenic. The toxicity effects of some transformation products are likely worse than those of the parent compound. For example, 2,6-di-tert-butyl-p-benzoquinone (BHT-Q) can cause DNA damage at low concentrations. Future studies should investigate the contamination and environmental behaviors of novel high molecular weight SPAs, toxicity effects of coexposure to several SPAs, and toxicity effects on infants. Future studies should also develop novel SPAs with low toxicity and low migration ability, decreasing the potential for environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic Phenolic Antioxidants in Personal Care Products in Toronto, Canada: Occurrence, Human Exposure, and Discharge via Greywater. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:13440-13448. [PMID: 31609587 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Although synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are widely used in various personal care products (PCPs), little is known about their levels, composition profiles, human exposure, or environmental emissions. In this study, the occurrence of SPAs was evaluated in 15 categories of 214 PCPs collected in Toronto, Canada. Nine SPAs were detected in the PCPs, of which only 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT, < method quantification limit (MQL)-827 900 ng/g, mean: 35 602 ng/g, median: 249 ng/g) was observed with a detection frequency of >50%. When the 214 PCPs were separated into products labeled as containing BHT and those labeled as not containing BHT, the BHT-labeled PCPs (mean: 369 253 ng//g, median: 382 560 ng/g) contained significantly higher concentrations of BHT than the BHT-unlabeled PCPs (mean: 4960 ng/g, median: 199 ng/g) did (p < 0.01). Five transformation products (TPs) of BHT were also detected in the PCPs at low concentrations (∑TPs: < MQL to 19 014 ng/g, mean: 730 ng/g, median: < MQL) and detection frequencies (12.6-37.4%). Preliminary calculations found that dermal absorption via PCP use may be an important exposure pathway for BHT (mean: 565 879 ng/day median: 2988 ng/day), although this is a negligible exposure pathway for other SPAs. In addition, the estimated discharges of BHT (mean: 7852 g/day, median: 88 g/day) via greywater after PCP use were calculated, which represents a nonignorable source of BHT loading into wastewater treatment plants in Toronto (contributing 10%). To our knowledge, this is the first evaluation of human exposure to and discharge of SPAs via PCP use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , M5S 3H6 , Ontario , Canada
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Jiang Y, Ma P, Piao H, Qin Z, Tao S, Sun Y, Wang X, Song D. Solid-phase microextraction of triazine herbicides via cellulose paper coated with a metal-organic framework of type MIL-101(Cr), and their quantitation by HPLC-MS. Mikrochim Acta 2019; 186:742. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-019-3889-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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18
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Assress HA, Nyoni H, Mamba BB, Msagati TAM. Target quantification of azole antifungals and retrospective screening of other emerging pollutants in wastewater effluent using UHPLC -QTOF-MS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:655-666. [PMID: 31330357 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The information acquired by high resolution quadrupole-time of flight mass spectrometry (QTOF-MS) allows target analysis as well as retrospective screening for the presence of suspect or unknown emerging pollutants which were not included in the target analysis. Targeted quantification of eight azole antifungal drugs in wastewater effluent as well as new and relatively simple retrospective suspect and non-target screening strategy for emerging pollutants using UHPLC-QTOF-MS is described in this work. More than 300 (parent compounds and transformation products) and 150 accurate masses were included in the retrospective suspect and non-target screening, respectively. Tentative identification of suspects and unknowns was based on accurate masses, peak intensity, blank subtraction, isotopic pattern (mSigma value), compound annotation using data bases such as KEGG and CHEBI, and fragmentation pattern interpretation. In the targeted analysis, clotrimazole, fluconazole, itraconazole, ketoconazole and posaconazole were detected in the effluent wastewater sample, fluconazole being with highest average concentration (302.38 ng L-1). The retrospective screening resulted in the detection of 27 compounds that had not been included in the target analysis. The suspect compounds tentatively identified included atazanavir, citalopram, climbazole, bezafibrate estradiol, desmethylvenlafaxine, losartan carboxylic acid and cetirizine, of which citalopram, estradiol and cetirizine were confirmed using a standard. Carbamazepine, atrazine, efavirenz, lopinavir, fexofenadine and 5-methylbenzotriazole were among the compounds detected following the non-targeted screening approach, of which carbamazepine was confirmed using a standard. Given the detection of the target antifungals in the effluent, the findings are a call for a wide assessment of their occurrence in aquatic environments and their role in ecotoxicology as well as in selection of drug resistant fungi. The findings of this work further highlights the practical benefits obtained for the identification of a broader range of emerging pollutants in the environment when retrospective screening is applied to high resolution and high accuracy mass spectrometric data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailemariam Abrha Assress
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392, UNISA 0003, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hlengilizwe Nyoni
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392, UNISA 0003, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bhekie B Mamba
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392, UNISA 0003, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Titus A M Msagati
- University of South Africa, College of Science Engineering and Technology, Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability Research Unit, UNISA Science Campus, P.O. Box 392, UNISA 0003, Florida, 1709 Johannesburg, South Africa.
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Liu R, Mabury SA. Unexpectedly high concentrations of 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol in human urine. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1423-1428. [PMID: 31265952 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have received increasing attention due to the reports of toxicity and environmental contamination. Nevertheless, limited information was available on human burdens of these SPAs, with the exception of 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In our study, BHT as well as six other SPAs were analyzed in human urine samples from United States donors. Three SPA congeners were detected in human urine: BHT, 2,4-di-tert-butylphenol (DBP), and 3-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA). BHT, which is the congener received most concerns, was detected at low concentrations [geometric mean (GM): 0.06 ng/mL], whereas four of its metabolites were detected at relatively high concentrations (GM: 1.68 ng/mL). Surprisingly, DBP was detected at extremely high concentrations (GM: 18.3 ng/mL). The concentrations of DBP (GM: 25.8 ng/mL), BHT (0.853 ng/mL), and metabolites (GM: 10.5 ng/mL) increased significantly after the urine samples were hydrolyzed by β-glucuronidase (p < 0.01), indicating the prevalence of the conjugated forms of SPAs and their metabolites in human urine. DBP, which has previously received little attention, was the predominant congener, contributing 88.2% and 63.6% to total target concentrations in the urine samples before and after β-glucuronidase hydrolysis, respectively. Thus, previous studies have vastly underestimated the burdens of SPAs to humans. To our knowledge, this is the first study revealing the presence of DBP in human urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
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Liu R, Mabury SA. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and transformation products in dust from different indoor environments in Toronto, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 672:23-29. [PMID: 30954820 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are a class of anthropogenic antioxidants that are widely used in a large variety of commercial products. Although several SPAs have been listed as targets for risk assessment by Environment and Climate Change Canada, little data are available on the occurrence of SPAs in the Canadian environment. In this study, eighty-three indoor dust samples were collected from offices and homes in Toronto. Eight SPAs were detected at concentrations ranging from 67.2 to 1.55e4 ng/g, with a geometric mean (GM) concentration of 1.49e3 ng/g, among which 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) was the primary congener and had a GM concentration of 658 ng/g. Four BHT transformation products (TPs) were also detected in the indoor dust samples, with concentrations ranging from 40.4 to 1.27e4 ng/g and a GM concentration of 883 ng/g. No significant concentration difference was observed between the office and home dust samples for either the summed target SPA or TP concentrations (p > 0.05). The calculated estimated daily intakes of these chemical contaminants (0.004-10.0 ng/kg BW/day) suggest that they pose no immediate health risk to the Canadian population. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of the occurrence of these chemical contaminants and their transformation products in Canadian indoor environments, and furthermore the first detection of 4-tert-butyl-phenol in an environmental sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Scott A Mabury
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto M5S 3H6, Ontario, Canada
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Hoff R, Furtado R, Dos Santos JM, Vogelmann ES, Hoff GD, Kneip RC, Jank L, Gonçalves FF. Removal of epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin from highly contaminated effluent (grams per liter level): Comparison between ozone and solar still decontamination using real field conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 653:597-604. [PMID: 30414588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Revised: 11/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Brazilian environmental legislation obliges the aeroagriculture operators to treat the effluents generated after aircraft washing. This effluent commonly contains high levels of pesticides (g L-1) with potential to produce point source pollution. In the present study, we evaluated the efficiency of two systems on the removal of the fungicides epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin from these effluents. The first system is based on ozonation and is currently suggested by regulatory authority. The second system is based on a pyramid-shaped solar still. The pesticides removal was monitored using liquid chromatography mass spectrometry to determine the mass quantity of both molecules throughout the treatment. After treatment with ozone treatment, the total mass of epoxiconazole decreased by 73% and pyraclostrobin decreased by 90.8%. The solar distillation system removed epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin by >99.995 and 99.99%, respectively. The both systems proved to be efficient in the treatment of effluent containing residues of the fungicide Opera®, a formulation containing epoxiconazole and pyraclostrobin. The solar distillation system showed a higher degree of removal and presents the advantage of operating without energy sources, reagents or consumables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo Hoff
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil, Estrada da Ponta Grossa 3036, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Furtado
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil, DPDAG, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Juliane Marques Dos Santos
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 2236, São Lourenço do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Saldanha Vogelmann
- Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande - FURG, Av. Marechal Floriano Peixoto, 2236, São Lourenço do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Duarte Hoff
- Centro de Ciências Químicas, Farmacêuticas e de Alimentos, Faculdade de Química, Universidade Federal de Pelotas - UFPel, Av. Eliseu Maciel - Campus Universitário, S/N, Capão do Leão, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafaella Cunha Kneip
- Instituto Federal de Educação Ciência e Tecnologia Sul-rio-grandense, IFSul, Praça 20 de Setembro, 455, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Louíse Jank
- Laboratório Nacional Agropecuário - LANAGRO/RS, Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento do Brasil, Estrada da Ponta Grossa 3036, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Fábio Ferreira Gonçalves
- Escola de Química e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Rio Grande - FURG, Rua Barão do Caí, 125, Santo Antônio da Patrulha, Brazil
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Li C, Cui X, Chen Y, Liao C, Ma LQ. Synthetic phenolic antioxidants and their major metabolites in human fingernail. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:308-314. [PMID: 30500685 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) have been widely used in foods, polymers, and cosmetics, but very limited information is available about their occurrence in human tissues. In this study, five SPAs, namely 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT), 2-tert-butyl-4-hydroxyanisole (BHA), propyl-, octyl-, and dodecyl-gallate (PG, OG, and DG), and four major metabolites of BHT, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4 -hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-(hydroxymethyl) phenol (BHT-OH), 3,5-di-tertbutyl-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (BHT-COOH), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), were determined in human fingernail samples collected from Nanjing, China. Total concentrations of the nine target analytes (∑9SPAs) were 523-14,000 ng/g. BHT was the predominant SPA compound and detected in all samples at a range of 309-11,400 ng/g. The ∑9SPAs was negatively correlated with age of fingernail donors (p < 0.05). In addition, indoor dust samples from the living places of the fingernail providers were collected with aim to better understand the SPA exposure pathways. A positive correlation (p < 0.05) was found only for DG concentrations between paired fingernail and dust samples, while not for other SPAs, suggesting that SPAs accumulated in fingernails may not be mainly from indoor dust. SPAs were measured for the first time in human fingernail, and the elevated concentrations in fingernail suggest that the health risk of SPAs should be paid more attention due to their bioaccumulation potential in human body. Further studies are warranted about exposure pathway, distribution and metabolism of SPAs in human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xinyi Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Lena Q Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Gas Chromatography Coupled to High Resolution Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry as a High-Throughput Tool for Characterizing Geochemical Biomarkers in Sediments. Int J Anal Chem 2019; 2018:2560498. [PMID: 30627163 PMCID: PMC6304594 DOI: 10.1155/2018/2560498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The performance of gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-HRTofMS) for characterizing geochemical biomarkers from sediment samples was evaluated. Two approaches to obtain the geochemical biomarkers were tested: (1) extraction with organic solvent and subsequent derivatization and (2) in-situ derivatization thermal desorption. Results demonstrated that both approaches can be conveniently applied for simultaneous characterization of many geochemical biomarkers (alkanes, alkanols, sterols, and fatty acids), avoiding conventional time-consuming purification procedures. GC-HRTofMS reduces both sample preparation time and the number of chromatographic runs compared to traditional methodologies used in organic geochemistry. Particularly, the approach based on in-situ derivatization thermal desorption represents a very simple method that can be performed in-line employing few milligrams of sediment, eliminating the need for any sample preparation and solvent use. The high resolving power (m/Δm50% 25,000) and high mass accuracy (error ≤ 1 ppm) offered by the “zig-zag” time-of-flight analyzer were indispensable to resolve the complexity of the total ion chromatograms, representing a high-throughput tool. Extracted ion chromatograms using exact m/z were useful to eliminate many isobaric interferences and to increase significantly the signal to noise ratio. Characteristic fragment ions allowed the identification of homologous series, such as alkanes, alkanols, fatty acids, and sterols. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were also identified in the samples by their molecular ions. The characterization of geochemical biomarkers along a sedimentary core collected in the area of Valo Grande Channel (Cananéia-Iguape Estuarine-Lagunar System (São Paulo, Brazil)) provided evidences of environmental changes. Sediments deposited before opening of channel showed dominance of biomarkers from mangrove vegetation, whereas sediments of the pos-opening period showed an increase of biomarkers from aquatic macrophyte (an invasive vegetation).
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Pavlidis G, Karasali H, Tsihrintzis VA. Development and Validation of a Simple and Efficient Method for the Determination of Pendimethalin and Its Metabolite M455H001 in Soil by Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2018.1486849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- George Pavlidis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
- Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Karasali
- Department of Pesticides Control and Phytopharmacy, Laboratory of Chemical Control of Pesticides, Benaki Phytopathological Institute, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilios A. Tsihrintzis
- Centre for the Assessment of Natural Hazards and Proactive Planning & Laboratory of Reclamation Works and Water Resources Management, School of Rural and Surveying Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou, Athens, Greece
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Merel S, Benzing S, Gleiser C, Di Napoli-Davis G, Zwiener C. Occurrence and overlooked sources of the biocide carbendazim in wastewater and surface water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:512-521. [PMID: 29684878 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Carbendazim is a fungicide commonly used as active substance in plant protection products and biocidal products, for instance to protect facades of buildings against fungi. However, the subsequent occurrence of this fungicide and potential endocrine disruptor in the aqueous environment is a major concern. In this study, high resolution mass spectrometry shows that carbendazim can be detected with an increasing abundance from the source to the mouth of the River Rhine. Unexpectedly, the abundance of carbendazim correlates poorly with that of other fungicides used as active ingredients in plant protection products (r2 of 0.32 for cyproconazole and r2 of 0.57 for propiconazole) but it correlates linearly with that of pharmaceuticals (r2 of 0.86 for carbamazepine and r2 of 0.89 for lamotrigine). These results suggest that the occurrence of carbendazim in surface water comes mainly from the discharge of treated domestic wastewater. This hypothesis is further confirmed by the detection of carbendazim in wastewater effluents (n = 22). In fact, bench-scale leaching tests of textiles and papers revealed that these materials commonly found in households could be a source of carbendazim in domestic wastewater. Moreover, additional river samples collected nearby two paper industries indicate that the discharge of their treated process effluents is also a source of carbendazim in the environment. While characterizing paper and textile as overlooked sources of carbendazim, this study also shows the biocide as a possible ubiquitous wastewater contaminant that would require further systematic and worldwide monitoring due to its toxicological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Saskia Benzing
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Carolin Gleiser
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Gina Di Napoli-Davis
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christian Zwiener
- Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074, Tübingen, Germany.
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Osorio V, Schriks M, Vughs D, de Voogt P, Kolkman A. A novel sample preparation procedure for effect-directed analysis of micro-contaminants of emerging concern in surface waters. Talanta 2018; 186:527-537. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Preparation and characterization of indole-3-butyric acid nanospheres for improving its stability and utilization. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2018; 89:175-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2018.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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28
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Gerona RR, Schwartz JM, Pan J, Friesen MM, Lin T, Woodruff TJ. Suspect screening of maternal serum to identify new environmental chemical biomonitoring targets using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2018; 28:101-108. [PMID: 29019345 PMCID: PMC6639024 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2017.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The use and advantages of high-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) as a discovery tool for environmental chemical monitoring has been demonstrated for environmental samples but not for biological samples. We developed a method using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight MS (LC-QTOF/MS) for discovery of previously unmeasured environmental chemicals in human serum. Using non-targeted data acquisition (full scan MS analysis) we were able to screen for environmental organic acids (EOAs) in 20 serum samples from second trimester pregnant women. We define EOAs as environmental organic compounds with at least one dissociable proton which are utilized in commerce. EOAs include environmental phenols, phthalate metabolites, perfluorinated compounds, phenolic metabolites of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and polychlorinated biphenyls, and acidic pesticides and/or predicted acidic pesticide metabolites. Our validated method used solid phase extraction, reversed-phase chromatography in a C18 column with gradient elution, electrospray ionization in negative polarity and automated tandem MS (MS/MS) data acquisition to maximize true positive rates. We identified "suspect EOAs" using Agilent MassHunter Qualitative Analysis software, to match chemical formulas generated from each sample run with molecular formulas in our unique database of 693 EOAs assembled from multiple environmental literature sources. We found potential matches for 282 (41%) of the EOAs in our database. Sixty-five of these suspect EOAs were detected in at least 75% of the samples; only 19 of these compounds are currently biomonitored in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We confirmed two of three suspect EOAs by LC-QTOF/MS using a targeted method developed through LC-MS/MS, reporting the first confirmation of benzophenone-1 and bisphenol S in pregnant women's sera. Our suspect screening workflow provides an approach to comprehensively scan environmental chemical exposures in humans. This can provide a better source of exposure information to help improve exposure and risk evaluation of industrial chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy R. Gerona
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jackie M. Schwartz
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Janet Pan
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Matthew M. Friesen
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Thomas Lin
- Clinical Toxicology and Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Tracey J. Woodruff
- Program on Reproductive Health and the Environment, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
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Chau HTC, Kadokami K, Ifuku T, Yoshida Y. Development of a comprehensive screening method for more than 300 organic chemicals in water samples using a combination of solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:26396-26409. [PMID: 28948438 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive screening method for 311 organic compounds with a wide range of physicochemical properties (log Pow -2.2-8.53) in water samples was developed by combining solid-phase extraction with liquid chromatography-high-resolution time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Method optimization using 128 pesticides revealed that tandem extraction with styrene-divinylbenzene polymer and activated carbon solid-phase extraction cartridges at pH 7.0 was optimal. The developed screening method was able to extract 190 model compounds with average recovery of 80.8% and average relative standard deviations (RSD) of 13.5% from spiked reagent water at 0.20 μg L-1, and 87.1% recovery and 10.8% RSD at 0.05 μg L-1. Spike-recovery testing (0.20 μg L-1) using real sewage treatment plant effluents resulted in an average recovery and average RSD of 190 model compounds of 77.4 and 13.1%, respectively. The method was applied to the influent and effluent of five sewage treatment plants in Kitakyushu, Japan, with 29 out of 311 analytes being observed at least once. The results showed that this method can screen for a large number of chemicals with a wide range of physicochemical properties quickly and at low operational cost, something that is difficult to achieve using conventional analytical methods. This method will find utility in target screening of hazardous chemicals with a high risk in environmental waters, and for confirming the safety of water after environmental incidents.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Tomomi Ifuku
- Kitakyushu Life Science Center, Kitakyushu, Japan
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Analysis of Triazole Fungicides in Aqueous Solutions and Their Removal on Modified Activated Carbons. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-017-2913-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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31
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Niemeyer JC, Chelinho S, Sousa JP. Soil ecotoxicology in Latin America: Current research and perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2017; 36:1795-1810. [PMID: 28295568 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 05/20/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soils from some Latin American countries support the highest biodiversity levels on the planet and simultaneously have some of the most serious environmental impacts attributed to both historical and current agricultural practices and industrial activities. Soil contamination has resulted from intensive use of pesticides, extensive mining and other industrial activities, and uncontrolled management of waste within inappropriate regulatory frameworks. The present study presents an overview of the scientific research on soil ecotoxicology conducted in Latin America, summarizing the recent advances and highlighting the needs for further refinements in this research field. Most of the contributions to the scientific literature have been from Brazil. The most investigated issue is the ecotoxicity of pesticides and earthworms, which were the organisms most frequently used as test species. Needs identified by Latin American researchers include methods and procedures for: 1) identifying and collecting natural soils to be used as reference test-substrates in tests, 2) identifying and discerning the range of sensitivities of native test species to soil contaminants, 3) developing environmental guidelines applicable to tropical/subtropical conditions, and 4) developing methods and procedures for higher tier testing for full development and implementation of environmental risk assessment schemes. The protection of Latin American soils, including provision of goods and services, is currently framed in legislation and other regulations, but implementation requires significant improvement and additional training programs. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1795-1810. © 2017 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júlia Carina Niemeyer
- Centre of Curitibanos, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Curitibanos, Santa Catarina, Brazil
| | - Sónia Chelinho
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - José Paulo Sousa
- Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
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Martínez-Jarquín S, Winkler R. Low-temperature plasma (LTP) jets for mass spectrometry (MS): Ion processes, instrumental set-ups, and application examples. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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33
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Magnetical hollow fiber bar collection of extract in homogenous ionic liquid microextraction of triazine herbicides in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:2569-2579. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 01/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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34
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Stipaničev D, Dragun Z, Repec S, Rebok K, Jordanova M. Broad spectrum screening of 463 organic contaminants in rivers in Macedonia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 135:48-59. [PMID: 27685670 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Revised: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Target screening of 463 organic contaminants in surface water using ultra high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) with direct injection was performed in spring of 2015 in northern Macedonia, at six sampling sites in four rivers belonging to Vardar basin: Kriva, Zletovska, Bregalnica and Vardar. The aim of the study was to differentiate between various types of organic contamination characteristic for different types of anthropogenic activities, such as mining, agriculture, and urbanization. Depending on the studied river, 9-16% of analyzed compounds were detected. The highest total levels of organic contaminants were recorded in agriculturally impacted Bregalnica River (1839-1962ngL-1) and Vardar River downstream from the city of Skopje (1945ngL-1), whereas the lowest level was found in the mining impacted Zletovska River (989ngL-1). The principal organic contaminants of the Bregalnica River were herbicides (45-55% of all detected compounds; 838-1094ngL-1), with the highest concentrations of bentazone (407-530ngL-1) and molinate (84-549ngL-1), common herbicides in rice cultivation. The main organic contaminants in the other rivers were drugs (70-80% of all detected compounds), with antibiotics as a predominant drug class. The highest drug concentrations were measured in the Vardar River, downstream from Skopje (1544ngL-1). Screening of surface water by UHPLC-QTOF-MS was proven as a practical tool for fast collection of comprehensive preliminary information on organic contamination of natural waters, which can present a significant contribution in the monitoring and preservation of good ecological status of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Draženka Stipaničev
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Zrinka Dragun
- Ruđer Bošković Institute, Division for Marine and Environmental Research, Laboratory for Biological Effects of Metals, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Siniša Repec
- Croatian Waters, Central Water Management Laboratory, Ulica grada Vukovara 220, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Katerina Rebok
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
| | - Maja Jordanova
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje, Arhimedova 3, 1000 Skopje, Macedonia
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Villaverde JJ, Sevilla-Morán B, López-Goti C, Alonso-Prados JL, Sandín-España P. Trends in analysis of pesticide residues to fulfil the European Regulation (EC) No. 1107/2009. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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36
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Sarria-Villa R, Ocampo-Duque W, Páez M, Schuhmacher M. Presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Colombian Cauca River during heavy rain episodes, and implications for risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 540:455-65. [PMID: 26303092 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 07/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In Colombia little attention has been paid to river pollution with Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Low environmental control and legislation in such emerging region could significantly contribute to high PAHs releases. In this study, we report the presence of PAHs in water and sediments of the Cauca River (Colombia). Three sampling campaigns were carried out between May 2010 and June 2011, and the samples were collected at eight relevant sites. The sampling time included measuring before, during, and after a season of heavy rains, which were influenced by the global coupled ocean-atmospheric phenomenon, which affected tropical countries with huge flooding, commonly called "La Niña", and/or "El Niño" Southern Oscillation (ENSO). The highest mean ∑PAH concentrations were 4476.5 ng/l and 1582.7 ng/g in water and sediments, respectively. The PAHs most detected were Benzo[b]fluoranthene, Benzo[k]fluoranthene, and Pyrene in sediments; and Fluorene, Acenaphtylene, and Anthracene in water. After the season of rains statistically significant higher PAH concentrations were detected. The results of the study were compared to other rivers worldwide at both environmental compartments, and did not show concentrations of special concern. In some sites, concentrations detected of PAHs were higher than screening benchmarks for ecological protection. Estimation of human health risks was carried out, and the results suggested some likely carcinogenic effects due to PAHs especially in children exposed during current recreational swimming and adults working in low technology sand extraction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - William Ocampo-Duque
- Faculty of Engineering, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Cll 18#118-250, Cali, Colombia.
| | - Martha Páez
- Department of Chemistry, Universidad del Valle, Cll 13#100-00, Cali, Colombia
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Països Catalans 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Botero-Coy AM, Bade R, Bustos-López MC, Rincón J, Moncayo A, Bijlsma L. LC-QTOF MS screening of more than 1,000 licit and illicit drugs and their metabolites in wastewater and surface waters from the area of Bogotá, Colombia. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6405-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8796-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Revised: 05/12/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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38
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Transformation products of emerging contaminants in the environment and high-resolution mass spectrometry: a new horizon. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6257-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8739-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 04/12/2015] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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39
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Identification of sethoxydim degradation products in natural waters under different light sources by HPLC-QTOF-MS. Microchem J 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2014.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Liu R, Song S, Lin Y, Ruan T, Jiang G. Occurrence of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and major metabolites in municipal sewage sludge in China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2073-80. [PMID: 25607923 DOI: 10.1021/es505136k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic phenolic antioxidants (SPAs) are one group of widely used additive chemicals, which have not yet had focused attention except for a few compounds such as 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT). In this study, the occurrence and composition profiles of 12 frequently used SPAs and three BHT metabolites were investigated in fifty-six sludge samples collected from individual wastewater treatment plants in China. Eleven SPAs were positively found in the sludge samples, in which, to our knowledge, eight SPA compounds were identified for the first time in the environment. BHT, 4-tert-octylphenol (4-tOP), and 2,4,6-tri-tert-bultylphenol (AO 246) were the most dominant SPAs in the sludge at mean concentrations of 4.14 μg/g, 374 ng/g, and 98.1 ng/g d.w. (dry weight). Meanwhile, three BHT metabolites, including 3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (BHT-CHO), 2,6-di-tert-butyl-1,4-benzoquinone (BHT-Q), and 2,6-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxy-4-methyl-2,5-cyclohexadienone (BHT-quinol), were also found in most of the samples (>98.2%) with mean concentrations of 141, 562, and 225 ng/g d.w., respectively. The activated sludge system (anaerobic, anoxic, and oxic tanks) of a wastewater treatment plant was further investigated for the removal efficiencies of the SPAs. High removal efficiencies (80.1-89.2%) were found for the six detected SPAs in the aqueous phase, while generation of large proportions of the three BHT metabolites was also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runzeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100085, China
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41
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Determination of synthetic phenolic antioxidants and relative metabolites in sewage treatment plant and recipient river by high performance liquid chromatography–electrospray tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.11.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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42
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Lin L, Lin H, Zhang M, Dong X, Yin X, Qu C, Ni J. Types, principle, and characteristics of tandem high-resolution mass spectrometry and its applications. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22856e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
We review the principle and functional characteristics of different types or models for THRMS and provide a brief description of its applications in medical research, food safety, and environmental protection fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longfei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Hongmei Lin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Miao Zhang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xiaoxv Dong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Xingbin Yin
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Changhai Qu
- Modern Research Center for TCM
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jian Ni
- School of Chinese Materia Medica
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine
- Beijing
- China
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43
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Li S, Liu X, Zhu Y, Dong F, Xu J, Li M, Zheng Y. A statistical approach to determine fluxapyroxad and its three metabolites in soils, sediment and sludge based on a combination of chemometric tools and a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe method. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1358:46-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 06/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Abbas HH, Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Chromatographic Methods for Analysis of Triazine Herbicides. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2014; 45:226-40. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2014.927731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Masiá A, Campo J, Blasco C, Picó Y. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry to identify contaminants in water: An insight on environmental forensics. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1345:86-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Current Applications of GC-(Q)TOF and GC–HRMS for the Determination of Persistent Organic Pollutants in Water and Sediments Samples. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-62623-3.00018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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