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Tesi GO, Okpara KE, Tesi JN, Agbozu IE, Techato K. Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting organochlorine and organophosphate pesticides in locally produced and imported honey in Nigeria. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024:1-21. [PMID: 38958232 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2024.2373169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The practice of exposing honeybees to pesticides by bee-keepers or via agricultural crops, is one of the ways in which honey becomes contaminated with pesticides. Though honey has many health advantages, however, human exposure to pesticides via consumption of honey has generated public health concerns due to their endocrine-disruptive abilities. Thus, this study evaluated human exposure to endocrine-disrupting pesticides in honey from Nigeria to establish the safety of honey consumed in Nigeria. Honey were analyzed for pesticides using a gas chromatograph combined with an electron capture detector. The concentrations of ∑20 OCPs and ∑14 OPPs in the honey ranged from 0.45-1045 ng/g and 1.13-632 ng/g respectively. The values of both individual and cumulative non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for humans were <1 and 1 × 10-4 respectively suggesting that there are no potential health risks via the honey consumption. The source analysis showed that pesticides in these honey originated from historical and recent/fresh use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Godswill Okeoghene Tesi
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Africa, Toru-Orua, Nigeria
- Department of Chemistry, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley Ezechukwu Okpara
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
- Institute of Geosciences and Environmental Management, Rivers State University, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Juliet Ngozi Tesi
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Iwekumo Ebibofe Agbozu
- Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Petroleum Resources, Effurun, Nigeria
| | - Kuaanan Techato
- Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Songkhla, Thailand
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2
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Cui N, Pan X, Liu J. Distribution, sources and health risk assessment of DDT and its metabolites in agricultural soils in Zhejiang Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:1522-1530. [PMID: 36373367 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2147449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) is well known for its harmful effects and has been officially banned as a pesticide around the world. However, DDT pollution still exists in natural environments in China because DDT degrade very slowly. In this study, 60 soil samples were collected from Cixi, Zhejiang Province, and the levels of DDTs and its metabolites in soil and health risks were investigated. The results showed that the detection rate of DDT in soil samples were 100%, and the total DDTs residue in soil ranged from 0.007 to 1.208 mg/kg, with an average of 0. 113±0. 035 mg/kg, which exceeded the second-level Chinese soil environmental quality standard for farmland soil. The average residuals of p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene), p,p'-DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane) and o,p'-DDT accounted for 34.8%, 50.9%, 8.0% and 6.3% of the total DDTs, respectively. The DDD/DDE ratios indicated a dehydrochlorination of DDT to DDE under aerobic conditions at most sampling sites. The ratios of (p,p'-DDE+p,p'-DDD)/p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT indicating the DDT in the field were mainly introduced via industrial DDT and dicofol, including historical residue and fresh input. The health risk assessment showed that DDT-contaminated sites do not pose a non-carcinogenic risk to humans, and pose a very low risk of cancer to children and a low risk of cancer to adults. Overall, this study helps to understand the distribution, sources and health risks of DDT in typical soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Cui
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiong Pan
- Basin Water Environmental Research Department, Changjiang River Scientific Research Institute, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Liu
- College of Medicine, Xi'an International University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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3
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Akter M, Alam MS, Yang X, Nunes JP, Zomer P, Rahman MM, Mol H, Ritsema CJ, Geissen V. Hidden risk of terrestrial food chain contamination from organochlorine insecticides in a vegetable cultivation area of Northwest Bangladesh. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169343. [PMID: 38097076 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine insecticide (OCI) exposures in terrestrial food chains from historical or current applications were studied in a vegetable production area in northwest Bangladesh. A total of 57 subsoil, 57 topsoil, and 57 vegetable samples, as well as 30 cow's milk samples, were collected from 57 farms. Multiple OCI residues were detected using GC-MS/MS with modified QuEChERS in 20 % of subsoils, 21 % of topsoils, 23 % of vegetables, and 7 % of cow's milk samples. Diversified OCI residues were detected in subsoils (17 residues with a concentration of 179.15 ± 148.61 μg kg-1) rather than in topsoils (3 DDT residues with a concentration of 25.76 ± 20.19 μg kg-1). Isomeric ratios indicate intensive historical applications of OCIs. According to Dutch and Chinese standards, the lower concentrations of individual OCI residues in the soil indicate negligible to slight soil pollution, assuming local farmers follow local pesticide use regulations. However, a maximum of 78.24 μg kg-1 ΣAldrines and 35.57 μg kg-1 ΣHCHs were detected (1-4 residues) in 60 % of brinjal, 28 % of cucumber, 29 % of sponge gourd, and 20 % of lady's finger samples, which could be a result of either historical or current OCI applications, or both. A strong positive correlation between aldrines in subsoils and cucurbit vegetables indicates greater bioaccumulation. Cow milk samples contained up to 6.96 μg kg-1 ΣDDTs, which resulted either from rationing contaminated vegetables or grazing on contaminated land. Individual OCI in both vegetables and cow's milk was below the respective maximum residue limits of US and FAO/WHO CODEX and poses little or no risk to human health. However, combined exposure to multiple pesticides could increase human health risks. A cumulative health risk assessment of multiple pesticide residues is suggested to assess the suitability of those soils for cultivation and grazing, as well as the safety of vegetables and cow's milk for human consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mousumi Akter
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands; Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh.
| | - Md Shohidul Alam
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Xiaomei Yang
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - João Pedro Nunes
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Paul Zomer
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Md Mokhlesur Rahman
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
| | - Hans Mol
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, 6700AE Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Coen J Ritsema
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Violette Geissen
- Soil Physics and Land Management, Wageningen University & Research, 6700AA Wageningen, the Netherlands
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4
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Ding Y, Qin S, Huang H, Tang X, Li X, Zhang Y, Chen W, Nguyen LP, Qi S. Selected pesticidal POPs and metabolites in the soil of five Vietnamese cities: Sources, fate, and health risk implications. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 342:123043. [PMID: 38036093 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Large quantities of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been used in tropical regions. The fate processes and risks of these legacy contaminants in the tropics are poorly understood. Herein, we investigated the occurrence of three classes of widely used OCPs and their metabolites in surface and core soil from five cities across Vietnam with a prevalent tropical monsoon climate and a long history of OCP application. We aimed to elucidate migration potentials, degradation conditions, and transformation pathways and assess current health risks of these contaminants. Generally, the concentrations of OCPs and metabolites in the soil core were slightly lower than those in surface soil except for hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers. 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE), the sum of dicofol and 4,4'-dichlorobenzophenone (p,p'-DBP), and 2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1,1-dichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) were the most abundant compounds in both surface and core soils. A uniform distribution of HCHs (the sum of α-, β-, γ-, and δ-HCH) at trace levels was found in almost all soils, serving as evidence of the lack of recent use of HCH pesticides. Higher concentrations of DDTs (the sum of DDT, DDD, and DDE) were observed in north-central Vietnamese soil, whereas appreciable concentrations of ENDs (the sum of α- and β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate) were only found in southern Vietnamese soils. Empirical diagnostic ratios indicated residuals of DDTs were mainly from technical DDT rather than dicofol, whereas aged HCHs could be explained by the mixture of lindane and technical HCH. Both historical applications and recent input explain DDTs and ENDs in Vietnamese soil. Total organic carbon performs well in preventing vertical migration of more hydrophobic DDTs and ENDs. The dominant transformation pathway of DDT in surface soil followed p,p'-DDE→2,2-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-1-chloroethylene or p,p'-DDMU→1,1-bis(4-chlorophenyl)ethylene or p,p'-DDNU→p,p'-DBP, whereas the amount of p,p'-DDMU converted from p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE is similar in soil core. Non-cancer risks of OCPs and metabolites in all soils and cancer risks of those chemicals in core soils were below the safety threshold, whereas a small proportion of surface soil exhibited potential cancer risk after considering the exposure pathway of vegetable intake. This study implied that organic matter in non-rainforest tropical deep soils still could hinder the leaching of hydrophobic organic contaminants as in subtropical and temperate soils. When lands with a history of OCP application are used for agricultural purposes, dietary-related risks need to be carefully assessed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China.
| | - Shibin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China; Institute of Eco-Environment Research, Guangxi Academy of Sciences, Nanning, 530007, China
| | - Huanfang Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Water Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510530, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Xiushuang Li
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education, Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu, 610066, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Wenwen Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guilin University of Technology, Guilin, 541004, China
| | - Lan-Phuong Nguyen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology & School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430078, China.
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5
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Li W, Wang B, Yuan Y, Wang S. Spatiotemporal distribution patterns and ecological risk of multi-pesticide residues in the surface water of a typical agriculture area in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161872. [PMID: 36716873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study systematically investigated the occurrence, spatiotemporal distribution, and ecological risk of 106 pesticides in the surface water of the Jiaodong Peninsula in China. The results show that 52 pesticides, including 21 insecticides, 10 fungicides, and 21 herbicides, were detectable in the surface water. The concentrations of target pesticides in water samples ranged from 0.42 (tebuconazole in the wet season) to 645.31 ng/L (thiamethoxam in the normal season). The two most polluting and widespread pesticides were quintozene (maximum concentration of 481.46 ng/L and detection rate of 94 %) and atrazine (maximum concentration of 465.73 ng/L and detection rate of 100 %). The total pesticide concentrations in surface water in different seasons revealed the order of dry season > wet season > normal season. Based on aquatic pesticide concentrations, their frequency of occurrence, and effect concentrations, insecticides posed higher risks to aquatic organisms and human health than either fungicides or herbicides. Total pesticide concentrations were significantly positively correlated with suspended particulate matter, dissolved organic carbon, soil pH, normalized difference vegetation index, adjacent cropland area; and were negatively associated with adjacent grassland area. The cropland area largely influences pesticide distribution in the surface water of the Jiaodong Peninsula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanting Li
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Bingbing Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Yin Yuan
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, PR China.
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6
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Colin F, Cohen GJV, Delerue F, Chéry P, Atteia O. Status of Dieldrin in vegetable growing soils across a peri-urban agricultural area according to an adapted sampling strategy. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 295:118666. [PMID: 34896399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Since the fifties, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) had been used in agriculture to protect vegetables. Two decades after their ban by the Stockholm convention in 2001, OCPs are still present in agricultural soils inducing vegetable contamination with concentrations above Maximum Residue Level (MRL). This is a major concern for a 5 km2 peri-urban vegetable growing valley located in the south west of France. In the present work, the sampling method was developed to clarify the spatial distribution of one OCP, Dieldrin, and its relationship with soil properties at the scale of study area. A total of 99 soil samples was collected for physicochemical analyses and Dieldrin concentrations. Results show Dieldrin concentrations in soils up to 204 μg kg-1. The horizontal distribution of this pesticide is heterogeneous at the study area scale but homogeneous in each reference plot studied. About 85% of the contamination was located in the top soil layers (0-40 cm depth), but Dieldrin may still be quantified at a depth of 80 cm. Among all soil physicochemical parameters analysed, SOM was the most significantly related (P < 10-4) with Dieldrin concentrations, once different grain size fractions were considered. Moreover, results indicate a 33 times higher Dieldrin concentration and/or extractability for coarse sand than for other grain size fractions. These results show that the developed sampling method is adapted for the study area scale as it helps understanding the factors influencing the spatial distribution of Dieldrin. Historical amendments are the predominant factor for the horizontal contamination and deep ploughing for the vertical contamination. Also, the variations of coarse sand repartition in soils prevents identification of relationships between SOM and Dieldrin contamination in bulk soil. Further investigation is required to explain these relationships but these results highlight why no clear relationship between OCPs and SOM was previously identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Félix Colin
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France; Bordeaux Métropole, Esplanade Charles de Gaulle, 33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Grégory J V Cohen
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Florian Delerue
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Philippe Chéry
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
| | - Olivier Atteia
- EA 4592 G&E, Bordeaux INP, Université Bordeaux Montaigne, Carnot ISIFoR, 1 Allée F. Daguin, 33607, Pessac, France
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7
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Nyihirani F, Qu C, Yuan Z, Zhang Y, Mbululo Y, Janneh M, Qi S. Level, source, and distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in agricultural soils of Tanzania. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 194:19. [PMID: 34890011 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the level, composition, and spatial and vertical distribution of the organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) at 0-2 cm and 2-20 cm in the agricultural surface soils from Southeastern to Central-western Tanzania. Although the most abundant OCPs were DDT with a mean concentration of 2.29 ng/g, dieldrin (1.57 ng/g), and methoxychlor (0.79 ng/g), HCH was the most dominant (with detection frequency of 88%). OCP dominance was in the Southern Highlands, which is the most productive agricultural zone. Though there were indicators of recent inputs for some sites, OCP contamination was mainly historical. DDT contamination was dominated by p,p'-DDE and resulted from both technical DDT and dicofol while HCH contamination was dominated by γ-HCH and resulted from both technical HCH and lindane. Based on depth, the OCPs dominated mainly the upper 2 cm, which was associated with soil and environmental factors rather than recent inputs since most of the detected compounds were historical. Nevertheless, some sites showed exceptional high abundance in the lower soil with more concentration of parent compounds. Therefore, this study recommends the need for further studies on the influence of soil properties on OCPs' transport in the soil, surface water, and air. Besides, detection of recent inputs at some sites calls for more mapping of the OCPs in the country to strengthen their control and prevention of future risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatuma Nyihirani
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- Institute of Development Studies, Center for Environment, Poverty and Sustainable Development, Mzumbe University, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Chengkai Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yassin Mbululo
- Department of Geography and Environmental Studies, Solomon Mahlangu College of Science and Education, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Mariama Janneh
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China.
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8
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Korucu MK, Elibol PS, Isleyen M. An environmental risk assessment for a DDX-contaminated agricultural area in Turkey: soil vs. plant or human vs. animal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50127-50140. [PMID: 33948847 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14154-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study is the first research attempt to assess the environmental risks of an agricultural area contaminated with the p,p'-DDT and its metabolites (DDX) on human and terrestrial species through exposure to soil and agricultural products, simultaneously. The study was carried out for a DDX-contaminated agricultural area in Turkey. Soil samples obtained in two different harvest applications were analyzed in terms of DDX levels. Similarly, stem, leaf, and fruit samples of an agricultural product grown on the same soils were analyzed. Using the results of these analyses, DDX intake values were calculated for 5 different human receptor groups, 4 different bird species, and 4 different mammal species, and the risk values were calculated by using a stochastic approach based on a Monte Carlo simulation. Findings indicated a substantial level of carcinogenic risk in the human receptor groups. Furthermore, a significant risk of reproductive toxicity was determined for the birds and mammals. The findings prominently showed that these risks can develop not only through exposure to DDX-contaminated soils but also through the consumption of plants grown on these soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Kemal Korucu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Campus, Mimar Sinan Boulevard, Eflak Street, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Pınar Sevim Elibol
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Duzce University, Duzce, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Isleyen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Bursa Technical University, Mimar Sinan Campus, Mimar Sinan Boulevard, Eflak Street, 16310, Bursa, Turkey
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9
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Yu X, Gutang Q, Chen X, Sanganyado E, Li P, Liu W. Ecological risk of chlorinated organic pollutants in a semi-enclosed bay impacted by aquaculture. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147000. [PMID: 33865145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Semi-enclosed bays are used for critical economic activities such as ports, aquaculture, and human settlement due to their topography and ocean connectivity. However, the role of these geomorphological characteristics on the accumulation of chlorinated organic pollutants in semi-enclosed bays is poorly understood. We investigated the spatiotemporal distribution and potential ecological risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from Shantou Bay, a semi-enclosed bay. The ∑PCB concentration was 258-1297 ng g-1 and 59.6-651 ng g-1 in the dry season and wet season, respectively. Sediments collected downstream and upstream the aquaculture farms had significantly lower DDT concentrations than those collected close to the aquaculture discharge points. The ratio of DDT and its metabolites indicated that there was possible fresh input of DDTs into Shantou Bay. However, no significant spatial trend was observed in the PCB profiles. The concentrations of PCBs and OCPs in Shantou Bay were above the China Marine Sediment Quality Class I suggesting remediation was essential to ensure the aquatic systems could be safely used for fisheries, swimming, or as marine protected areas. Furthermore, the potential ecological risk of DDTs was high as it exceeded the effects thresholds at all sites. Seasonal variations in human activities, resuspension of historical contaminants due to physical oceanographic, climatic and hydrological factors, and contaminant trapping probably contributed to the changes in organic pollutant distribution in the semi-enclosed bay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxuan Yu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Qilin Gutang
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Xiaohan Chen
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China
| | - Edmond Sanganyado
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
| | - Ping Li
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China
| | - Wenhua Liu
- Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Institute of Marine Science, Shantou University, Shantou, Guangdong 515063, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory, Guangzhou 511458, China.
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10
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Alshemmari H, Al-Shareedah AE, Rajagopalan S, Talebi LA, Hajeyah M. Pesticides driven pollution in Kuwait: The first evidence of environmental exposure to pesticides in soils and human health risk assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 273:129688. [PMID: 33524749 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution from pesticide residues is a key concern due to the high soil accumulation of pesticides and their human toxicity. Pesticide concentration of surface soil samples from the Sulaibiya agricultural field located in Kuwait was assessed in the present study. The study also investigated health risk assessment for both children and adults based on the residual concentrations. The average concentration of ƩOCPs (sum of organochlorine pesticides) along the present study was 3062 pg/g. The residual concentration of ƩOCPs was comparatively lower as compared to other locations around the world. Out of the 11 observed locations, A, B, and D locations indicated higher concentrations of ƩOCPs. The results indicated that DDT showed higher concentrations 692.87 pg/g in soil samples as compared to the other pesticides. Cancer risks of OCP via ingestion, dermal contact and inhalation of soil particles suggested that all stations were in a safe zone. However, locations A, B and D were closer to the low-risk band. The distribution pattern for each form of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) was different in Sulaibiya, indicating the non-simultaneous use of different groups of OCPs in this region. Multivariate statistical analysis based on cluster analysis identified three classes, 1, 2 and 3 of pesticides, suggesting these are from the same sources. Principle component analysis (PCA) showed that soil physicochemical properties influence the pesticides in soil samples. The results provides the baseline data of pesticides in soils from Kuwait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Alshemmari
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait; Stockholm Convention Regional Center for Capacity-Building and the Transfer of Technology for West Asia (SCRC-Kuwait), Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait.
| | - Abdulaziz E Al-Shareedah
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Smitha Rajagopalan
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Lina Ali Talebi
- Environmental Pollution and Climate Program, Environment & Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
| | - Mariam Hajeyah
- Crisis Decision Support (CDS) Program, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box: 24885, Safat, 13109, Kuwait
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11
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Organochlorine Pesticides in Sediment of Zhang River Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve: The Implication of Its Source Change in China’s Mangroves. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12073016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in surface sediments from Zhang River Estuary Mangrove National Natural Reserve, which is situated in the Fujian province in southeast China. The range of ∑OCPs concentration was 0.29–25.41 ng/g dry weight (average 4.53 ng/g), ∑HCHs was 0.008–0.906 ng/g dry weight (average 0.240 ng/g), and ∑DDTs was ND–4.743 (average 0.664 ng/g). The concentrations of the HCH isomers were observed in the following decreasing order: α-HCH > β-HCH > δ-HCH > γ-HCH, and that of the DDT isomers were as in the following order: p,p’-DDT > p,p’-DDE > p,p’-DDD. According to the analysis of the isomer ratios, γ-HCH (lindane) and endosulfan were rarely used recently around this mangrove forest. Instead, the ratios of (DDD+DDE)/DDT showed that DDTs were still illegally used. Compared with other mangroves in China, the residue level and ecological risk of the OCPs in surface sediment from ZREMNNR are both at a low level. Based on stepwise regression analysis, current fruit planting, as well as mariculture in developed areas and vegetable planting in developing areas, had a positive relation with DDT residues in mangrove sediment in China. Oppositely, HCH residues in mangrove sediment were derived from historical consumption, and generally the higher levels occurred in the developed areas. Through this study, we help to close the knowledge gap of OCPs in China’s mangroves and provide a possible management implication for sustainable development in the future.
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12
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Wang L, Xue C, Zhang Y, Li Z, Liu C, Pan X, Chen F, Liu Y. Soil aggregate-associated distribution of DDTs and HCHs in farmland and bareland soils in the Danjiangkou Reservoir Area of China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 243:734-742. [PMID: 30228065 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2018] [Revised: 08/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil organic matter (SOM) is the principal aggregating agent for soil aggregation and also the main adsorbent for organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) and hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), which may thereby affect OCP distribution in soils subjected to different land use types. However, the potential effects of land use on SOM and OCP distribution patterns in soil aggregates are not well understood. In this study, soils from farmlands and barelands in the Danjiangkou Reservoir area were analyzed to determine the influence of land use on OCP distribution and composition in different aggregate fractions (>3, 1-3, 0.25-1, and <0.25 mm). The results showed that the levels of ∑DDTs ranged from 9.01 to 27.48 with a mean of 14.40 ng g-1, and ∑HCHs ranged from 2.06 to 4.66 with a mean of 3.19 ng g-1 in farmland soils. In comparison, bareland soils were less contaminated, with total DDTs and HCHs fell in the range of 0.75-5.01 ng g-1 and not detected (n.d.)-1.40 ng g-1 respectively. In regard to the distribution patterns in soil aggregates, the residual levels of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs tended to a certain degree to enrich in microaggregates (<0.25 mm) relative to bulk soils. A further analysis revealed that the enrichment of ∑DDTs and ∑HCHs in microaggregates were mainly attributed to the accumulation of p,p'-DDE and β-HCH. Moreover, SOM was found also enriched in microaggregates. The enrichment of SOM was significantly and positively correlated with these of ∑DDTs, ∑HCHs, and the dominant metabolites (i.e., DDE and β-HCH) in both land use types. Such results indicated that the variations in behavior of OCPs could be linked to the processes of soil aggregate turnover. These findings may help to enrich the theory of soil OCPs sequestration and establish targeted strategies to mitigate their health risks in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Cheng Xue
- College of Resources and Environment Science, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, China
| | - Yushu Zhang
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Fuzhou, 350013, China
| | - Zhiguo Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; China Program, International Plant Nutrition Institute (IPNI), Wuhan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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13
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Sun J, Pan L, Tsang DCW, Zhan Y, Zhu L, Li X. Organic contamination and remediation in the agricultural soils of China: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:724-740. [PMID: 29017123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.09.271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Soil pollution is a global problem in both developed and developing countries. Countries with rapidly developing economies such as China are faced with significant soil pollution problems due to accelerated industrialization and urbanization over the last decades. This paper provides an overview of published scientific data on soil pollution across China with particular focus on organic contamination in agricultural soils. Based on the related peer-reviewed papers published since 2000 (n=203), we evaluated the priority organic contaminants across China, revealed their spatial and temporal distributions at the national scale, identified their possible sources and fates in soil, assessed their potential environmental risks, and presented the challenges in current remediation technologies regarding the combined organic pollution of agricultural soils. The primary pollutants in Northeast China were polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) due to intensive fossil fuel combustion. The concentrations of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were higher in North and Central China owing to concentrated agricultural activities. The levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were higher in East and South China primarily because of past industrial operations and improper electronic waste processing. The co-existence of organic contaminants was severe in the Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta, and Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region, which are the most populated and industrialized regions in China. Integrated biological-chemical remediation technologies, such as surfactant-enhanced bioremediation, have potential uses in the remediation of soil contaminated by multiple contaminants. This critical review highlighted several future research directions including combined pollution, interfacial interactions, food safety, bioavailability, ecological effects, and integrated remediation methods for combined organic pollution in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Daniel C W Tsang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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14
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Wang W, Bai J, Xi M, Zhao Q, Zhang G, Wen X, Xiao R. Occurrence, sources, and risk assessment of OCPs in surface sediments from urban, rural, and reclamation-affected rivers of the Pearl River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:2535-2548. [PMID: 27822694 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8016-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sediments were collected to a depth of 20 cm from urban, rural, and reclamation-affected rivers in the Pearl River Delta of China. In total, 16 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in all sediment samples, and the occurrence, possible sources, toxicity, and health risks of OCPs were evaluated to compare the contamination characteristics of OCPs in sediments among the three types of rivers. The results showed that concentrations of Σ16OCPs in sediments from the three rivers followed the order urban river > reclamation-affected river > rural river, with a mean value of 247.21, 232.91, and 114.92 μg/kg, respectively, and the predominant OCPs were hexachlorobenzene (HCB), dieldrin, aldrin, endrin, and hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs). Source diagnostics illustrated that there might be recent input of HCHs, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and endosulfan in some sampling sites. Based on the soil quality thresholds of China, both HCHs and DDTs fell within the range of class II criteria except for some sediment samples in urban rivers with lower levels (below class I criteria). According to sediment quality guidelines, 92.86 % of samples were predicted to be toxic. The health risk assessment showed that OCPs would not pose a threat to people via dermal contact, ingestion, and inhalation, and the followed order of incremental lifetime cancer risks for OCPs in sediment samples was reclamation-affected river > urban river > rural river.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Bai
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xi
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingqing Zhao
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangliang Zhang
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wen
- State Key laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Rong Xiao
- School of Nature Conservation, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, 100083, People's Republic of China
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15
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Zhang H, Lu X, Zhang Y, Ma X, Wang S, Ni Y, Chen J. Bioaccumulation of organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls by loaches living in rice paddy fields of Northeast China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:893-901. [PMID: 27396615 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.06.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of 21 organochlorine pesticide (OCP) residues and 18 polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners were measured in two loach species (Misgurnus mohoity and Paramisgurnus dabryanus) and the soils of their inhabiting rice paddies from three typical rice production bases of Northeast China to explore the main factors influencing the bioaccumulation. The concentrations of ∑18PCBs and ∑21OCPs in loaches were determined to be in the ranges of 0.14-0.76 ng g(-1) wet weight (ww) and 1.19-78.53 ng g(-1) ww, respectively. Most of loaches showed the considerably high contamination levels of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), which accounted for over 97% of the total OCPs. The much lower maximum allowable loach consumption rates (<15 g d(-1)) indicated a high carcinogenic risk that results from the consumption of rice-field loaches. The field biota-soil accumulation factor (BSAF) was calculated as a main measure of bioaccumulation potential. The comparisons of BSAF values and the results of multivariate analysis indicated that habitat-specific environmental conditions, mainly the paddy soil contamination levels and average temperature, decisively affected the bioaccumulation of organochlorine contaminants. When the influence of lipid contents was offset, M. mohoity loaches were found to have a higher potential to accumulation PCBs and OCPs than P. dabryanus loaches, while the bioaccumulation potentials did not exhibit significant differences between juvenile and adult loaches and between male and female loaches. The octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW) was the main chemical factor influencing bioaccumulation potentials. The BSAF values presented an increasing tendency with increasing log KOW values from 6.0 to approximately 7.0, followed by a decreasing tendency with a continuous increase in log KOW values. Moreover, loaches exhibited an isomeric-selective bioaccumulation for p,p'-chlorinated DDTs, α-HCH, β-HCH, δ-HCH and cis-chlordane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China.
| | - Xianbo Lu
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yichi Zhang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xindong Ma
- State Oceanic Administration Key Laboratory for Ecological Environment in Coastal Areas, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Shuqiu Wang
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuwen Ni
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, 116023, China
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16
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Qu C, Albanese S, Chen W, Lima A, Doherty AL, Piccolo A, Arienzo M, Qi S, De Vivo B. The status of organochlorine pesticide contamination in the soils of the Campanian Plain, southern Italy, and correlations with soil properties and cancer risk. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 216:500-511. [PMID: 27376995 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.05.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, inventory, and potential risk of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), including Hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs), and their correlation with soil properties and anthropogenic factors were investigated in soils of the Campanian Plain. The total concentrations of HCHs and DDTs ranged from 0.03 to 17.3 ng/g (geometric mean: GM = 0.05 ng/g), and 0.08-1231 ng/g (GM = 14.4 ng/g), respectively. In general, the concentration of OCPs in farmland and orchards was higher than on land used for non-agricultural purposes. There are significant differences in the concentration of OCPs in the soils across the region, more specifically, the Acerra-Marigliano conurbation (AMC) and Sarno River Basin (SRB) are recognized as severely OCP-contaminated areas. The recent application of technical HCHs and DDTs in large quantities appears unlikely in light of the ratio of α-HCH/β-HCH and p,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDE, and the prohibition of the use of these chemicals in Italy nearly forty years ago. The clear correlation between the concentration of DDTs and organic carbon suggests a typical secondary distribution pattern. The mass inventory of OCPs in soils of the Campanian Plain is estimated to have a GM of 17.3 metric tons. There is no clear evidence linking the impact of geographical distribution of OCPs on the incidence of cancer, and the 95% confidence interval of total incremental lifetime cancer risk (TILCR) data falls below the internationally accepted benchmark value of 1 × 10(-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengkai Qu
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy; State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China
| | - Stefano Albanese
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster, Lancashire LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Annamaria Lima
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Angela L Doherty
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Dipartimento di Agraria, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Università 100, 80055 Portici, Italy
| | - Michele Arienzo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
| | - Shihua Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, 430074 Wuhan, China.
| | - Benedetto De Vivo
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, dell'Ambiente e delle Risorse, Università di Napoli "Federico II", Via Mezzocannone 8, 80134 Napoli, Italy
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17
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Di S, Huang L, Diao J, Zhou Z. Selective bioaccumulation and elimination of hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:6990-6998. [PMID: 26725886 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5752-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2015] [Accepted: 11/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Tubifex tubifex worms were exposed to sediment-associated hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers to study the bioaccumulation and elimination behaviors of HCH isomers in T. tubifex. During a 10-day bioaccumulation experiment, bioaccumulation curves of HCHs were approximate to M-type in T. tubifex. The enantioselective behaviors of α-HCH enantiomers were observed in T. tubifex, with concentrations of (+)-α-HCH higher than that of (-)-α-HCH. The concentration of γ-HCH in T. tubifex was higher than that of β-HCH and α-HCH. The existence of worms can accelerate the dissipation of HCHs in sediment, and the dissipation half-lives of α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH were 8.39, 23.90, and 3.10 days, respectively. In the elimination experiment, approximately 0.053 (37.1%), 0.074 (45.9%), and 0.042 mg/kgwwt (38.4%) α-HCH, β-HCH, and γ-HCH were depleted or excreted in T. tubifex on the first day, respectively. The body residues in T. tubifex were 0.084 (α-HCH), 0.082 (β-HCH), and 0.061 mg/kgwwt (γ-HCH) at the end of elimination experiment. Furthermore, the existence of T. tubifex could affect the overlying water quality parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Ledan Huang
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Jinling Diao
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road 2, Beijing, 100193, China.
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18
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Li Y, Zhang H, Li Q, Zhou Q, Chen X, Tu C, Luo Y, Christie P, Hu X, Li L. Characteristics of residual organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land-use types on a coastal plain of the Yellow River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2016; 38:535-547. [PMID: 26141791 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-015-9738-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The residual levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were examined in soils covering five types of land use along a salinity gradient on the Yellow River Delta. The most prominent OCPs were dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT, arithmetic mean = 5.11 μg kg(-1)), hexachlorocyclohexane (∑HCH, 1.69 μg kg(-1)) and ∑endosulfan (10.4 μg kg(-1)). The spatial variability of OCPs composition shifted from γ-HCH and o,p'-DDT dominated pesticides in coastal soils to p,p'-DDE dominated pesticides in inland soils. In different land-use types, the percentages of β-HCH and p,p'-DDE are characterized by more recalcitrant components in decreasing order of vegetable fields, cereal fields, cotton fields, wetlands and tidal flats with increasing soil salinity. However, the less recalcitrant components, γ-HCH and o,p'-DDT, showed an opposite trend. Endosulfan sulfate predominated in all land-use types. Residual levels of β-HCH were affected by soil organic matter. The correlations between γ-HCH and clay content and between p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDT and salinity might associate with the influence of sediment cotransport by the Yellow River and the density of anthropogenic activities in coastal region. Depth distribution of the OCPs in typical soil profiles also implied that local historical usage and sediment transport by the Yellow River both affected the OCPs residual in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Haibo Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qingbo Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Qian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xiaobing Chen
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chen Tu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Peter Christie
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Newforge Lane, Belfast, BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Xuefeng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lianzhen Li
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai, 264003, China
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19
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Sun H, Qi Y, Zhang D, Li QX, Wang J. Concentrations, distribution, sources and risk assessment of organohalogenated contaminants in soils from Kenya, Eastern Africa. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 209:177-185. [PMID: 26686059 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The organohalogenated contaminants (OCs) including 12 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), 7 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and 7 polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were determined in soils collected from Kenya, Eastern Africa. The total OCPs fell in the range of n.d-49.74 μg kg(-1) dry weight (dw), which was dominated by DDTs and endosulfan. Identification of pollution sources indicated new input of DDTs for malaria control in Kenya. The total PCBs ranged from n.d. to 55.49 μg kg(-1) dw, dominated by penta- and hexa-PCBs, probably associated with the leakage of obsolete transformer oil. The soils were less contaminated by PBDEs, ranging from 0.19 to 35.64 μg kg(-1) dw. The predominant PBDE congeners were penta-, tri- or tetra-BDEs, varying among different sampling sites. Risk assessment indicated potential human health risks posed by OCs in soils from Kenya, with PCBs as the most contributing pollutants. The local authorities are recommended to make best efforts on management of OC pollution, particularly from DDTs and PCBs to meet the requirement of Stockholm Convention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Yueling Qi
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing X Li
- Department of Molecular Biosciences and Bioengineering, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Botany and Watershed Ecology, Wuhan Botanical Garden, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
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20
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Ouyang W, Cai G, Huang W, Hao F. Temporal-spatial loss of diffuse pesticide and potential risks for water quality in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:551-558. [PMID: 26439648 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Revised: 09/23/2015] [Accepted: 09/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Increasing amount of pesticide has been used in Chinese agricultural system with effects on environmental quality and human health. The comprehensive inventory of pesticide use in six main crop categories over the period from 1990 to 2011 in China was conducted. The national average pesticide use intensity was estimated 1.74k g · ha(-1) for grain crops in paddy land, 1.31 kg · ha(-1) for grain crops in dry land, 1.38 kg · ha(-1) for economic crops, 3.82 kg · ha(-1) for vegetables, 1.54 kg · ha(-1) for tea plantations, and 3.49 kg · ha(-1) for orchards. The pesticide use was estimated to be approximately 5.24 × 10(4)t for grain crops in paddy land, 1.05 × 10(5)t for grain crops in dry land, 3.08 × 10(4)t for economic crops, 7.51 × 10(4)t for vegetables, 3.26 × 10(3)t for tea plantations, and 4.13 × 10(4)t for orchards. Based on the pesticide use and loss coefficients for each category, the distribution of pesticide loss in China was calculated. Total pesticide loss in China was estimated about 4.39 × 10(3)t in 2011. The pesticide loss from six main crop categories was about 14.84% for grain crops in paddy land of total pesticide loss, 33.31% for grain crops in dry land, 10.47% for economic crops, 26.37% for vegetables, 1.08% for tea plantations and 13.93% for orchards. The results indicated that the highest pesticide use intensity and highest pesticide loss rate occurred in China's eastern and central provinces. The Monte Carlo simulation was used to quantify the uncertainties associated with estimation of pesticide use and loss rate for the six types of crops. The potential risk to national water quality was assessed and the water in the provinces of Henan, Shandong, Hebei, Beijing and Shanghai was at high risk for pesticide pollution. The implication for the future agricultural and environmental policies on reducing the risk to environmental quality was also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Guanqing Cai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weijia Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Fanghua Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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21
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Singare PU. Distribution and risk assessment of suspected endocrine-disrupting pesticides in creek water of Mumbai, India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 102:72-83. [PMID: 26652143 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 11/22/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The present study deals with the investigation of existing pollution levels and potential ecological risk assessment of endocrine-disrupting organochlorine and organophosphorous pesticide residues in the Vasai Creek water near Mumbai. The average concentration of α- and β-endosulfan (137.75 ng·L(-1)) exceeds the chronic criteria level of α- and β-endosulfan (6.5 ng·L(-1)) set by US EPA for freshwater aquatic organisms. The concentration levels of aldrin (75.31 ng·L(-1)), dieldrin (71.19 ng·L(-1)) and endrin (76.60 ng·L(-1)) was found to exceed the respective criteria levels of <0.13, 65.1, and 61 ng·L(-1) as set by US EPA for protection of freshwater aquatic organisms. In addition, the level of chlorpyrifos (208.77 ng·L(-1)) exceeds the recommended concentration value of <35 ng·L(-1) set by Ministry of Environment of British Colombia. The results of our study give an indication of probable ecotoxicological risk to the marine breeding organisms of creek.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400058, India.
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22
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Kong Y, Kang J, Chen Z, Shen J, Zhao G, Fan L, Wu X. Occurrence of organochlorine pesticides from typical water sources in YiXing City, Taihu Upper-River Basin, East China. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra24345b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This is the first report on the occurrence of 18 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in YiXing, Taihu Upper-River Basin, East China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Jing Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Zhonglin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Jimin Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Ge Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Leitao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
| | - Xiaofei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment
- School of Municipal & Environmental Engineering
- Harbin Institute of Technology
- Harbin 150090
- China
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23
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Di S, Zhang W, Chen L, Zhou Z, Diao J. Toxicokinetics and oxidative stress in Tubifex tubifex exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane isomers. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26207k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificida) was exposed to hexachlorocyclohexane isomers in an aquatic environment to study the bioaccumulation and elimination of these chemicals, and oxidative stress in this organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Di
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Wenjun Zhang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Li Chen
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
- Department of Applied Chemistry
| | - Jinling Diao
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health
- China Agricultural University
- Beijing 100193
- China
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24
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Singare PU. Persistent organic pesticide residues in sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai: Assessment of sources and potential ecological risk. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:464-475. [PMID: 26428625 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Thirteen persistent organic pesticides were investigated in the sediments of Vasai Creek near Mumbai to evaluate their pollution levels and potential risks. It was observed that ΣOCPs level was in the range of 597-1538ng/g dw, with an average value of 1115.25ng/g dw. The level of ΣOPPs was in the range of 492-1034ng/g dw, with an average value of 798.15ng/g dw. The values o,p'-DDT/p,p'-DDT ratio gives an indication of use of technical DDT as the prime source of DDT, while the α/γ-BHC ratio indicate that BHCs in study area might have been received from fresh lindane. The results of an ecological risk assessment showed that sediment bound organic pesticides are of more ecotoxicological concern as they might create adverse ecological risk to the marine breeding habitats. These pesticides residues may get remobilize and released to overlying waters creating adverse effects on terrestrial and aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin U Singare
- Department of Chemistry, Bhavan's College, Munshi Nagar, Andheri (West), Mumbai 400058, India.
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25
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Fuentes MS, Colin VL, Amoroso MJ, Benimeli CS. Selection of an actinobacteria mixed culture for chlordane remediation. Pesticide effects on microbial morphology and bioemulsifier production. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 56:127-37. [DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María S. Fuentes
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET); Avenida Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Verónica L. Colin
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET); Avenida Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros; Tucumán Argentina
- Universidad de San Pablo-Tucumán; Argentina
| | - María J. Amoroso
- Planta Piloto de Procesos Industriales Microbiológicos (PROIMI-CONICET); Avenida Belgrano y Pasaje Caseros; Tucumán Argentina
- Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino; Tucumán Argentina
- Facultad de Bioquímica; Química y Farmacia; Universidad Nacional de Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
| | - Claudia S. Benimeli
- Universidad del Norte Santo Tomás de Aquino; Tucumán Argentina
- Unidad de Administración Territorial; Centro Científico Tecnológico; CONICET-Tucumán; Tucumán Argentina
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26
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Liu L, Bai L, Man C, Liang W, Li F, Meng X. DDT Vertical Migration and Formation of Accumulation Layer in Pesticide-Producing Sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:9084-9091. [PMID: 26131590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b02456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Soil samples were collected at various depths (0.5-21.5 m) from ten boreholes that were drilled with a SH-30 Model Rig, four of which were at a dicofol production site while six were at a dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) production site. In industrial sites, the shallow soils at depths of 0-2 m were mostly backfill soils, which cannot represent the contamination situation of the sites. The contaminated levels in the deep original soil can represent the situation in contaminated sites. All the soil samples investigated at the DDT and dicofol production sites were found to be seriously polluted. The contents of both DDT (0.6-6071 mg/kg) and dicofol (0.5-1440 mg/kg) were much higher at the dicofol production site than at the DDT production site (DDTs, 0.01-664.6 mg/kg; dicofol, <0.1 mg/kg), even in the deep soil. DDTs had a different distribution in the soil of the pesticide production site from that in the soil outside the sites and that in agricultural soils. The results of the investigation revealed that DDTs were easily enriched in cohesive soil and in the bottom zone of aquifers, where the concentration was higher than in above the layers. DDTs were found to be hard to degrade, and their degradation speed was slower than their vertical migration, despite the fact that hydrophobic DDTs did not migrate easily in soils. In the dicofol production site, the value of DDE/DDD cannot indicate the degradation condition of DDTs, nor can the value of (DDE + DDD)/DDT identify how long DDTs have remained in the soil. It is debatable that the half-life of DDT inputted to soils is about 20-30 years, maybe longer than the generally recognized time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Liu
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Liping Bai
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changgeng Man
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Wuhong Liang
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Fasheng Li
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaoguang Meng
- †State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- ‡Center for Environmental Systems, Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
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27
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Wu Q, Leung JYS, Yuan X, Huang X, Li H, Huang Z, Li Y. Biological risk, source and pollution history of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediment in Nansha mangrove, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 96:57-64. [PMID: 26021291 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.05.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In the last century, organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) have been extensively used, especially in South China, to promote crop yield. In view of their toxicity, persistence and bioavailability, however, the Chinese government has attempted to regulate their production and use. We aimed to examine the biological risk, source and pollution history of OCPs in the sediment in Nansha mangrove which is located in the industrial region in South China. Results showed that HCHs and DDTs, mainly originating from lindane and technical DDT respectively, were the dominant OCPs, but their concentrations were too low to cause adverse effects on biota. In the last decade, the total concentration of HCHs showed a decreasing trend, whereas DDTs remained stable, despite their limited input. This suggests that management of HCHs was effective, while more management efforts should be put on DDTs, especially the use of dicofol and technical DDT, in future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Key Laboratory of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide 5005, South Australia, Australia.
| | - Xin Yuan
- Impact Environmental Consulting, Inc., 170 Keyland Ct., Bohemia, NY 11716, United States
| | - Xuexia Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Haiyan Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zhuying Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Quality Safety and Protection in Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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28
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Wei YL, Bao LJ, Wu CC, He ZC, Zeng EY. Assessing the effects of urbanization on the environment with soil legacy and current-use insecticides: a case study in the Pearl River Delta, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:409-417. [PMID: 25681777 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the impacts of anthropogenic events on the rapid urbanized environment, the levels of legacy organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and current-use insecticides (CUPs), i.e., dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites (DDTs), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), pyrethroids and organophosphates in soil of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) and surrounding areas were examined. Spatial concentration distributions of legacy OCPs and CUPs shared similar patterns, with higher concentrations occurred in the central PRD with more urbanization level than that in the PRD's surrounding areas. Furthermore, relatively higher concentrations of OCPs and CUPs were found in the residency land than in other land-use types, which may be attributed to land-use change under rapid urbanization. Moderate correlations between gross domestic production or population density and insecticide levels in fifteen administrative districts indicated that insecticide spatial distributions may be driven by economic prosperity. The soil-air diffusive exchanges of DDTs and HCHs demonstrated that soil was a sink of atmospheric o,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD and o,p'-DDT, and was a secondary source of HCHs and p,p'-DDT to atmosphere. The soil inventories of DDTs and HCHs (100 ± 134 and 83 ± 70 tons) were expected to decrease to half of their current values after 18 and 13 years, respectively, whereas the amounts of pyrethroids and organophosphates (39 and 6.2 tons) in soil were estimated to decrease after 4 and 2 years and then increase to 87 and 1.0 tons after 100 years. In this scenario, local residents in the PRD and surrounding areas will expose to the high health risk for pyrethroids by 2109. Strict ban on the use of technical DDTs and HCHs and proper training of famers to use insecticides may be the most effective ways to alleviate the health effect of soil contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Li Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lian-Jun Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Chen-Chou Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zai-Cheng He
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Eddy Y Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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29
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Huang S, He S, Xu H, Wu P, Jiang R, Zhu F, Luan T, Ouyang G. Monitoring of persistent organic pollutants in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary with rapid on-site active SPME sampling technique. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 200:149-158. [PMID: 25732847 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/12/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
An on-site active solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for sampling and monitoring 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and 8 organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in seawater was developed. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that the sampling-rate calibration method was practical and could be used for the quantification of on-site sampling. The proposed method was employed for field tests which covered large amounts of water samples in the Pearl River Estuary in rainy and dry seasons. The on-site SPME sampling method can avoid the contamination of sample, the losses of analytes during sample transportation, as well as the usage of solvent and time-consuming sample preparation process. Results indicated that the technique with the designed device can address the requirement of modern environment water analysis. In addition, the sources, bioaccumulation and potential risk to human of the PAHs and OCPs in seawater of the Pearl River Estuary were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming Huang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shuming He
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hao Xu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Peiyan Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ruifen Jiang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fang Zhu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Tiangang Luan
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Gangfeng Ouyang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Safety/KLGHEI of Environment and Energy Chemistry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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30
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Zhang C, Hu X, Luo J, Wu Z, Wang L, Li B, Wang Y, Sun G. Degradation dynamics of glyphosate in different types of citrus orchard soils in China. Molecules 2015; 20:1161-75. [PMID: 25587790 PMCID: PMC6272633 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20011161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Glyphosate formulations that are used as a broad-spectrum systemic herbicide have been widely applied in agriculture, causing increasing concerns about residues in soils. In this study, the degradation dynamics of glyphosate in different types of citrus orchard soils in China were evaluated under field conditions. Glyphosate soluble powder and aqueous solution were applied at 3000 and 5040 g active ingredient/hm2, respectively, in citrus orchard soils, and periodically drawn soil samples were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography. The results showed that the amount of glyphosate and its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) in soils was reduced with the increase of time after application of glyphosate formulations. Indeed, the amount of glyphosate in red soil from Hunan and Zhejiang Province, and clay soil from Guangxi Province varied from 0.13 to 0.91 µg/g at 42 days after application of aqueous solution. Furthermore, the amount of glyphosate in medium loam from Zhejiang and Guangdong Province, and brown loam from Guizhou Province varied from less than 0.10 to 0.14 µg/g, while the amount of AMPA varied from less than 0.10 to 0.99 µg/g at 42 days after application of soluble powder. Overall, these findings demonstrated that the degradation dynamics of glyphosate aqueous solution and soluble powder as well as AMPA depend on the physicochemical properties of the applied soils, in particular soil pH, which should be carefully considered in the application of glyphosate herbicide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changpeng Zhang
- MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Xiuqing Hu
- MOA Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Institute of Quality and Standard for Agro-products, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Jinyan Luo
- Shanghai Extension and Service Center of Agriculture Technical, Shanghai 201103, China.
| | - Zhiyi Wu
- Zhejiang Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine Bureau, Hangzhou 310012, China.
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Plant Pest and Disease Control, Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues, Ministry of Agriculture, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou 310021, China.
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31
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Li T, Yin P, Zhao L, Wang G, Yu QJ, Li H, Duan S. Spatial-temporal distribution of phthalate esters from riverine outlets of Pearl River Delta in China. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2015; 71:183-190. [PMID: 25633940 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2014.485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aquatic environments of the Pearl River Delta (PRD) in China have been contaminated by various industrial chemicals from local industries. In this study, the spatial-temporal distribution of six priority phthalate esters (PAEs) in surface water and sediments from the PRD was investigated. The PAEs were detected with total concentrations (Σ6PAEs) ranging from 0.35 to 20.70 μg L⁻¹ in surface water and dry weight ranging from 0.88 to 5.69 μg g⁻¹ in sediments. The Σ6PAEs concentrations in surface water were higher in the wet season than those in the dry season, while the opposite pattern was observed in sediments. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most abundant congener, which was higher than those reported in the literature. Risk quotients for relevant aquatic organisms were obtained and showed that most of these PAEs, in particular, butyl benzyl phthalate, DEHP and di-n-octyl phthalate, have significant potential health and ecological risks for the aquatic environment studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China E-mail:
| | - Pinghe Yin
- Department of Chemistry, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China E-mail: ; Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Ling Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Guifang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Water/Soil Toxic Pollutants Control and Bioremediation of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Department of Environmental Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qiming Jimmy Yu
- Griffith School of Engineering, Griffith University, Nathan Campus, Brisbane, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Huanyong Li
- Research Center of Analysis and Test, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Shunshan Duan
- Research Center of Hydrobiology, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Sultana J, Syed JH, Mahmood A, Ali U, Rehman MYA, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. Investigation of organochlorine pesticides from the Indus Basin, Pakistan: sources, air-soil exchange fluxes and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:113-122. [PMID: 25127446 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2014] [Revised: 07/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Present study aimed to evaluate the contamination status of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and their associated potential for air-soil exchange and health risks from ecologically important sites of the Indus Basin, Pakistan. Among different OCPs investigated, ΣDDTs and ΣHCHs were more prevalent compounds in the agricultural soils and ambient air samples of the study area. The average concentrations for DDTs were found higher at downstream agricultural sites, particularly at Head Panjnad (Soil: 320 ng/g; Air: 743 pg/m(3)) and acting as an ultimate sink of ΣOCP burden in soils. Spatial distribution patterns inferred ubiquitous distribution of ΣDDTs in soils and air of the study area. Source diagnostic ratios demonstrated that studied OCPs either are illegally being used in agricultural practices or/and they are residues of past use in the environment. Fugacity fraction model revealed wide variations (ff=0.12-0.94) with 20% of OCPs above equilibrium range and net volatilization of α-endosulfan, β-HCH and o,p'-DDD. Assessment of cancer risks for OCPs indicated a higher cancer risk (CR>1×10(-6)) for the residents of the Indus Basin. According to the available soil quality guidelines, DDTs and HCHs were above the permissible limits and pose a threat to natural habitat and biodiversity of the Indus Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jawairia Sultana
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Usman Ali
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Yasir Abdur Rehman
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Li Y, Niu J, Shen Z, Zhang C, Wang Z, He T. Spatial and seasonal distribution of organochlorine pesticides in the sediments of the Yangtze Estuary. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 114:233-240. [PMID: 25113207 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and seasonal distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the sediments of the Yangtze Estuary was investigated. The total concentration of 19 OCPs (∑OCPs), including α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH, δ-HCH, o, p'-DDE, p, p'-DDE, o, p'-DDD, p, p'-DDD, o, p'-DDT, p, p'-DDT, heptachlor, aldrin, heptachlor epoxide (Isomer B, Isomer A), endosulfan I, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II and methoxychlor, in the surface sediments ranged from 0.4 to 82.1 ng g(-1) d.w. The mean values of the ∑OCPs were 8.5 ± 8.3 ng g(-1) d.w., 26.7 ± 12.1 ng g(-1) d.w., 40.5 ± 18.2 ng g(-1) d.w., and 13.0 ± 11.2 ng g(-1) d.w. for August 2010, November 2010, February 2011 and May 2011, respectively. The highest concentration of OCPs was detected at the river-sea boundary because of the intense resuspension and redeposition of sediments in this area. The OCPs preferred to accumulate in the inner estuary, rather than in the offshore area in the dry season, whereas the opposite occurred in the flood season. This phenomenon was related to the seasonal changes of the Changjiang diluted water (CDW). OCPs in the offshore area were controlled by the ocean currents and the monsoon. There was a southward increase for the OCP deposition in the offshore area in the winter. This increase resulted from the influences of the southward Yellow Sea coastal current and the East China Sea coastal current, as well as the northwest wind in winter. The Three Gorges Dam had an impact on HCH composition by changing the sediment redistribution during the deposition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zhengzao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Tiande He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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Gai N, Pan J, Tang H, Chen S, Chen D, Zhu X, Lu G, Yang Y. Organochlorine pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls in surface soils from Ruoergai high altitude prairie, east edge of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 478:90-97. [PMID: 24530588 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface soils along a transect from source areas (a petro-chemical industrial city, Lanzhou and its adjacent agricultural areas) to Ruoergai highland prairie (3,552 m above sea level (a.s.l.)), where livestock farming was the only human economic activity, were studied. OCPs in Ruoergai soils were dominated by HCHs. The land types, organic carbon contents and pH affected the POP preservation in soil. OCPs and PCBs in surface soils in Ruoergai wetland and grassland showed different contamination patterns; OCP levels in wetland soils were higher than those in grassland. Significant correlations were observed between total organic carbon (TOC) contents and PCB concentrations in the soils. The land type determines TOC content in soils, which in turn was a major factor on soil concentrations of POPs. The transect was divided into two sections: The first section (Gradient I) is from Lanzhou (1,740 ma.s.l.) to Luqu (2,400 ma.s.l.) with decreasing agricultural activities, and the second section (Gradient II) is from Luqu to Ruoergai (3,500 ma.s.l.) with grassland as the main land type. Soils of Ruoergai area were dominated by α-HCH, β-HCH, HCB, and PCB28, suggesting that the behaviors of POPs in the high plateau region were different from high mountain cold-trapping effect, and that the POPs' behaviors in high plateau region were similar to Polar Regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Gai
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Jing Pan
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China.
| | - Hua Tang
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Shu Chen
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Dazhou Chen
- Division of Metrology in Chemistry, National Institute of Metrology, Beijing 100013, China
| | - Xiaohua Zhu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Guohui Lu
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China
| | - Yongliang Yang
- National Research Center for Geoanalysis, Beijing 100037, China.
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