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Zhang F, Zhang D, Lou H, Li X, Fu H, Sun X, Sun P, Wang X, Bao M. Distribution, sources and ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments of typically polluted estuaries: Insights from the Xiaoqing River. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 364:121471. [PMID: 38878581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 06/08/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Seasonal water and sediment samples were collected from the Xiaoqing River estuary and the neighboring sea to study the spatial and temporal distributions, sources and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. The results showed significant spatial and temporal differences in the concentrations of PAHs and n-alkanes under the influence of precipitation, temperature, and human activities. The concentrations of PAHs in water were lower in the wet season than in the dry season, and those in sediments were higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The concentrations of n-alkanes were higher in the rainy season than in the dry season for both water and sediments. The spatial distributions of PAHs and n-alkanes were estuarine > offshore. The concentration ranges of ∑PAHs in water and sediments were 230.66-599.86 ng/L and 84.51-5548.62 ng/g, respectively, in the wet season and 192.46-8649.55 ng/L and 23.39-1208.92 ng/g, respectively, in the dry season. The proportion of three-ring PAHs in water (57.03% and 78.27% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively) was high, followed by two-ring PAHs (27.31% and 13.59% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The proportion of four-ring PAHs was higher in sediments (24.79% and 32.20% in the wet and dry seasons, respectively). The ecological risk of PAHs assessed using the toxicity equivalent quotient and risk quotient was at moderate to moderately high risk levels. The high concentration of n-alkane fraction C16 (611.65-75594.58 ng/L) in the water is indicative of petroleum or other fossil fuel inputs. The main peaks of n-alkanes in river sediments were C27, C29 and C31, indicating higher inputs of plant sources. The sediments in the estuary showed dominance of both short-chain C16 and long-chain C25-C31, indicating a combined input of higher plants and petroleum. The diagnostic ratios of PAHs and n-alkanes indicated that their sources were mainly oil/coal/biomass combustion and petroleum spills attributed to frequent vehicular, vessel and mariculture activities. Given the potential ecological risks of PAHs and n-alkanes in water and sediments, future studies should focus on their bioaccumulation and biotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Huawei Lou
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Xiaoyue Li
- Shouguang Marine Fishery Development Center ,Weifang, 262700, China
| | - Hongrui Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xiaojun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Peiyan Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Xinping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Ecological Warning, Protection & Restoration for Bohai Sea, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Mutai Bao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Chemistry Theory and Technology, Ministry of Education/Institute for Advanced, Ocean Study, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
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Soriano Y, Gimeno-García E, Campo J, Hernández-Crespo C, Andreu V, Picó Y. Exploring organic and inorganic contaminant histories in sediment cores across the anthropocene: Accounting for site/area dependent factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 470:134168. [PMID: 38603905 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Sedimentary records help chronologically identify anthropogenic contamination in environmental systems. This study analysed dated sediment cores from L'Albufera Lake (Valencia, Spain), to assess the occurrence of heavy metals (HMs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), pesticides and pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs). The results evidence the continuing vertical presence of all types of contaminants in this location. The sediment age was difficult to establish. However, the presence of shells together with an historical estimation and the knowledge of sedimentary rates could help. HMs contents are higher in the upper layer reflecting the most recent increase of the industrial and agricultural practices in the area since the middle 20th century. Higher availability index of these HMs in the upper sediment layers is associated with point and diffuse contamination sources in the area. PAHs and OPFRs were homogeneous distributed through the sediments with few exceptions such as phenanthrene in the North and fluoranthene in the South. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) were detected throughout the sediment core while short-chain PFASs (except perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA)) were detected only in the top layer. Pesticides and PPCPs showed appreciable down-core mobility. The vertical concentration profiles of organic contaminants did not exhibit a clear trend with depth, then, it is difficult to develop a direct relationship between sediment age and contaminant concentrations, and to elucidate the historical trend of contamination based on dated sediment core. Consequently, linking contaminant occurrence in sediments directly to their historical use is somewhat speculative at least in the conditions of L'Albufera Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yolanda Soriano
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Gimeno-García
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julián Campo
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Carmen Hernández-Crespo
- Water and Environmental Engineering University Research Institute (IIAMA), Polytechnic Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Vicente Andreu
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-GV-UV, Valencia, Spain
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Deng X, Mao L, Peng M, Cai Y, Wang T, Luo Z, Kumar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal rivers in Jiangsu Province, China: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and human impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133576. [PMID: 38278070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is the ultimate sink for all pollutants, rivers are important channels for land-based pollutants to enter the oceans. Riverine transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to coastal seas in China poses environmental threats. This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of PAHs in coastal rivers in Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province of China, with the aim of identifying their likely sources, concentrations, and influencing factors. Surface sediments were taken from the Xinyanggang River (XYR) and the Sheyang River (SYR). The concentrations of Ʃ16PAHs in river sediments were measured on average 477.05 ng/g dry weight (dw), with values varying from 2.18 to 6351.42 ng/g, indicating a moderate pollution level, with a dominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The XYR exhibited significantly higher PAHs concentrations compared to the SYR. The key sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions (47.87%), coal and natural gas combustion (35.07%). Geographically weighted regression and redundancy analysis linked PAHs pollution to distinct land use patterns and socioeconomic indicators, highlighting urban land as the major contributor, driven by high urbanization and industrialization (70.91%). In XYR, industrial activities and transport emissions were major contributors, while in SYR, agricultural activities predominantly influenced PAHs pollution. Urgent mitigation strategies are needed to reduce PAHs pollution in river sediments, mitigating ecological and human risks associated with these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mo Peng
- Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Zhang X, Yao Z, Yang W, Zhang W, Liu Y, Wang Z, Li W. Distribution, sources, partition behavior and risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the waters and sediments of Lake Ulansuhai, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2024; 200:116072. [PMID: 38290363 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2024.116072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
This study represents the first comprehensive investigation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the waters and sediments of Lake Ulansuhai. It explores their occurrence, sources, transport behavior, and associated risks to human health and ecosystems. The results revealed that concentrations of ∑PAHs in dissolved phase and sediment with no significant seasonal differences. In contrast, ∑PAHs concentrations in suspended particulate matter were significantly higher during the ice-free period compared to the ice period. Spatially, the northern part of Lake Ulansuhai displayed higher PAHs content. Diagnostic isomeric ratios and PMF models indicated that the PAHs were primarily derived from combustion sources. The distribution of PAHs within water-sediment demonstrated that non-equilibrium status. Fugacity calculations indicated that 2-4 rings PAHs acted as secondary sources of sediment emissions. Toxicity assessment, indicated that PAHs posed no significant carcinogenic risk to humans. Risk quotient values showed that PAHs as low to high ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxue Zhang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Zhi Yao
- Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China; School of Mining and Coal, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Wenhuan Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China.
| | - Wenxing Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Ecological Environment Research Institute Co., Ltd, Hohhot, 010000, China
| | - Yizhe Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Zhichao Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China
| | - Weiping Li
- School of Energy and Environment, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou, 014000, China; Autonomous Region Level Ecological Protection and Comprehensive Utilization Cooperative Innovation Center for the Inner Mongolia Section of the Yellow River Basin, Baotou, 014000, China.
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Yoon SJ, Hong S, Lee J, Lee J, Kim Y, Lee MJ, Ryu J, Choi K, Kwon BO, Hu W, Wang T, Khim JS. Historical trends of traditional, emerging, and halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons recorded in core sediments from the coastal areas of the Yellow and Bohai seas. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108037. [PMID: 37354882 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Historical trends of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) contamination were reconstructed from eleven sediment cores located in intertidal zones of the Yellow and Bohai seas for a period encompassing the last 80 years. The analysis encompassed 15 traditional PAHs (t-PAHs), 9 emerging PAHs (e-PAHs), and 30 halogenated PAHs (Hl-PAHs), including 10 chlorinated PAHs (Cl-PAHs) and 20 brominated PAHs (Br-PAHs). Concentrations of target PAHs were highest in industrial and municipal areas situated along the coast of the Bohai Sea, including Huludao, Yingkou, Tianjin, and Dandong, constituting a substantial mass inventory. All target PAHs showed increasing trends since the 1950s, reflecting the development history of South Korea and China. High molecular weight PAHs accumulated in sampling sites more than low molecular weight PAHs. A positive matrix factorization model showed that the PAH sources were coal and gasoline combustion (35%), diesel combustion (33%), and biomass combustion (32%). Over the last 80 years, the contribution of coal and gasoline combustion increased in all regions, while diesel combustion and biomass combustion varied across regions and over time. Toxicity equivalence values were highest for t-PAHs (>99% contribution), followed by Cl-PAHs, Br-PAHs, and e-PAHs. Concentrations of t-PAHs in Eastern Asia seas have increased since the 1900s, particularly in intertidal areas compared to subtidal areas. The intertidal zone removed 83% of the total flux of PAHs originating from land and thus appears to serve as a buffer zone against marine pollution. Overall, this study provides novel knowledge on the historical trends and sources of PAHs on a large scale, along with insights for future coastal management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea.
| | - Junghyun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongmin Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo Joon Lee
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon, Ganghwagun 23038, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongseong Ryu
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Anyang University, Incheon, Ganghwagun 23038, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungsik Choi
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tieyu Wang
- Institute of Marine Sciences, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences & Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Shi W, Liu Q, Cao J, Dong J, Wang Z, Xu M. Analysis of the multi-media environmental behavior of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) within Haizhou Bay using a fugacity model. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114603. [PMID: 36652854 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to quantify the transport and fate of PAHs in different environmental phases (air, seawater, soil, sediment and fish), verify application of the Level III fugacity model in a bay simulation, and understand the transport and fate of PAHs in the bay environment on a macroscopic scale. The simulated average concentrations of ∑16PAH in the air and soil (23.8 ng/m3 and 1080.91 ng/g, respectively), which is as a background reference data for the Haizhou Bay. In addition, the soil (307 t), fish (29.4 t), and sediment (9.72 t) phases were found to be important reservoirs in the Haizhou Bay. Emissions from road vehicles (658 t) accounted for the largest share of PAH emissions in the area, and atmospheric deposition contributed most to the input of PAHs to the polluted area in the region. Whereas the contribution of river runoff input was small, and degradation loss was the main output pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenting Shi
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China; Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jicheng Cao
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Dong
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaifeng Wang
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Min Xu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, People's Republic of China.
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Deng X, Mao L, Wu Y, Tan Z, Feng W, Zhang Y, Zhou C. Distribution and source of black carbon in coastal river sediments around Haizhou Bay, Eastern China: implications for anthropogenic inputs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:21092-21103. [PMID: 36264471 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23713-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
It is crucial to investigate the distribution and origin of black carbon (BC) in the environment for evaluating human inputs and developing pollution control strategies. This study analyzed BC in coastal river sediments from Haizhou Bay, Eastern China. The concentrations (dry weight) of the BC, char, soot, and total organic carbon (TOC) in coastal river sediments flowing into Haizhou Bay were 0.11-4.68, 0.06-4.24, 0.04-0.70, and 0.15-2.29 mg/g, respectively. Char and soot accounted for 38.54-90.70% and 9.30-61.46% of BC, with an average of 68.95% and 31.05%, respectively. The results show that the spatial variation of char was markedly presented in river sediment (108.27%), followed by that of BC (89.25%), TOC (58.69%), and soot (55.85%). The BC was mainly distributed in the Shawang River and the Shiliang River, soot was distributed primarily in the Shawang River, and char was mainly distributed in the Shiliang River. This finding supports the presence of anthropogenic activity sources in coastal rivers. The grey correlation analysis results show that industrial and agricultural activities greatly influenced BC emissions, as the influence degree of four socio-economic variables on BC contamination decreased as follows: regional total production value, population density, total agricultural production value, and total industrial production value. The char/soot ratio, an index to discriminate the source of BC contamination in sediments, was found to range from 0.63 to 9.75 with an average of 2.75. The result indicates that BC in Haizhou Bay was contributed from mixed sources including transportation emissions, fossil fuel combustion, and biomass combustion. The study demonstrates that BC could be an effective indicator for the degree and spatial distribution of organic pollutants in coastal river sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yuling Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhihai Tan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Wanzhu Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Chaofan Zhou
- Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, 210019, China
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Huang T, Zhou J, Luo D, Li S, Yang H, Huang C, Li Y, Zhang Z. Sediment record in pollution, toxicity risk, and source assignment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Erhai Lake, Southwest China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 186:114424. [PMID: 36470098 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Surface sediments and sediment core had been collected from Erhai Lake, Southwest China to study the concentrations, toxicity risks, and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The average concentrations of Σ16PAHs, seven carcinogenic PAHs (carPAHs), and carcinogenic toxic equivalents (TEQcar) in the surface sediments and sediment core were 1634.50 ± 488.56 ng g-1 and 436.72 ± 128.17 ng g-1, 67.18-293.65 ng g-1 and 91.07-265.90 ng g-1, and 34.89 ± 13.17 ng g-1 and 36.99 ± 7.52 ng g-1, respectively. The Σ16PAHs and carPAHs concentrations in surface sediments were higher in the southern lake. The Σ16PAHs and TEQcar in the sediment core peaked in the 2010s and 1980s. The spatiotemporal variations in TEQcar and carPAHs were similar. Positive matrix factorization revealed that traffic emissions contributed 35.71 % of the TEQcar, whereas coal and biomass combustion contributed 12.89 % in the surface sediments. The contribution of gasoline and fossil fuel to TEQcar significantly increased from 19.2 % (1890s) to 66.5 % (1990s), that of benz[a]pyrene (coal combustion) decreased, and those of benz[b]fluoranthene and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (petroleum combustion and traffic emissions) increased from 1.92 % to 3.93 % and from 1.54 % to 2.52 % in the sediment cores, respectively, owing to changes in energy consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Juan Zhou
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Duan Luo
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Shuaidong Li
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Changchun Huang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yunmei Li
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- School of Geography, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China; Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210023, PR China; State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing 210023, PR China.
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Guo F, Gao M, Dong J, Sun J, Hou G, Liu S, Du X, Yang S, Liu J, Huang Y. The first high resolution PAH record of industrialization over the past 200 years in Liaodong Bay, northeastern China. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 224:119103. [PMID: 36116194 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are excellent tracers for fossil fuel combustion, natural fires and petroleum contamination, and have been widely used for reconstructing past wildfires and industrial activities at a variety of time scales. Here, for the first time, we obtain a high resolution (annual to decadal scale) record of PAHs from two parallel marine sediment cores from the Liaodong Bay, Northeastern China to reconstruct the industrial activities, spanning the past ∼ 200 years from 1815 to 2014. Our data indicate that PAH variations can be divided into four episodes: I) low (probably near background) PAHs from natural fires and domestic wood combustion during the pre-industrial period from 1815 to 1890; II) slightly increased (but with large fluctuations) PAH concentrations derived from intermittent warfare during the World War (1891-1945) and increased industrial activities after 1946 (1946-1965); III) a period of stagnation and, in some cases, reduction in PAHs during the "Cultural Revolution" (1966 to 1979); and IV) a rapid and persistent rise in PAHs post 1979 linked to fast economic development, with PAH concentrations doubled from 1979 to 2014. Changes in PAH distributions demonstrate major shifts in the dominant types of fuels over time from vegetation/wood, to coal and wood, followed by coal and petroleum (including vehicle emissions) over the past 200 years. We find that PAH records also show similar trend to domestic economy and the estimated regional Anthropocene CO2 emissions from industrial activities, suggesting sedimentary PAH fluxes could be used as an indirect and qualitative proxy to track the trend for regional anthropogenic CO2 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Guo
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xian 710061, China.
| | - Maosheng Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Junfu Dong
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jun Sun
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Guohua Hou
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Sen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Xiaojing Du
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1846, United States
| | - Shu Yang
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jihua Liu
- Institute of Marine Science and Technology, Shandong University Qingdao, Qingdao 266237, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Guangzhou 510000, China.
| | - Yongsong Huang
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912-1846, United States.
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10
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Han M, Liu F, Kang Y, Zhang R, Yu K, Wang Y, Wang R. Occurrence, distribution, sources, and bioaccumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in multi environmental media in estuaries and the coast of the Beibu Gulf, China: a health risk assessment through seafood consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:52493-52506. [PMID: 35258733 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19542-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The coastal zone is a crucial transitional area between land and ocean, which is facing enormous pressure due to global climate change and anthropogenic activities. It is essential to pay close attention to the pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the coastal environment and their effect on human health. The pollution status of PAHs was investigated in the Beibu Gulf, taking into consideration various environmental media. The results showed that the total concentration of 16 PAHs (Σ16PAHs) was significantly higher in winter than in summer. Compared to the coastal area, the status of PAHs in the estuarine areas was found to be more severe in summer, while the regional difference was insignificant in winter. In summer, the Σ16PAHs in estuarine waters (71.4 ± 9.58 ng/L) > coastal waters (50.4 ± 9.65 ng/L); estuarine sediment (146 ± 116 ng/g) > coastal zone (76.9 ± 108 ng/g). The source apportionment indicated that spilled oil, biomass, and coal burning were the primary sources of PAHs in the water. The predominant sources of pollution in the sediments were spilled oil, fossil fuel burning, and vehicle emissions. With regard to the status of PAHs in marine organisms in the coastal area of the Beibu Gulf, the highest average concentration of PAHs was indicated in shellfishes (183 ± 165 ng/g), followed by fishes (73.7 ± 57.2 ng/g), shrimps (42.7 ± 19.2 ng/g), and crabs (42.7 ± 19.2 ng/g) in Beibu Gulf coastal area. The calculated bioaccumulation factor indicates a low bioaccumulation capacity of PAHs in various seafood considering the ambient environment. The human health risk assessment considering multiple age groups indicates minimal health risk on accidental ingestion of PAHs through seafood. However, it is suggested that the intake of shellfish in children be controlled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minwei Han
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Fang Liu
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Yaru Kang
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ruijie Zhang
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
| | - Kefu Yu
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China.
- Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519080, China.
| | - Yinghui Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
| | - Ruixuan Wang
- Guangxi Laboratory On the Study of Coral Reefs in the South China Sea, School of Marine Sciences, Coral Reef Research Center of China, Guangxi University, Nanning, 530004, China
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11
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Ma X, Yang H, Huang C, Huang T, Li S. One-century sedimentary record, sources, and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Dianchi Lake, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:33427-33442. [PMID: 35029834 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-18497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the sedimentary records, sources, and ecological risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Dianchi Lake were analyzed. The concentrations of ΣPAH16 in the sediments of Dianchi Lake ranged from 368 to 990 ng/g, with an average value of 572 ng/g, peaking in 1988. Economic development, rapid population growth, and rapid growth of coal consumption have a greater impact on the HMW (high molecular weight) PAHs than on the LMW (low molecular weight) PAHs in the sedimentary environment. The results of the diagnostic ratios and PCA (principal component analysis) model show that the main sources of PAHs were coal and biomass combustion, as well as the fossil fuel combustion in individual years. The risk assessment results showed that the PAH concentrations in the sediment were within a safe range. In the past 100 years of sediment pore water, other 2-3 ring LMW PAHs were within a safe range (except for Phe, which reached chronic toxic pollution levels in some years). With an increase in industrialization and urbanization, the burning of fossil fuels such as coal and petroleum has increased, and some of the 4-6 ring HMW PAHs have reached chronic toxicity or even acute toxicity in the sediment pore water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuaidong Li
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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12
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Deng X, Mao L, Wu Y, Tan Z, Feng W, Zhang Y. Pollution, risks, and sources of heavy metals in sediments from the urban rivers flowing into Haizhou Bay, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:38054-38065. [PMID: 35067875 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18151-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 12/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Haizhou Bay in eastern China, for a long time, is seriously polluted with heavy metals (HMs) due to intensive anthropic pressure. The river runoff is the dominant pathway of HM transport in the coastal region. However, the information on HM pollution in coastal rivers flowing into Haizhou Bay was still limited, and potential risks and possible sources raised by HMs in this area were neglected up to now. To fully understand the distribution and ecological risks of sediments in seven rivers along the bay, surface sediments were collected and seven HMs (Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb) were investigated. The results showed that HM concentrations generally met the primary standard criteria of China (marine sediment quality), except for Cu and Zn. On the other hand, Zn and Cu tended to exhibit probable adverse biological effects in the Shawang River comparison with some sediment quality guidelines (SQGs). Moreover, the enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index demonstrated that there was no or slight contamination to be found for Cr, Mn, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb and moderate pollution for Cd. The contamination factor (Cfi), integrated contamination degree (CF), modified degree of contamination (mCd), and modified pollution index (MPI) revealed individual metal contamination in localized areas. In these river sediments, the potential ecological risk (RI) was low to moderate, except Cd posted a considerable ecological risk because of its high enrichment. Furthermore, the Shawang River and Linhong River were seriously polluted with HMs among seven rivers. These results provided a new direction for controlling HM pollution in Haizhou Bay which suggested substantial measures should be implemented to alleviate the potential risk of HMs, to these rivers sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yuling Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhihai Tan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Wanzhu Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an 710048, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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13
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Hong S, Kim Y, Lee Y, Yoon SJ, Lee C, Liu P, Kwon BO, Hu W, Khim JS. Distributions and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from the lower reach of the Yangtze River, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 815:152831. [PMID: 34998741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (t-PAHs and e-PAHs) in the sediments across a wide area of the Yangtze River, spanning nine cities. Fifty-seven sediment samples were collected in 2019, from which 15 t-PAHs and 11 e-PAHs were analyzed using GC-MSD. In addition, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) in sediments were measured to evaluate associations with PAHs contamination. OC, TN, and their stable isotope ratios showed a wide range of site-specific contents and values, indicating high variation in contamination and sources. Concentrations of t-PAHs and e-PAHs in sediments ranged from 0.6 to 200,000 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) and 1.1 to 20,000 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Hotspot sites located in Nanjing (PuKou), Taizhou (JingJiang), and Suzhou (ZhangJiaGang). PAHs contamination reflected land use type and human activity in the surrounding area. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling showed that, on average (n = 57), vehicle emissions were the most dominant contribution (57%), followed by petroleum (28%) and fossil fuel combustion (15%). Sites with high PAHs contamination in sediments were of severe ecological risk. Contributions to the potential risks of PAHs were most significant in the order of dibenz[a,h]anthracene, benzo[b]fluoranthene, and benzo[a]pyrene. The primary origin of these compounds appeared to be fossil fuel combustion. The results of this study are expected to provide useful baseline data on the current contamination status and potential sources of traditional and emerging pollutants in the sediments of the Yangtze River, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongjin Hong
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngnam Kim
- Department of Marine Environmental Science, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonjung Lee
- Marine Ecosystem Research Center, Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology, Busan 49111, Republic of Korea
| | - Seo Joon Yoon
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Changkeun Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Peng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Bong-Oh Kwon
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Kunsan National University, Kunsan 54150, Republic of Korea
| | - Wenyou Hu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Jong Seong Khim
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Research Institute of Oceanography, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Moushmi KS, Cheriyan AS, Cheriyan E, Mohan M, Chandramohanakumar N. Trace metal distribution and ecological risk assessment in the core sediments of a highly urbanized tropical mangrove ecosystem, Southwest coast of India. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 175:113163. [PMID: 34838287 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Distribution and ecological risk assessment of trace metals were carried out in the core sediments of a highly urbanized tropical mangrove ecosystem along the Southwest coast of India. The metal distribution pattern was as follows: Co, Cu, Ni and Pb adsorbed onto Fe oxyhydroxides and fine grained sediments; Cd and Zn preferential adsorption by organic matter and Cr scavenging by Mn oxyhydroxides. Cd, Pb and Zn were significantly enriched in upper sediments, while Cd, Ni and Zn were present in metal exchangeable fractions. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) suggested that the study area showed moderate to strong pollution of Cd and Zn, whereas unpolluted to moderately polluted with respect to Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni and Pb. Cd enrichment caused high ecological risk, primarily attributed to anthropogenic activities. Mangrove ecosystems are efficient sequester of trace metals but anthropogenic addition can cause significant fraction of exchangeable metals and pose high ecological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Moushmi
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - Anu Susan Cheriyan
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India.
| | - Eldhose Cheriyan
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - Manu Mohan
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
| | - N Chandramohanakumar
- Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India; Inter University Centre for Development of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Kochi 682016, India
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15
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Deng X, Wu Y, Liang Y, Mao L, Tan Z, Feng W, Zhang Y. Source apportionment of heavy metals in sediments of the urban rivers flowing into Haizhou Bay, Eastern China: using multivariate statistical analyses and Pb-Sr isotope fingerprints. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:36354-36366. [PMID: 33751381 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13287-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Urban river runoff carrying various anthropogenic sources of heavy metals (HMs) is the most important input pathways for HM pollutions in the coastal region, apportioning sources of environmental pollutants is key to controlling coastal HM pollution. In the study, surface sediments were collected from seven urban rivers flowing through Lianyungang City and discharging into Haizhou Bay, Eastern China. The concentrations of HMs of the river sediments were, in mg/kg (mean value ± standard deviation): Mn (550 ± 227) > Zn (67 ± 61) > Cr (33 ± 12) > Ni (21 ± 8.5) > Cu (16 ± 7.6) > Pb (15 ± 5.6) > Cd (0.11 ± 0.06), which were slightly to moderately polluted. As important outlets for municipal and industrial sewages, the Shawang River and Linhong River were the most polluted. Based on the multivariate statistical analysis, HMs were attributed to anthropogenic source (industrial, domestic, and agricultural discharges) and natural source (soil parent materials and atmospheric deposition). Based on isotope source apportionment, Pb was mainly from natural source, exhausts of leaded gasoline vehicles, and coal combustion, with the mean contributions of 39.3%, 23.7%, and 37.0%, respectively, and Sr originated from natural source and anthropogenic source, with mean contributions of 31.8% and 68.2%, respectively. Pb-Sr isotopes illustrated that anthropogenic inputs were the dominant source for HMs in urban river sediments flowing into Haizhou Bay, and the isotope tracing results make up the discriminating deficiency of the multivariate statistical analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuling Wu
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Ye Liang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Zhihai Tan
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Wanzhu Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Polytechnic University, Xi'an, 710048, China
| | - Yuanzhi Zhang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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16
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Wang Y, Li T, Zhang R, Russell J, Xiao X, Cheng Y, Zhang F, Liu Z, Guan M, Han Q. Fingerprinting characterization of sedimentary PAHs and black carbon in the East China Sea using carbon and hydrogen isotopes. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115415. [PMID: 33254710 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we present the application of a dual-isotope approach for the source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and black carbon (BC) in the East China Sea (ECS). The δ13C and δ2H isotope signatures of the PAHs were determined from surface sediments collected from the ECS. A Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) model was used to the environmental source identifications with dual-isotope PAHs data. The results indicate that the coal combustion source is predominant (with average of 41%) in the ECS. Liquid fossil fuels combustion, biomass combustion, and petrogenic sources account for 23%, 20%, and 12% of the total PAH burden, respectively. Additionally, we also determine the stable and radio carbon isotopes (δ13C and Δ14C) of total BC in sediment samples of the ECS. The results demonstrate the quantitative source apportionments for different sources, reflecting the contributions of fossil fuels (coal combustion and petroleum-related emissions), biomass (C3 and C4 plants) combustion, and rock-weathering sources. The fossil combustion in BC accounts for 67%, with 23% for biomass sources, meanwhile the rock weathering source in BC is an average of 10%. These results show a remarkable similarity and extensive homologies at source apportionment of PAHs and BC in the ECS, even though some differences in source mechanisms and processes. These findings on the environmental source apportionment will provide a reference for improved emission inventories, and will help to provide guidance for the efforts to mitigate environmental pollution in the coastal areas and marginal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yipeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao, 266061, Shandong Province, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Rui Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment /Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA.
| | - James Russell
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02912, USA
| | - Xin Xiao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medicine College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Marine Technology and Geomatics, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang, 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing, 100083, China
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17
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Zhang M, Wang J, Zhao Q, Mishra V, Fan J, Sun Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and esophageal carcinoma in Handan-Xingtai district, North China: a preliminary study based on cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:596. [PMID: 32827059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high risk of esophageal carcinoma (EC) occurs in Handan-Xingtai district of North China. In spite of various preventive measures and epidemiological investigations that have been conducted for years, incidence and mortality of EC are still in the highest level of China. The etiology of EC remains unclear in the region. Previous studies of our research group proposed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that derived from numerous coal gangue dumps and atmospheric particulates were major contaminants in these regions. In consideration of mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic characteristics of PAHs, the authors hypothesized that severe exposure to PAHs could preform as a causative factor for EC. Therefore, four data sets documented in our previous studies were employed in this paper. To quantitatively evaluate the carcinogenic risk imposed by sixteen priority PAHs, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) via three exposure pathways were calculated. The results showed that total ILCRs for adult group ranged from 2.08E-05 to 8.63E-02, with an average of 2.00E-02. Total ILCRs for childhood group ranged from 1.09E-05 to 4.48E-02, with an average of 1.04E-02. Total ILCR value of 94% samples exceeded 10-4, indicating a particularly high carcinogenic risk to local residents. Furthermore, ingestion and dermal contact conducted as principal pathways of exposing to PAHs for each population group, rather than inhalation. It can be speculated that severely exposing to PAHs may be a pathogenesis of EC in Handan-Xingtai district. The rigorous supervise and governance are imperative to avoid severe exposure to PAHs that derived from coal gangue dumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Qiaojing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
| | - Vivek Mishra
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China
| | - Jingsen Fan
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China
| | - Yuzhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China.
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Deka J, Baul N, Bharali P, Sarma KP, Hoque RR. Soil PAHs against varied land use of a small city (Tezpur) of middle Brahmaputra Valley: seasonality, sources, and long-range transport. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:357. [PMID: 32394041 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08296-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study reports soil PAHs from a small city (Tezpur) of the mid-Brahmaputra Valley. The soil PAHs has been assessed from representative land use using detailed protocol of extracting, cleaning, and quantitative analysis by HPLC technique. The concentrations of PAHs showed minimum spatial variability and yet showed strong seasonal variability, which could be typical of small cities having weak local source strengths. On examining the air mass reaching the region, it appeared that there has been explicit effect of long-range transport. The HYSPLIT back trajectories reaching the study area during different seasons showed variations in terms of their origins and transport pathways. This might have led to differential long-range transport of PAHs, which is reflected in the seasonal variabilities of the concentrations of PAHs. The seasonal variations were much profound with the highest ΣPAHs concentration during post-monsoon (7961 ng g-1) followed by pre-monsoon (2414 ng g-1) and monsoon (773 ng g-1) season. The toxicity of the PAHs was examined as BaP equivalent (BaPeq) concentrations, which were found to be on the lower side as compared to the studies conducted elsewhere. The percentage contribution of 3- and 4-ring compounds was found to be greater. An attempt also was made to apportion the sources of the PAHs by application of diagnostic ratios, principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) and hierarchal cluster analysis (HCA), which revealed that coal and biomass burning and vehicular emissions are the major contributors to the PAHs load in Tezpur city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinu Deka
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Nibedita Baul
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Parijat Bharali
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India
| | - Kali Prasad Sarma
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
| | - Raza R Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur, Assam, 784028, India.
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Sutilli M, Combi T, Garcia MRD, Martins CC. One century of historical deposition and flux of hydrocarbons in a sediment core from a South Atlantic RAMSAR subtropical estuary. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:136017. [PMID: 31855633 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Levels and fluxes of Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), including n-alkanes and petroleum biomarkers (PBMs), were measured in a sedimentary core from a nominated RAMSAR (Guaratuba Bay, Brazil) subtropical estuary experiencing relatively low human impacts, to describe the evolution of anthropogenic activities over the last century. TOC contents varied from 0.80 to 1.25%. No significant correlation between hydrocarbons and TOC with grain size (predominantly sand) was observed. Concentration and flux of total AHs ranged from 65.5 to 195 μg g-1 and 27.6 to 82.0 μg cm-2 y-1, respectively, with the highest levels found in 1960-1966, when access routes to Guaratuba city were improved. Diagnostic ratios based on AH components showed an apparent change in the sources over time, with biogenic origins prevailing until 1966-1971, followed by subsequent increases in petroleum sources. Petroleum tricyclic terpanes were detected in the core (0.40 to 3.0 μg g-1), suggesting the use of lubricating oil in the bay area. Hopanes were mainly attributed to biological sources. Concentration and flux of total PAHs ranged from 8.65 to 35.9 ng g-1 and 3.64 to 15.1 ng cm-2 y-1, respectively, with the highest levels found in the top core section, reflecting recently increased human activity, while a peak PAH concentration at approximately 1977-1983 can be assumed to be a delayed signal of increased human occupation as a consequence of the improvement of access roads to the area, which started in the 1960s. Alkylated were the most abundant group of PAHs throughout the core. Despite relatively low concentrations of hydrocarbon deposition over approximately 90 years, this study highlights the influence of human occupation and slight petroleum contamination in this preserved area, mainly in recent core sections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Sutilli
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil..
| | - Tatiane Combi
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil.; Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Rua Barão de Jeremoabo s/n, 40170-115 Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Marina Reback Domingues Garcia
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Sistemas Costeiros e Oceânicos (PGSISCO), Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil
| | - César C Martins
- Centro de Estudos do Mar, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Caixa Postal 61, 83255-976 Pontal do Paraná, PR, Brazil..
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20
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Zhang R, Li T, Russell J, Zhang F, Xiao X, Cheng Y, Liu Z, Guan M, Han Q. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in continental shelf of the East China Sea with dual compound-specific isotopes (δ 13C and δ 2H). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 704:135459. [PMID: 31812388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we firstly report the application of a dual-isotope approach for the source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the East China Sea (ECS). The δ13C and δ2H isotope signatures of the PAHs were determined in the surface sediments collected from the ECS. Statistical modeling based on a Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) framework was used to the environmental dual-isotope PAH data. An end-member PAH isotope database was also compiled to account for the uncertainties and quantitative contributions on the potential PAH sources, including coal combustions, liquid fossil fuel combustions, biomass combustions and petrogenic sources. The results indicate that the PAHs in the ECS had a clear predominance of the coal combustion source (~42%). The combustion of liquid fossil fuels, biomass as well as petrogenic sources represented approximately 23%, 21%, and 11% of the total PAH burden, respectively. This study on the source apportionment of environmental PAHs will provide a reference for improvingemission inventories of the PAHs, and also give guidance for the efforts to extenuate PAH pollutions in the marginal sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA; Co-Innovation Center of Jiangsu Marine Bio-industry Technology, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Marine Bioresources and Environment, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiegang Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Sedimentology and Environmental Geology, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Qingdao 266061, China; Laboratory for Marine Geology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - James Russell
- Department of Earth, Environmental, and Planetary Sciences, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xin Xiao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Jiangsu Ocean University 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaxin Cheng
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Medicine College, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Minglei Guan
- School of Geomatics and Marine Information, Jiangsu Ocean University, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qi Han
- School of Ocean Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Beijing 100083, China
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21
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Li Y, Duan X. Analysis of origin, change, and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the continental shelf of China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:4683-4694. [PMID: 31889289 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07407-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The sources and environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are closely related with anthropological activities and natural environmental conditions. The continental shelf of China Sea has the most intense land-ocean interactions. The PAHs' distribution in this region is of great significance for revealing the impact of human activities on the marine environment and the environmental fate of terrigenous substances input to the ocean. However, up to now, almost all the studies were confined to relatively small regions, such as estuaries. There was a lack of systematic understanding of PAHs in the whole continental shelf sea. In this study, the relevant research findings of PAHs in the continental shelf of China Sea in recent years were systematically summarized. The spatial and temporal variations of PAHs in sediments of China Sea were comprehensively displayed. The relationships between PAHs' distributions in different seas with regional economic development history were analyzed. These findings will play a guiding significance for improving marine environment research in large-scale areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxia Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyong Duan
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, China Geological Survey, Qingdao, 266071, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Geology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266061, China.
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22
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Zhang S, Guo H, Zhang S, Fan H, Shi J. Are oil spills an important source of heavy metal contamination in the Bohai Sea, China? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3449-3461. [PMID: 31845248 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06913-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate evaluation of the heavy metal contamination caused by oil spills is more urgent than that of organic pollution since heavy metals are toxic and persistent. This study applies bulk geochemical parameters and hydrocarbon compositions to explore heavy metal contamination caused by oil spills. The contents of six heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni, and Co), total organic carbon, aliphatic hydrocarbons, and grain size were measured in 50 subsurface sediment samples obtained from an area affected by oil spills in the Bohai Sea. The values of the contamination factor (CF), the geo-accumulation index (Igeo), and the enrichment factor (EF) indicate moderate contamination with the six investigated heavy metals at most of the sampling sites. Riverine inputs, oil spills, and airborne dust are the three main sources of the heavy metals, and oil spills are the significant source of heavy metal contamination in the areas. The distributions of the mean grain size (Mz) and the contents of unresolved complex mixture (UCM) and Cr suggest that crude oil migrates from deep hydrocarbon reservoirs through geological faults and seeps through coarse-grained sediments until it reaches fine-grained sediments. The spilled oil contributes appreciable amounts of heavy metals to the sediments at the oil-contaminated sites. At these sites, the heavy metals from oil spills overprinted on those contributed by terrigenous materials, which are the predominant source of metals in the subsurface sediments in the areas affected by oil spills.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengyin Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment, MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Hui Guo
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment, MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Shuncun Zhang
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment, MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Hailong Fan
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ji'an Shi
- Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resource, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
- Key Laboratory of Road Construction Technology and Equipment, MOE, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
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23
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Ranjbar Jafarabadi A, Dashtbozorg M, Mitra S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Mohamadjafari Dehkordi S, Cappello T. Historical sedimentary deposition and ecotoxicological impact of aromatic biomarkers in sediment cores from ten coral reefs of the Persian Gulf, Iran. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 696:133969. [PMID: 31454597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Revised: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The present study determines the levels, vertical distributions, source apportionment and ecological risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ten sediment cores of coral reef in the Persian Gulf, Iran, one of the important oil polluted marine areas in the world. The main purpose of this study was to determine the spatio-vertical distribution pattern of PAHs pollution at the four hot spot zones on the Gulf: dense industrial, medium industrial, urbanized and non-impacted zones over the past few years. Sediment quality and ecological risk were also assessed in order to determine the pollutants of concern. In detail, 23 parent (PPAHs) and 16 alkylated PAHs (APAHs), along with retene and perylene, were determined in sediment cores (0-40 cm depth). The vertical distribution of all PAHs showed a wide variation among sampling stations and depths, with a decreasing trend of concentration from surface to bottom, and a peak at 12 cm. Total concentrations of PPAHs and APAHs ranged from 35 to 1927 ng g-1 dw and 19 to 1794 ng g-1 dw respectively, with the highest concentrations at the industrial zone. The diagnostic ratio for PAHs and perylene (3 to 1277 ng g-1 dw) indicated mixed sources of PAHs, with dominance of petrogenic origins at the industrial zone and natural diagenetic inputs, respectively. The PAH concentration depicted a significant decreasing trend along the length of the core with an abrupt increase within the core length 12-20 cm. Temporal variations in contaminants can be linked to economic, coastal developments and industrial growth. Overall, the baseline data on geographical distribution, congener profiles, sources and vertical deposition of PAHs in the Persian Gulf area would be useful to establish proper monitoring plans for this sensitive ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ranjbar Jafarabadi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Dashtbozorg
- Young Researchers and Elites Club, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Soumita Mitra
- Department of Marine Science, University of Calcutta, Calcutta, India
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran.
| | - Shirin Mohamadjafari Dehkordi
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Tiziana Cappello
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
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24
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Levels of NP and BPA in the Pearl River Estuary, China: Fluctuations with Country Policy Changes over the Past 40 Years. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16214100. [PMID: 31653046 PMCID: PMC6862134 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16214100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Revised: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores were collected from four outlets in the Pearl River Estuary (Guangdong Province, China) and dated using the 210Pb method to investigate the pollution history of the area due to its relatively stable sedimentation status and hydrographic conditions in recent decades. The ages of the sediment cores were dated over 40 years (1968–2015). The concentrations at the four outlets ranged from 2.21 to 48.52 ng g−1 dw for nonylphenol and were non-detectable for 23.64 ng g−1 dw for bisphenol A (BPA), which exhibited a decreasing trend from north to south as well as seaward. The fluxes (2.84 to 112.91 ng cm−2 yr−1 and non-detectable to 59.33 ng cm−2 yr−1 for nonylphenol and bisphenol A, respectively) stabilized in the 1980s to 1990s due to the construction of sewage treatment systems. The fluxes increased again in the 21st century, which reached a peak ca. 2010 but declined in recent years due to the establishment of regulations and the decreasing number of industrial enterprises. Fluctuations in the pollution composition coincided with industrial development and governmental policies.
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25
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Zhang A, Wang P, Lu Y, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Zhang S. Occurrence and health risk of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in seafood from Yellow Sea, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:1026-1034. [PMID: 30893734 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
PFAAs have emerged as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in a variety of environmental matrixes and biota, posing potential hazards for wildlife and humans. Diet has been considered as an important source for human exposure to PFAAs and seafood accounts for a relatively large proportion in human diets, especially for coastal residents. In an effort to clarify the impact of PFAAs in seafood on human health, 17 PFAAs were determined in 42 pooled seafood samples (14 species) from the Yellow Sea areas, China. The concentrations of total PFAAs (sum of 17 PFAAs, ∑PFAAs) were in the range of 1.10-1067 ng/g dry weight (dw), with the highest concentration found in swimming crab (Portunus trituberculatus) and the lowest in silvery pomfret (Pampus argenteus). Concentrations and composition profiles of PFAAs varied significantly among different species, suggesting that bioaccumulation potential of PFAAs differed from species to species. The distinct spatial distribution of PFAAs in four categories of seafood could be mainly attributed to the contamination patterns of PFAAs in three nearby cities. PFBA was presented as the most abundant PFAA in this study, which was different from the findings in many other studies where PFOS was the predominant compound. Furthermore, the human health risk assessment suggested that a comprehensive action plan is needed to protect people from high exposure to PFAAs through seafood consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yonglong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Meng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunqiao Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sheng Zhang
- School of Environmental & Natural Resources, Renmin University of China, Beijing 100872, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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26
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Zhang J, Huang H, Wang R, Sun R. Historical Pollution and Source Contributions of PAHs in Sediment Cores from the Middle Reach of Huai River, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2019; 102:531-537. [PMID: 30847516 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-019-02576-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the spatial and historical distributions, and source contributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAHs) from the middle reach of Huai River, 15 surface sediments and two sediment cores were analyzed. The Σ16 PAHs levels in surface sediments varied from 533.15 to 1422.83 ng/g dw, and from 413.27 to 43951.56 ng/g dw in individual sediment layer of sediment cores. The temporal trends of PAHs in sediment cores are the good indicators of the anthropogenic emissions over the last 60 years. The stable carbon isotope ratios of PAHs indicate the primary PAHs sources were the combustion of wood and coal during 1950s-1970s, and automobile exhausts and the coal combustion emissions in recent decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiamei Zhang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - He Huang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Rujing Wang
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, China
| | - Ruoyu Sun
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Sciences, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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27
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Wang C, Liu Q, Gao J, Sheng H, Ai Q, Shi Y, Zhang D, Wang Y. Sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in mud deposits along the southeastern coast of Liaodong Peninsula and its relation to the anthropogenic and natural activities in the Northeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 216:31-39. [PMID: 30359914 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in two 210Pb-dated sediment cores collected from mud deposits along the southeastern coast of the Liaodong Peninsula were investigated to reconstruct the sedimentary records of PAHs and their relationship with anthropogenic and natural activities. The concentrations of 16 PAHs (∑PAHs) were low and remained stable before the year 1820, reflecting an autarkic agricultural civilization. From 1820 to 1900, with the gradual lifting of prohibition, people migrated into Northeast China, resulting in the release of large amounts of ∑PAHs into the environment. At the beginning of the 1900s, the ∑PAH levels in the two cores displayed increasing trends with significant fluctuations, linked to a period of social turbulence with continuous wars in Northeast China. After 1949, vertical ∑PAH trends in the cores predominantly reflected trends in economic development. Based on the different PAH composition trends (2-3-ring and 4-6-ring PAHs), we consider that historical energy usage in Northeast China can be divided into three stages: biomass fuel use dominated before 1920, biomass and fossil fuels co-existed from 1920 to 1980, and fossil fuels dominated after 1980. In addition, this study also demonstrates that the PAH concentrations (2-3-ring PAHs) in these two sediment cores can be used, to a certain extent, to identify anthropogenic fire events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenglong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Jianhua Gao
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
| | - Hui Sheng
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Qiao Ai
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Yong Shi
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
| | - Daolai Zhang
- Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Coast and Island Development (Nanjing University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing 210093, China; School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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28
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Ma X, Han X, Jiang Q, Huang C, Huang T, Yang H, Yao L. Historical Records and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Over the Past 100 Years in Dianchi Lake, a Plateau Lake in Southwest China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 75:187-198. [PMID: 29651502 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-018-0525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Two sediment cores were collected from Dianchi Lake, a plateau lake in Southwest China, to study the temporal trends and to investigate the sources of sedimentary deposited polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon. The ΣPAH16 concentration in the two sediment cores ranged from 172.5 to 2244.8 ng/g and from 211.4 to 1777.8 ng/g, with mean values of 1106.2 and 865.1 ng/g, respectively. Three temporal trends for the ΣPAH16 concentration and the composition of PAHs in Dianchi Lake all showed three typical changing stages: (1) slight changes in deeper segments before the 1950s; (2) a rapid increase in PAH concentrations between the 1960s and 1990s; and (3) a slight reduction from the 1990s onward. These trends differ from those observed in developed countries due to differences in the timing of industrialization and urbanization processes. According to the results of the molecular ratios and principal component analysis, the PAH deposition was dominated by coal combustion, wood combustion, and vehicle emissions before and after the 1960s, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Ma
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuxiu Han
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanliang Jiang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Changchun Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Virtual Geographic Environment (Nanjing Normal University), Ministry of Education, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base of Geographical Environment Evolution (Jiangsu Province), Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Tao Huang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Institute of Geography, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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Liu R, Men C, Yu W, Xu F, Wang Q, Shen Z. Uncertainty in positive matrix factorization solutions for PAHs in surface sediments of the Yangtze River Estuary in different seasons. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:922-936. [PMID: 29145137 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To examine the variabilities of source contributions in the Yangtze River Estuary (YRE), the uncertainty based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to the source apportionment of the 16 priority PAHs in 120 surface sediment samples from four seasons. Based on the signal-to-noise ratios, the PAHs categorized as "Bad" might drop out of the estimation of bootstrap. Next, the spatial variability of residuals was applied to determine which species with non-normal curves should be excluded. The median values from the bootstrapped solutions were chosen as the best estimate of the true factor contributions, and the intervals from 5th to 95th percentile represent the variability in each sample factor contribution. Based on the results, the median factor contributions of wood grass combustion and coke plant emissions were highly correlated with the variability (R2 = 0.6797-0.9937) in every season. Meanwhile, the factor of coal and gasoline combustion had large variability with lower R2 values in every season, especially in summer (0.4784) and winter (0.2785). The coefficient of variation (CV) values based on the Bootstrap (BS) simulations were applied to indicate the uncertainties of PAHs in every factor of each season. Acy, NaP and BgP always showed higher CV values, which suggested higher uncertainties in the BS simulations, and the PAH with the lowest concentration among all PAHs usually became the species with higher uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wenwen Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Fei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Zheng H, Yang D, Hu T, Li Y, Zhu G, Xing X, Qi S. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic carbons (PAHs) in sediment core from Honghu Lake, central China: comparison study of three receptor models. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:25899-25911. [PMID: 28940081 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0185-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source contributions employing receptor models has been widely reported. However, the temporal distribution of PAH source contributions is less studied. Thus, in this paper, three receptor models including principle component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR), positive matrix factorization (PMF), and Unmix were used to PAH source apportionment study in a sediment core from Honghu Lake, China. Sixteen USEPA priority PAHs in 37 sliced sediment layers (1-cm interval) were measured, with the concentrations of ∑16PAH (sum of 16 PAHs) ranging from 93.0 to 431 ng g-1. The source apportionment results derived from three receptor models were similar, with three common sources: mixed sources of biomass burning and coal combustion (31.0-41.4% on average), petroleum combustion (31.8-45.5%), and oil leakage (13.1-21.3%). The PMF model segregated an additional source: domestic coal combustion (contributed 20.9% to the ∑16PAHs). Four aspects including intra-comparison, inter-comparison, source numbers and compositions, and source contributions were considered in comparison study. The results indicated that the PMF model was most reasonable in PAH source apportionment research in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang Zheng
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Faculty of Engineering, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Tianpeng Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ying Li
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Gehao Zhu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Xinli Xing
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Shihua Qi
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
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Sun P, Xie B, Song Y, Yang H, Wang Y. Historical Trends of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Reservoir Sediment of the Dianchi Watershed, Southwest China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:117-124. [PMID: 28455811 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2095-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Using gas-chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) method dating data (210Pb and 137Cs) and OCPs signatures, the temporal distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was investigated in dated sediment core from Baoxianghe reservoir in Dianchi watershed, Southwest China. The concentrations of total PAHs were in the range of 162.3-762.2 ng g-1 from 1945 to 2013. There showed an obvious increase from 1960s to 2000s. The distributions of PAHs were influenced by local population and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) during the period between1962 and 2004. PAHs sources changed from biomass or domestic coal combustion (before 1980) to liquid fossil fuel combustion (after 1980). Total toxic toxicity equivalents (TEQs) of the carcinogenic PAHs were very low (3.03-28.08 ng g-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Sun
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Xie
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Song
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Cycling and Pollution Control, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yanhua Wang
- School of Geography Science, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, 210023, People's Republic of China
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Ma J, Liu H, Tong L, Wang Y, Liu S, Zhao L, Hou L. Source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and n-alkanes in the soil-sediment profile of Jianghan Oil Field, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:13344-13351. [PMID: 28386889 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8913-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Surface soil in oil exploration area always contains high contents of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and n-alkanes. To investigate the migration possibility of PAHs and n-alkanes from surface through aquitard and aquiclude to aquifer, the distribution, together with the source apportionment using several indicators, such as composition pattern, fluoranthene/(fluoranthene+pyrene) (Flt/(Flt+Pyr)), anthracene/(anthracene+phenanthrene) (Ant/(Ant+PA)), and the carbon preference index (CPI) of n-alkanes, in a 30-m-deep soil-sediment profile were studied. Results showed that there were considerable PAHs and n-alkanes not only in surface soil but also in aquitard, aquiclude, and aquifer sediments. The PAHs and n-alkanes in surface soil strongly suggested petroleum pollution. The high molecular weight PAHs and the n-alkanes with both long and short chains could not migrate into deep sediments as their sources in surface soil and deep sediment were different. Whereas the aquitard and aquiclude had significant input of low molecular weight PAHs (LMWPAHs) from petroleum sources, the LMWPAHs in confined aquifer suggested pyrogenic sources. Therefore, LMWPAHs migrated from surface to aquitard and aquiclude, but did not cause aquifer pollution in Jianghan Oil Field. However, the high mobility of LMWPAHs from surface to aquitard and aquiclude suggested that the long-term risk of groundwater pollution from oil exploration should be concerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lei Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Liangjun Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology and School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
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Ma C, Lin T, Ye S, Ding X, Li Y, Guo Z. Sediment record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Liaohe River Delta wetland, Northeast China: Implications for regional population migration and economic development. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:146-152. [PMID: 28040336 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of a 210Pb-dated sediment core extracted from the Liaohe River Delta wetland were measured to reconstruct the sediment record of PAHs and its response to human activity for the past 300 years in Northeast China. The concentrations of the 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency priority PAHs (∑16PAHs) ranged from 46 to 1167 ng g-1 in this sediment core. The concentrations of the 16 PAHs (especially 4- and 5+6-ring PAHs) after the 1980s (surface sediments 0-6 cm) were one or two orders of magnitudes higher than those of the down-core samples. The exponential growth of 4-ring and 5+6-ring PAH concentrations after the 1980s responded well to the increased energy consumption and number of civil vehicles resulting from the rapid economic development in China. Prior to 1950, relatively low levels of the 16 PAHs and a high proportion of 2+3-ring PAHs was indicative of biomass burning as the main source of the PAHs. A significant increase in the 2 + 3 ring PAH concentration from the 1860s-1920s was observed and could be attributed to a constant influx of population migration into Northeast China. It was suggested that the link between historical trend of PAHs and population or energy use involves two different economic stages. Typically, in an agricultural economy, the greater the population size, the greater the emission of PAHs from biomass burning, while in an industrial economy, the increase in sedimentary PAH concentrations is closely related to increasing energy consumption of fossil fuels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanliang Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Siyuan Ye
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xigui Ding
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geologic Survey, Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
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Liu N, Li X, Zhang D, Liu Q, Xiang L, Liu K, Yan D, Li Y. Distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediments from the Nantong Coast, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2017; 114:571-576. [PMID: 27663644 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The distribution, sources, and ecological risk assessment of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments from the Nantong coast in China were investigated. The results indicated that the total concentrations of the 16 PAHs in the surface sediments from the study area ranged from 1.4 to 87.1ngg-1 dw (mean value 19.9ngg-1 dw), which were generally low compared to the adjacent offshore area and other coastal zones around the world. The selected PAH ratios and the principal components analysis for each site showed that petroleum combustion and petrogenic pollution (mainly caused by petroleum spills) were the dominant PAHs sources in the surface sediments of the coast. The ecological risk assessment indicated that most of the individual PAHs had few negative effects in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Xian Li
- Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Daolai Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Biogeosciences, China Geological Survey, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Qiang Liu
- Eastern China Geological & Mining Organization for Non-ferrous Metals in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Lihui Xiang
- Eastern China Geological & Mining Organization for Non-ferrous Metals in Jiangsu Province, Nanjing 210007, China
| | - Ke Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Dongyun Yan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yue Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
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Sedimentary Record of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Shuanglong Catchment, Southwest China. J CHEM-NY 2017. [DOI: 10.1155/2017/4976574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the dated sediments from the Shuanglong catchment in the southwest of China were measured to characterize source inputs. The PAHs concentrations in the priority controlling list of US EPA (∑PAHs) ranged within 102.47~563.24 ng g−1, with an average value of 207.18 ng g−1. The 2-3 rings PAHs were predominant, accounting for 73.77% of ∑PAH. According to the classification of pollution levels, ∑PAHs concentrations in the sediments are within the range of moderate pollution level. Both the total and individual PAH concentrations changed with the depth. The profile distribution of PAHs concentration in the sediments suggested that PAHs acted as an effective way to reconstruct the historical trends of socioeconomic changes in the study areas. Results of Ant/(Ant + Phe), Fla/(Fla + Pyr), and BaA/(BaA + Chry) show that petroleum and petrogenic matter are attributed to the potential pollution source in the Shuanglong catchment. The coal combustion and incomplete combustion of gasoline and fossil fuel are dominant. TOC contents had positive correlation with ∑PAHs (R2=0.72, P<0.001), 2-3 rings (R2=0.44, P<0.001), 4-ring (R2=0.78, P<0.001), and 5-6 rings (R2=0.62, P<0.001).
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36
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Cai Y, Wang X, Wu Y, Li Y, Ya M. Over 100-year sedimentary record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and organochlorine compounds (OCs) in the continental shelf of the East China Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:774-784. [PMID: 27498341 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.07.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Historical records of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in two dated sediment cores (DH05 and DH11) collected from the continental shelf of the East China Sea (ECS) to investigate the influence of anthropogenic activities on marine sediment over the past century. The concentrations and fluxes of 15 PAHs were in the range of 28.6-96.5 ng g-1 and 7.6-35.2 ng cm-2 yr-1 in DH05 (1920s-2009), 18.8-76.4 ng g-1 and 13.9-30.9 ng cm-2 yr-1 in DH11 (1860s-2009). The sedimentary records of PAHs in the two cores generally reflected the economic development and energy consumption change in China. Identification of sources suggested that PAHs in ECS were predominantly from petrogenic origin and various combustion sources. A change of source from low- and moderate-temperature combustion to high-temperature combustion process was observed. Although a production ban of technical HCH and DDT was imposed in China in 1983, their sedimentary fluxes display increasing trends or strong rebounds from 1980s to 1990s as recorded in the core profiles. High proportions of DDD + DDE and γ-HCH suggested those OCPs mainly derived from early residuals. Temporal trends of PCBs presented relative high levels from 1970s to 1980s and high proportions of PCB congeners with 3-6 chlorines atoms indicated industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China.
| | - Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
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Deka J, Sarma KP, Hoque RR. Source contributions of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in soils around oilfield in the Brahmaputra Valley. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:281-289. [PMID: 27479772 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface soils from Borholla oilfield in the upper Brahmaputra Valley in India were studied for the USEPA's 16 priority Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). Analysis of PAHs was carried out by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system equipped with an UV detector. Seasonality in PAHs concentrations was evident and the concentrations were found to be greater in post-monsoon season. There has been a dominance of low molecular weight PAHs (80-90% of total PAHs) indicating recent deposition from combustion sources. The concentration profiles appeared in the decreasing order of 3-ring >2-ring >4-ring >5-ring >6 ring PAHs. The sources of PAHs were identified using isomer pair ratios and Principal Component Analysis-Multiple Linear Regression (PCA-MLR) and Positive Matrix Factorisation (PMF). The ratios of diagnostic pairs indicated for both pyrogenic and petrogenic input of PAHs. The PCA-MLR modelling revealed that the <16% of contribution came from petrogenic origin and the rest 85% was found to be from pyrogenic sources. The PMF model also shown that <19% of PAHs source were petrogenic origin whereas rest from pyrogenic origin. The correlations of black carbon (BC) with PAHs also supported the pyrogenic contribution. The analysis of air mass back trajectories revealed that there has been contribution of both local and distant sources, through long range transport of pollutants, which were deposited to the site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinu Deka
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India
| | - Kali Prasad Sarma
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
| | - Raza Rafiqul Hoque
- Department of Environmental Science, Tezpur University, Napaam, Tezpur 784028, Assam, India.
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Duran R, Cravo-Laureau C. Role of environmental factors and microorganisms in determining the fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the marine environment. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2016; 40:814-830. [PMID: 28201512 PMCID: PMC5091036 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuw031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 12/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread in marine ecosystems and originate from natural sources and anthropogenic activities. PAHs enter the marine environment in two main ways, corresponding to chronic pollution or acute pollution by oil spills. The global PAH fluxes in marine environments are controlled by the microbial degradation and the biological pump, which plays a role in particle settling and in sequestration through bioaccumulation. Due to their low water solubility and hydrophobic nature, PAHs tightly adhere to sediments leading to accumulation in coastal and deep sediments. Microbial assemblages play an important role in determining the fate of PAHs in water and sediments, supporting the functioning of biogeochemical cycles and the microbial loop. This review summarises the knowledge recently acquired in terms of both chronic and acute PAH pollution. The importance of the microbial ecology in PAH-polluted marine ecosystems is highlighted as well as the importance of gaining further in-depth knowledge of the environmental services provided by microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Duran
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
| | - Cristiana Cravo-Laureau
- Equipe Environnement et Microbiologie, MELODY group, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, Pau Cedex, France
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Lei P, Zhang H, Shan B. Vertical records of sedimentary PAHs and their freely dissolved fractions in porewater profiles from the northern bays of Taihu Lake, Eastern China. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra11180g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sedimentary records of 16 priority PAHs in sediment cores collected from the northern bays of Taihu Lake were analyzed to evaluate the influence of anthropogenic impacts on the sedimentary PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
| | - Baoqing Shan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100085
- China
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40
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Li S, Zhang S, Dong H, Zhao Q, Cao C. Presence of aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in near-surface sediments of an oil spill area in Bohai Sea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2015; 100:169-175. [PMID: 26375779 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In order to determine the source of organic matter and the fingerprint of the oil components, 50 samples collected from the near-surface sediments of the oil spill area in Bohai Sea, China, were analyzed for grain size, total organic carbon, aliphatic hydrocarbons (AHs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The concentrations of C15-35 n-alkanes and 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) priority pollutant PAHs were found in the ranges of 0.88-3.48μg g(-1) and 9.97-490.13ng/g, respectively. The terrestrial organic matters characterized by C27-C35 n-alkanes and PAHs, resulting from the combustion of higher plants, are dominantly contributed from the transportation of these plants by rivers. Marine organic matters produced from plankton and aquatic plants were represented by C17-C26 n-alkanes in AHs. Crude oil, characterized by C17-C21 n-alkanes, unresolved complex mixture (UCM) with a mean response factor of C19 n-alkanes, low levels of perylene, and a high InP/(InP+BghiP) ratio, seeped into the oceans from deep hydrocarbon reservoirs, as a result of geological faults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuanglin Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Shengyin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Heping Dong
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingfang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Hydrocarbon Resources and Environmental Geology, Ministry of Land and Resources, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China; Qingdao Institute of Marine Geology, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunhui Cao
- Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Petroleum Resources Research, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, Gansu 730000, People's Republic of China
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Zhang R, Zhang F, Zhang T, Yan H, Shao W, Zhou L, Tong H. Historical sediment record and distribution of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediments from tidal flats of Haizhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 89:487-493. [PMID: 25256297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The spatial and temporal variations and sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment of tidal flat from Haizhou Bay, China were investigated. PCBs concentrations in surface sediments ranged from 1.33 to 6.27ngg(-1) dry weight. Low-chlorinated PCBs, dominated by the tri-PCB homologs, were identified as the prevalent contaminate of surface sediments. These results were in agreement with the fact that tri-PCB homologs are the dominant contaminants in China. In surface sediment, the highest level appeared in the estuary, and it decreased with distance from the Linhong River estuary. PCBs concentrations started to rise from the mid-1950s, and reached a maximum in 2005. PCBs in sediment might originate from surface runoff and discharges of local source as well as slight atmospheric deposition, based on PCA. Additionally, the PCBs levels in the sediments were considered to rarely pose hazard to the aquatic and human health, based on Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Environment, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China.
| | - Fan Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Tiancheng Zhang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongqiang Yan
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Shao
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zhou
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hebing Tong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China
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Wu Q, Leung JYS, Tam NFY, Chen S, Mai B, Zhou X, Xia L, Geng X. Biological risk and pollution history of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Nansha mangrove, South China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2014; 85:92-8. [PMID: 24981104 PMCID: PMC7094500 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2014.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/09/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Chinese government has taken various measures to alleviate pollution caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the region of Pearl River Delta since the economic reform in 1978, but the effectiveness of these measures remains largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate the biological risk and pollution history of PAHs by measuring the concentrations of 28 PAHs in the surface and core sediments, respectively, in Nansha mangrove. Results found that the biological risk of PAHs was low without obvious spatial variation. The PAH concentration along the depth gradient indicated that PAH pollution was stabilized since the early 1990s while the source of PAHs has gradually changed from combustion of coal to petroleum products. This implied that the mitigation measures taken by the Chinese government were effective. Compared to marine bottom sediment, we propose that using mangrove sediment can provide a more accurate and precise estimate of pollution history of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihang Wu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jonathan Y S Leung
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Nora F Y Tam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shejun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Xizhen Zhou
- School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Lihua Xia
- School of Geographical Sciences, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xinhua Geng
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
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Machado KS, Figueira RCL, Côcco LC, Froehner S, Fernandes CVS, Ferreira PAL. Sedimentary record of PAHs in the Barigui River and its relation to the socioeconomic development of Curitiba, Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 482-483:42-52. [PMID: 24636886 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.02.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in a sediment core collected from the Barigui River, in Curitiba, South Brazil. The USEPA's 16 priority PAH concentrations ranged from 39ng g(-1) to 2350ng g(-1) of dry sediment over a period that corresponds temporally to between ca. 1855 and 2011. The concentrations and patterns of PAH distribution changed over this time period and may be associated with several episodes in the Curitiba's history. Two major PAHs concentration peaks occurred in approximately 1910 and 1970, which might reflect population increases due to immigration programs in the 1890s and the sudden economic development that occurred in Brazil from 1960 to 1980, "The Economic Miracle Period", respectively. Isomeric ratios revealed that the PAHs had predominantly pyrolytic sources. The population, number of highways and electric energy consumption of Curitiba, as indices of socioeconomic development, were positively correlated with PAH deposition in the sediment core from 1855 to 1970, indicating the influence of socioeconomic development on the environmental load of sedimentary PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karina S Machado
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil.
| | - Rubens C L Figueira
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Square, 191, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian C Côcco
- LACAUT - Analysis Laboratory of Automotive Fuels, Department of Chemical Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Sandro Froehner
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Cristovão V S Fernandes
- Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 81531-980, PR, Brazil
| | - Paulo A L Ferreira
- Oceanographic Institute, University of São Paulo, Oceanographic Square, 191, São Paulo 05508-120, SP, Brazil
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Xu J, Guo JY, Liu GR, Shi GL, Guo CS, Zhang Y, Feng YC. Historical trends of concentrations, source contributions and toxicities for PAHs in dated sediment cores from five lakes in western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 470-471:519-526. [PMID: 24176699 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/07/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this work, sixteen U.S. EPA priority PAH compounds in the dated sediment cores were detected from five lakes in western China. In most lakes, the concentrations of the total PAHs (ΣPAHs) increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments. Two source categories, i.e. vehicular emission and biomass & domestic coal combustion were identified by Unmix, a factor analysis receptor model to explore the source contributions of PAHs in the dated sediments. The source apportionment results showed that biomass & domestic coal combustion contributed larger proportion of PAHs in the five lakes. The toxicities of PAHs in the dated sediments, assessed by BaP equivalent (BaPE) values showed that the BaPE increased gradually from the deep layers to the surface sediments in most lakes. For the first effort, the contribution of each source to BaPE was apportioned by Unmix-BaPE method, and the result indicated that the vehicular emission posed the highest toxic risk. The percentage contribution of vehicular emission for PAHs and BaPE also increased from the deep layers to the surface sediments, while biomass & domestic coal combustion exhibited the opposite tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jian-Yang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Gui-Rong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Guo-Liang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
| | - Chang-Sheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yin-Chang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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Zhang R, Zhou L, Zhang F, Ding Y, Gao J, Chen J, Yan H, Shao W. Heavy metal pollution and assessment in the tidal flat sediments of Haizhou Bay, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2013; 74:403-412. [PMID: 23820195 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The heavy metal inventory and the ecological risk of the tidal flat sediments in Haizhou Bay were investigated. Results show that the average concentrations of heavy metals in the surface sediments exceeded the environment background values of Jiangsu Province coastal soil, suggesting that the surface sediments were mainly polluted by heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn). In addition, the profiles of heavy metals fluxes can reflect the socio-economic development of Lianyungang City, and heavy metals inputs were attributed to anthropogenic activities. Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn were mainly present in the non-bioavailable residual form in surface sediments, whereas Cd and Mn were predominantly in the highly mobile acid soluble and reducible fractions. The ecological risk of the polluted sediments stemmed mainly from Cd and Pb. According to the Sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), however, the adverse biological effects caused by the heavy metals occasionally occurred in tidal flat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Geodesy and Geomatics Engineering, Huaihai Institute of Technology, Lianyungang 222005, Jiangsu Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China.
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