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Khalid A, Abbasi NA, Jamil N, Syed JH, Ahmad SR, Qadir A. Level of polychlorinated biphenyls in tumor and blood serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects from Punjab, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171908. [PMID: 38527533 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
The current study examined the level of Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in tumor and blood serum of female breast cancer patients and control individuals recruited from Punjab, Pakistan. Breast tumor and blood serum from 40 patients and only blood serum from ten control subjects were obtained and concentration of 32 PCB congeners was analyzed through Gas chromatography coupled with Mass spectrophotometry. Sociodemographic variables of the patients along with essential clinical and haematological parameters were taken as covariates. Tumor reflects the highest median (min-max) concentration (ng g-1 lw) of ƩPCBs at 115.94 (0.05-17.75) followed by 16.53 (0.09-2.94) and 5.24 (0.01-0.59) in blood serum of cancer patients and control group respectively. Median concentrations (ng g-1 lw) of non-dioxine like ƩPCBs were considerably higher at 83.04, 32.89 and 4.27 compared to 13.03 and 3.50 and 0.97 for dioxin like ƩPCBs in tumor, serum of breast cancer patients and control subjects respectively. PCB-87 was most dominant congeners in tumor followed by PCB-170 and -82 whereas PCB-28 and -52 reflected greatest contribution in serum of breast cancer patients. Blood haemoglobin, potassium and chloride ions showed significant positive whereas body mass index reflect inverse relationship when regressed with ƩPCBs in tumor. This pioneer study depicts elevated concentrations of PCBs in patients compared to control, reflecting potential positive association of PCBs with breast cancer which need further confirmation. We concluded that chronic exposure to PCBs might be associated with an increasing number of breast cancer incidences in developing countries like Pakistan, which should be further elucidated through detail in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Khalid
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - N A Abbasi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - N Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - J H Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - S R Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - A Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences (CEES), University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
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2
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Han L, Wu W, Chen X, Gu M, Li J, Chen M, Zhou Y. The derivation of soil generic assessment criteria for polychlorinated biphenyls under the agricultural land scenario in Pearl and Yangtze River Delta regions, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 871:162015. [PMID: 36746284 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 12/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The agricultural soils in China are suffered from serious polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination, however, the valid management standards for farmland are absent to efficiently control the health risks of PCBs exposure. This study analyzed the contamination characteristics and main composition of PCBs in agricultural soils of the southeastern China from the published literature over the past 20 years, and derived the regional generic assessment criteria (GAC) using an exposure modelling approach for individual and total PCBs (∑PCBs) via multiple exposure pathways such as ingestion of soil and dust, consumption of vegetables, dermal contact with soil and dust, ingestion of soil attached to vegetables, and inhalation of soil vapour and soil-derived dust outdoors under the agricultural land scenario. It is identified that the averaged ∑PCBs concentration of 80.03 ng g-1 under the 95 % lower confidence limit with an unacceptable health risk of 4.8 × 10-6 has significantly exceeded the integrated generic assessment criteria (expressed as GACint) of 16.5 ng g-1. Accordingly, the exposure pathways from the consumption of agricultural produces and indirect ingestion of soil attached to vegetables contributed up to 62 %-88 % of the total exposure, followed by 11 %-33 % of the soil ingestion and 2 %-6 % of dermal contact. The derived GACint for ∑PCBs is extremely valuable to effectively assess and manage the PCBs contamination in agricultural soils of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Wenpei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueyan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Gu
- Nanjing Kaiye Environmental Technology Co Ltd, 8 Yuanhua Road, Innovation Building 106, Nanjing University Science Park, Nanjing 210034, China
| | - Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Soil and Groundwater Remediation of Contaminated Sites, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| | - Youya Zhou
- Technical Centre for Soil, Agriculture and Rural Ecology and Environment, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Beijing 100012, China.
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Liu T, Song Y, Wang X, Shi L, Dong M. A Facile and Rapid Strategy for Quantifying PCBs in Cereals Based on Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry: A Reference for Safety Concerns in Sustainable Textiles. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:1698. [PMID: 36837326 PMCID: PMC9961118 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cereals and their derivative products such as starch and cyclodextrin are significant natural materials for sustainable textile processing (e.g., sizing, dispersing, etc.). However, the contamination of cereals with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) is often neglected, which has led to increasing concerns due to the adverse effects on end users. Therefore, monitoring PCBs in cereals is of great importance in preventing health risks. However, high starch, protein, and fat contents make cereals a complicated matrix and can challenge the analysis of PCBs in cereals. This work describes a facile and rapid strategy for quantifying 18 PCBs in cereals that included corn, wheat, and rice through dispersive solid-phase extraction and gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. Importantly, this was the first time that carboxyl-modified, multi-walled carbon nanotubes were incorporated in the detection of PCBs in cereals. The influences of several parameters on the extraction and clean-up efficiency were investigated; these included the type and volume of extraction solvent, sonication time, and the type and dosage of the adsorbent. The matrix effects on quantification were also evaluated. This approach exhibited a better clean-up performance. All the analytes showed weak matrix effects, and thus a solvent standard plot could be prepared for their quantification. Spiking experiments in the selected matrices at three concentration levels from 0.5 to 10 μg/kg resulted in satisfactory recoveries that ranged from 79.2% to 110.5% with relative standard deviations (RSDs; n = 6) less than 10.3%. The limits of detection (LODs) and quantification (LOQs) ranged from 0.04 to 0.1 μg/kg and 0.1 to 0.4 μg/kg, respectively. The practical application of this method was investigated by analyzing actual cereal samples, which demonstrated that the proposed approach was a facile and efficient strategy for PCB determination and provided a reference for the safety evaluation of sustainable textiles. The method also could be generalized to other troublesome samples for testing of multiple PCBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215105, China
| | - Ying Song
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215105, China
| | - Xiangyun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Detection for Pesticide Residues and Control of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310021, China
| | - Linlin Shi
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215105, China
| | - Minghui Dong
- Jiangsu Taihu Area Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Suzhou 215105, China
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Sana S, Qadir A, Evans NP, Mumtaz M, Javaid A, Khan A, Kashif SUR, Rehman HU, Hashmi MZ. Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12965-12978. [PMID: 36121631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand, and the production of waste have increased the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of ∑PCBs17 congeners through ingestion of buffalo and cow's milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentrations of ∑DL-PCBs (8.74 ng g-1 and 14.60 ng g-1) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g-1 and 18.68 ng g-1) in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed, respectively. The PCB-156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g-1) and cow milk (2.86 ng g-1). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, hazard quotients (HQ) of the ∑PCBs17 congener value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sana
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ambreena Javaid
- Department of Geography, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saif-Ur-Rehman Kashif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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Paloluoğlu C, Bayraktar H. Determination of the gas/particle phase concentrations of PCBs in urban and rural atmosphere in Erzurum, Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2022; 194:779. [PMID: 36097084 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-022-10443-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling was conducted for the first time in Erzurum, Turkey, between August 2012 and January 2013, in order to investigate the presence of 82 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) congeners. Urban and rural ambient air samples, including gas and particle phase atmospheric concentrations (GAPPACs) of PCBs, were collected simultaneously using high volume air sampler (HVAS) at two different sampling points of Erzurum. GAPPACs of PCB samples taken using HVAS in Palandöken Mountain Region (2565 m) and Ataturk University Campus (1870 m) were analyzed in GC-MS following appropriate extraction steps. Throughout the sampling period, total ambient air concentrations (gas phase + particulate phase) were 10 ± 6 and 27 ± 13 pg/m3 (mean) for Palandöken Mountain Region (PMR) and Atatürk University Campus (AUC), respectively. Low molecular weighted PCBs were found to be dominant in both rural an urban sampling sites. Meteorological parameters especially temperature (from Clausius-Clapeyron equation), wind direction, wind velocity, and precipitation were found to be effective on PCB concentration and distribution. The gas-particle distributions of PCBs in the summer and winter period were found to be 82% (gas phase) and 18% (particle phase) in the PMR and 90% (gas phase) and 10% (particle phase) in AUC, through Junge-Pankow adsorption model. In the light of these findings, total PCB concentrations detected in urban atmosphere (due to possible PCB sources) were observed to be higher than those determined in rural area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cihan Paloluoğlu
- Department of Interior Architecture and Environmental, Faculty of Art and Design, Bayburt University, 69000, Bayburt, Turkey
| | - Hanefi Bayraktar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Erzurum Atatürk University, 25240, Erzurum, Turkey.
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Ravanipour M, Nabipour I, Yunesian M, Rastkari N, Mahvi AH. Exposure sources of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and health risk assessment: a systematic review in Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:55437-55456. [PMID: 35676570 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Abstract
This systematic review aims to identify the sources of exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), portioning, and human health risk assessment in Iran. The literature was searched in the international databases of Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus, Google Scholar, and the national databases of SID and MagIran up to November 14, 2020. Among all 153 articles, 21 eligible papers were identified. Among them, only one article was related to drinking water, the rest was related to food and soil, and no article was found on ambient air. The corrected portion of each exposure source was determined to be 90% for food, 9% for water, and 1% for air. The total hazard quotient (HQ) was determined to be within an unsafe range, and the total excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) was determined to be at a high risk of oral carcinogenesis. It is suggested that a comprehensive study be conducted in a specific period for all sources of exposure in all counties of Iran. Moreover, it is recommended that the policymakers set national standards for this pollutant in near future in some sources of exposure (e.g., drinking water) which have no standards in Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoumeh Ravanipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Masud Yunesian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran
- Department of Research Methodology and Data Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Noushin Rastkari
- Center for Water Quality Research (CWQR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Center for Air Pollution Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Hossein Mahvi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, PourSina St., Qods St., Enghelab St, Tehran, 141761315, Iran.
- Center for Solid Waste Research (CSWR), Institute for Environmental Research (IER), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Distribution, Source and Potential Risk Assessment of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) in Sediments from the Liaohe River Protected Area, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131910750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the occurrence, distribution, toxicity equivalency and health risks of dl-PCBs (dioxin-like PCBs) from nine sites collected in surface sediments from Liaohe River Protected Area. ∑dl-PCBs concentrations in sediments range from 79.2 to 365.1 pg/g. Sediment profiles showed that pentachlorobiphenyl is the most abundant congener among all sampling sites. The results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis indicated that PCBs were mainly derived from electronic waste and paint additives in the sediments of Liaohe River Protected Area. Toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) values of the PCBs in the Liaohe River Protected Area sediments are at comparatively lower levels compared with the previously reported data. Hazardous ratio (HR) for human health risk assessment allied to cancer was found to be lower than the non-carcinogenic risk assessment within an acceptable range.
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8
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Prithiviraj B, Taneja A, Chakraborty P. Atmospheric polychlorinated biphenyls in a non-metropolitan city in northern India: Levels, seasonality and sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:127700. [PMID: 33296997 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies from India reported polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) associated with incomplete combustion processes. In this study we have monitored atmospheric PCBs in Agra, a non-metropolitan city of northern India. During first month of summer and winter of 2017, polyurethane foam based passive air sampler (PUF-PAS) was deployed at each of 14 locations across urban, suburban and rural transects and one background site. Range of Σ25PCBs varied between 25 and 1433 pg/m3 (Avg ± Stdev: 460 ± 461) in summer and 26-205 pg/m3 (Avg ± Stdev: 106 ± 59) in winter. Mean Σ25PCBs concentration, showed an urban > suburban > rural trend in summer while, in winter a rural > urban > suburban trend was observed. PCB-52 was the dominant congener and after excluding this congener no significant difference was observed between summer and winter PCB concentrations. Using a combination of K-means cluster and principal component analysis (PCA) four major source types were identified. Open burning source accorded 80% of atmospheric PCBs, majorly indicator PCBs while the remaining 20% was contributed by atmospheric transport, petrogenic combustion and biomass burning. From the ten days back trajectory of the air mass it can be suggested that atmospheric transport from the hotspots resulted in a minor percentage of dioxin like PCBs in Agra. Maximum TEQs was accorded by PCB-77 (30%) and it is consistent with previous observations from Agra. Levels observed in the current study are well within the public health guideline based on inhalation unit risk (10 ng/m3) and United States Environmental Protection Agency's regional screening level high risk tier (4.9 ng/m3) for ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Prithiviraj
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ajay Taneja
- Department of Chemistry, Dr.B.R.Ambedkar University, Agra, Khandari Campus, 282002, India
| | - Paromita Chakraborty
- Department of Civil Engineering, SRM Research Institute, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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Mahmood A, Hussain Syed J, Raza W, Tabinda AB, Mehmood A, Li J, Zhang G, Azam M. Human Health Risk Assessment by Dietary Intake and Spatial Distribution Pattern of Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers and Dechloran Plus from Selected Cities of Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17249543. [PMID: 33419309 PMCID: PMC7766582 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A class of intractable bio accumulative halogenated compounds polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) was studied. Specifically, PBDEs and dechloran plus (DP) contamination in wheat and the assaulted environment—agricultural soil and dust—from metropolitan cities of Pakistan was the focus. The exposure of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) to humans, their probable toxicological impact on health, source apportionment, and the spatial tendency of BFRs were studied. Chromatographic analysis was performed, and concentrations (ng g−1) of ΣPBDE and ΣDP in soil, dust, and cereal crops were estimated in a range from 0.63 to 31.70 n.d. to 6.32 and n.d. to 3.47, respectively, and 0.11 to 7.05, n.d. to 4.56 and 0.05 to 4.95, respectively. Data analysis of source apportionment reflected that the existence of solid and e-waste sites, long-range transport, urban and industrial fraction can be the potential source of PBDE and DP pollution. Moreover, potential hazardous risks to human health across the study area via the dietary intake of cereal foods were deemed trifling, and were gauged on the basis of existing toxicological data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, GC Women University, Sialkot 51310, Pakistan;
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Jabir Hussain Syed
- Department of Meteorology, COMSATS University, Islamabad Tarlai Kalan, Park Road Islamabad, Islamabad 45550, Pakistan;
| | - Waseem Raza
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Amtul Bari Tabinda
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China; (W.R.); (A.M.)
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (J.L.); (G.Z.)
| | - Mudassar Azam
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bio Science Engineering, TU Wien, 1060 Vienna, Austria
- Correspondence:
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Egorova DO, Buzmakov SA. Carcinogenic and teratogenic status of human population and polychlorinated biphenyls contaminations of soils and biota (European pied flycatcher) in a Perm (Western Ural, Russia). ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2020; 42:4299-4311. [PMID: 32557128 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-020-00615-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are included in the persistent organic pollutants designated by the Stockholm Convention and are hazardous compounds both for the environment and public health. The aim of this study was to determine the level of environmental pollution of PCBs in the Perm, in soil and biota (European pied flycatcher), and to analyze whether its presence was the cause of cancer and congenital malformations in the population. Soils in the study area had PCB concentrations of 101.87 µg/kg in the Industrialniy District and 27.81 µg/kg in the Leninskiy District of the Perm in 2005. The chemical composition of the individual PCBs and PCB groups were the same in the soils of both regions. The blood of nestlings of the European pied flycatcher raised in the Industrialniy District contained 9.61 ng PCB/ml, while those in the Leninskiy District had 5.64 ng PCB/ml in 2005. A linear correlation was established between the PCB contamination of soils and PCB contamination of pied flycatcher nestling's blood, and inverse linear correlation was established between the content of PCB in the blood of nestlings and the success of breeding of the pied flycatcher in Perm. An epidemiological analysis revealed a high incidence of cancer among the human population of the Industrialniy and Leninskiy districts (371.7 and 376.85 cases per 100,000 population, mean for the 2003-2018, respectively), which exceeded the figure for the whole of Perm (350.77 cases per 100,000 population, mean for the 2003-2018). The incidence rate of congenital malformations in Perm for the study period was 48.51 per 1000 human births. However, a decrease in the concentration of PCBs in soil and biota over a 15-year period (2005-2019) to the less than the detection limit did not lead to a decrease in the incidence of these diseases. Probably, PCB contamination was not the main cause of oncological diseases and congenital malformations in the population of the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- D O Egorova
- Department of Biogeocenology and Nature Protection, Perm State University, Perm, Russian Federation.
| | - S A Buzmakov
- Department of Biogeocenology and Nature Protection, Perm State University, Perm, Russian Federation
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11
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Li W, Achal V. Environmental and health impacts due to e-waste disposal in China - A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 737:139745. [PMID: 32516663 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
E-waste is discarded and shipped mostly to developing countries located in Asian continent for disposal from other developed countries. Especially 70% of the world's e-waste ends up in Guiyu, a small town located in Guangdong Province of China. As little as 25% is recycled in formal recycling centers with adequate protection for workers and the other e-waste arrived in those areas is not handled in organized manner. As per reports only roughly 12.5% of e-waste is actually recycled, and the recycling efforts in those regions are primitive and result in toxic substances being leached into the surrounding ecosystems. In addition to persistent organic pollutants, there are many heavy metals found in the ground and river sediments in Guiyu, exceeding the threshold set to protect human health. Those areas are no longer suitable for growing food, and water is unsafe for drinking, due to the amount of toxins leached into the groundwater and land. Hazardous threats to environment and human health due to hazardous substances of e-waste all around China, as well as the current e-waste management were documented in this review. The article concludes with controlled contamination sources, and eco-friendly and efficient remediation technologies to solve e-waste problem in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weila Li
- Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel
| | - Varenyam Achal
- Environmental Engineering Program, Guangdong Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Shantou 515063, China; Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 32000, Israel.
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Naqvi A, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Baqar M, Aslam I, Jamil N, Mumtaz M, Saeed S, Zhang G. Screening of human health risk to infants associated with the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in human milk from Punjab Province, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:6837-6850. [PMID: 31879876 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07126-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assessed the polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) levels in human milk and its associated health risk to infants from rural and urban settings of five districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. The ∑34PCB concentrations ranged from 30.9 to 68.3 ng g-1 on lipid weight (l.w.) basis. The ∑8DL-PCB concentrations were ranged from 0.29 to 1.35 ng g-1 l.w., (mean 6.2 ± 8.7 ng g-1 l.w.), with toxicity equivalent to polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (PCDDs) ranging from 8.58 × 10-6 to 0.05 ng TEQ g-1 l.w. The spatial trend of PCB levels in human milk revealed higher bioaccumulative levels for urban mothers as compared with rural counterparts. The estimated daily intake (EDI) values of DL-PCBs to infants through trans-mammary transfer were considerably higher than tolerable daily intake limits established by WHO (i.e., 1-4 pg TEQ kg-1 bw) and other globally recognized organizations. Similarly, the hazard quotient values for TEQ ∑8DL-PCBs (range 1.21 to 79.87) were far above the benchmark value of 1 at all the sampling sites, indicating the high levels of adverse health risks to infants in the region through breast milk consumption. The ∑34PCB levels were found to be negatively correlated with mother' age (r = -0.31; p = 0.02), parity (r = - 0.85; p = 0.001), and infant' birth weight (r = - 0.73; p = 0.01). The present study suggests undertaking comprehensive public health risk assessment studies and firm regulatory measures to safeguard human health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anber Naqvi
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Science, Government College for Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control (SKJLESPC), Beijing Key Laboratory for Emerging Organic Contaminants Control (BKLEOC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Salman Saeed
- Food and Biotechnology Research Center, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Lahore, 54600, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, People's Republic of China
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Shi J, Xiang L, Luan H, Wei Y, Ren H, Chen P. The health concern of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in a notorious e-waste recycling site. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109817. [PMID: 31634659 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2019] [Revised: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) remain a relatively high level in e-waste recycling regions 3 decades after ban on use. Illegal recycling activities cunningly moved under the environmental law enforcement. Here, we analyzed PCBs in soils and plants from Guiyu, China (one of the world's largest recycling areas) to understand the relationship between PCBs pollution and the transition of recycling activities (locations and techniques). High concentrations of PCBs were found in soil and plant samples from emerging recycling sites, up to 234 ng g-1 and 236 ng g-1 (dry weight), respectively. The recycling activities, specifically the open burning process, would obviously aggravate the PCB pollution levels in its environment. The calculated values of estimated daily intake and hazard ratios of PCBs in dietary routes showed that health risks should be taken seriously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingchun Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China; Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Xiang
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hemi Luan
- SUSTech Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518000, China
| | - Yanfu Wei
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Helong Ren
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China
| | - Pengcheng Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510006, China.
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Xu C, Niu L, Zou D, Zhu S, Liu W. Congener-specific composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in soil-air partitioning and the associated health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 684:486-495. [PMID: 31154221 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Revised: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The recent changes in the compositions of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) after their restriction for 40 years may have various effects on human health. In order to characterize the congener-specific compositions of PCBs in the soil-air process and assess the associated human health risks, soil and air samples were simultaneously collected in winter and summer at two different functional locations. Homologue patterns suggest that long-range atmospheric transport might be the major source of soil and air residues of PCBs. The net deposition from air to soil was overwhelming for most PCB congeners. Variations in the occurrence and the homologue patterns of PCBs between the soil and air interface depended on chemical volatility, soil organic matter (OM) content, ambient temperature, topographical condition and atmospheric transport. Dioxin-like PCBs accounted for 11.0-70.3% and 2.31-54.8% of total PCB residues in soil and air, respectively. Non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks associated with exposure to soil and air PCBs were also estimated. Different PCB congeners showed different health effects, with the highest contribution from PCB-26. Additionally, the non-carcinogenic risk levels of PCBs were enhanced, while the carcinogenic risk levels decreased during the soil-air exchange process of PCBs with time. Our results highlight the soil-air interaction of PCBs in predicting their potential human exposure health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Xu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Lili Niu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
| | - Deliang Zou
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Siyu Zhu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Weiping Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Liao R, Li W, Kang Z, Tang L, Yang B, Wang L. Distribution characteristics and ecological evaluation of chlorobenzene compounds in surface sediment of the Maowei Sea, Guangxi, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2019; 191:309. [PMID: 31028555 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-019-7397-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To enhance our understanding on environmental conditions of the Maowei Sea in Guangxi province, China, the concentration and distribution of 22 chlorobenzene compounds (CBs) in the surface sediment were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The relationship of the sediment between CBs and total organic carbon (TOC) was also investigated. The results showed that a total of eight kinds of CBs compounds were detected in the sediment samples which were collected from the coastal environment of the Maowei Sea, with an average concentration of 15.3 ng·g-1 (the concentration range, 2.5-61.5 ng·g-1). The rank of their average concentrations was as follows: 2,3,4,5,6-pentachlorotoluene > hexachlorobenzene, 2-chlorotoluene, 3-chlorotoluene and 2,3-dichlorotoluene > 2,4-dichlorotoluene > 4-chlorotoluene > pentachlorobenzene. Most CBs were distributed in sediments along the east coast of the Maowei Sea. For total TOC content in sediments, the concentration in the sampling locations was similar, with a mean concentration of 8.83 g·kg-1 (the concentration range, 4.87-20.13 g·kg-1). However, there was no significant correlation between the concentration of TOC and total CBs. Compared to the corresponding CBs in the sediment of other coastal areas in mainland China and other countries, the value of CBs in the Maowei Sea was low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riquan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Weitao Li
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Kang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Applied Radiation, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Yang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535000, Guangxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Wang
- Institute of Nanochemistry and Nanobiology, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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Yang L, Hu Z, Yan F. RETRACTED: Threats of indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in six molluscs from market to food safety: A case study in Haikou City, China. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2019; 138:187-192. [PMID: 30660261 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.11.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 11/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of the Editor-in-Chief and Authors. The article is a duplicate of a paper that has already been published in the Chinese language in the Journal of Ecology and Rural Environment, 34 (2018) 1091-1095. doi:10.11934/j.issn.1673-4831.2018.12.005). One of the conditions of submission of a paper for publication is that authors declare explicitly that the paper has not been previously published and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. As such this article represents a misuse of the scientific publishing system. The scientific community takes a very strong view on this matter and apologies are offered to readers of the journal that this was not detected during the submission process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luyao Yang
- College of Marine Science, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- School of Public Health, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China; Lishui City Center of Disease Control and Prevention, Lishui 323000, China
| | - Feng Yan
- College of Marine Science, State Key Laboratory of Marine Resource Utilization in South China Sea, Key Laboratory of Tropical Biological Resources of Ministry of Education, Haikou 570228, China.
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17
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Zhou Y, Xiang Y, He Y, Yang Y, Zhang J, Luo L, Peng H, Dai C, Zhu F, Tang L. Applications and factors influencing of the persulfate-based advanced oxidation processes for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminated with organic compounds. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 359:396-407. [PMID: 30055429 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Persulfate is the latest oxidant which is being used increasingly for the remediation of groundwater and soil contaminated with organic compounds. It is of great significant to offer readers a general summary about different methods of activating persulfate, mainly including heat-activated, metal ions-activated, UV-activated, and alkaline-activated. Meanwhile, in addition to persulfate concentration as an influencing factor for persulfate oxidation process, selected information like temperature, anions, cations, pH, and humic acid are presented and discussed. The last section focuses on the advantages of different activated persulfate processes, and the suggestions and research needs for persulfate-based advanced oxidation in the remediation of polluted groundwater and soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Yujia Xiang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yangzhuo He
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Yuan Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China.
| | - Jiachao Zhang
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Lin Luo
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Hui Peng
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Chunhao Dai
- College of Resources and Environment, Hunan Agricultural University, Changsha 410128, China
| | - Feng Zhu
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Lin Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
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18
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Pan L, Sun J, Le XC, Zhu L. Effect of copper on the translocation and transformation of polychlorinated biphenyls in rice. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 193:514-520. [PMID: 29169126 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contamination of organic pollutants in the environment is usually accompanied by heavy metals. However, a little information on the influences of heavy metals on the uptake, translocation and transformation of organic pollutants in plants is available. In this study, ten-day hydroponic exposure was conducted to explore the influence of copper (Cu) on the bioaccumulation and biotransformation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in intact young rice (Oryza sativa L.). Low dose of Cu (≤100 μmol/L) increased the accumulation of CB-61 in rice plants, while excess concentrations of Cu (>100 μmol/L) inhibited uptake and translocation of CB-61. Effect of Cu on the uptake of CB-61 was attributed to the Cu-triggered damage to the roots of rice plants. The presence of a moderate dose of Cu (50 μmol/L) enhanced the formation of hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and methoxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (MeO-PCBs), whereas excess concentrations of Cu (250 μmol/L) inhibited the metabolism of CB-61. The effect of Cu on the interconversion between 4'-OH-CB-61 and 4'-MeO-CB-61 was also concentration dependent: the biotransformation was promoted by a moderate concentration of Cu but inhibited by excess concentrations of Cu. The activities of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent methyltransferase in the roots of rice plants exposed to Cu and CB-61 or its derivatives were consistent with the pattern and trend of the metabolites observed in rice roots. These results could provide valuable insights into the interactions and combined effects of PCBs and heavy metals in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - X Chris Le
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.
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Baqar M, Sadef Y, Ahmad SR, Mahmood A, Qadir A, Aslam I, Li J, Zhang G. Occurrence, ecological risk assessment, and spatio-temporal variation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in water and sediments along River Ravi and its northern tributaries, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:27913-27930. [PMID: 28988301 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0182-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Ecological risk assessment, spatio-temporal variation, and source apportionment of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were studied in surface sediments and water from River Ravi and its three northern tributaries (Nullah Deg, Nullah Basantar, and Nullah Bein) in Pakistan. In total, 35 PCB congeners were analyzed along 27 sampling stations in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon seasons. The ∑35PCB concentration ranged from 1.06 to 95.76 ng/g (dw) in sediments and 1.94 to 11.66 ng/L in water samples, with hexa-CBs and tetra-CBs as most dominant homologs in sediments and water matrixes, respectively. The ∑8DL-PCB levels were 0.33-22.13 ng/g (dw) and 0.16-1.95 ng/L in sediments and water samples, respectively. The WHO-toxic equivalent values were ranged from 1.18 × 10-6 to 0.012 ng/L and 1.8 × 10-6 to 0.031 ng/g in water and sediments matrixes, respectively. The ecological risk assessment indicates considerable potential ecological risk during pre-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 95.17) and moderate potential ecological risk during post-monsoon season ([Formula: see text] = 49.11). The industrial and urban releases were recognized as key ongoing sources for high PCB levels in environment. Therefore, we recommend more freshwater ecological studies to be conducted in the study area and firm regulatory initiatives are required to be taken in debt to the Stockholm Convention, 2001 to cop up with PCB contamination on emergency basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mujtaba Baqar
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan.
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
| | - Yumna Sadef
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College Women University, Sialkot, 51310, Pakistan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
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Xu Z, Chen Y, Qiu Y, Gu W, Li Y. Prediction of stability for polychlorinated biphenyls in transformer insulation oil through three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship pharmacophore model and full factor experimental design. Chem Res Chin Univ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-016-5461-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Sun J, Pan L, Su Z, Zhan Y, Zhu L. Interconversion between Methoxylated and Hydroxylated Polychlorinated Biphenyls in Rice Plants: An Important but Overlooked Metabolic Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3668-3675. [PMID: 26928534 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
To date, there is limited knowledge on the methoxylation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and the relationship between hydroxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (OH-PCBs) and methoxylated polychlorinated biphenyls (MeO-PCBs) in organisms. In this study, rice (Oryza sativa L.) was chosen as the model organism to determine the metabolism of PCBs in plants. Limited para-substituted 4'-OH-CB-61 (major metabolite) and 4'-MeO-CB-61 (minor metabolite) were found after a 5-day exposure to CB-61, while ortho- and meta-substituted products were not detected. Interconversion between OH-PCBs and MeO-PCBs in organisms was observed for the first time. The demethylation ratio of 4'-MeO-CB-61 was 18 times higher than the methylation ratio of 4'-OH-CB-61, indicating that formation of OH-PCBs was easier than formation of MeO-PCBs. The transformation products were generated in the roots after 24 h of exposure. The results of in vivo and in vitro exposure studies show that the rice itself played a key role in the whole transformation processes, while endophytes were jointly responsible for hydroxylation of PCBs and demethylation of MeO-PCBs. Metabolic pathways of PCBs, OH-PCBs, and MeO-PCBs in intact rice plants are proposed. The findings are important in understanding the fate of PCBs and the source of OH-PCBs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianteng Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lili Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Zhenzhu Su
- State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yu Zhan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control , Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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22
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Haddaoui I, Mahjoub O, Mahjoub B, Boujelben A, Di Bella G. Occurrence and distribution of PAHs, PCBs, and chlorinated pesticides in Tunisian soil irrigated with treated wastewater. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:195-205. [PMID: 26716883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Treated wastewater (TWW) is a well recognized source of organic pollutants (OPs) that may accumulate during irrigation. For the first time, data on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyles (PCBs) and organochlorinated pesticides (OCPs) in wastewater irrigated soil in Nabeul (Tunisia) are reported. 13 PAHs, 18 PCBs and 16 OCPs were analyzed in soil samples collected at 0-10 and 10-20 cm depth before each and every irrigation and after the irrigation period expanding from June to October. Soil was extracted with an accelerated solvent extractor and analyzed by a tandem gas chromatograph in selected reaction monitoring mode (GC/MS/MS/SRM). OPs residues were detected before irrigation and accumulated at the end of the season for some of them. The total concentration of PAHs varied between 120.01 and 365.18 μg kg(-1) dry weight (dw) at 0-10 cm depth before and at the end of irrigation, respectively. The total concentration of PCBs varied between 11.26 and 21.89 μg kg(-1) dw at 0-10 cm, being higher than those reported for 10-20 cm. The six indicator PCB congeners (28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) were predominant. OCPs concentrations ranged between 12.49 and 21.81 μg kg(-1) at 0-10 cm and between 74.03 and 310.54 μg kg(-1) at 10-20 cm depth. DDT was predominant accounting for more than 94% of the total OCPs. In view of the present results, OPs are relevant to the agricultural environment, calling for more research on their persistence and potential transfer to plants and/or groundwater while taking into account farmers' practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imen Haddaoui
- Department of Horticultural Systems Engineering and Environment, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, BP. 47, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Olfa Mahjoub
- National Research Institute for Rural Engineering, Water, and Forestry, Carthage University, P.O. Box 10, 2080 Ariana, Tunisia.
| | - Borhane Mahjoub
- Department of Horticultural Systems Engineering and Environment, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, BP. 47, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Abdelhamid Boujelben
- Department of Horticultural Systems Engineering and Environment, Higher Institute of Agronomy Chott Mariem, University of Sousse, BP. 47, 4042 Sousse, Tunisia.
| | - Giuseppa Di Bella
- Department of Environment, Safety, Territory, Food and Health Sciences "Carmelo Abbate", University of Messina, Viale Ferdinando Stagno d'Alcontres No. 31, 98166 S. Agata, Messina, Italy.
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23
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Mumtaz M, Mehmood A, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Malik RN, Sabir AM, Li J, Zhang G. Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) in rice grains and straw; risk surveillance, congener specific analysis, distribution and source apportionment from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 543:620-627. [PMID: 26613515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents health risk surveillance by investigating the levels of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grains and rice straw. Samples were collected from four districts (Okara, Sahiwal, Lahore and Sheikhpura) of Punjab Province, Pakistan for congener specific analysis of PCBs, and to observe the spatial distribution pattern and point sources. Level of Σ30 PCB (ng g(-1)) in rice grains and rice straw ranged from 4.31 to 29.68 and 6.11-25.35, respectively. Tetra-CBs were found predominant in rice straw (49%) and grains (38%) over other PCB homologs. No significant variation (P>0.005) was observed for most of the screened PCBs congeners except, PCB-66, -77, -60, -101, -74, -138, -153 and -105 in rice grains and PCB-66 in rice straw. Reported toxicity equivalency (TEQ) values for dioxin like PCBs in rice grains were found lower than the previously published reports from Asian countries, however higher TEQ values are reported for rice straw in this study. Health was found at risk of cancer among one in million by consumption of the study area food stuffs, though no considerable carcinogenic risks to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad PO: 45550, Pakistan; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environment Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | | | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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He Q, Qin L, Zhang X, Wang L, Sun P, Wang Z. Occurrence of Polychlorodibenzothiophenes in Nanjing Section of the Yangtze River, China. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 69:453-460. [PMID: 25935200 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-015-0159-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and water samples collected from 8 sites of the Yangtze River in Nanjing section were characterized with 31 congeners of polychlorodibenzothiophenes (PCDTs). Concentrations and percentage compositions of these PCDTs in water and sediments were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results showed that ∑PCDT concentrations in sediments were higher (0.86-1.75 μg/kg) than those in water (0.56-1.30 μg/L). A linear relationship existed between ∑PCDT concentrations and total organic carbon content in sediments, whereas there was a poor linearity between ∑PCDTs concentrations and dissolved organic carbon content in water phase. Moreover, percentage compositions showed that penta-chlorinated DTs were the predominant congeners both in sediments and water. Differences existed in the percentage compositions between water and sediments. Highly chlorinated DTs accounted for a larger proportion in sediments than those in water. In conclusion, the present study showed the prevalent contamination by PCDTs in sediments and water from the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun He
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuesheng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Liansheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Eqani SAMAS, Cincinelli A, Mehmood A, Malik RN, Zhang G. Occurrence, bioaccumulation and risk assessment of dioxin-like PCBs along the Chenab river, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2015; 206:688-695. [PMID: 26342456 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.08.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the occurrence, distribution and dietary risks of seven dl-PCBs (dioxin-like PCBs) in eleven collected fish species from Chenab river, Pakistan. ∑7dl-PCBs (ng g(-1), wet weight) burden was species-specific and the maximum average concentrations were found in Mastacembelus armatus (5.43), and Rita rita (5.1). Correlation of each dl-PCBs with δ(15)N%, indicated a food chain accumulation process of these chemicals into Chenab river, Pakistan. Species-specific toxicity of each dl-PCBs (WHO-PCBs TEQ) was calculated and higher values were found in three carnivore fish species i.e., M. armatus (2.5 pg TEQ g(-1)), R. rita (2.47 pg TEQ g(-1)), Securicola gora (2.98 pg TEQ g(-1)) and herbivore fish species i.e., Cirrhinus mrigala (2.44 pg TEQ g(-1)). The EDI (Estimated Daily Intake) values in most cases exceeded the WHO benchmark (4 pg WHO-TEQ kg(-1) bw d(-1)) evidencing a potential health risk for consumers via fish consumption from Chenab river.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Cincinelli
- Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy; Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali (CNR-IDPA), Venezia, Italy
| | - Adeel Mehmood
- State Key Lab of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Organic Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, PR China
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Li Q, Wang Y, Luo C, Li J, Zhang G. Characterization and risk assessment of polychlorinated biphenyls in soils and rice tissues in a suburban paddy field of the Pearl River Delta, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:11626-11633. [PMID: 25847439 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the concentration and composition of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in paddy soils and rice tissues and the associated potential health risks in the urban agricultural areas of the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China. The results indicated that highly chlorinated PCBs were more prominent in soil when the concentrations of low-molecular-weight PCBs were relatively high in rice plants. There was a trend of decreasing PCB concentrations with soil depth and a significant correlation between PCBs and the total organic carbon or total nitrogen concentration in section soils. The PCB concentrations followed the order of root > leaf > stem > grain. Although the dioxin toxicity equivalency values and estimated daily intake levels (based direct and indirect consumption) were lower than in other seriously contaminated regions, there is still a need to monitor PCB pollution in urban agriculture because of the PCB emissions from capacitor storage following the rapid urbanization experienced in the PRD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qilu Li
- Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environmental and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Control, School of Environment, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang, 453007, China
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Qin L, Feng M, Zhang X, Wang L, Wang Z. Occurrence of polychlorinated diphenyl ethers in Nanjing section of the Yangtze River: level and distribution pattern. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:9224-9232. [PMID: 25588597 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-4056-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/30/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs) are a group of halogenated aromatic compounds and serious environmental pollutants. In the present study, sediment and water samples from eight sites in Nanjing section of the Yangtze River were characterized with 15 congeners of PCDEs. Concentrations and distributions of these PCDEs in water phase and sediments were analyzed by GC/MS. Results demonstrated that ∑PCDE concentrations were higher in the low water period (1.15-1.80 μg/L) than those in the high water period (0.73-1.30 μg/L) in water phase. Moreover, ∑PCDE concentrations were higher in the low water period (1.58-3.98 μg/kg) than those in the high water period (1.24-3.48 μg/kg) in sediments. A significant linear relationship existed between the ∑PCDE concentrations and TOC contents in sediments, but a poor linearity was found between ∑PCDE concentrations and DOC contents in water phase. Furthermore, the comparison of the percentage compositions in sediments and in water phase showed that CDE-30 (2,4,6-tri-CDE) was the predominant congener in the studied sites, and higher chlorinated congeners accounted for a larger proportion in sediments than those in water phase. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated the prevalent contamination by PCDEs in sediments and water from the Nanjing section of the Yangtze River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
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Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Mahmood A, Mehmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Yousaf Z, Jamil N, Shaikh IA, Ali H, Zhang G. Human health risk assessment, congener specific analysis and spatial distribution pattern of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) through rice crop from selected districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 511:354-361. [PMID: 25553549 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To evaluate the screening level risk assessment of OCPs in rice (Oryza sativa L.) straw (n=20) and rice grains (n=20), samples were collected from different districts of Punjab Province, Pakistan. ∑OCPs' levels (ng g(-1)) in rice straw and grains ranged from 3.63 to 39.40, 2.72 to 49.89, respectively. DDTs were found predominant over the other detected OCP isomers followed by HCH and heptachlor. Results of one way ANOVA reflected no significant difference for OCPs' levels among sampling sites, except heptachlor for rice grains. ∑OCPs' concentration in rice straw samples was exceeding the minimal residual levels (MRLs) (Australian and Japanese). Results of dietary intake and risk assessment suggested that rice straw is not safe for animals to consume as fodder. Human health was suggested to have some carcinogenic risks by consumption of rice grains, however, no considerable hazardous risk (non-carcinogenic) to human health was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan.
| | - Andleeb Mehmood
- Department of Chemistry, Mirpur University of Science and Technology (MUST), Mirpur, AJ&K, Pakistan
| | - Riffat Naseem Malik
- Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad 45320, Pakistan
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zubaida Yousaf
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Irfan Ahmed Shaikh
- College of Earth and Environmental Science, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ali
- Pakistan Museum of Natural History, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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Mahmood A, Malik RN, Li J, Zhang G. Distribution, congener profile, and risk of polybrominated diphenyl ethers and dechlorane plus in water and sediment from two tributaries of the Chenab River, Pakistan. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2015; 68:83-91. [PMID: 25149073 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-014-0074-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There are a limited number of scientific reports available regarding polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and dechlorane plus (DP) screening levels and ecological risk assessment in environmental compartments. The present study was aimed to assess the screening-level risk assessment, congener-specific analysis, and spatial distribution pattern of PBDEs and DP in water and sediment. Samples were collected from upstream feeding tributaries (Nullah Aik and Nullah Palkhu) of the River Chenab, Pakistan. ∑PBDE concentrations in water and sediment ranged from 0.48 to 73.4 ng L(-1) and 0.35 to 88.1 ng g(-1) (dw), respectively, whereas levels of ∑DP in water and sediment were 0.01-4.58 and 0.10-12.5 ng g(-1) dw, respectively. Ratio for fsyn in sediment (ng g(-1)) and water (ng L(-1)) ranged between 0.59-0.64 and 0.60-0.68, respectively, which reflected no use of industrial mixture of DP isomers in the study area. Potential risks to ecological integrities through contaminated water and sediments in the study area were deemed marginal at the present time as assessed on the basis of the available and current toxicological data. The scarcity of data on levels, source apportionment, and detected permissible limits of PBDEs and DP warrant future auxiliary study of this group of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeel Mahmood
- Environmental Biology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-I-Azam University, Islamabad, 45320, Pakistan,
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