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Parveen N, Chowdhury S, Goel S. Environmental impacts of the widespread use of chlorine-based disinfectants during the COVID-19 pandemic. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:85742-85760. [PMID: 35091954 PMCID: PMC8799444 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18316-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated disinfectants are widely used in hospitals, COVID-19 quarantine facilities, households, institutes, and public areas to combat the spread of the novel coronavirus as they are effective against viruses on various surfaces. Medical facilities have enhanced their routine disinfection of indoors, premises, and in-house sewage. Besides questioning the efficiency of these compounds in combating coronavirus, the impacts of these excessive disinfection efforts have not been discussed anywhere. The impacts of chlorine-based disinfectants on both environment and human health are reviewed in this paper. Chlorine in molecular and in compound forms is known to pose many health hazards. Hypochlorite addition to soil can increase chlorine/chloride concentration, which can be fatal to plant species if exposed. When chlorine compounds reach the sewer/drainage system and are exposed to aqueous media such as wastewater, many disinfection by-products (DBPs) can be formed depending on the concentrations of natural organic matter, inorganics, and anthropogenic pollutants present. Chlorination of hospital wastewater can also produce toxic drug-derived disinfection by-products. Many DBPs are carcinogenic to humans, and some of them are cytotoxic, genotoxic, and mutagenic. DBPs can be harmful to the flora and fauna of the receiving water body and may have adverse effects on microorganisms and plankton present in these ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseeba Parveen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Shamik Chowdhury
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Sudha Goel
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India.
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2
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Poirier Larabie S, Jutras M, Leclair G, St-Jean I, Kleinert C, Gagné F, Gagnon C. Evaluation of uptake of the cytostatic methotrexate in Elliptio complanata mussels by LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:45303-45313. [PMID: 35146607 PMCID: PMC9209350 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19064-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Aquatic organisms are continuously exposed to emerging contaminants coming from urban effluents of wastewater treatment plants. The contamination of surface water by those effluents poses a number of environmental risks, and pharmaceuticals are part of this class of effluent contaminants. Various classes of pharmaceuticals are not treated by wastewater treatment plants and anticancer drugs are part of them. The chemotherapy drug methotrexate (MTX) is an emerging contaminant and its growing use with the increase in cancer cases worldwide raises potential risk to aquatic organisms exposed to effluent discharges. However, chemical analyses in exposed freshwater aquatic organisms for ecotoxicological studies are rarely available and no studies have been done yet to accompany ecotoxicological data of exposed filter-feeding organisms. The purpose of this study was to develop a specific and sensitive analytical LC-MS/MS method for the quantification of methotrexate uptake in mussels exposed at different concentrations of the drug. A solid/liquid extraction followed by solid phase extraction (SPE) using an MCX phase purification scheme was optimized. The optimal recovery of 65% and matrix effect of 38% allowed to achieve a limit of quantification of 0.25 ng g-1, with an accuracy of 99-106%, a precision of no more than 3% RSD, and linearity ranging from 0.25 to 25 ng g-1. This methodology was tested with mussels exposed for 96 h at different concentrations (4 to 100 µg L-1) of MTX. The data revealed tissue uptake at concentrations ranging from 0 to 2.53 ng g-1. This suggests that this drug has low uptake potential and this methodology could be used to examine tissue levels of this drug in organisms continuously exposed to urban pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvie Poirier Larabie
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Martin Jutras
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Grégoire Leclair
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Isabelle St-Jean
- Faculté de Pharmacie, Université de Montréal, Plateforme de biopharmacieC.P. 6128, succ. Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, H3C 3J7, Canada
| | - Christine Kleinert
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - François Gagné
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada
| | - Christian Gagnon
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, 105 McGill St., 8th floor, Montréal, Québec, H2Y 2E7, Canada.
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3
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Potential of enzymatic process as an innovative technology to remove anticancer drugs in wastewater. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 104:23-31. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-10229-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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4
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Simultaneous and systematic analysis of cytostatic drugs in wastewater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2019; 1110-1111:124-132. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2019.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Kosjek T, Negreira N, Heath E, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Aerobic activated sludge transformation of vincristine and identification of the transformation products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 610-611:892-904. [PMID: 28830049 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 08/06/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to identify (bio)transformation products of vincristine, a plant alkaloid chemotherapy drug. A batch biotransformation experiment was set-up using activated sludge at two concentration levels with and without the addition of a carbon source. Sample analysis was performed on an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometer. To identify molecular ions of vincristine transformation products and to propose molecular and chemical structures, we performed data-dependent acquisition experiments combining full-scan mass spectrometry data with product ion spectra. In addition, the use of non-commercial detection and prediction algorithms such as MZmine 2 and EAWAG-BBD Pathway Prediction System, was proven to be proficient for screening for transformation products in complex wastewater matrix total ion chromatograms. In this study eleven vincristine transformation products were detected, nine of which were tentatively identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kosjek
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Jožef Stefan Institute, Department of Environmental Sciences, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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6
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Santana-Viera S, Guedes-Alonso R, Sosa-Ferrera Z, Santana-Rodríguez JJ, Kabir A, Furton KG. Optimization and application of fabric phase sorptive extraction coupled to ultra-high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry for the determination of cytostatic drug residues in environmental waters. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1529:39-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.10.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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Khalit WNAW, Tay KS. The fate of sotalol in aqueous chlorination: Kinetics, mechanisms and ecotoxicity assessment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 145:214-220. [PMID: 28738204 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Unmetabolized pharmaceuticals often enter the water treatment plants and exposed to various treatment processes. Among these water treatment processes, disinfection is a process which involves the application of chemical oxidation to remove pathogen. Untreated pharmaceuticals from primary and secondary treatment have the potential to be exposed to the chemical oxidation process during disinfection. This study investigated the kinetics and mechanism of the degradation of sotalol during chlorination process. Chlorination with hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as main reactive oxidant has been known as one of the most commonly used disinfection methods. The second order rate constant for the reaction between sotalol and free available chlorine (FAC) was found to decrease from 60.1 to 39.1M-1min-1 when the pH was increased from 6 to 8. This result was mainly attributed by the decreased of HOCl concentration with increasing pH. In the real water samples, the presence of the higher amount of organic content was found to reduce the efficiency of chlorination in the removal of sotalol. This result showed that sotalol competes with natural organic matter to react with HOCl during chlorination. After 24h of FAC exposure, sotalol was found to produce three stable transformation by-products. These by-products are mainly chlorinated compounds. According to the acute and chronic toxicity calculated using ECOSAR computer program, the transformation by-products are more harmful than sotalol.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kheng Soo Tay
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
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8
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Hu D, Fan Y, Tan Y, Tian Y, Liu N, Wang L, Zhao D, Wang C, Wu A. Metabolic Profiling on Alternaria Toxins and Components of Xinjiang Jujubes Incubated with Pathogenic Alternaria alternata and Alternaria tenuissima via Orbitrap High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8466-8474. [PMID: 28882039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Xinjiang jujubes (Zizyphus rhamnaceae) are important agro-economical foods with the highest planting area and yields in China; however, black spot disease and contaminated Alternaria toxins have unfortunately caused a decline or loss of jujube nutritional quality in recent years. In this study, we used ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography coupled to Orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry to profile both Alternaria toxins and components in three representative Xinjiang jujubes, Hami Huang, Hetian Jun, and Ruoqiang Hui. Before liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis, jujubes were inoculated with two main pathogens of Alternaria alternata (Aa) and Alternaria tenuissima (At). Different combinations of jujube varieties with pathogenic isolates display different metabolic profiles, as expected. Moreover, four major Alternaria toxins, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, altenuene, and tenuazonic acid, were detected in all samples. The inoculation of both pathogens significantly decreased the levels of nutrients and metabolites in jujube, including four saponins, three organic acids, and three alkaloids, whereas it increased the level of several glycerol phosphates. The flavonoid profiles are diverse. Lastly, inoculation of Aa changes more metabolites in jujubes than At. Our data provide insights to better understand the detrimental contamination of Alternaria pathogens in Xinjiang jujubes and improve food safety of jujubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqiang Hu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingying Fan
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanglan Tan
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Tian
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Liu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Lan Wang
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
| | - Duoyong Zhao
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-Products, Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Quality and Safety of Xinjiang, Laboratory of Quality and Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-Products (Urumqi), Ministry of Agriculture, Xinjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Urumqi, Xinjiang 830091, People's Republic of China
| | - Aibo Wu
- SIBS-UGENT-SJTU Joint Laboratory of Mycotoxin Research, Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200031, People's Republic of China
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9
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Li AJ, Wu P, Law JCF, Chow CH, Postigo C, Guo Y, Leung KSY. Transformation of acesulfame in chlorination: Kinetics study, identification of byproducts, and toxicity assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 117:157-166. [PMID: 28391120 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Acesulfame (ACE) is one of the most commonly used artificial sweeteners. Because it is not metabolized in the human gut, it reaches the aquatic environment unchanged. In the present study, the reactivity of ACE in free chlorine-containing water was investigated for the first time. The degradation of ACE was found to follow pseudo-first-order kinetics. The first-order rate increased with decreasing pH from 9.4 to 4.8 with estimated half-lives from 693 min to 2 min. Structural elucidation of the detected transformation products (TPs) was performed by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Integration of MS/MS fragments, isotopic pattern and exact mass allowed the characterization of up to 5 different TPs in the ultrapure water extracts analyzed, including two proposed new chlorinated compounds reported for the first time. Unexpectedly, several known and regulated disinfection by-products (DBPs) were present in the ACE chlorinated solution. In addition, two of the six DBPs are proposed as N-DBPs. Time-course profiles of ACE and the identified by-products in tap water and wastewater samples were followed in order to simulate the actual disinfection process. Tap water did not significantly affect degradation, but wastewater did; it reacted with the ACE to produce several brominated-DBPs. A preliminary assessment of chlorinated mixtures by luminescence inhibition of Vibrio fischeri showed that these by-products were up to 1.8-fold more toxic than the parent compound. The generation of these DBPs, both regulated and not, representing enhanced toxicity, make chlorine disinfection a controversial treatment for ACE. Further efforts are urgently needed to both assess the consequences of current water treatment processes on ACE and to develop new processes that will safely treat ACE. Human health and the health of our aquatic ecosystems are at stake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adela Jing Li
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; Key Laboratory of Tropical Agro-environment, Ministry of Agriculture of China, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pengran Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Japhet Cheuk-Fung Law
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Chi-Hang Chow
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Cristina Postigo
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research - Spanish National Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ying Guo
- School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Kelvin Sze-Yin Leung
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, China; School of Environment, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Lee SY, Kim JY, Jung YJ, Kang K. Toxicological evaluation of the topoisomerase inhibitor, etoposide, in the model animal Caenorhabditis elegans and 3T3-L1 normal murine cells. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2017; 32:1836-1843. [PMID: 28206703 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide, a topoisomerase II inhibitor, has been widely used as a clinical anticancer drug to treat diverse cancer patients. Since not only rapidly dividing cancer cells but also the cells of normal human tissues and every living organism in environmental ecosystems have topoisomerases, it is crucial to study the toxicity of etoposide in other organisms in addition to cancer cells. In this study, we evaluated the toxicity of etoposide in both a soil nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans, and 3T3-L1 normal murine cells. Etoposide significantly retarded the growth, egg laying, and hatching in C. elegans. Etoposide also affected the reproductive gonad tissue, decreased the number of germ cells and induced abnormally enlarged nuclei in C. elegans. In addition, etoposide inhibited 3T3-L1 cell proliferation, with IC50 values of 37.8 ± 7.3 and 9.8 ± 1.8 μM after 24 and 48 hours of treatment, respectively, via the induction of cell cycle arrest at the G2/M phase and apoptotic cell death. Etoposide also induced nuclear enlargement in 3T3-L1 normal murine cells. The reproductive toxicity and abnormal nuclear morphological changes seemed to correlate with the adverse effects of etoposide. We suggest that these experimental platforms, i.e., the toxicological evaluation of both nematodes and 3T3-L1 cells, may be useful to study the mechanisms underlying the side effects of chemicals, including topoisomerase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- So Young Lee
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Korea
| | - Joo Yeon Kim
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Korea
| | - Yu-Jin Jung
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Korea
| | - Kyungsu Kang
- Systems Biotechnology Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Gangneung, 25451, Korea
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Science and Technology (UST), Dajeon, 34113, Korea
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11
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Ma L, Li J, Xu L. Aqueous chlorination of fenamic acids: Kinetic study, transformation products identification and toxicity prediction. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 175:114-122. [PMID: 28211324 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 02/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Fenamic acids, one important type of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, are ubiquitous in environmental matrices. Thus it is of high significance to know the fate of them during chlorination disinfection considering their potential toxicity to the environment and humans. In the present study, the chlorination kinetics of three fenamic acids, i.e. mefenamic acid (MEF), tolfenamic acid (TOL) and clofenamic acid (CLO), were examined at different pHs, which followed second-order reaction under studied conditions. The studied fenamic acids degraded fast, with the largest apparent second-order rate coefficient (kapp) values of 446.7 M-1 s-1 (pH 7), 393.3 M-1 s-1 (pH 8) and 360.0 M-1 s-1 (pH 6) for MEF, TOL and CLO, respectively. The transformation products (TPs) were identified by solid-phase extraction-liquid chromatography-mass spectrometer and ion-pair liquid-liquid extraction and injection port derivatization-gas chromatography-mass spectrometer. Despite different numbers of TPs were detected for each studied fenamic acid through these two analytical methods, the types of TPs were almost the same; chlorine substitution, oxidation and the joint oxidation with chlorine substitution are transformation reactions involved in chlorination. Moreover, the total toxicity of the TPs was assayed based on luminescent bacteria. Under different pHs, the different types of TPs might form, resulting in the varied total toxicity. The toxicity of all three fenamic acids chlorinated at pH of 8 was greater than those at pHs of 6 and 7. This study provided the information about the kinetics, transformation and toxicity of three fenamic acids during water chlorination, which is important to the drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Ma
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jian Li
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Li Xu
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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12
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Kosjek T, Negreira N, Heath E, de Alda ML, Barceló D. Biodegradability of the anticancer drug etoposide and identification of the transformation products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:14706-14717. [PMID: 27215983 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-6889-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Etoposide susceptibility to microbiological breakdown was studied in a batch biotransformation system, in the presence or absence of artificial wastewater containing nutrients, salts and activated sludge at two concentration levels. The primary focus of the present study was to study etoposide transformation products by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS). Data-dependent experiments combining full-scan MS data with product ion spectra were acquired to identify the molecular ions of etoposide transformation products, to propose the molecular formulae and to elucidate their chemical structures. Due to the complexity of the matrix, visual inspection of the chromatograms showed no clear differences between the controls and the treated samples. Therefore, the software package MZmine was used to facilitate the identification of the transformation products and speed up the data analysis. In total, we propose five transformation products; among them, four are described as etoposide transformation products for the first time. Even though the chemical structures of these new compounds cannot be confirmed due to the lack of standards, their molecular formulae can be used to target them in monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Kosjek
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ester Heath
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003, Girona, Spain
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13
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Cytostatic drugs in environmental samples: An update on the extraction and determination procedures. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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14
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Negreira N, Regueiro J, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Reactivity of vinca alkaloids during water chlorination processes: Identification of their disinfection by-products by high-resolution quadrupole-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 544:635-44. [PMID: 26674693 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 12/01/2015] [Accepted: 12/02/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Concerns about the presence of anticancer drugs in the environment are rapidly increasing mainly due to their growing use in the developed countries and their known cytotoxic effects. Vinca alkaloids are widely used in cancer therapy; however, very scarce information is available on their occurrence, environmental fate and toxicological effects on aquatic organisms. Even less attention has been paid to their potential transformation products, which can exert higher toxicity than the parent compounds. Thus, in the present work, the reactivity of vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine and its metabolite 4-O-deacetyl vinorelbine during water chlorination processes has been investigated for the first time. Under the studied chlorination conditions, vincristine was fairly stable whereas vinblastine, vinorelbine and 4-O-deacetyl vinorelbine were quickly degraded. A total of sixty-five disinfection by-products were tentatively identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Among them, twenty by-products corresponded to mono-chlorinated compounds, eight to di-chlorinated compounds and two to tri-chlorinated compounds, which may be of major environmental concern. Other disinfection by-products involved hydroxylation and oxidation reactions. Although the structures of these by-products could not be positively confirmed due to lack of commercial standards, their chemical formulas and product ions can be added to databases, which will allow their screening in future monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, 17003 Girona, Spain
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Richardson S, Postigo C. Discovery of New Emerging DBPs by High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. APPLICATIONS OF TIME-OF-FLIGHT AND ORBITRAP MASS SPECTROMETRY IN ENVIRONMENTAL, FOOD, DOPING, AND FORENSIC ANALYSIS 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.coac.2016.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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16
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan D. Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Susana Y. Kimura
- Department of Chemistry and
Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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Negreira N, Regueiro J, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Degradation of the anticancer drug erlotinib during water chlorination: Non-targeted approach for the identification of transformation products. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:103-13. [PMID: 26311272 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2015] [Revised: 07/26/2015] [Accepted: 08/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Erlotinib is a highly potent tyrosine kinase inhibitor used in the treatment of the most common type of lung cancer. Due to its recent introduction, very scarce information is available on its occurrence, environmental fate and toxicological effects on aquatic organisms. During chlorination processes normally carried out in wastewater treatment plants and in the pretreatment of hospital effluents, chlorinated transformation products can be formed with an enhanced toxicity relative to the parent compound. Thus, the reactivity of the cytostatic drug erlotinib in free chlorine-containing water was investigated for the first time in the present work. A non-targeted screening approach based on the use of differential profiling tools was applied in order to reveal its potential transformation products. Structural elucidation of the detected transformation products was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. The proposed approach allowed detecting a total of nineteen transformation products, being eighteen of them described for the first time in this work, which demonstrates its potential in environmental analysis. Among them, six compounds presented chlorine atoms in their structures, which may be of major concern. Other transformation products involved hydroxylation and oxidation reactions. Time-course profiles of erlotinib and its transformation products were followed in real wastewater samples under conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. Although the structures of these transformation products could not be positively confirmed due to lack of standards, their chemical formulas and product ions can be added to databases, which will allow their screening in future monitoring studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004, Ourense, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034, Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003, Girona, Spain
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Negreira N, Regueiro J, López de Alda M, Barceló D. Transformation of tamoxifen and its major metabolites during water chlorination: Identification and in silico toxicity assessment of their disinfection byproducts. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 85:199-207. [PMID: 26320721 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The selective estrogen receptor modulator tamoxifen is the most commonly used drug for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Tamoxifen is considered as a pro-drug since it is known to exert its pharmacological effect through its major active metabolites, 4-hydroxy-tamoxifen and 4-hydroxy-N-desmethyl-tamoxifen, which are mainly excreted in the urine in the days following administration. In the present work, the reactivity of tamoxifen and its major active metabolites in free chlorine-containing water was investigated for the first time. Under the studied chlorination conditions, tamoxifen was fairly stable whereas its metabolites were quickly degraded. A total of thirteen chlorinated byproducts were tentatively identified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution hybrid quadrupole-Orbitrap tandem mass spectrometry. Time-course profiles of the identified byproducts were followed in real wastewater samples under conditions that simulate wastewater disinfection. A preliminary assessment of their acute aquatic toxicity at two trophic levels by means of quantitative structure-activity relationship models showed that the identified byproducts were up to 110-fold more toxic than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Negreira
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorge Regueiro
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ourense Campus, University of Vigo, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Miren López de Alda
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Damià Barceló
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, E-08034 Barcelona, Spain; Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), H2O Building, Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, Emili Grahit 101, E-17003 Girona, Spain
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Advances in liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry for quantitative and qualitative environmental analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:6289-99. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8852-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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