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Derx J, Müller-Thomy H, Kılıç HS, Cervero-Arago S, Linke R, Lindner G, Walochnik J, Sommer R, Komma J, Farnleitner AH, Blaschke AP. A probabilistic-deterministic approach for assessing climate change effects on infection risks downstream of sewage emissions from CSOs. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 247:120746. [PMID: 37984031 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of pathogens into urban recreational water bodies during combined sewer overflows (CSOs) pose a potential threat for public health which may increase in the future due to climate change. Improved methods are needed for predicting the impact of these effects on the microbiological urban river water quality and infection risks during recreational use. The aim of this study was to develop a novel probabilistic-deterministic modelling approach for this purpose building on physically plausible generated future rainfall time series. The approach consists of disaggregation and validation of daily precipitation time series from 21 regional climate models for a reference period (1971-2000, C20), a near-term future period (2021-2050, NTF) and a long-term future period (2071-2100, LTF) into sub-daily scale, and predicting the concentrations of enterococci and Giardia and Cryptosporidium, and infection risks during recreational use in the river downstream of the sewage emissions from CSOs. The approach was tested for an urban river catchment in Austria which is used for recreational activities (i.e. swimming, playing, wading, hand-to-mouth contact). According to a worst-case scenario (i.e. children bathing in the river), the 95th percentile infection risks for Giardia and Cryptosporidium range from 0.08 % in winter to 8 % per person and exposure event in summer for C20. The infection risk increase in the future is up to 0.8 log10 for individual scenarios. The results imply that measures to prevent CSOs may be needed to ensure sustainable water safety. The approach is promising for predicting the effect of climate change on urban water safety requirements and for supporting the selection of sustainable mitigation measures. Future studies should focus on reducing the uncertainty of the predictions at local scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - H Müller-Thomy
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Leichtweiß Institute for Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources, Department of Hydrology and River Basin Management, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Brunswick, Germany.
| | - H S Kılıç
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - S Cervero-Arago
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Unit Water Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - R Linke
- Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Austria
| | - G Lindner
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria; Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Unit Water Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Walochnik
- Molecular Parasitology, Institute of Specific Prophylaxis and Tropical Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - R Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Unit Water Hygiene, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - J Komma
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - A H Farnleitner
- Research Group Microbiology and Molecular Diagnostics, Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Krems/Donau, Austria
| | - A P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management, TU Wien, Vienna, Austria
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2
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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Qiu J, Shen Z, Leng G, Wei G. Synergistic effect of drought and rainfall events of different patterns on watershed systems. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18957. [PMID: 34556685 PMCID: PMC8460717 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97574-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The increase in extreme climate events such as flooding and droughts predicted by the general circulation models (GCMs) is expected to significantly affect hydrological processes, erosive dynamics, and their associated nonpoint source (NPS) pollution, resulting in a major challenge to water availability for human life and ecosystems. Using the Hydrological Simulation Program–Fortran model, we evaluated the synergistic effects of droughts and rainfall events on hydrology and water quality in an upstream catchment of the Miyun Reservoir based on the outputs of five GCMs. It showed substantial increases in air temperature, precipitation intensity, frequency of heavy rains and rainstorms, and drought duration, as well as sediment and nutrient loads in the RCP 8.5 scenario. Sustained droughts followed by intense precipitation could cause complex interactions and mobilize accumulated sediment, nutrients and other pollutants into surface water that pose substantial risks to the drinking water security, with the comprehensive effects of soil water content, antecedent drought duration, precipitation amount and intensity, and other climate characteristics, although the effects varied greatly under different rainfall patterns. The Methods and findings of this study evidence the synergistic impacts of droughts and heavy rainfall on watershed system and the significant effects of initial soil moisture conditions on water quantity and quality, and help to guide a robust adaptive management system for future drinking water supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guoyong Leng
- Key Laboratory of Water Cycle and Related Land Surface Processes, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoyuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, People's Republic of China
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4
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Demeter K, Derx J, Komma J, Parajka J, Schijven J, Sommer R, Cervero-Aragó S, Lindner G, Zoufal-Hruza CM, Linke R, Savio D, Ixenmaier SK, Kirschner AKT, Kromp H, Blaschke AP, Farnleitner AH. Modelling the interplay of future changes and wastewater management measures on the microbiological river water quality considering safe drinking water production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 768:144278. [PMID: 33736313 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Rivers are important for drinking water supply worldwide. However, they are often impacted by pathogen discharges via wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) and combined sewer overflows (CSO). To date, accurate predictions of the effects of future changes and pollution control measures on the microbiological water quality of rivers considering safe drinking water production are hindered due to the uncertainty of the pathogen source and transport variables. The aim of this study was to test an integrative approach for an improved understanding of these effects, i.e. climate change and population growth as well as enhanced treatment at WWTPs and/or prevention of CSOs. We applied a significantly extended version of QMRAcatch (v1.0 Python), a probabilistic-deterministic model that combines fate and transport modelling with quantitative microbial infection risk assessment. The impact of climatic changes until the period 2035-2049 was investigated by a conceptual semi-distributed hydrological model, based on regional climate model outputs. QMRAcatch was calibrated and validated using site- and source-specific data (human-associated genetic microbial source tracking marker and enterovirus). The study showed that the degree to which future changes affect drinking water safety strongly depends on the type and magnitude of faecal pollution sources and are thus highly site- and scenario-specific. For example, if the load of pathogens from WWTPs is reduced through enhanced treatment, climate-change driven increases in CSOs had a considerable impact. Preventing CSOs and installing enhanced treatment at the WWTPs together had the most significant positive effect. The simultaneous consideration of source apportionment and concentrations of reference pathogens, focusing on human-specific viruses (enterovirus, norovirus) and cross-comparison with bacterial and protozoan pathogens (Campylobacter, Cryptosporidium), was found crucial to quantify these effects. While demonstrated here for a large, wastewater-impacted river, the approach is applicable at other catchments and pollution sources. It allows assessing future changes and selecting suitable pollution control measures for long-term water safety planning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katalin Demeter
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering E166/5/3, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; Center for Water Resource Systems E222, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Julia Derx
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jürgen Komma
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Juraj Parajka
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jack Schijven
- Department of Statistics, Informatics and Modelling, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), PO Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Faculty of Geosciences, Department of Earth Sciences, Utrecht University, the Netherlands
| | - Regina Sommer
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Cervero-Aragó
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Gerhard Lindner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christa M Zoufal-Hruza
- Division of Hygiene, Municipal Department 39, City Administration Vienna, Rinnböckstraße 15/2, A-1110 Vienna, Austria
| | - Rita Linke
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering E166/5/3, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Domenico Savio
- Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria
| | - Simone K Ixenmaier
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering E166/5/3, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexander K T Kirschner
- Institute for Hygiene and Applied Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Kinderspitalgasse 15, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Harald Kromp
- Vienna Water, City Administration Vienna, Grabnergasse 4-6, A-1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred P Blaschke
- Institute of Hydraulic Engineering and Water Resources Management E222/2, TU Wien, Karlsplatz 13, A-1040 Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas H Farnleitner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering E166/5/3, TU Wien, Gumpendorferstraße 1a, A-1060 Vienna, Austria; Division Water Quality and Health, Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, and Microbiology, Karl Landsteiner University of Health Sciences, Dr.-Karl-Dorrek-Straße 30, A-3500 Krems an der Donau, Austria.
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Nickel JP, Fuchs S. Micropollutant emissions from combined sewer overflows. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2019; 80:2179-2190. [PMID: 32198335 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2020.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In an extensive monitoring programme, event mean concentrations of 12 heavy metals, 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), nine pesticides/biocides, three pharmaceuticals, three benzotriazoles, acesulfame, and DEHP (di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate) were measured at 10 combined sewer overflow (CSO) facilities throughout Bavaria, Germany, for more than 110 overflow events. A harmonised approach with large volume samplers was used to produce volume-proportional event composite samples. A wide range of event durations and volumes was covered successfully. All substances analysed were detected in CSO samples and the majority were quantified in more than 80% of the samples. Our results confirm that CSOs need to be considered in the debate on micropollutant emissions, and knowledge regarding their concentrations at a regional level needs to be solidified. Distinct substance-specific patterns can be observed in the variability between events and sites as well as in a correlation analysis of substance concentrations. These trends underline the need for differentiation of the substances by their predominant sources, pathways, and transport behaviours. Compared to wastewater treatment plants, CSOs are an important pollution source especially for ubiquitous, primarily stormwater-transported pollutants, including substances causing failure to achieve good chemical status of surface waters, such as the uPBT (ubiquitous, persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic) substances Hg and PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philip Nickel
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
| | - Stephan Fuchs
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute for Water and River Basin Management, Department of Aquatic Environmental Engineering, Gotthard-Franz-Str. 3, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany E-mail:
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Tolouei S, Autixier L, Taghipour M, Burnet JB, Bonsteel J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Precipitation effects on parasite, indicator bacteria, and wastewater micropollutant loads from a water resource recovery facility influent and effluent. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2019; 17:701-716. [PMID: 31638022 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2019.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The variability of fecal microorganisms and wastewater micropollutants (WWMPs) loads in relation to influent flow rates was evaluated for a water resource recovery facility (WRRF) in support of a vulnerability assessment of a drinking water source. Incomplete treatment and bypass discharges often occur following intense precipitation events that represent conditions that deviate from normal operation. Parasites, fecal indicator bacteria, and WWMPs concentrations and flow rate were measured at the WRRF influent and effluent during dry and wet weather periods. Influent concentrations were measured to characterize potential bypass concentrations that occur during wet weather. Maximum influent Giardia and C. perfringens loads and maximum effluent Escherichia coli and C. perfringens loads were observed during wet weather. Influent median loads of Cryptosporidium and Giardia were 6.8 log oocysts/day and 7.9 log cysts/day per 1,000 people. Effluent median loads were 3.9 log oocysts/day and 6.3 log cysts/day per 1,000 people. High loads of microbial contaminants can occur during WRRF bypasses following wet weather and increase with increasing flow rates; thus, short-term infrequent events such as bypasses should be considered in vulnerability assessments of drinking water sources in addition to the increased effluent loads during normal operation following wet weather.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tolouei
- Canada Research Chair on the Dynamics of Microbial Contaminants in Source Waters, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7 E-mail: ; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Laurène Autixier
- Canada Research Chair on the Dynamics of Microbial Contaminants in Source Waters, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7 E-mail:
| | - Milad Taghipour
- Canada Research Chair on the Dynamics of Microbial Contaminants in Source Waters, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7 E-mail:
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair on the Dynamics of Microbial Contaminants in Source Waters, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7 E-mail: ; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Jane Bonsteel
- Peel Region, 10 Peel Centre Dr., Brampton, ON, Canada L6T 4B9
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, Université de Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, Canada H3C 3J7
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair on the Dynamics of Microbial Contaminants in Source Waters, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, Station Centre-Ville, P.O. Box 6079, Montréal, Quebec, Canada H3C 3A7 E-mail:
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7
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Taghipour M, Shakibaeinia A, Sylvestre É, Tolouei S, Dorner S. Microbial risk associated with CSOs upstream of drinking water sources in a transboundary river using hydrodynamic and water quality modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 683:547-558. [PMID: 31146060 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urban source water protection planning requires the characterization of sources of contamination upstream of drinking water intakes. Elevated pathogen concentrations following Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) represent a threat to human health. Quantifying peak pathogen concentrations at the intakes of drinking water plants is a challenge due to the variability of CSO occurrences and uncertainties with regards to the fate and transport mechanisms from discharge points to source water supplies. Here, a two-dimensional deterministic hydrodynamic and water quality model is used to study the fluvial contaminant transport and the impacts of the upstream CSO discharges on the downstream concentrations of Escherichia coli in the raw water supply of two drinking water plants, located on a large river. CSO dynamic loading characteristics were considered for a variety of discharges. As a result of limited Cryptosporidium data, a probability distribution of the ratio of E. coli to Cryptosporidium based on historical data was used to estimate microbial risk from simulated CSO-induced E. coli concentrations. During optimal operational performance of the plants, the daily risk target was met (based on the mean concentration during the peak) for 80% to 90% of CSO events. For suboptimal performance of the plants, these values dropped to 40% to 55%. Mean annual microbial risk following CSO discharge events was more dependent on treatment performance rather than the number of CSO occurrences. The effect of CSO-associated short term risk on the mean annual risk is largely dependent on the treatment performance as well as representativeness of the baseline condition at the intakes, demonstrating the need for assessment of treatment efficacy. The results of this study will enable water utilities and managers with a tool to investigate the potential alternatives in reducing the microbial risk associated with CSOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milad Taghipour
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P.6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Ahmad Shakibaeinia
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P.6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Émile Sylvestre
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P.6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Samira Tolouei
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P.6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, C.P.6079, Station Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec H3C 3A7, Canada
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8
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Tolouei S, Burnet JB, Autixier L, Taghipour M, Bonsteel J, Duy SV, Sauvé S, Prévost M, Dorner S. Temporal variability of parasites, bacterial indicators, and wastewater micropollutants in a water resource recovery facility under various weather conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 148:446-458. [PMID: 30408731 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Revised: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater discharges lead to the deterioration of receiving waters through treated effluents and by-passes, combined and sanitary sewer overflows, and cross-connections to storm sewers. The influence of weather conditions on fecal indicator bacteria, pathogens and wastewater micropollutants on raw and treated sewage concentrations has not been extensively characterized. However, such data are needed to understand the effects of by-pass discharges and incomplete treatment on receiving waters. A water resource recovery facility was monitored for pathogenic parasites (Cryptosporidium oocysts, Giardia cysts), fecal indicator bacteria (Escherichia coli, Clostridium perfringens), and wastewater micropollutants (caffeine, carbamazepine, 2-hydroxycarbamazepine, acesulfame, sucralose, and aspartame) during 6 events under different weather conditions (snowmelt and trace to 32 mm 2-day cumulative precipitation). Greater intra- and inter-event variability was observed for Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens than for studied WWMPs. Even with the addition of inflow and infiltration, daily variations dominated concentration trends. Thus, afternoon and early evening were identified as critical times with regards to high concentrations and flows for potential by-pass discharges. Peak concentrations of Giardia were observed during the June wet weather event (1010 cysts/L), with the highest flowrates relative to the mean monthly flowrate. Overall, Giardia, E. coli and C. perfringens concentrations were positively correlated with flowrate (R > 0.32, p < 0.05). In raw sewage samples collected under high precipitation conditions, caffeine, carbamazepine and its metabolite 2-OH-carbamazepine were significantly correlated (p < 0.05) with Giardia, E. coli, and C. perfringens demonstrating that they are useful markers for untreated sewage discharges. Data from the study are needed for estimating peak concentrations discharged from wastewater sources in relation to precipitation or snowmelt events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Tolouei
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada.
| | - Jean-Baptiste Burnet
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada; NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Laurène Autixier
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Milad Taghipour
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Jane Bonsteel
- Peel Region, 10 Peel Centre Dr, Brampton, L6T 4B9, ON, Canada
| | - Sung Vo Duy
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, University of Montréal, C.P. 6128, Centre-ville, Montréal, H3C 3J7, QC, Canada
| | - Michéle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair in Source Water Protection, Polytechnique Montréal, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering Department, P.O. Box 6079, Station Centre-Ville, Montréal, QC, H3C 3A7, Canada
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Xu Z, Xiong L, Li H, Liao Z, Yin H, Wu J, Xu J, Chen H. Influences of rainfall variables and antecedent discharge on urban effluent concentrations and loads in wet weather. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2017; 75:1584-1598. [PMID: 28402299 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2017.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
For storm drainages inappropriately connected with sewage, wet weather discharge is a major factor that adversely affects receiving waters. A study of the wet weather influences of rainfall-discharge variables on storm drainages connected with sewage was conducted in the downtown Shanghai area (374 ha). Two indicators, event mean concentration (EMC) and event pollutant load per unit area (EPL), were used to describe the pollution discharge during 20 rain events. The study showed that the total rainfall and discharge volume were important factors that affect the EMCs and EPLs of the chemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, and especially those of NH4+-N. The pollutant concentrations at the beginning of the discharge and the discharge period were also major factors that influence the EMCs of these three pollutants. Regression relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and discharge volume/ EPLs (R2 = 0.824-0.981) were stronger than the relationships between the rainfall-discharge variables and EMCs. These regression equations can be considered reliable in the system, with a relative validation error of less than ±10% for the discharge volume, and less than ±20% for the EPLs. The results presented in this paper provide guidance for effectively controlling pollution in similar storm drainages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuxin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Lijun Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Huaizheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Zhengliang Liao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Hailong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Jun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Jin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
| | - Hao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China E-mail:
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Water-Related Impacts of Climate Change on Agriculture and Subsequently on Public Health: A Review for Generalists with Particular Reference to Pakistan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:ijerph13111051. [PMID: 27801802 PMCID: PMC5129261 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13111051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Water-related impacts due to change in climatic conditions ranging from water scarcity to intense floods and storms are increasing in developing countries like Pakistan. Water quality and waterborne diseases like hepatitis, cholera, typhoid, malaria and dengue fever are increasing due to chaotic urbanization, industrialization, poor hygienic conditions, and inappropriate water management. The morbidity rate is high due to lack of health care facilities, especially in developing countries. Organizations linked to the Government of Pakistan (e.g., Ministry of Environment, Ministry of Climate Change, Planning and Development, Ministry of Forest, Irrigation and Public Health, Pakistan Meteorological Department, National Disaster Management, Pakistan Agricultural Research Centre, Pakistan Council for Research in Water Resources, and Global Change Impact Study Centre), United Nation organizations, provincial government departments, non-governmental organizations (e.g., Global Facility and Disaster Reduction), research centers linked to universities, and international organizations (International Institute for Sustainable Development, Food and Agriculture, Global Climate Fund and World Bank) are trying to reduce the water-related impacts of climate change, but due to lack of public awareness and health care infrastructure, the death rate is steadily increasing. This paper critically reviews the scientific studies and reports both at national and at international level benefiting generalists concerned with environmental and public health challenges. The article underlines the urgent need for water conservation, risk management, and the development of mitigation measures to cope with the water-related impacts of climate change on agriculture and subsequently on public health. Novel solutions and bioremediation methods have been presented to control environmental pollution and to promote awareness among the scientific community. The focus is on diverse strategies to handle the forthcoming challenges associated with water resources management.
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Jalliffier-Verne I, Heniche M, Madoux-Humery AS, Galarneau M, Servais P, Prévost M, Dorner S. Cumulative effects of fecal contamination from combined sewer overflows: Management for source water protection. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 174:62-70. [PMID: 27011341 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The quality of a drinking water source depends largely on upstream contaminant discharges. Sewer overflows can have a large influence on downstream drinking water intakes as they discharge untreated or partially treated wastewaters that may be contaminated with pathogens. This study focuses on the quantification of Escherichia coli discharges from combined sewer overflows (CSOs) and the dispersion and diffusion in receiving waters in order to prioritize actions for source water protection. E. coli concentrations from CSOs were estimated from monitoring data at a series of overflow structures and then applied to the 42 active overflow structures between 2009 and 2012 using a simple relationship based upon the population within the drainage network. From these estimates, a transport-dispersion model was calibrated with data from a monitoring program from both overflow structures and downstream drinking water intakes. The model was validated with 15 extreme events such as a large number of overflows (n > 8) or high concentrations at drinking water intakes. Model results demonstrated the importance of the cumulative effects of CSOs on the degradation of water quality downstream. However, permits are typically issued on a discharge point basis and do not consider cumulative effects. Source water protection plans must consider the cumulative effects of discharges and their concentrations because the simultaneous discharge of multiple overflows can lead to elevated E. coli concentrations at a drinking water intake. In addition, some CSOs have a disproportionate impact on peak concentrations at drinking water intakes. As such, it is recommended that the management of CSOs move away from frequency based permitting at the discharge point to focus on the development of comprehensive strategies to reduce cumulative and peak discharges from CSOs upstream of drinking water intakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Jalliffier-Verne
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Mourad Heniche
- Department of Chemical Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Anne-Sophie Madoux-Humery
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Martine Galarneau
- Engineering Department, City of Laval, 1333, boulevard Chomedey, Rez-de-chaussée, C.P. 422 Succ. Saint-Martin, Laval, QC, H7V 3Z4, Canada.
| | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Campus Plaine, CP 221, 1050, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Michèle Prévost
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Department of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, 2900, boul. Édouard-Montpetit, Montréal, QC, H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Madoux-Humery AS, Dorner S, Sauvé S, Aboulfadl K, Galarneau M, Servais P, Prévost M. The effects of combined sewer overflow events on riverine sources of drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 92:218-227. [PMID: 26866859 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study was set out to investigate the impacts of Combined Sewer Overflows (CSOs) on the microbiological water quality of a river used as a source of drinking water treatment plants. Escherichia coli concentrations were monitored at various stations of a river segment located in the Greater Montreal Area including two Drinking Water Intakes (DWIs) in different weather conditions (dry weather and wet weather (precipitation and snowmelt period)). Long-term monitoring data (2002-2011) at DWIs revealed good microbiological water quality with E. coli median concentrations of 20 and 30 CFU/100 mL for DWI-1 and DWI-2 respectively. However, E. coli concentration peaks reached up to 510 and 1000 CFU/100 mL for both DWIs respectively. Statistical Process Control (SPC) analysis allowed the identification of E. coli concentration peaks in almost a decade of routine monitoring data at DWIs. Almost 80% of these concentrations were linked to CSO discharges caused by precipitation exceeding 10 mm or spring snowmelt. Dry weather monitoring confirmed good microbiological water quality. Wet weather monitoring showed an increase of approximately 1.5 log of E. coli concentrations at DWIs. Cumulative impacts of CSO discharges were quantified at the river center with an increase of approximately 0.5 log of E. coli concentrations. Caffeine (CAF) was tested as a potential chemical indicator of CSO discharges in the river and CAF concentrations fell within the range of previous measurements performed for surface waters in the same area (∼20 ng/L). However, no significant differences were observed between CAF concentrations in dry and wet weather, as the dilution potential of the river was too high. CSO event based monitoring demonstrated that current bi-monthly or weekly compliance monitoring at DWIs underestimate E. coli concentrations entering DWIs and thus, should not be used to quantify the risk at DWIs. High frequency event-based monitoring is a desirable approach to establish the importance and duration of E. coli peak concentrations entering DWIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Madoux-Humery
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.
| | - Sarah Dorner
- Canada Research Chair on Source Water Protection, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Chemistry Department, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Khadija Aboulfadl
- Chemistry Department, University of Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | | - Pierre Servais
- Écologie des Systèmes Aquatiques, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Michèle Prévost
- NSERC Industrial Chair on Drinking Water, Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, École Polytechnique de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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Sorensen JPR, Lapworth DJ, Read DS, Nkhuwa DCW, Bell RA, Chibesa M, Chirwa M, Kabika J, Liemisa M, Pedley S. Tracing enteric pathogen contamination in sub-Saharan African groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 538:888-95. [PMID: 26363144 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.08.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative PCR (qPCR) can rapidly screen for an array of faecally-derived bacteria, which can be employed as tracers to understand groundwater vulnerability to faecal contamination. A microbial DNA qPCR array was used to examine 45 bacterial targets, potentially relating to enteric pathogens, in 22 groundwater supplies beneath the city of Kabwe, Zambia in both the dry and subsequent wet season. Thermotolerant (faecal) coliforms, sanitary risks, and tryptophan-like fluorescence, an emerging real-time reagentless faecal indicator, were also concurrently investigated. There was evidence for the presence of enteric bacterial contamination, through the detection of species and group specific 16S rRNA gene fragments, in 72% of supplies where sufficient DNA was available for qPCR analysis. DNA from the opportunistic pathogen Citrobacter freundii was most prevalent (69% analysed samples), with Vibrio cholerae also perennially persistent in groundwater (41% analysed samples). DNA from other species such as Bifidobacterium longum and Arcobacter butzleri was more seasonally transient. Bacterial DNA markers were most common in shallow hand-dug wells in laterite/saprolite implicating rapid subsurface pathways and vulnerability to pollution at the surface. Boreholes into the underlying dolomites were also contaminated beneath the city highlighting that a laterite/saprolite overburden, as occurs across much of sub-Saharan aquifer, does not adequately protect underlying bedrock groundwater resources. Nevertheless, peri-urban boreholes all tested negative establishing there is limited subsurface lateral transport of enteric bacteria outside the city limits. Thermotolerant coliforms were present in 97% of sites contaminated with enteric bacterial DNA markers. Furthermore, tryptophan-like fluorescence was also demonstrated as an effective indicator and was in excess of 1.4μg/L in all contaminated sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- J P R Sorensen
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK.
| | - D J Lapworth
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D S Read
- Centre of Ecology and Hydrology, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - D C W Nkhuwa
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - R A Bell
- British Geological Survey, Maclean Building, Wallingford OX10 8BB, UK
| | - M Chibesa
- Lukanga Water and Sewerage Company Limited, P.O. Box 81745, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - M Chirwa
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - J Kabika
- University of Zambia, Great East Road Campus, P.O. Box 32379, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - M Liemisa
- Lukanga Water and Sewerage Company Limited, P.O. Box 81745, Kabwe, Zambia
| | - S Pedley
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford, GU2 7XH, UK
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