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Chen H, Qian L. Performance of field demonstration nanoscale zero-valent iron in groundwater remediation: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169268. [PMID: 38081425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) has gained widespread usage in groundwater remediation due to its exceptional reactivity. Since its initial deployment in field demonstrations in 2001, nZVI has proven to be an effective nanomaterial for addressing groundwater contaminants. Subsequent research has highlighted the versatility of nZVI, showcasing its potential to overcome critical limitations associated with conventional remediation technologies. The effectiveness of nZVI in remediation varies, contingent on factors such as the type of nZVI, contaminant nature, site conditions, and injection methodologies employed. This review aims to present a comprehensive progress report on the field application of nZVI spanning 22 years across eight countries. Drawing from a database encompassing 32 pilot or full-scale remediation sites, the study delineates the various types of nZVI, modification methods, demonstration sites, and primary contaminants targeted in field tests. Specific attention is given to the application effects and mechanisms of unmodified nZVI, Pd, surfactants, and carbon-modified nZVI in diverse field demonstrations. An analysis of the key factors influencing their performance is provided, and potential future applications of nZVI in groundwater remediation are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huali Chen
- Jiangsu Open University, Nanjing 210036, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China.
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2
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Umeh AC, Hassan M, Egbuatu M, Zeng Z, Al Amin M, Samarasinghe C, Naidu R. Multicomponent PFAS sorption and desorption in common commercial adsorbents: Kinetics, isotherm, adsorbent dose, pH, and index ion and ionic strength effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166568. [PMID: 37633378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/28/2023]
Abstract
The adsorption and desorption of 9 PFAS, including 3 perfluoroalkyl sulphonic and 6 perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids, in artificial groundwater was investigated using 3 commercial adsorbents that comprised a powdered activated carbon (PAC), a surface-modified organoclay (NMC+n), and a carbonaceous organic amendment (ROAC). Sorption kinetics and isotherms of PFAS, as well as the effects of adsorbent dose, pH, index ion and ionic strength on PFAS adsorption and desorption were investigated. Sorption of multicomponent PFAS in the adsorbents was rapid, especially for NMC+n and ROAC, regardless of PFAS chain length. The sorption and (and especially) desorption of PFAS in the adsorbents was impacted by the pH, index ion, and ionic strength of simulated groundwater, especially for the short chain PFAS, with only minimal impacts on NMC+n and PAC compared to ROAC. Although the potential mineral and charged constituents of the adsorbents contributed to the adsorption of short chain PFAS through electrostatic interactions, these interactions were susceptible to variable groundwater chemistry. Hydrophobic interactions also played a major role in facilitating and increasing PFAS sorption, especially in adsorbents with aliphatic functional groups. The desorption of PFAS from the adsorbents was below 8 % when the aqueous phase was deionised water, with no measurable desorption for NMC+n. In contrast, the desorption of short chain PFAS in simulated groundwater increased substantially (30-100 %) in the adsorbents, especially in ROAC and NMC+n, but more so with ROAC. In general, the three adsorbents exhibited strong stability for the long chain PFAS, especially the perfluoroalkyl sulphonic acids, with minimal to no sorption reversibility under different pH and ionic composition of simulated groundwater. This study highlights the importance of understanding not only the sorption of PFAS in groundwater using adsorbents, but also the desorption of PFAS, which may be useful for decision making during the ex-situ and in-situ treatment of PFAS-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony C Umeh
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Masud Hassan
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Maureen Egbuatu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Zijun Zeng
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Md Al Amin
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Chamila Samarasinghe
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia
| | - Ravi Naidu
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia; crcCARE, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Javed T, Shabbir R, Hussain S, Naseer MA, Ejaz I, Ali MM, Ahmar S, Yousef AF. Nanotechnology for endorsing abiotic stresses: a review on the role of nanoparticles and nanocompositions. FUNCTIONAL PLANT BIOLOGY : FPB 2023; 50:831-849. [PMID: 36043237 DOI: 10.1071/fp22092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Environmental stresses, including the salt and heavy metals contaminated sites, signify a threat to sustainable crop production. The existence of these stresses has increased in recent years due to human-induced climate change. In view of this, several remediation strategies including nanotechnology have been studied to find more effective approaches for sustaining the environment. Nanoparticles, due to unique physiochemical properties; i.e. high mobility, reactivity, high surface area, and particle morphology, have shown a promising solution to promote sustainable agriculture. Crop plants easily take up nanoparticles, which can penetrate into the cells to play essential roles in growth and metabolic events. In addition, different iron- and carbon-based nanocompositions enhance the removal of metals from the contaminated sites and water; these nanoparticles activate the functional groups that potentially target specific molecules of the metal pollutants to obtain efficient remediation. This review article emphasises the recent advancement in the application of nanotechnology for the remediation of contaminated soils with metal pollutants and mitigating different abiotic stresses. Different implementation barriers are also discussed. Furthermore, we reported the opportunities and research directions to promote sustainable development based on the application of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talha Javed
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; and Department of Agronomy, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Rubab Shabbir
- College of Agriculture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sadam Hussain
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Muhammad Asad Naseer
- College of Agronomy, Northwest Agriculture and Forestry University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Irsa Ejaz
- College of Agronomy and Biotechnology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100194, China
| | - Muhamamd Moaaz Ali
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Sunny Ahmar
- Institute of Biology, Biotechnology, and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Silesia, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ahmed Fathy Yousef
- College of Horticulture, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Gawel A, Sühnholz S, Georgi A, Kopinke FD, Mackenzie K. Fe-zeolites for the adsorption and oxidative degradation of nitroaromatic compounds in water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132125. [PMID: 37515994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
Nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) are prominent explosives. In this context, these toxic substances were released into the environment and cause long-lasting groundwater contamination. In preparation of a possible in-situ remediation, colloidal Fe-zeolites were investigated for their capabilities as adsorbents and oxidation catalysts. It was shown that the Fe-zeolites FeBEA35 and FeFAU55 are potent inorganic adsorbents for NACs and simultaneously capable of activating H2O2 as Fenton-like oxidation catalysts. Adsorption isotherms of 15 NACs on both zeolites were measured to evaluate the option of coupling adsorptive contaminant enrichment with oxidative degradation. The faujasite-type zeolite FeFAU55 showed a distinct S-type adsorption behaviour and reached significantly higher NAC loadings of > 20 wt%. For FeBEA35, L-type adsorption isotherms and maximum loadings qmax of about 4 wt% were obtained. Degradation of all NACs, monitored by nitrate formation, was observed. Apparent rate constants of the NACs with hydroxyl radicals in a homogeneous, stoichiometric Fenton reaction were related to the heterogeneous system to examine the role of adsorption on the oxidative degradation. Beneficial influence of the adsorption on the oxidation rates was identified. The results of this work open up promising prospects for future application of Fe-zeolites for the in-situ remediation of NAC-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gawel
- Evonik Operations GmbH, Process Technology & Engineering, Paul-Baumann-Str. 1, D-45772 Marl, Germany.
| | - Sarah Sühnholz
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany; Intrapore GmbH, Katernberger Str. 107, D-45327 Essen, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz-Center for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Balda M, Mackenzie K, Kopinke FD, Georgi A. Uniform and dispersible carbonaceous microspheres as quasi-liquid sorbent. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:136079. [PMID: 35995183 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional colloidal carbon materials find various applications, including the remediation of contaminated water and soil in so-called particle-based in-situ remediation processes. In this study, uniform and highly dispersible micro-sized carbonaceous spheres (CS) were generated by hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) of sucrose in the presence of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) as environmentally friendly polyelectrolyte stabilizer. In order to ensure their optimal subsurface delivery and formation of a self-contained treatment zone, a narrow size distribution and low agglomeration tendency of the particles is desired. Therefore, the obtained CS were thoroughly characterized and optimized with respect to their colloidal properties which are a crucial factor for their application as quasi-liquid sorbent. The as-prepared uniform CS are readily dispersible into single particles in water as confirmed by digital microscopy and form stable suspensions. Due to their perfectly spherical shape, particle sedimentation in aqueous suspensions is well predicted by Stokes' law. High sorption coefficients on the synthesized CS KD,CS were determined for phenanthrene (up to log (KD,CS/[L kg-1]) = 5) and other hydrophobic groundwater contaminants. This confirms the application potential of the CS, which were prepared by an economic low-temperature process using sucrose as bio-based precursor, for generating in-situ sorption barriers for groundwater and soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Balda
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
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Swaren L, Safari S, Konhauser KO, Alessi DS. Pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles: a review of surface chemistry, contaminant mobility, and future research avenues to fill the gaps. BIOCHAR 2022; 4:33. [PMID: 35673519 PMCID: PMC9163009 DOI: 10.1007/s42773-022-00152-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles are abundant in the subsurface, soil, streams, and water bodies, and are often a critical control on elemental speciation, transport and cycling in the natural environment. This review provides an overview of pyrolyzed biomass-derived nanoparticles (PBNPs), their surface properties and reactivity towards aqueous species. We focus specifically on biochar-derived nanoparticles and activated carbon-derived nanoparticles which fall under our classification of PBNPs. Activated carbon-iron (nano)composites are included in some instances where there are significant gaps in literature because of their environmental relevance. Increased use of activated carbon, along with a resurgence in the manufacture and application of biochar for water treatment and soil amendment, has generated significant concerns about the mobility and toxicity of PBNPs derived from the bulk material in environmental applications. Recent examples are discussed to highlight current progress in understanding the influence of PBNPs on contaminant transport, followed by a critical discussion of gaps and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Swaren
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Salman Safari
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Kurt O. Konhauser
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
| | - Daniel S. Alessi
- Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Alberta, 3-16 Earth Sciences Building, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E3 Canada
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Sewage-sludge derived activated carbon impregnated with polysulfide-sulfidated nZVI:A promising material for Cr(Ⅵ) reductive stabilization. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.128614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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8
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Xu C, Yang C, Liu X, He Y, Xing X, Zhao Y, Qian Z, Zheng J, Hao Z. Agar-stabilized sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron: Its stability and performance in chromate reduction. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126019. [PMID: 34229378 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated microscale zero-valent iron (SmZVI) attracts much attention recently in remediation of contaminated groundwater, but whether polymer coating on SmZVI would impact on its reactivity and capacity is yet to be understood. In this work, SmZVI was prepared by milling mZVI with elemental sulfur, and its stability in agar solution was evaluated. The impact of polymer coating on SmZVI grains' capacity and reactivity for chromate reduction was then examined. Experimental results indicated that SmZVI having the best overall performance was attained by grinding mZVI with elemental sulfur at 0.05 S/Fe molar ratio for 10 h. SmZVI's stability can be substantially improved if dispersed in 2.0 g/L agar solution. Existence of agar films on the SmZVI grain (A-SmZVI) lowered the material's capacity for chromate reduction by 56%, and the associated reaction kinetics by 70.4%, as estimated by pseudo first-order reaction model using the early-stage experimental data. Analysis of XPS spectra of A-SmZVI post reaction with chromate indicated that multiple reductive species including Fe0, Fe(II), FeS, and S(-II) may have jointly participated in the redox reaction taking place on the A-SmZVI-water interface. Fitting of XPS data supported that S(-II) was oxidized to SO42-, S2O32-, and S0, in order of decreasing surface concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congbin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Chen Yang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Xiaodan Liu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Yali He
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Xing Xing
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Yurong Zhao
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Zhi Qian
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Zheng
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China.
| | - Zhengping Hao
- National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, PR China
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Re-recognizing micro locations of nanoscale zero-valent iron in biochar using C-TEM technique. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5037. [PMID: 33658591 PMCID: PMC7930034 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84685-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Biochar supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI/BC), prepared commonly by liquid reduction using sodium borohydride (NaBH4), exhibits better reduction performance for contaminants than bare NZVI. The better reducing ability was attributed to attachment of nanoscale zero-valent iron (NZVI) on biochar (BC) surface or into the interior pores of BC particles due to observations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and plan transmission electron microscopy (P-TEM) techniques in previous studies. In this study, cross-sectional TEM (C-TEM) technique was employed firstly to explore location of NZVI in NZVI/BC. It was observed that NZVI is isolated from BC particles, but not located on the surface or in the interior pores of BC particles. This observation was also supported by negligible adsorption and precipitation of Fe2+/Fe3+ and iron hydroxides on BC surface or into interior pores of BC particles respectively. Precipitation of Fe2+ and Fe3+, rather than adsorption, is responsible for the removal of Fe2+ and Fe3+ by BC. Moreover, precipitates of iron hydroxides cannot be reduced to NZVI by NaBH4. In addition to SEM or P-TEM, therefore, C-TEM is a potential technique to characterize the interior morphology of NZVI/BC for better understanding the improved reduction performance of contaminants by NZVI/BC than bare NZVI.
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Mondal A, Dubey BK, Arora M, Mumford K. Porous media transport of iron nanoparticles for site remediation application: A review of lab scale column study, transport modelling and field-scale application. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123443. [PMID: 32798796 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Injection of surface modified zero valent iron nanoparticles for in situ remediation of soil, contaminated with an array of pollutants has attracted great attention due to the high reactivity of zero valent iron towards a broad range of contaminants, its cost effectiveness, minimal physical disruption and low toxicity. The effectiveness of this technology relies on the stability and mobility of injected iron nanoparticles. Hence the development of a modelling tool capable of predicting nZVI transport is indispensable. This review provides state of the art knowledge on the mobility of iron nanoparticles in porous media, mechanisms involved in subsurface retention of nZVI based on continuum models and field scale application. Special attention is given to the identification of the influential parameters controlling the transport potential of iron nanoparticles and the available numerical models for the simulation of laboratory scale transport data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Mondal
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Brajesh Kumar Dubey
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Meenakshi Arora
- Department of Infrastructure Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn Mumford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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Guan X, Du X, Liu M, Qin H, Qiao J, Sun Y. Enhanced trichloroethylene dechlorination by carbon-modified zero-valent iron: Revisiting the role of carbon additives. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122564. [PMID: 32244144 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Given that there are still some debates on the influence of carbon modification on zerovalent iron (ZVI) decontamination process, the roles of carbon on trichloroethylene (TCE) reduction by ZVI were re-investigated in this work. Compared to activated carbons (AC) with high adsorption ability, carbon fibers (CF) with good electronic conductivity performed much better in enhancing ZVI performance in terms of both reactivity and selectivity. Moreover, it was interesting to observe that a low carbon loading is sufficient to effectively improve TCE reduction and this promoting effect would decline with further increasing the carbon amounts from 1.0 wt.% to 50 wt.%. Regarding to the ZVI selectivity, a relatively high carbon loading (especially for CF, it may be as high as 50 wt.%) was needed to protect ZVI from non-productive reactions with H2O/H+ effectively. However, a mixture of 10 wt.% AC and 1.0 wt.% CF could combine their respective merits of inhibiting side reactions and enhancing TCE reduction, and thus simultaneously enhanced the reactivity and selectivity of ZVI. Mechanistic investigations revealed that carbon modification could enhance the ZVI performance through improving TCE adsorption and/or accelerating electron transfer, while the latter one may play a more important role especially at high carbon loadings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xueying Du
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Meichuan Liu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Hejie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Junlian Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Yuankui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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12
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Gawel A, Seiwert B, Sühnholz S, Schmitt-Jansen M, Mackenzie K. In-situ treatment of herbicide-contaminated groundwater-Feasibility study for the cases atrazine and bromacil using two novel nanoremediation-type materials. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 393:122470. [PMID: 32208331 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Two injectable reactive and sorption-active particle types were evaluated for their applicability in permeable reaction zones for in-situ removal of herbicides ("nanoremediation"). As model substances, atrazine and bromacil were used, two herbicides frequently occurring in groundwater. In order to provide recommendations for best use, particle performance was assessed regarding herbicide degradation and detoxification. For chemical reduction, Carbo-Iron® was studied, a composite material consisting of zerovalent iron and colloidal activated carbon. Carbo-Iron reduced bromacil with increased activity compared to nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI). The sole reaction product, 3-sec-butyl-6-methyluracil, showed 500-fold increase in half-maximal-effect concentration (EC50) towards the chlorophyte Scendesmus vacuolatus compared to the parent compound. The detoxification based on dehalogenation confirmed the dependency of the specific mode-of-action on the carbon-halide bond. For atrazine, neither nZVI nor Carbo-Iron showed significant degradation under the conditions applied. As novel subsurface treatment option, Trap-Ox® zeolite FeBEA35 was studied for generation of in-situ permeable oxidation barriers. Both adsorbed atrazine and bromacil underwent fast unselective oxidation. The transformation products of the Fenton-like reaction were identified, and oxidation pathways derived. For atrazine, a 300-fold increase in EC50 for S. vacuolatus was found over the duration of the reaction, and a loss of phytotoxicity to non-detectable levels for bromacil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Gawel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany; Intrapore GmbH, Katernberger Str. 107, D-45327, Essen, Germany.
| | - Bettina Seiwert
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Sarah Sühnholz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Mechthild Schmitt-Jansen
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoserstr. 15, D-04318, Leipzig, Germany
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Pore-scale investigation of the use of reactive nanoparticles for in situ remediation of contaminated groundwater source. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13366-13373. [PMID: 32487728 PMCID: PMC7306790 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1918683117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorinated solvents are among the most recalcitrant aquifer contaminants, which can cause serious health problems such as kidney and liver damage, and some are considered carcinogenic. They are a global problem due to their wide industrial use since the beginning of the 20th century (e.g., in metal-processing plants). Conventionally, pump and treat technology (ex situ method) has been used to treat such contaminated groundwater resources. Recently, in situ techniques have been applied to lower the remediation costs (e.g., energy/water consumption) while also limiting the disruption. Nanoremediation is a new in situ technology that has shown promising results at laboratory, pilot, and field scales. This study uses 4D (time-resolved 3D) imaging to capture the dynamics of nanoremediation at the pore scale. Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles have excellent capacity for in situ remediation of groundwater resources contaminated by a range of organic and inorganic contaminants. Chlorinated solvents are by far the most treated compounds. Studies at column, pilot, and field scales have reported successful decrease in contaminant concentration upon injection of nZVI suspensions in the contaminated zones. However, the field application is far from optimized, particularly for treatments at—or close to—the source, in the presence of residual nonaqueous liquid (NAPL). The knowledge gaps surrounding the processes that occur within the pores of the sediments hosting those contaminants at microscale limit our ability to design nanoremediation processes that are optimized at larger scales. This contribution provides a pore-scale picture of the nanoremediation process. Our results reveal how the distribution of the trapped contaminant evolves as a result of contaminant degradation and generation of gaseous products. We have used state-of-the-art four-dimensional (4D) imaging (time-resolved three-dimensional [3D]) experiments to understand the details of this degradation reaction at the micrometer scale. This contribution shows that the gas released (from the reduction reaction) remobilizes the trapped contaminant by overcoming the capillary forces. Our results show that the secondary sources of NAPL contaminations can be effectively treated by nZVI, not only by in situ degradation, but also through pore-scale remobilization (induced by the evolved gas phase). The produced gas reduces the water relative permeability to less than 1% and, therefore, significantly limits the extent of plume migration in the short term.
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He F, Gong L, Fan D, Tratnyek PG, Lowry GV. Quantifying the efficiency and selectivity of organohalide dechlorination by zerovalent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:528-542. [PMID: 32124893 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and selectivity of zerovalent iron-based treatments for organohalide contaminated groundwater can be quantified by accounting for redistribution of electrons derived from oxidation of Fe0. Several types of efficiency are reviewed, including (i) the efficiency of Fe(0) utilization, εFe(0), (ii) the electron efficiency of target contaminant reduction, εe, and (iii) the electron efficiency of natural reductant demand (NRD) involving H2O, O2, and co-contaminants such as nitrate, εNRD. Selectivity can then be calculated by using εe/εNRD. Of particular interest is εe and the key to its determination is measuring the total quantity of electrons provided by Fe0 oxidation, which can be based on either the loss of Fe(0), the formation of Fe(ii)/Fe(iii), or the composition of the total reaction products. Recently, many data have accumulated on εe for the treatment of various chlorinated solvents (esp. trichloroethylene, TCE) by zerovalent iron (ZVI), and analysis of these data shows that ZVI particle properties (e.g., stabilization with polymers, bimetallic modification, sulfidation, etc.) and other operational factors have variable effects on εe. Of particular interest is that pre-exposure of ZVI to reduced sulfur species (i.e., sulfidation) consistently improves the εe of contaminant reduction, mainly by suppressing the reduction of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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Qian L, Chen Y, Ouyang D, Zhang W, Han L, Yan J, Kvapil P, Chen M. Field demonstration of enhanced removal of chlorinated solvents in groundwater using biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 698:134215. [PMID: 31494413 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The application of biochar-supported nanoscale zero-valent iron (biochar-nZVI) was successfully implemented in a field demonstration for the first time. To overcome the significant shortcomings of nZVI agglomeration for in-situ groundwater remediation, biochar-nZVI was injected into groundwater using direct-push and water pressure driven packer techniques for a site impacted by chlorinated solvents in the North China Plain. The field demonstration comprising two-step injections was implemented to demonstrate the effectiveness of nZVI and biochar-nZVI respectively. The outcome of the demonstration revealed a sharp reduction of contaminant concentrations of chlorinated solvents in 24 h following the first injection of nZVI, but the rebound of the concentrations of these contaminants in groundwater has occurred within the next two weeks. However, application of biochar-nZVI greatly enhanced the removal of chlorinated solvents in groundwater over the longer period of 42 days. The enhanced removal of chlorinated solvents in groundwater by biochar-nZVI is mainly attributed to the synergistic effects of adsorption and reduction. The adsorption by biochar significantly reduced the level of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. Overall increases in ferrous iron and chloride concentrations after the injections indicated that the reduction has occurred during the removal of chlorinated solvents in groundwater. In summary, biochar-supported nZVI could be potentially used for the effective remediation of chlorinated solvents in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Qian
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Yun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Ouyang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wenying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Han
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingchun Yan
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Petr Kvapil
- Technical University of Liberec, Studentska 2, CZ46117 Liberec, Czech Republic
| | - Mengfang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, Jiangsu Province, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Site Remediation Technologies, Beijing 100015, China.
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Weil M, Mackenzie K, Foit K, Kühnel D, Busch W, Bundschuh M, Schulz R, Duis K. Environmental risk or benefit? Comprehensive risk assessment of groundwater treated with nano Fe 0-based Carbo-Iron®. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 677:156-166. [PMID: 31055096 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is essential for the provision of drinking water in many areas around the world. The performance of the groundwater-bearing aquifer relies on the ecosystem services provided by groundwater-related organisms. Therefore, if remediation of contaminated groundwater is necessary, the remediation method has to be carefully selected to avoid risk-risk trade-offs that might impact these ecosystems. In the present study, the environmental risk of the in situ remediation agent Carbo-Iron was performed. Carbo-Iron® is a composite of zero valent nano-iron and active carbon. Existing ecotoxicity data were complemented by studies with Daphnia magna (Crustacea), Scenedesmus vacuolatus (Algae), Chironomus riparius (Insecta) and nitrifying soil microorganisms. The predicted no effect concentration of 0.1 mg/L was derived from acute and chronic ecotoxicity studies. It was compared to measured and modelled environmental concentrations of Carbo-Iron applied in a groundwater contaminated with chlorohydrocarbons in a field study and risk ratios were derived. A comprehensive assessment approach was developed further based on existing strategies and used to identify changes of the environmental risk due to the remediation of the contaminated site with Carbo-Iron. With the data used in the present study, the total environmental risk decreased by approximately 50% in the heavily contaminated zones after the application of Carbo-Iron. Thus, based on the results of the present study, the benefit of remediation with Carbo-Iron seems to outweigh its negative effects on the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Weil
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Kaarina Foit
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of System Ecotoxicology, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Dana Kühnel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Wibke Busch
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Bioanalytical Ecotoxicology, Permoser Strasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Forststrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Forststrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
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17
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Vogel M, Georgi A, Kopinke FD, Mackenzie K. Sulfidation of ZVI/AC composite leads to highly corrosion-resistant nanoremediation particles with extended life-time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:235-245. [PMID: 30772554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a powerful reductant for many water pollutants. The lifetime of nZVI in aqueous environments is one of its limitations. Sulfidation of the nZVI surface by reduced sulfur species is known to significantly modify the particle properties. In the present study we examined various post-synthesis sulfidation methods applied on Carbo-Iron, a composite material where iron nanostructures are embedded in colloidal activated carbon (AC) particles. In such cases, where ZVI is surrounded by carbon, sulfidation largely inhibits the anaerobic corrosion of ZVI in water whereas its dechlorination activity was slightly increased. Even at a very low molar S/Fe ratio of 0.004 a strong decrease of the corrosion rate by a factor of 65 was achieved, while concurrently dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) was accelerated by a factor of three compared to the untreated particles. As a consequence, over 98% of the reduction equivalents of the sulfidated ZVI were utilized for the reduction of the target contaminant (33 mg L-1 PCE) under simulated groundwater conditions. In a long-term experiment over 160 days the extended life-time and the preservation of the reduction capacity of the embedded ZVI were confirmed. Reasons for the modified reaction behavior of Carbo-Iron after sulfidation compared to previously studied nZVI are discussed. We hypothesize that the structure of the carbon-embedded iron is decisive for the observed reaction behavior. In addition to reaction rates, the product pattern is vastly different compared to that of sulfidated nZVI. The triple combination of ZVI, AC and sulfur makes the composite particle very suitable for practical in-situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vogel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Guerra FD, Attia MF, Whitehead DC, Alexis F. Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation: Materials and Applications. Molecules 2018; 23:E1760. [PMID: 30021974 PMCID: PMC6100491 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23071760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 07/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental remediation relies mainly on using various technologies (e.g., adsorption, absorption, chemical reactions, photocatalysis, and filtration) for the removal of contaminants from different environmental media (e.g., soil, water, and air). The enhanced properties and effectiveness of nanotechnology-based materials makes them particularly suitable for such processes given that they have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which often results in higher reactivity. This review provides an overview of three main categories of nanomaterials (inorganic, carbon-based, and polymeric-based materials) used for environmental remediation. The use of these nanomaterials for the remediation of different environmental contaminants-such as heavy metals, dyes, chlorinated organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds, volatile organic compounds, and halogenated herbicides-is reviewed. Various recent examples are extensively highlighted focusing on the materials and their applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda D Guerra
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Mohamed F Attia
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Daniel C Whitehead
- Department of Chemistry, Clemson University, 467 Hunter Laboratories, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
| | - Frank Alexis
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University, 301 Rhodes Research Center, Clemson, SC 29634, USA.
- School of Biological Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech, San Miguel de Urcuquí, Ibarra EC 100150, Ecuador.
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19
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Vogel M, Nijenhuis I, Lloyd J, Boothman C, Pöritz M, Mackenzie K. Combined chemical and microbiological degradation of tetrachloroethene during the application of Carbo-Iron at a contaminated field site. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1027-1036. [PMID: 30045527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
After the injection of Carbo-Iron® into an aquifer contaminated with tetrachloroethene (PCE), combined chemical and microbiological contaminant degradation processes were found in a long-term study of the field site in Lower Saxony (Germany). The applied composite material Carbo-Iron, which consists of colloidal activated carbon and embedded nanoscale zero-valent iron (ZVI) structures, functioned as intended: accumulating the pollutants and promoting their reductive dechlorination. Furthermore, the particles decreased the redox potential of the groundwater due to their reaction with oxygen and to the ZVI-corrosion-induced formation of molecular hydrogen up to 190 days after the injection, the latter promoting sulphate-reducing conditions. The emergence of cis-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), which was only found in trace quantities before the injection of Carbo-Iron, together with the presence of organisms related to Sulfospirillum multivorans, Desulfitobacterium spp. and Dehalococcoides mccartyi, indicate that Carbo-Iron is also able to support microbial degradation of PCE. However, cis-DCE did not accumulate in the present case study, although it is often observed at sites with active microbial dechlorination. The results of compound-specific isotope analysis in combination with pyrosequencing data suggested the oxidative degradation of cis-DCE by an organism related to Polaromonas sp. strain JS666. Consequently, the formation of the carcinogenic degradation intermediate vinyl chloride was circumvented. Overall, the moderate and slow change of environmental conditions mediated by Carbo-Iron not only supported organohalide-respiring bacteria, but also created the basis for a subsequent microbial oxidation step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vogel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ivonne Nijenhuis
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonathan Lloyd
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Boothman
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marlén Pöritz
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Isotope Biogeochemistry, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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20
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Nguyen NHA, Von Moos NR, Slaveykova VI, Mackenzie K, Meckenstock RU, Thűmmler S, Bosch J, Ševců A. Biological effects of four iron-containing nanoremediation materials on the green alga Chlamydomonas sp. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 154:36-44. [PMID: 29454269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
As nanoremediation strategies for in-situ groundwater treatment extend beyond nanoiron-based applications to adsorption and oxidation, ecotoxicological evaluations of newly developed materials are required. The biological effects of four new materials with different iron (Fe) speciations ([i] FerMEG12 - pristine flake-like milled Fe(0) nanoparticles (nZVI), [ii] Carbo-Iron® - Fe(0)-nanoclusters containing activated carbon (AC) composite, [iii] Trap-Ox® Fe-BEA35 (Fe-zeolite) - Fe-doped zeolite, and [iv] Nano-Goethite - 'pure' FeOOH) were studied using the unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas sp. as a model test system. Algal growth rate, chlorophyll fluorescence, efficiency of photosystem II, membrane integrity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were assessed following exposure to 10, 50 and 500 mg L-1 of the particles for 2 h and 24 h. The particles had a concentration-, material- and time-dependent effect on Chlamydomonas sp., with increased algal growth rate after 24 h. Conversely, significant intracellular ROS levels were detected after 2 h, with much lower levels after 24 h. All Fe-nanomaterials displayed similar Z-average sizes and zeta-potentials at 2 h and 24 h. Effects on Chlamydomonas sp. decreased in the order FerMEG12 > Carbo-Iron® > Fe-zeolite > Nano-Goethite. Ecotoxicological studies were challenged due to some particle properties, i.e. dark colour, effect of constituents and a tendency to agglomerate, especially at high concentrations. All particles exhibited potential to induce significant toxicity at high concentrations (500 mg L-1), though such concentrations would rapidly decrease to mg or µg L-1 in aquatic environments, levels harmless to Chlamydomonas sp. The presented findings contribute to the practical usage of particle-based nanoremediation in environmental restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nhung H A Nguyen
- Technical University of Liberec, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Multidisciplinary Studies, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
| | - Nadia R Von Moos
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd Carl Vogt, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Vera I Slaveykova
- University of Geneva, Faculty of Sciences, Earth and Environmental Sciences, Department for Environmental and Aquatic Sciences, Uni Carl Vogt, 66 Bvd Carl Vogt, 1211 Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH-UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Rainer U Meckenstock
- University of Duisburg-Essen, Biofilm Centre, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany.
| | - Silke Thűmmler
- TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Institute of Mechanical Process Engineering and Mineral Processing, Agricolastraße 1, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
| | - Julian Bosch
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
| | - Alena Ševců
- Technical University of Liberec, Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Faculty of Mechatronics, Informatics and Multidisciplinary Studies, Studentská 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic.
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Fan D, Gilbert EJ, Fox T. Current state of in situ subsurface remediation by activated carbon-based amendments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:793-803. [PMID: 28233638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a growing interest in applying activated carbon (AC)-based amendments for in situ subsurface remediation of organic contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. This remedial technology has been promoted by several major AC-based product vendors on the market. These products involve impregnation or co-application of chemical or biological additives to facilitate various contaminant degradation processes in conjunction with contaminant adsorption. During field applications, rapid contaminant removal and limited rebound after emplacement have often been reported and considered as two major advantages for this remedial technology. Nevertheless, questions remain to be answered regarding its true effectiveness and longevity given the lack of subsequent field characterizations and evidence of the degradation process, especially biodegradation. Additional uncertainties reside in how subsurface heterogeneity may affect the design, implementation and performance monitoring of this technology. In light of these uncertainties, this review presents an independent analysis that focuses on both the scientific and practical aspects of AC-based remedial technology for in situ subsurface remediation by gathering and synthesizing the scientific knowledge and practical lessons from a broad range of contaminant removal processes involving adsorption and/or degradation. The analysis showed that the scientific soundness of combining adsorption and degradation proposed for all the AC-based products is well supported by the literature on ex situ treatment. However, the in situ effectiveness might be affected by additional factors, such as geological heterogeneity, amendment transport and distribution, and total contaminant mass, which require more thorough and quantitative evaluation. Overall, the technology may provide a viable tool in addressing major remediation challenges encountered in current practice, such as mitigation of back diffusion from residual sources in low permeability zones and treatment of low concentration plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Arlington, VA, 22201, USA.
| | - Edward J Gilbert
- Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Tom Fox
- Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, Division of Oil and Public Safety (OPS), Denver, CO 80202, USA
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Han B, Liu W, Zhao X, Cai Z, Zhao D. Transport of multi-walled carbon nanotubes stabilized by carboxymethyl cellulose and starch in saturated porous media: Influences of electrolyte, clay and humic acid. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:188-197. [PMID: 28475912 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the transport behaviors of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and starch stabilized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) through a saturated quartz sand column in the presence of electrolytes, model clays, and natural organic matter (humic acid) through column breakthrough experiments and model simulations. Both stabilizers, CMC and starch, greatly enhanced the breakthrough of MWNTs, with a full breakthrough plateau (C/C0) ranging from 0.69 to 0.90 at ionic strength from 0.3 to 10mM. Between the two stabilizers, CMC was more effective in resisting particle deposition, and thus CMC-stabilized MWNTs were more transportable through the medium. While non-stabilized MWNTs were much less transportable and were vulnerable to electrolyte effects (especially Ca2+), the stabilized counterparts were much more resistant to the coagulation effects of electrolytes. The presence of colloidal clay particles showed contrasting effects on the transport of bare and stabilized MWNTs. The full breakthrough C/C0 of bare MWNTs was suppressed by kaolinite and montmorillonite particles from 0.33 to <0.15 with 5mg/L clay, indicating that the presence of both clays enhanced the aggregation and deposition of MWNTs. However, kaolinite particles facilitated the transport of stabilized-MWNTs, while montmorillonite weakened the breakthrough of stabilized MWNTs. Humic acid had less effect on the mobility of stabilized-MWNTs than that of bare MWNTs. The advection-dispersion transport model incorporated with the filtration theory was able to simulate the breakthrough curves and quantitatively interpret the particle deposition. The results can facilitate our understanding of fate and transport of stabilized carbon nanotubes in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; College of Marine Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States.
| | - Xiao Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Zhengqing Cai
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States; Institute of Environmental Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, China.
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23
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Controlled Deposition of Particles in Porous Media for Effective Aquifer Nanoremediation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12992. [PMID: 29021630 PMCID: PMC5636825 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13423-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a model assisted strategy is developed to control the distribution of colloids in porous media in the framework of nanoremediation, an innovative environmental nanotechnology aimed at reclaiming contaminated aquifers. This approach is exemplified by the delivery of humic acid-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (FeOx), a typical reagent for in situ immobilization of heavy metals. By tuned sequential injections of FeOx suspensions and of solutions containing a destabilizing agent (i.e. calcium or magnesium), the two fronts, which advance at different rates, overlap at the target location (i.e., the central portion) of the porous systems. Here, the particles deposit and accumulate irreversibly, creating a reactive zone. An analytical expression predicting the position of the clustering zone in 1D systems is derived from first principles of advective-dispersive transport. Through this equation, the sequence and duration of the injection of the different solutions in the medium is assessed. The model robustness is demonstrated by its successful application to various systems, comprising the use of different sands or immobilizing cations, both in 1D and 2D geometries. The method represents an advancement in the control of nanomaterial fate in the environment, and could enhance nanoremediation making it an effective alternative to more conventional techniques.
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Gillies G, Raj R, Kopinke FD, Georgi A. Suspension stability and mobility of Trap-Ox Fe-zeolites for in-situ nanoremediation. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 501:311-320. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.04.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Weil M, Meißner T, Springer A, Bundschuh M, Hübler L, Schulz R, Duis K. Oxidized Carbo-Iron causes reduced reproduction and lower tolerance of juveniles in the amphipod Hyalella azteca. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 181:94-103. [PMID: 27825064 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
For in situ remediation of groundwater contaminated by halogenated hydrocarbons Carbo-Iron®, a composite of microscale activated carbon and nano Fe0, was developed. Against the background of intended release of Carbo-Iron into the environment in concentrations in the g/L-range, potential ecotoxicological consequences were evaluated in the present study. The nano Fei0 in Carbo-Iron acts as reducing agent and is oxidized in aqueous systems by chlorinated solvents, groundwater constituents (e.g. dissolved oxygen) and anaerobic corrosion. As Carbo-Iron is generally oxidized rapidly after application into the environment, the oxidized state is environmentally most relevant, and Carbo-Iron was used in its oxidized form in the ecotoxicological tests. The amphipod Hyalella azteca was selected as a surrogate test species for functionally important groundwater crustaceans. Effects of Carbo-Iron on H. azteca were determined in a 10-d acute test, a 7-d feeding activity test and a 42-d chronic test. Additionally, a 56-d life cycle test was performed with a modified design to further evaluate effects of Carbo-Iron on adult H. azteca and their offspring. The size of Carbo-Iron particles in stock and test suspensions was determined via dynamic light scattering. Potential uptake of particles into test organisms was investigated using transmission and scanning electron microscopy. At the termination of the feeding and acute toxicity test (i.e. after 7 and 10 d of exposure, respectively), Carbo-Iron had a significant effect on the weight, length and feeding rate of H. azteca at the highest test concentration of 100mg/L. While an uptake of Carbo-Iron into the gut was observed, no passage into the surrounding tissue was detected. In both chronic tests, the number of offspring was the most sensitive endpoint and significant effects were recorded at concentrations ≥50mg/L (42-d experiment) and ≥12.5mg/L (56-d experiment). Parental exposure to oxidized Carbo-Iron significantly exacerbated the acute effects of the nanocomposite on the subsequent generation of H. azteca by a factor >10. The present study indicates risks for groundwater species at concentrations in the mg/L range. Carbo-Iron may exceed these effect concentrations in treated aquifers, but the presence of the pollutant has most likely impaired the quality of this habitat already. The benefit of remediation has to be regarded against the risk of ecological consequences with special consideration of the observed increasing sensitivity of juvenile H. azteca.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirco Weil
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Tobias Meißner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Ceramic Technologies and Systems, Winterbergstrasse 28, 01277 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Armin Springer
- Dresden University of Technology, Budapesterstrasse 27, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
| | - Mirco Bundschuh
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden; Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Forststrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Lydia Hübler
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Ralf Schulz
- Institute for Environmental Sciences, University of Koblenz-Landau, Forststrasse 7, 76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstrasse 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
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Fan D, O'Brien Johnson G, Tratnyek PG, Johnson RL. Sulfidation of Nano Zerovalent Iron (nZVI) for Improved Selectivity During In-Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9558-9565. [PMID: 27454131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) leads to inefficient treatment due to competition with various natural reductant demand (NRD) processes, especially the reduction of water to hydrogen. Here we show that this limitation can be alleviated by sulfidation (i.e., modification by reducing sulfur compounds). nZVI synthesized on carboxylmethylcelluose (CMC-nZVI) was sulfidated with either sulfide or dithionite. The reactivity of the resulting materials was examined with three complementary assays: (i) direct measurement of hydrogen production, (ii) reduction of a colorimetric redox probe (indigo disulfonate, I2S), and (iii) dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). The results indicate that sulfidation at S/Fe molar ratios of ≥0.3, effectively eliminates reaction with water, but retains significant reactivity with TCE. However, sulfidation with sulfide leaves most of the nZVI as Fe(0), whereas dithionite converts a majority of the nZVI to FeS (thus consuming much of the reducing capacity originally provided by the Fe(0)). Simplified numerical models show that the reduction kinetics of I2S and TCE are mainly dependent on the initial reducing equivalents and that the TCE reduction rate is affected by the aging of FeS. Overall, the results suggest that pretreatment of nZVI with reducing sulfur compounds could result in substantial improvement in nZVI selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Graham O'Brien Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Richard L Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Zhao X, Liu W, Cai Z, Han B, Qian T, Zhao D. An overview of preparation and applications of stabilized zero-valent iron nanoparticles for soil and groundwater remediation. WATER RESEARCH 2016; 100:245-266. [PMID: 27206054 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2016.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 287] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Nano-scale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is one of the most intensively studied materials for environmental cleanup uses over the past 20 years or so. Freshly prepared nZVI is highly reactive due to its high specific surface area and strong reducing power. Over years, the classic borohydride reduction method for preparing nZVI has been modified by use of various stabilizers or surface modifiers to acquire more stable and soil deliverable nZVI for treatment of different organic and inorganic contaminants in water and soil. While most studies have been focused on testing nZVI for water treatment, the greater potential or advantage of nZVI appears to be for in situ remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by directly delivering stabilized nZVI into the contaminated subsurface as it was proposed from the beginning. Compared to conventional remediation practices, the in situ remediation technique using stabilized nZVI offers some unique advantages. This work provides an update on the latest development of stabilized nZVI for various environmental cleanup uses, and overviews the evolution and environmental applications of stabilized nZVI. Commonly used stabilizers are compared and the stabilizing mechanisms are discussed. The effectiveness and constraints of the nZVI-based in situ remediation technology are summarized. This review also reveals some critical knowledge gaps and research needs, such as interactions between delivered nZVI and the local biogeochemical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Zhengqing Cai
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Bing Han
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA
| | - Tianwei Qian
- Institute of Environmental Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, PR China
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Environmental Engineering Program, Department of Civil Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA; Institute of Environmental Science, Taiyuan University of Science and Technology, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030024, PR China.
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