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Suulamo U, Remes H, Tarkiainen L, Murphy M, Martikainen P. Excess winter mortality in Finland, 1971-2019: a register-based study on long-term trends and effect modification by sociodemographic characteristics and pre-existing health conditions. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e079471. [PMID: 38309756 PMCID: PMC10840061 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2023-079471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Excess winter mortality is a well-established phenomenon across the developed world. However, whether individual-level factors increase vulnerability to the effects of winter remains inadequately examined. Our aim was to assess long-term trends in excess winter mortality in Finland and estimate the modifying effect of sociodemographic and health characteristics on the risk of winter death. DESIGN Nationwide register study. SETTING Finland. PARTICIPANTS Population aged 60 years and over, resident in Finland, 1971-2019. OUTCOME MEASURES Age-adjusted winter and non-winter death rates, and winter-to-non-winter rate ratios and relative risks (multiplicative interaction effects between winter and modifying characteristics). RESULTS We found a decreasing trend in the relative winter excess mortality over five decades and a drop in the series around 2000. During 2000-2019, winter mortality rates for men and women were 11% and 14% higher than expected based on non-winter rates. The relative risk of winter death increased with age but did not vary by income. Compared with those living with at least one other person, individuals in institutions had a higher relative risk (1.07, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.08). Most pre-existing health conditions did not predict winter death, but persons with dementia emerged at greater relative risk (1.06, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.07). CONCLUSIONS Although winter mortality seems to affect frail people more strongly-those of advanced age, living in institutions and with dementia-there is an increased risk even beyond the more vulnerable groups. Protection of high-risk groups should be complemented with population-level preventive measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulla Suulamo
- Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
- International Max Planck Research School for Population, Health and Data Science, Rostock, Germany
| | - Hanna Remes
- Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lasse Tarkiainen
- Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Murphy
- The London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Social Policy, London, UK
| | - Pekka Martikainen
- Helsinki Institute for Demography and Population Health, University of Helsinki Faculty of Social Sciences, Helsinki, Finland
- Max Planck - University of Helsinki Center for Social Inequalities in Population Health, Helsinki, Finland
- Max-Planck-Institute for Demographic Research, Rostock, Germany
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Groot J, Nielsen ET, Nielsen TF, Andersen PK, Pedersen M, Sigsgaard T, Loft S, Nybo Andersen AM, Keller A. Exposure to residential mold and dampness and the associations with respiratory tract infections and symptoms thereof in children in high income countries: A systematic review and meta-analyses of epidemiological studies. Paediatr Respir Rev 2023; 48:47-64. [PMID: 37482434 DOI: 10.1016/j.prrv.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple reviews have been conducted on the associations between residential mold and dampness and respiratory outcomes in children, with few specifically investigating respiratory tract infections (RTIs). OBJECTIVE We aimed to review and synthesize the available epidemiological literature on mold and dampness and risk of RTIs and respiratory symptoms compatible with RTIs in children living in high-income countries. METHOD We performed a systematic search of literature available from MEDLINE, Embase, and Web of Science for observational studies. We conducted meta-analyses using two-level random effects (RE) and multi-level random effects (ML) models for contrasts of three exposure and three outcome categories, including multiple estimates reported by single studies. We report central estimates for pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95 % confidence intervals (CI).We conducted a risk of bias assessment using the Joanna Briggs Initiative (JBI) checklists for cross-sectional, case-control, and cohort studies. We additionally report on cumulative meta-analyses, leave-one-out analyses of single estimates, subgroup analyses by study quality and study design and inclusion of all effect estimates. RESULTS Of the 932 studies initially screened by title and abstract, we included 30 studies with 267 effect estimates that met the inclusion criteria. Most were cross-sectional (n = 22), with fewer cohort (n = 5) and case-control (n = 3) studies. Most of the studies were according to the bias assessment of poor or fair quality (n = 24). The main meta-analyses generally provided similar results regardless of statistical model and central estimates ranged from OR 1.28 (95 % CI; 1.08, 1.53) for dampness and RTIs to OR 1.76 (95 % CI; 1.64, 1.88) for mold and respiratory symptoms. Most analyses were of moderate heterogeneity. Funnel plots did not indicate strong publication bias. CONCLUSION Our results are compatible with a weak to moderate effect of residential mold and or dampness on risk of RTIs in children in high-income countries. However, these results are based primarily on cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Groot
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Emilie Tange Nielsen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Trine Fuhr Nielsen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Kragh Andersen
- Section of Biostatistics, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Pedersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torben Sigsgaard
- Environment, Work and Health, Department of Public Health, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Loft
- Section of Environmental Health, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Amélie Keller
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Kirkegaard AM, Kloster S, Davidsen M, Christensen AI, Vestbo J, Nielsen NS, Ersbøll AK, Gunnarsen L. The Association between Perceived Annoyances in the Indoor Home Environment and Respiratory Infections: A Danish Cohort Study with up to 19 Years of Follow-Up. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1911. [PMID: 36767277 PMCID: PMC9915003 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20031911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The increasing prevalence of reported annoyances in the indoor environment threatens public health. This study aimed to investigate the association between perceived annoyances from the home environment and respiratory infections among individuals with and without asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A total of 16,688 individuals from the Danish Health and Morbidity Survey initiated in 2000 were grouped according to their patterns of perceived annoyances. Information on respiratory infections (all causes, bacterial, viral, and those leading to hospital admissions) was obtained from Danish registers up to 19 years after the survey. Poisson regression of incidence rates (IRs) was applied to estimate incidence rate ratios (IRRs). Annoyances significantly increased the IR for respiratory infections of all causes and bacterial respiratory infections in individuals without asthma or COPD, adjusted IRR 1.16 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.34) and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.31), respectively. However, no difference was observed for viral respiratory infections nor hospital admissions. Individuals with asthma or COPD and a high level of annoyances had a non-significantly increased IR in all four analyses of respiratory infections. These findings provide support for perceived annoyances as an important risk factor for respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Kirkegaard
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Stine Kloster
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Davidsen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Illemann Christensen
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jørgen Vestbo
- Division of Infection, Immunity and Respiratory Medicine, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9 PL, UK
| | - Niss Skov Nielsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Studiestraede 6, 1455 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Gunnarsen
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, A.C. Meyers Vaenge 15, 2450 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lorentzen JC, Johanson G, Björk F, Stensson S. Overcrowding and Hazardous Dwelling Condition Characteristics: A Systematic Search and Scoping Review of Relevance for Health. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:15542. [PMID: 36497612 PMCID: PMC9736286 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192315542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Crowding in dwellings is an important public health issue. We hypothesize that overcrowding may cause indirect health effects by adversely affecting the dwelling itself, for example, by increasing dampness leading to mold. We therefore performed a systematic search and a scoping review on overcrowding leading to dwelling condition characteristics of relevance for health. A literature search was performed using the PubMed and Scopus databases up to 5 March 2021. The search yielded 100 records with relevant information. We found that overcrowding is defined in numerous ways and often address "socially deprived" populations. Six studies report associations of overcrowding with at least one dwelling condition characteristic, namely lead, cadmium, microorganism distribution, dust mite and cockroach allergens in dust, cockroach infestation, peeling paint, and mold. One of the studies reports associations between several characteristics, e.g., association of mold with cleanliness and rodent infestation, and points out the common use of pesticides. Additional characteristics were extracted from the remaining 94 records, without data on statistical associations with overcrowding. Our review suggests that multiple potentially hazardous dwelling condition characteristics often coincide in overcrowded dwellings. The epidemiological attribution of health effects to any characteristic is therefore difficult. Causal relationships are even more difficult to establish, as overcrowding is also associated with a range of social and other circumstances that may affect health. The complexity should be considered by scientists and practitioners dealing with overcrowding in dwellings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnny C. Lorentzen
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Integrative Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, SE-113 65 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Johanson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Integrative Toxicology, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Folke Björk
- KTH Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sofia Stensson
- RISE Research Institutes of Sweden, SE-501 15 Borås, Sweden
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Wimalasena NN, Chang-Richards A, Wang KIK, Dirks KN. Housing Risk Factors Associated with Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18062815. [PMID: 33802036 PMCID: PMC7998657 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18062815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Cold, damp and mouldy housing arises from the degradation of the housing stock over time due to weathering and a lack of maintenance. Living in such houses is associated with many adverse impacts on human health, especially for those with existing health issues. This paper presents a systematic review, using the PRISMA protocol, consisting of an exploratory analysis of housing-related risk factors associated with respiratory disease. The review consisted of 360 studies investigating 19 risk factors associated with respiratory conditions. Each fall into one of four categories, namely, (1) outdoor environment-related factors; (2) indoor air pollution-related factors; (3) housing non-structure-related factors; or (4) housing structure-related factors. The results show that effects of poor housing conditions on occupants’ respiratory health is a growing research field, where poor indoor air quality, mainly due to a lack of adequate ventilation, was found to be the most influential risk factor. Usage of solid fuel and living in an urban area without a pollutant-free air filtration system are the main risk factors related to inadequate ventilation. Therefore, an adequate and reliable ventilation system with air-infiltration was considered to be the main mitigation solution to improve indoor air quality. It is suggested that government organisations and health practitioners could use the identified risk factors to measure the healthiness of existing dwellings and take measures to improve existing conditions and develop regulations for new housing construction to promote the healthy home concept. Further research is needed for risk mitigation strategies to reduce the respiratory health burden attributed to housing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nipuni Nilakshini Wimalasena
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand; (A.C.-R.); (K.N.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-225-311-863
| | - Alice Chang-Richards
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand; (A.C.-R.); (K.N.D.)
| | - Kevin I-Kai Wang
- Department of Electrical, Computer and Software Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand;
| | - Kim N. Dirks
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, 0600 Auckland, New Zealand; (A.C.-R.); (K.N.D.)
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Tsuchiya M, Aida J, Watanabe T, Shinoda M, Sugawara Y, Tomata Y, Yabe Y, Sekiguchi T, Watanabe M, Osaka K, Sasaki K, Hagiwara Y, Tsuji I. High prevalence of toothache among Great East Japan Earthquake survivors living in temporary housing. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 2018; 47:119-126. [PMID: 30443972 DOI: 10.1111/cdoe.12433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent tsunami cause large-scale destruction in the north-eastern coastal areas in Japan, and forced many survivors to relocate to prefabricated temporary housing, a typical emergency accommodation. Based on the hypothesis that higher toothache prevalence among the disaster survivors is associated with postdisaster distress, we determined the impact of temporary residential environment as potential stressor on the subjective toothache prevalence. METHODS A repeated cross-sectional health survey based on self-reported questionnaire was conducted in 2776 disaster survivors, of whom 1446 participants underwent dental examination by dentists. Housing type was categorized into three groups including the same housing as before the earthquake, temporary housing and rented/new housing. The association of housing type with subjective toothache prevalence was examined using multivariate logistic regression analysis in all subjects and subgroup analysis in dental examination applicants. Stratified analysis by survey wave was applied with inclusion of covariates such as the socio-demographic factors, and presence of insomnia and psychological distress. In subgroup analysis, presence of dental caries and gum problems in dental examination were included as factors of direct exposure to subjective toothache. RESULTS In the first survey wave, the participants living in the temporary housing had significantly higher odds ratio (OR) for toothache prevalence compared to the participants living in the same housing (OR: 3.76, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.85-7.65, P < 0.001); whereas in all other survey waves, there was no significant difference. Subgroup analysis of dental examination applicants confirmed the presence of significant association of subjective toothache prevalence in the temporary housing group alone (OR: 3.27, 95% CI: 1.38-7.76, P = 0.004), but not in the rented/new housing group (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 0.57-3.91, P = 0.411), even after adjusting for covariates related to oral findings. CONCLUSION Temporary housing may be a factor to increase the risk of subjective toothache among disaster survivors only at postdisaster acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Nursing, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Jun Aida
- Division of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takashi Watanabe
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Masamichi Shinoda
- Department of Physiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yumi Sugawara
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasutake Tomata
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yutaka Yabe
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuya Sekiguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Faculty of Comprehensive Welfare, Tohoku Fukushi University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ken Osaka
- Division of International and Community Oral Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Keiichi Sasaki
- Division of Advanced Prosthetic Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Hagiwara
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Ichiro Tsuji
- Division of Epidemiology, Department of Health Informatics and Public Health, Tohoku University School of Public Health, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
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Occupant satisfaction with indoor environmental quality and health after energy retrofits of multi-family buildings: Results from INSULAtE-project. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2018; 221:921-928. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Finell E, Tolvanen A, Haverinen-Shaughnessy U, Laaksonen S, Karvonen S, Sund R, Luopa P, Pekkanen J, Ståhl T. Indoor air problems and the perceived social climate in schools: A multilevel structural equation analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1504-1512. [PMID: 29929260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air problems in schools appear to influence learning outcomes and absence rates. However, previous research has not investigated whether indoor air problems influence the social climate of schools. Therefore, we studied whether indoor air problems observed in schools associate with students' perceptions of the teacher-student relationship and class spirit. The nationwide sample of Finnish schools (N=194 schools/27153 students) was analyzed using multilevel structural equation modeling. Data on the schools' social climate collected from students were merged with independently collected data on observed indoor air problems from school principals. We found that the teacher-student relationship was reported to be worse in schools with observed indoor air problems compared to those without observed indoor air problems. Furthermore, the reported class spirit was worse in schools with observed indoor air problems, but only among students with a high grade point average. Our findings indicate that indoor air problems may affect the student-perceived social climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eerika Finell
- Faculty of Social Sciences, Linna, 33014, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland.
| | - Asko Tolvanen
- Methodology Centre for Human Sciences, P.O. Box 35, 40014, University of Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Ulla Haverinen-Shaughnessy
- Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 95, 70701 Kuopio, Finland
| | - Seppo Laaksonen
- Department of Social Research, P.O. Box 68, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Sakari Karvonen
- Department of Health and Social Care Systems, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Reijo Sund
- Centre for Research Methods, Department of Social Research, P.O. Box 18, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Pauliina Luopa
- Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, P.O. Box 30, 00271 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha Pekkanen
- Department of Public Health, P.O. Box 20, 00014 University of Helsinki, Finland; Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Finland
| | - Timo Ståhl
- Department of Welfare, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Biokatu 10, 33520 Tampere, Finland
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