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Zhu L, Zhang M, Gao B, Zhang H, Zhang H, Zhang Y, Yu LL. Subchronic Toxicity of Mineral Oil Saturated Hydrocarbons (MOSH) in Relation to Its Carbon Number Range and Gender of Fischer F344 Rats. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39364925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c04669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
In this work, the paraffin oil was first molecularly distilled into two mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) subfractions with their main carbon number range of C20-30 (84.58%) and C30-50 (89.65%), which were determined using a liquid chromatography-gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (LC-GC-FID) technique. Then, both female and male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were fed with the diets containing one of these two MOSH subfractions at the low (1.5 g/kg) or high dose (15 g/kg) for 6 months. It was found that the exposure of MOSH C20-30 subfraction could result in a significant increase of spleen weight index (4.64 ± 0.18 mg/g for female and 3.79 ± 0.31 mg/g for male rats) (P < 0.05), and irregular shape of white medulla, and the macrophage infiltration in mesenteric lymph node for both female and male rats, especially for the 15 g/kg MOSH C20-30-fed rats. Meanwhile, both MOSH C20-30 and C30-50 subfraction promoted inflammation and oxidative stress and had a negative effect on the immune function in both female and male rats. The metabolomics results further supported these observations, and indicated the down-regulation of cysteine and methionine metabolism, and glutathione metabolism pathway in female and male rats, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhu
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Boyan Gao
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology Research & Development Center Co. Ltd., Shanghai 200137, China
| | - Yaqiong Zhang
- Institute of Food and Nutraceutical Science, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Liangli Lucy Yu
- Department of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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2
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Schrenk D, Bignami M, Bodin L, del Mazo J, Grasl‐Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom L(R, Leblanc J, Nebbia CS, Nielsen E, Ntzani E, Petersen A, Sand S, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Wallace H, Alexander J, Goldbeck C, Grob K, Gómez Ruiz JÁ, Mosbach‐Schulz O, Binaglia M, Chipman JK. Update of the risk assessment of mineral oil hydrocarbons in food. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08215. [PMID: 37711880 PMCID: PMC10498375 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) are composed of saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). Due to the complexity of the MOH composition, their complete chemical characterisation is not possible. MOSH accumulation is observed in various tissues, with species-specific differences. Formation of liver epithelioid lipogranulomas and inflammation, as well as increased liver and spleen weights, are observed in Fischer 344 (F344) rats, but not in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. These effects are related to specific accumulation of wax components in the liver of F344 rats, which is not observed in SD rats or humans. The CONTAM Panel concluded that F344 rats are not an appropriate model for effects of MOSH with wax components. A NOAEL of 236 mg/kg body weight (bw) per day, corresponding to the highest tested dose in F344 rats of a white mineral oil product virtually free of wax components, was selected as relevant reference point (RP). The highest dietary exposure to MOSH was estimated for the young population, with lower bound-upper bound (LB-UB) means and 95th percentiles of 0.085-0.126 and 0.157-0.212 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Considering a margin of exposure approach, the Panel concluded that the present dietary exposure to MOSH does not raise concern for human health for all age classes. Genotoxicity and carcinogenicity are associated with MOAH with three or more aromatic rings. For this subfraction, a surrogate RP of 0.49 mg/kg bw per day, calculated from data on eight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, was considered. The highest dietary exposure to MOAH was also in the young population, with LB-UB mean and 95th percentile estimations of 0.003-0.031 and 0.011-0.059 mg/kg bw per day, respectively. Based on two scenarios on three or more ring MOAH contents in the diet and lacking toxicological information on effects of 1 and 2 ring MOAH, a possible concern for human health was raised.
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3
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Nygaard UC, Vege Å, Rognum T, Grob K, Cartier C, Cravedi JP, Alexander J. Toxic effects of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and relation to accumulation in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 177:113847. [PMID: 37262937 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Humans are daily exposed to mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) from the diet. We exposed female Fischer 344 rats to a broad mixture and sub-fractions of MOSH. Chemical characterization of the MOSH mixture used and material accumulated in rat tissues were previously reported (Barp et al. 2017a, 2017b). Rats were exposed to feed containing 0-4000 mg/kg broad MOSH mixture for 30, 60, 90 and 120 days; and for 120 days to feed containing different MOSH fractions: i) mainly molecular masses < C25 (S-C25), ii) dewaxed, mainly molecular masses > C25 (L-C25) and iii) the L-C25 fraction mixed with wax largely consisting of n-alkanes > C25 (L-C25W). Treatments related effects were increased liver and spleen weight, as well as vacuolization and granuloma formation with lymphoid cell clusters in the liver, but effects varied strongly between the MOSH fractions tested. We conclude that increased liver and spleen weights were related to accumulated n-alkanes (wax) above C25, presumably not relevant for humans, but also to MOSH from S-C25, mainly consisting of iso-alkanes and substituted cycloalkanes below C25 with a small proportion of n-alkanes. Induction of liver granuloma appeared to be related to n-alkanes > C25 and not to the accumulated amount of MOSH. Immune responses to an injected antigen were not affected. Iso-alkanes and substituted cycloalkanes accumulating in rat liver and spleen were similar to those accumulating in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Unni Cecilie Nygaard
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Åshild Vege
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department for Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Torleiv Rognum
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway; Department for Forensic Sciences, Oslo University Hospital, Norway.
| | - Koni Grob
- Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich, Fehrenstrasse 15, CH-8032, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Christel Cartier
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Pierre Cravedi
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, UPS, Toulouse, France.
| | - Jan Alexander
- Division of Infection Control and Environmental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, P.O.Box 4404 Nydalen, N-0403, Oslo, Norway.
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Bauwens G, Gorska A, Purcaro G. The role of comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography in mineral oil determination. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3. [PMID: 37147559 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04718-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Mineral oil hydrocarbons (MOH) contain a wide structural diversity of molecules, for which the reference method of analysis is the online coupled liquid chromatography-gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (LC-GC-FID). These compounds are very heterogeneous from a toxicological viewpoint, and an accurate risk assessment when dealing with a MOH contamination can only be performed if sufficient information is available on the types of structures present (i.e., number of carbons, degree of alkylation, number of aromatic rings). Unfortunately, the separation performances of the current LC-GC-FID method are insufficient for such characterization, not even mentioning the possible coelution of interfering compounds which additionally hinder MOH determination. Comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC × GC), while mostly used for confirmation purposes in the past, starts to prove its relevance for overcoming the weaknesses of the LC-GC method and reaching even better the analytical requirements defined in the latest EFSA opinion. The present paper therefore aims at highlighting how GC × GC has contributed to the understanding of the MOH topic, how it has developed to meet the requirements of MOH determination, and how it could play a role in the field for overcoming many of the current analytical and toxicological challenges related to the topic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Aleksandra Gorska
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Bât. G1 Chimie Des Agro-Biosystèmes, Passage Des Déportés 2, 5030, Gembloux, Belgium.
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5
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Bauwens G, Cavaco Soares A, Lacoste F, Ribera D, Blomsma C, Berg I, Campos F, Coenradie A, Creanga A, Zwagerman R, Purcaro G. Investigation of the effect of refining on the presence of targeted mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons in coconut oil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2023; 40:392-403. [PMID: 36608113 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2022.2164621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this work was to investigate the impact of refining on coconut oil particularly on the most toxicologically relevant fraction of the mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbon (MOAH) contamination, namely the fraction composed by the three to seven aromatic rings. A fully integrated platform consisting of a liquid chromatography (LC), a comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography (GC) (LC-GC × GC) and flame ionization detector (FID) was used to obtained a more detailed characterization of the MOAH sub-classes distribution. The revised EN pr 16995:2017-08 official method was used for preparing the samples, both with and without the auxiliary epoxidation step. Crude coconut oil was spiked with different MOAH standards, namely naphthalenes, alkylated naphthalenes, benzo(a)pyrene, and its alkylated homologues. Refining was modelled by deodorization at 230 °C, stripping with 10 kg/h of steam under 1 mbar vacuum for 3 h. Complete removal of the naphthalenes and reduction of more than 98.8% of the benzo(a)pyrenes was observed. Epoxidation had a significant impact on the MOAH fraction with more than three rings, but with a high dependency on the sample matrix, being significantly less evident in the refined samples than in the crude ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégory Bauwens
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Coen Blomsma
- VERNOF, Association of the Dutch manufacturers of edible oils and fats, Zoetermeer, The Netherlands
| | - Iekje Berg
- Sime Darby Oils, Zwijndrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Fernando Campos
- Archer Daniels Midland Company, ADM Hamburg AG - Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liège, Gembloux, Belgium
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6
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Isola AL, Carrillo JC, Lemaire P, Niemelä H, Steneholm A. Lack of human-relevant adversity of MOSH retained in tissues: Analysis of adversity and implications for regulatory assessment. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2022; 137:105284. [PMID: 36402242 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2022.105284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mineral oils (food grade white oil or liquid paraffin) have historically been safely used in a number of sensitive end-uses, including pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food. Recent concern that certain mineral hydrocarbons (branched and cyclo-alkanes) may accumulate in human tissues has prevented European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) from deriving guidance values for food exposures. Analysis of human and animal tissue indicate that an unresolved cloud of mostly highly branched alkanes and alkylated cycloalkanes within the C20-C35 range is consistently present in all tissues. This critical review thoroughly assesses the retention of "mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons" (MOSH) in human and animal tissues and evaluates if the presence of MOSH is considered adverse and appropriate to use for risk assessment, generation of guidance values for food exposure and/or generation of derivation of health-based guidance values. An adversity framework was utilized to perform an in-depth weight of the evidence analysis, and it was concluded that mere presence of MOSH does not translate to hazard identification, and is not considered adverse. In light of this conclusion, it would not be appropriate to utilize this endpoint as the point of departure to calculate a health guidance value.
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Affiliation(s)
- A L Isola
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., 1545 US Highway 22 East, Annandale, NJ, 08801-3059, USA; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - J C Carrillo
- Shell Global Solutions International B.V., PO Box 162, 2051, AN, The Hague, the Netherlands; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - P Lemaire
- Total Fluides, 24 Cours Michelet-La Défense 10, F-92069, Paris La Défense Cedex, France; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
| | - H Niemelä
- CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium.
| | - A Steneholm
- Nynas AB, PO Box 10 700, SE-121 29, Stockholm, Sweden; CONCAWE Mineral Hydrocarbon Task Force Member, Boulevard du Souverain 165, B-1160, Brussels, Belgium
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7
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Zhang M, Zhang H, Olajide TM, Cao W, Wang Y, Zhang H, Jiang Y. Mineral saturated hydrocarbons and mineral aromatic hydrocarbons in tropical plant oils and their removal by molecular distillation. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aocs.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Tosin Michael Olajide
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Wenming Cao
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yan Wang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
| | - Yuanrong Jiang
- Analytical Center, Wilmar (Shanghai) Biotechnology R&D Center Co., Ltd Shanghai China
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8
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D, Woldhuis J. Relevance of animal studies in the toxicological assessment of oil and wax hydrocarbons. Solving the puzzle for a new outlook in risk assessment. Crit Rev Toxicol 2021; 51:418-455. [PMID: 34494504 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2021.1944056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Paraffin waxes and white mineral oils are distinct petroleum products separated from a common feedstock by crystallization, where only n-alkanes, iso- and cyclo-alkanes with a linear backbone of ∼ 20 carbon atoms long, selectively crystalize out from the oil to form the wax, which is solid at room temperature, whereas oils remain liquid. Up until the 90's, these differences were reflected in separated regulatory assessments. A paradigm shift occurred when Fischer 344 rats (F-344) developed liver epithelioid granuloma following exposure to low and medium viscosity oils or waxes. This lesion was used as common denominator between these products to be jointly assessed under the common term "mineral hydrocarbons - MHC", obviating compositional differences. This regulatory paradigm dominated for the next 30 years, exacerbated by the EFSA 2012 evaluation using the analytical term "MOSH" (mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons) which encompassed these products under single chromatography fraction. The reconstruction of historical developments, together with recent EFSA-sponsored studies of toxicity and accumulation and supporting literature, has allowed us to understand the etiology of the F-344 rat hepatic epithelioid granuloma, which is presented in an adverse outcome pathway (AOP). Considering chemical composition, it clearly demonstrates that the hepatic effects in F-344 rats caused by linear alkanes of waxes are irrelevant for humans. Waxes are thus not MOSH and should thus be evaluated on their own merit. The term MOSH should not include n-alkanes and be exclusively used to mineral oil fractions when considering their chemical makeup for a relevant human hazard assessment.
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Hochegger A, Moret S, Geurts L, Gude T, Leitner E, Mertens B, O'Hagan S, Poças F, Simat TJ, Purcaro G. Mineral oil risk assessment: Knowledge gaps and roadmap. Outcome of a multi-stakeholders workshop. Trends Food Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2021.03.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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10
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Mertens B, Van Heyst A, Demaegdt H, Boonen I, Van Den Houwe K, Goscinny S, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Assessment of hazards and risks associated with dietary exposure to mineral oil for the Belgian population. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 149:112034. [PMID: 33529678 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Recently collected dietary exposure data on mineral oil saturated (MOSH) and aromatic (MOAH) hydrocarbons were used to evaluate the risks associated with exposure to mineral oil through food for the Belgian population. For MOSH, the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) value of 19 mg kg-1 bw day-1 based on the hepatic inflammation-associated granulomas found in a 90-day oral study in F-344 rats was used as point of departure (PoD). Due to existing toxicological uncertainties, the margin of exposure (MOE) approach was applied. In all investigated scenarios, the MOE values were well above 100, indicating that there is no direct health concern related to MOSH exposure for the Belgian population. Nevertheless, more appropriate risk assessment approaches for MOSH based on adequate PoD are needed. For dietary exposure to MOAH, which are potentially genotoxic and carcinogenic, no MOE values could be calculated due to the lack of adequate dose-response carcinogenicity data. In two investigated worst-case scenarios, a health concern related to MOAH exposure could not be excluded, highlighting that more data are needed to perform an adequate risk assessment. The possibility to use in vitro bioassays to collect such additional toxicological information for MOAH present in food samples was also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium; University of Antwerp, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | | | - Heidi Demaegdt
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Imke Boonen
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | - Marc Elskens
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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11
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Mild mixed-solvent extraction for determination of total mineral oil hydrocarbon contaminants in milk powder products. Food Chem 2020; 333:127488. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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12
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Sdrigotti N, Collard M, Purcaro G. Evolution of hyphenated techniques for mineral oil analysis in food. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:464-482. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Sdrigotti
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
- Department of Agricultural Food, Environmental and Animal Sciences University of Udine Udine 33100 Italy
| | - Maurine Collard
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
| | - Giorgia Purcaro
- Analytical Chemistry Lab Gembloux Agro‐Bio Tech University of Liège Gembloux 5030 Belgium
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13
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Do Claims about the Naturalness and Dose of Cosmetics Ingredients Affect the Public’s Perception of Their Safety? J 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/j3030023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Media articles have claimed that “synthetic mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH)”, which are used in many cosmetics such as lip balms, are unsafe at any dose and should be replaced with natural alternatives. This paper examines whether these claims are correct and whether the perceived safety of these substances is influenced by the language used in the media. To achieve these goals, it first provides an extensive review of the toxicology literature, finding no support that MOSHs are unsafe at current usage levels. It then reviews the psychology literature to examine the effects of labelling a cosmetic ingredient as “natural” rather than “synthetic” and the effects of dose information. A 2 × 2 between-subjects experiments involving adult lip balm users shows that, as hypothesized, the perceived safety of lip balms increases when they are described as containing “naturally sourced mineral oil” rather than “synthetic mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon (MOSH)”, which are both correct descriptions. In addition, the perceived safety increases when the substance is described as being present in a low vs. a high dose, regardless of whether it was described as natural or synthetic. Overall, safety perceptions for common cosmetic substances can be significantly influenced by the language used in media reporting.
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Carrillo JC, Danneels D. Letter to the editor, regarding the publication by Pirow and colleagues "Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations". Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 50:272-275. [PMID: 32484074 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2020.1749830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Pack EC, Jang DY, Cha MG, Koo YJ, Kim HS, Yu HH, Park SC, Kim YS, Lim KM, Lee SH, Choi DW. Potential for short-term migration of mineral oil hydrocarbons from coated and uncoated food contact paper and board into a fatty food simulant. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2020; 37:858-868. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2020.1730985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eun Chul Pack
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- School of Health and Environmental Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Yong Jang
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Gi Cha
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ye Ji Koo
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Soo Kim
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Hyeon Yu
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Chan Park
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Soon Kim
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Sciences, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Min Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Ha Lee
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dal Woong Choi
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Health and Safety Convergence Science, Graduate School, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Younes M, Aquilina G, Castle L, Engel K, Fowler P, Fürst P, Gürtler R, Gundert‐Remy U, Husøy T, Mennes W, Moldeus P, Shah R, Waalkens‐Berendsen I, Wölfle D, Boon P, Crebelli R, Di Domenico A, Filipič M, Mortensen A, Van Loveren H, Woutersen R, Gergelova P, Giarola A, Lodi F, Frutos Fernandez MJ. Re-evaluation of name of hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) as food additive. EFSA J 2020; 18:e06034. [PMID: 32874237 PMCID: PMC7448092 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings added to food (FAF) provided a scientific opinion re-evaluating the safety of hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) when used as a food additive. Hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) is authorised as a food additive in the EU in accordance with Annex II to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008. Hydrogenated poly-1-decene is of low acute toxicity and does not raise concern for genotoxicity. Toxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicological studies, were not available; therefore, the Panel based the derivation of the acceptable daily intake (ADI) on the no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) identified in the subchronic study in rats and established an ADI of 20 mg/kg bw per day. Dietary exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) from its use as a food additive was calculated based on regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario. Mean exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) from its use as a food additive ranged from no exposure in infants to 2.35 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. The high exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) ranged from 0 mg/kg bw per day in infants and adults to 6.69 mg/kg bw per day in toddlers. The exposure estimates in the regulatory maximum level exposure assessment scenario did not exceed the ADI of 20 mg/kg bw per day for all population groups. The Panel concluded that the exposure to hydrogenated poly-1-decene (E 907) does not raise a safety concern when used at the maximum permitted levels.
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Pirow R, Blume A, Hellwig N, Herzler M, Huhse B, Hutzler C, Pfaff K, Thierse HJ, Tralau T, Vieth B, Luch A. Mineral oil in food, cosmetic products, and in products regulated by other legislations. Crit Rev Toxicol 2020; 49:742-789. [PMID: 31939687 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1694862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For a few years, mineral oils and their potential adverse health effects have been a constant issue of concern in many regulatory areas such as food, cosmetics, other consumer products, and industrial chemicals. Analytically, two fractions can be distinguished: mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and mineral oil aromatic hydrocarbons (MOAH). This paper aims at assessing the bioaccumulative potential and associated histopathological effects of MOSH as well as the carcinogenic potential of MOAH for consumer-relevant mineral oils. It also covers the absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of MOSH and MOAH upon oral and dermal exposures. The use and occurrence of consumer-relevant, highly refined mineral oils in food, cosmetics and medicinal products are summarized, and estimates for the exposure of consumers are provided. Also addressed are the challenges in characterizing the substance identity of mineral oil products under REACH. Evidence from more recent autopsy and biopsy studies, along with information on decreasing food contamination levels, indicates a low risk for adverse hepatic lesions that may arise from the retention of MOSH in the liver. With respect to MOAH, at present there is no indication of any carcinogenic effects in animals dermally or orally exposed to highly refined mineral oils and waxes. Such products are used not only in cosmetics but also in medicinal products and as additives in food contact materials. The safety of these mineral oil-containing products is thus indirectly documented by their prevalent and long-term use, with a simultaneous lack of clinical and epidemiological evidence for adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralph Pirow
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Annegret Blume
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Hellwig
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Matthias Herzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Huhse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Christoph Hutzler
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Karla Pfaff
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Hermann-Josef Thierse
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Tewes Tralau
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Bärbel Vieth
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Luch
- Department of Chemical and Product Safety, German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
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18
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Van Heyst A, Goscinny S, Bel S, Vandevijvere S, Mertens B, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Dietary exposure of the Belgian population to mineral oil. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 37:267-279. [PMID: 31697201 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1684573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, presence of mineral oil in numerous foods has been detected. The analysis of mineral oil in food is convoluted since it comprises MOSH (saturated hydrocarbons) and variable amounts of mainly alkylated MOAH (aromatic hydrocarbons). Both fractions have a different toxicological profile and therefore they need to be assessed separately. For Belgium, occurrence data are available comprising concentrations of 217 food samples. These data were used, in combination with the 2014/15 Belgian Food Consumption Survey data, in a lower bound scenario to evaluate the dietary exposure of the Belgian population. Exposure to mineral oil was much lower compared to the results previously reported by EFSA and RIVM. The main contributors in Belgium were similar to previous studies (i.e. cereal products and oils), but an important additional contribution of non-alcoholic drinks was identified due to the presence of mineral oil in coffee. However, the concentration of mineral oil was determined from the dry product by applying a dilution factor with transfer rate of 100%, and not in the prepared coffee.This study gives an account of the dietary exposure of the Belgian population to mineral oil for the first time and reports the associated uncertainties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sarah Bel
- Sciensano, SD Epidemiology and Public Health, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | - Birgit Mertens
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Department of Analytical and Geochemistry, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Sciensano, SD Chemical and Physical Health Risks, Brussels, Belgium
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19
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Chuberre B, Araviiskaia E, Bieber T, Barbaud A. Mineral oils and waxes in cosmetics: an overview mainly based on the current European regulations and the safety profile of these compounds. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2019; 33 Suppl 7:5-14. [DOI: 10.1111/jdv.15946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Chuberre
- L'Oréal Cosmetique Active International Levallois‐Perret France
| | - E. Araviiskaia
- Department of Dermatology and Venereal Diseases First Pavlov State Medical University of St. Petersburg St. Petersburg Russia
| | - T. Bieber
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy University of Bonn Bonn Germany
| | - A. Barbaud
- AP‐HP.Sorbonne Université Tenon Hospital Department of Dermatology and Allergology Sorbonne University Paris France
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20
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Zhang S, Liu L, Li B, Xie Y, Ouyang J, Wu Y. Concentrations of migrated mineral oil/polyolefin oligomeric saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH/POSH) in Chinese commercial milk powder products. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2019; 36:1261-1272. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2019.1627001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuchang Zhang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Lingling Liu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Bingning Li
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yaoqing Xie
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ouyang
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Biological Sciences and Technology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Forest Food Process and Safety, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanwen Wu
- Beijing Center for Physical and Chemical Analysis, Beijing Food Safety Analysis and Testing Engineering Research Center, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, China
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21
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Wagner M, Oellig C. Screening for mineral oil saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons in paper and cardboard directly by planar solid phase extraction and by its coupling to gas chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1588:48-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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22
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Toxic effects of mineral oil saturated hydrocarbons (MOSH) and relation to accumulation in rat liver. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 123:431-442. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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23
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Van Heyst A, Vanlancker M, Vercammen J, Van den Houwe K, Mertens B, Elskens M, Van Hoeck E. Analysis of mineral oil in food: results of a Belgian market survey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:2062-2075. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1512758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Annelies Van Heyst
- Service Organic Contaminants and additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | | | | | | | - Birgit Mertens
- Service Risk and health impact assessment, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marc Elskens
- Department of analytical and geochemistry Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Els Van Hoeck
- Service Organic Contaminants and additives, Sciensano, Brussels, Belgium
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24
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Biedermann M, Schum R, Grob K. Activated carbon added to recycled paperboard to prevent migration into food: approach for determining efficacy, and first results. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1832-1844. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1506162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maurus Biedermann
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rafael Schum
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich), Zurich, Switzerland
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25
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Grob K. Mineral oil hydrocarbons in food: a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2018; 35:1845-1860. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2018.1488185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor Zürich (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zürich), Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Grob K. Toxicological Assessment of Mineral Hydrocarbons in Foods: State of Present Discussions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:6968-6974. [PMID: 29953221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b02225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The evaluation of mineral oils by the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA) provided high acceptable daily intakes for classes largely falling into the mass range strongly accumulated by humans. Because they are roughly 2 orders of magnitude above the present exposure, they authorize strongly increased exposure. An approach based on accumulation seems more adequate. Increased organ weights might be more critical than granulomas. Aromatic hydrocarbons with 1-2 aromatic rings should be distinguished from those with at least 3 aromatic rings. If mineral oil saturated hydrocarbon limits were low, no limit might be needed for the 1-2 ring aromatics. It should be considered to phase out substantial use of mineral oils in food application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koni Grob
- Kantonales Labor (Official Food Control Authority of the Canton of Zurich) , Fehrenstrasse 15 , CH-8032 Zürich , Switzerland
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27
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Fleming K, Carrillo JC. MOH accumulation in F344 rats. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 615:1095-1098. [PMID: 29751414 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.07.275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2017] [Revised: 07/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Fleming
- Green Templeton College, University of Oxford; 2 The Winnyards, Cumnor, Oxford, OX2 9RJ, UK.
| | - Juan-Carlos Carrillo
- Shell International B.V.; Carel van Bylandtlaan 16, 2596 HR, The Hague, The Netherlands; University of Oxford, 2 The Winnyards, Oxford, Oxon OX2 9RJ, United Kingdom
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28
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Biedermann M, Munoz C, Grob K. Update of on-line coupled liquid chromatography – gas chromatography for the analysis of mineral oil hydrocarbons in foods and cosmetics. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1521:140-149. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Revised: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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Adenuga D, Goyak K, Lewis RJ. Evaluating the MoA/human relevance framework for F-344 rat liver epithelioid granulomas with mineral oil hydrocarbons. Crit Rev Toxicol 2017; 47:750-766. [DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2017.1319336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David Adenuga
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
| | - Katy Goyak
- ExxonMobil Biomedical Sciences, Inc., Annandale, NJ, USA
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