1
|
Yu Y, Huang X, Chen R, Pan L, Shi B. Control of disinfection byproducts in drinking water treatment plants: Insight into activated carbon filter. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 280:130958. [PMID: 34162113 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The removal efficiencies of disinfection byproducts formation potentials (DBPFPs) and generated DBPs under pre-chlorination condition (pre-generated DBPs) during different drinking water treatment trains in eight full-scale drinking water treatment plants (WTPs) were investigated through field and laboratory studies. Haloacetic acids (HAAs) and haloacetonitriles (HANs) were identified to be two representative DBPs based on cytotoxicity and genotoxicity assessments. The performances of advanced treatment train for HAAs and HANs were better than that of conventional treatment train. However, the efficacy of ozone - biological activated carbon (O3-BAC) was affected by its service time and position in the water treatment process. In addition, the consumption of free chlorine by activated carbon in old granular activated carbon (GAC) filter was higher than that in new one under pre-chlorination condition, resulting in the increase of HAAs and HANs in the GAC filter effluent. This demonstrated that the organic matter adsorbed on older activated carbon generated more HAAs and HANs during pre-chlorination, which inhibited the adsorption of pre-generated DBPs. The ability of GAC/O3-BAC to remove HAAs and HANs was consistent with that of protein-like and low molecular weight organic substances, which could predict the performance of GAC and O3-BAC in treating DBPs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Linlin Pan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Badaró JPM, Campos VP, da Rocha FOC, Santos CL. Multivariate analysis of the distribution and formation of trihalomethanes in treated water for human consumption. Food Chem 2021; 365:130469. [PMID: 34243123 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.130469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The disinfection of water for human consumption with chlorine or other compounds produces secondary reactions with the organic matter, generating undesirable disinfection by-products (DBPs). Among these are trihalomethanes (THMs), identified as carcinogenic compounds. This work determined the trihalomethanes concentration, both speciated and total, in treated water distributed and stored in tanks of residential condominiums of different social classes. THMs were quantified using static manual Headspace as preconcentration technique, injecting the vapor phase collected in a GC/FID. The results show that the water distributed to the homes already contains THMs, trichloromethane being the major compound. The Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) with 60 water samples showed that there is no significant distinction among samples of treated water distributed water and water stored in tanks. This study warns to the importance of controlling the formation of trihalomethanes in water throughout treatment and distribution for users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Vânia Palmeira Campos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-270 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Camila Lima Santos
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 40170-270 Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Beauchamp N, Bouchard C, Dorea C, Rodriguez M. Ultraviolet absorbance monitoring for removal of DBP-precursor in waters with variable quality: Enhanced coagulation revisited. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 717:137225. [PMID: 32092804 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Enhanced coagulation can be an effective way to reduce disinfection by-product (DBP) precursor concentrations. Where turbidity is not extremely high, the natural organic matter concentration evaluated by total or dissolved organic carbon concentration or UV absorbance is known to be the most important factor for determining the adequate coagulant dose. Yet, treatment plant operators are often faced with difficult decisions when it comes to coagulant dosages: Should coagulation efforts and coagulant doses be consistent year-round when water quality changes seasonally? Should the coagulant dose be increased when DBP standards are not met, or has the maximum removal of DBP precursors been reached? The objective and novelty of this study is to revisit the concept of enhanced coagulation and to determine optimal coagulation guidelines based not just on the removal of common indicators such as DOC but on the removal of actual DBP precursors. Jar-tests (for DBP precursor removal evaluation) using alum were conducted under a range of conditions on 8 different natural/synthetic waters with varying physicochemical characteristics for subsequent chlorination over 48 h (for DBP formation potential). A coagulant-dose adjustment strategy based on UV254 monitoring was also implemented at a full-scale facility. Results show that, for the wide range of waters tested, an alum/UV254 stoichiometric dose of 180 ± 25 mg alum cm/L represents a point of diminishing return (i.e. it maximises DBP precursor removal). Another original result of this work is that this dose is applicable and equally efficient in all seasons, despite changes in water quality. For utilities with similar raw waters, this means that coagulation efforts should be proportional to the UV254 of the raw water, regardless of the season.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beauchamp
- Département de Génie Civil et de Génie des Eaux, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Christian Bouchard
- Département de Génie Civil et de Génie des Eaux, Université Laval, 1065, Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et de Développement Régional, Université Laval, 2325, Allée des Bibliothèques, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brezinski K, Gorczyca B. An overview of the uses of high performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC) in the characterization of natural organic matter (NOM) in potable water, and ion-exchange applications. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:122-139. [PMID: 30414544 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) constitutes the terrestrial and aquatic sources of organic plant like material found in water bodies. As of recently, an ever-increasing amount of effort is being put towards developing better ways of unraveling the heterogeneous nature of NOM. This is important as NOM is responsible for a wide variety of both direct and indirect effects: ranging from aesthetic concerns related to taste and odor, to issues related to disinfection by-product formation and metal mobility. A better understanding of NOM can also provide a better appreciation for treatment design; lending a further understanding of potable water treatment impacts on specific fractions and constituents of NOM. The use of high performance size-exclusion chromatography has shown a growing promise in its various applications for NOM characterization, through the ability to partition ultraviolet absorbing moieties into ill-defined groups of humic acids, hydrolysates of humics, and low molecular weight acids. HPSEC also has the ability of simultaneously measuring absorbance in the UV-visible range (200-350 nm); further providing a spectroscopic fingerprint that is simply unavailable using surrogate measurements of NOM, such as total organic carbon (TOC), ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV254), excitation-emission matrices (EEM), and specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254). This review mainly focuses on the use of HPSEC in the characterization of NOM in a potable water setting, with an additional focus on strong-base ion-exchangers specifically targeted for NOM constituents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Brezinski
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
| | - Beata Gorczyca
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mian HR, Hu G, Hewage K, Rodriguez MJ, Sadiq R. Prioritization of unregulated disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution systems for human health risk mitigation: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:112-131. [PMID: 30308371 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.09.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Water disinfection involves the use of different types of disinfectants, which are oxidizing agents that react with natural organic matter (NOM) to form disinfection by-products (DBPs). The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has established threshold limits on some DBPs, which are known as regulated DBPs (R-DBPs). The human health risks associated with R-DBPs in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) and application of stricter regulations have led water utilities to switch from conventional disinfectant (i.e., chlorination) to alternative disinfectants. However, the use of alternative disinfectants causes formation of a new suit of DBPs known as unregulated DBPs (UR-DBPs), which in many cases can be more toxic. There is a growing concern of UR-DBPs formation in drinking water. This review prioritizes some commonly occurring UR-DBP groups and species in DWDSs based on their concentration level, reported frequency, and toxicity using an indexing method. There are nine UR-DBPs group and 36 species that have been identified based on recent published peer-reviewed articles. Haloacetonitriles (HANs) and haloacetaldehydes (HALs) are identified as important UR-DBP groups. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and trichloroacetaldehye (TCAL) are identified as critical UR-DBPs species. The outcomes of this review can help water regulators to identify the most critical UR-DBPs species in the context of drinking water safety and provide them with useful information to develop guidelines or threshold limits for UR-DBPs. The outcomes can also help water utilities in selecting water treatment processes for the mitigation of human health risk posed by UR-DBPs through drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haroon R Mian
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Guangji Hu
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kasun Hewage
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Manuel J Rodriguez
- École Supérieure D'aménagement du Territoire et Développement Régional (ESAD), 2325, allée des Bibliothèque Université Laval, Québec City, QC, G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Rehan Sadiq
- School of Engineering, The University of British Columbia, Okanagan 3333 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Zhang J, Liu J, He CS, Qian C, Mu Y. Formation of iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during disinfection with chlorine or chloramine: Impact of UV/H 2O 2 pre-oxidation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:764-771. [PMID: 29879665 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet/hydrogen peroxide (UV/H2O2) pre-oxidation has the potential to induce reactions with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and alter the generation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study evaluated the influence of UV/H2O2 pretreatment on the formation of iodo-trihalomethanes (I-THMs) during disinfection with chlorine or chloramine. The changes of precursors, I- and Br-, after UV/H2O2 pretreatment were investigated, and then, the formation and speciation of I-THMs during chlorination or chloramination after pre-oxidation were explored. Additionally, the effects of UV doses and H2O2 concentrations on the formation and speciation of I-THMs were studied. It was found that UV/H2O2 pretreatment could change larger molecular weight (MW) DOM to smaller MW species, which had less aromatic organic compounds and fluorescence substances. Additionally, insignificant transformations of I- and Br- were observed after UV/H2O2 treatment. Compared to direct disinfection, UV/H2O2 pretreatment resulted in 23.0 ± 3.5% reduction in I-THMs formation during post-chlorination while an enhancement was observed during post-chloramination at a UV dose of 460 mJ/cm2 and 20 mg/L H2O2. Moreover, total I-THM concentration increased from 43.7 ± 2.4 to 97.6 ± 14.9 nM with the increase of UV doses from 0 to 1400 mJ/cm2 during the post-chlorination process, while reduced when the UV fluence was >460 mJ/cm2 during the post-chloramination. Additionally, the generation of I-THMs during both post-chlorination and post-chloramination was positively related to the H2O2 levels from 0 to 20 mg/L in the UV/H2O2 pretreatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Jing Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chuan-Shu He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Chen Qian
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
| | - Yang Mu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Collaborative Innovation Centre of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Beauchamp N, Laflamme O, Simard S, Dorea C, Pelletier G, Bouchard C, Rodriguez M. Relationships between DBP concentrations and differential UV absorbance in full-scale conditions. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 131:110-121. [PMID: 29277079 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/14/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Differential UV spectroscopy, defined as the difference in UV absorbance spectra before and after chlorination, has shown great potential to predict disinfection by-product (DBP) concentrations at laboratory scale. However, so far, no results have been reported on the full scale application of differential UV spectroscopy in drinking water treatment facilities. The objectives of this study are to determine if relationships can be developed between differential UV absorbance and DBP concentrations, for both regulated and unregulated DBPs, in a full-scale facility and to determine if these relationships vary throughout the year with variations in raw water quality and treatment conditions. The results show that linear and power relationships between differential UV absorbance and DBP concentrations can be developed (0.62 ≤ R2 ≤ 0.99), although differences between relationships obtained in lab- and full-scale conditions need further investigation. Finally, the relationships obtained are different from one sampling campaign to another, which raises the question of whether it is possible to determine relationships that are stable enough to be used as adequate feedback on DBP concentrations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Beauchamp
- Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la médecine, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Olivier Laflamme
- Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la médecine, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Sabrina Simard
- Centre de recherche en aménagement et développement, Université Laval, 2325, allée des bibliothèques, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Caetano Dorea
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700, STN CSC, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, B.C. V8W 2Y2, Canada.
| | - Geneviève Pelletier
- Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la médecine, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Christian Bouchard
- Département de génie civil et de génie des eaux, Université Laval, 1065, avenue de la médecine, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Manuel Rodriguez
- École supérieure d'aménagement du territoire et de développement régional, Université Laval, 2325, allée des bibliothèques, Québec, Qc G1V 0A6, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|