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Jaramillo-Mazo C, Bravo D, Guerra Sierra BE, Alvarez JC. Association between bacterial community and cadmium distribution across Colombian cacao crops. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0336323. [PMID: 38814085 PMCID: PMC11218527 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03363-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Assessing the bacterial community composition across cacao crops is important to understand its potential role as a modulator of cadmium (Cd) translocation to plant tissues under field conditions; Cd mobility between soil and plants is a complex and multifactorial problem that cannot be captured only by experimentation. Although microbes have been shown to metabolize and drive the speciation of Cd under controlled conditions, regardless of the link between soil bacterial community (SBC) dynamics and Cd mobilization in the rhizosphere, only a few studies have addressed the relationship between soil bacterial community composition (SBCC) and Cd content in cacao seeds (Cdseed). Therefore, this study aimed to explore the association between SBCC and different factors influencing the distribution of Cd across cacao crop systems. This study comprised 225 samples collected across five farms, where we used an amplicon sequencing approach to characterize the bacterial community composition. The soil Cd concentration alone (Cdsoil) was a poor predictor of Cdseed. Still, we found that this relationship was more apparent when the variation within farms was controlled, suggesting a role of heterogeneity within farms in modulating Cd translocation and, thus, seed Cd content. Our results provide evidence of the link between soil bacterial communities and the distribution of Cd across Colombian cacao crops, and highlight the importance of incorporating fine-spatial-scale studies to advance the understanding of factors driving Cd uptake and accumulation in cacao plants. IMPORTANCE Cadmium (Cd) content in cacao crops is an issue that generates interest due to the commercialization of chocolate for human consumption. Several studies provided evidence about the non-biological factors involved in its translocation into the cacao plant. However, factors related to this process, including soil bacterial community composition (SBCC), still need to be addressed. It is well known that soil microbiome could impact compounds' chemical transformation, including Cd, on the field. Here, we found the first evidence of the link between soil bacterial community composition and Cd concentration in cacao soils and seeds. It highlights the importance of including the variation of bacterial communities to assess the factors driving the Cd translocation into cacao seeds. Moreover, the results highlight the relevance of the spatial heterogeneity within and across cacao farms, influencing the variability of Cd concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Jaramillo-Mazo
- Research Group in Biological Sciences and BioProcess (CIBIOP), School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Daniel Bravo
- Laboratory of Soil Microbiology & Calorimetry, Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIA, Mosquera, Colombia
| | - Beatriz E Guerra Sierra
- Research Group in Agro-Environmental Biotechnology and Health (MICROBIOTA), Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Naturales y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Santander, Bucaramanga, Colombia
| | - Javier C Alvarez
- Research Group in Biological Sciences and BioProcess (CIBIOP), School of Applied Sciences and Engineering, EAFIT University, Medellín, Colombia
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Godebo TR, Stoner H, Kodsup P, Bases B, Marzoni S, Weil J, Frey M, Daley P, Earnhart A, Ellias G, Friedman T, Rajan S, Murphy N, Miller S. Occurrence of heavy metals coupled with elevated levels of essential elements in chocolates: Health risk assessment. Food Res Int 2024; 187:114360. [PMID: 38763644 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2024.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants in cacao-derived products, especially in chocolates, has raised concerns regarding food safety and human health. The study assessed the concentration variation of 16 elements in 155 chocolate samples from the US market by cacao content and country of geographic origin. The study further examined the potential health risks posed by toxic metals and determined the contribution of essential elements to the Daily Recommended Intake (DRI), estimated based on an ounce (∼28.4 g) of daily chocolate consumption. Dark chocolates with ≥50 % cacao exhibited consecutively increasing mean levels from 1.2 to 391 µg/kg for U, Tl, Th, As, Pb, Se, Cd, and Co. Similarly, Ni, Sr, Cu, Mn, Zn, Fe, Ca, and Mg had mean concentrations from 4.0 to 1890 mg/kg. Dark chocolates sourced from Central and South America exhibited the highest mean levels of Cd, and South America samples also contained elevated Pb, whereas those from West Africa and Asia had low Cd and Pb, respectively. Cacao contents showed increasingly strong association with Cd, Co, Mn, Sr, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Mg (r = 0.60-0.84), and moderately with Se, Fe, As, and Tl (r = 0.35-0.49), indicating these elements are primarily derived from cacao beans. Weak association of cacao contents with Pb, Th, and U levels (r < 0.25), indicates post-harvest contaminations. Hazard Quotient (HQ) > 1 was found only for Cd in 4 dark chocolates, and Hazard Index (HI) > 1 for cumulative risk of Cd, Pb, Ni, As, and U was found in 33 dark chocolates, indicating potential non-carcinogenic risks for 15 kg children but none for 70 kg adults. Dark chocolate also substantially contributed to 47-95 % of the DRI of Cu for children and 50 % for adults. Dark chocolates also provided notable Fe, Mn, Mg, and Zn contributions to the DRI. These essential elements are recognized to reduce the bioavailability of toxic metals such as Cd, Pb, or Ni, thereby potentially lowering associated health risks. This study informs consumers, food industries, and regulatory agencies to target cacao origins or chocolate brands with lower toxic metal contents for food safety and minimizing adverse health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tewodros Rango Godebo
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
| | - Hannah Stoner
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Pornpimol Kodsup
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Benjamin Bases
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sophia Marzoni
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Jenna Weil
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Matt Frey
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Preston Daley
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Alexa Earnhart
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Gabe Ellias
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Talia Friedman
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Satwik Rajan
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Ned Murphy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA
| | - Sydney Miller
- Department Environmental Studies, School of Liberal Arts, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA
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Burgon VH, Silva MLN, Milani RF, Morgano MA. Trace elements in bean-to-bar chocolates from Brazil and Ecuador. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2024; 84:127431. [PMID: 38489923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2024.127431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high quality and unique flavor and aroma of bean-to-bar chocolates have resulted in an increase in the consumption of these products. Nevertheless, cocoa beans may present inorganic contaminants from environmental and anthropogenic sources which can contribute to contamination of the chocolates, despite the fewer processing steps and few ingredients used in bean-to-bar manufacturing process compared to the industrial one. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the content of trace elements (As, Cd, Co, Cu, Hg, Pb, Se) in bean-to-bar chocolates and traceable cocoa beans from Brazil and Ecuador. METHODS Bean-to-bar chocolate samples were acquired in Brazil (n=65) and Ecuador (n=10), considering the main products available: white, milk, semisweet and dark chocolate. Cocoa samples from dedicated farms (n=23) were analyzed for trace elements and inorganic contaminants regulated by Brazil and European agencies. Samples were mineralized using acid digestion (nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide) in a closed microwave-assisted system. Quantification of trace elements was performed using Inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy (ICP-MS) and Inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy (ICP OES) in optimized conditions. The analytical control was performed with certified reference materials (ERM BD512 - Dark Chocolate, Tort-2 and Tort-3 - Lobster Hepatopancreas and SRM 1547 - Peach leaves) and recoveries ranged between 84% and 105% for all elements. RESULTS The trace element levels in the bean-to-bar chocolates were (mg/kg): As (<0.022-0.023), Cd (<0.002-0.74), Cu (0.11-21.2), Co (<0.003-1.88), Hg (<0.010-<0.010), Pb (<0.007-0.22), and Se (<0.029-0.35). The exposure assessment from inorganic contaminants in chocolates revealed up to 93% of provisional tolerable monthly intake (PTMI) for Cd and 123% of tolerable upper intake level (UL) for Co for children. Inorganic contaminants were also analyzed in cocoa beans from dedicated farms and Cd and Pb levels were found above the thresholds established by Brazil health agency. CONCLUSION The results observed for both bean-to-bar chocolates and raw materials (cocoa beans from dedicated farms) indicated a need for monitoring these trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor Hugo Burgon
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Manuela Luísa Nunes Silva
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Raquel Fernanda Milani
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Antonio Morgano
- Institute of Food Technology, Av. Brasil 2880, Jd. Chapadão, P.O. Box 139, Campinas, SP 13070-178, Brazil.
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Crisostomo-Panuera JS, Nieva ASDV, Ix-Balam MA, Díaz-Valderrama JR, Alviarez-Gutierrez E, Oliva-Cruz SM, Cumpa-Velásquez LM. Diversity and functional assessment of indigenous culturable bacteria inhabiting fine-flavor cacao rhizosphere: Uncovering antagonistic potential against Moniliophthora roreri. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28453. [PMID: 38601674 PMCID: PMC11004713 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The Peruvian Amazonian native cacao faces ongoing challenges that significantly undermine its productivity. Among them, frosty pod rot disease and cadmium accumulation result in losses that need for effective and environmentally safe strategies, such as those based on bacteria. To explore the biological resources in the cacao soil, a descriptive study was conducted to assess the diversity of culturable bacteria across three production districts in the Amazonas region: La Peca, Imaza, and Cajaruro. The study also focused on the functional properties of these bacteria, particularly those related to the major issues limiting cacao cultivation. For this purpose, 90 native bacterial isolates were obtained from the cacao rhizosphere. According to diversity analysis, the community was composed of 19 bacterial genera, with a dominance of the Bacillaceae family and variable distribution among the districts. This variability was statistically supported by the PCoA plots and is related to the pH of the soil environment. The functional assessment revealed that 56.8% of the isolates showed an antagonism index greater than 75% after 7 days of confrontation. After 15 days of confrontation with Moniliophthora roreri, 68.2% of the bacterial population demonstrated this attribute. This capability was primarily exhibited by Bacillus strains. On the other hand, only 4.5% were capable of removing cadmium, highlighting the biocontrol potential of the bacterial community. In addition, some isolates produced siderophores (13.63%), solubilized phosphate (20.45%), and solubilized zinc (4.5%). Interestingly, these traits showed an uneven distribution, which correlated with the divergence found by the beta diversity. Our results revealed a diverse bacterial community inhabiting the Amazonian cacao rhizosphere, showcasing crucial functional properties related to the biocontrol of M. roreri. The information generated serves as a significant resource for the development of further biotechnological tools that can be applied to native Amazonian cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jhusephin Sheshira Crisostomo-Panuera
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Amira Susana del Valle Nieva
- Centro Regional de Energía y Ambiente para el Desarrollo Sustentable (CREAS-CONICET-UNCA). Nuñez del Prado 366, Catamarca, Argentina
| | - Manuel Alejandro Ix-Balam
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Jorge Ronny Díaz-Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Eliana Alviarez-Gutierrez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Segundo Manuel Oliva-Cruz
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
| | - Liz Marjory Cumpa-Velásquez
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Sanidad Vegetal, Instituto de Investigación para El Desarrollo Sustentable de Ceja de Selva (INDES-CES), Universidad Nacional Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza (UNTRM), Calle Higos Urco 342, Chachapoyas, Amazonas, Peru
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Mohamadi S, Mahmudiono T, Zienali T, Sadighara P, Omidi B, Limam I, Fakhri Y. Probabilistic health risk assessment of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, and As) in Cocoa powder (Theobroma cacao) in Tehran, Iran market. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:257-272. [PMID: 36395480 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2146070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of toxic elements were analyzed by using Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (FAAS). Moreover, the human health risk was estimated by Total Target Hazard Quotient (TTHQ) and Cancer Risk (CR) in Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) technique. The mean concentrations (mg/kg) of Cd (0.08 ± 0.08), Pb (0.23 ± 0.46), and As (0.06 ± 0.04), were in a good compliance with ISO (Iranian standard organization). TTHQ for adults and children was equal to 0.009 and 0.042, respectively and also mean CR in adults and children consumers was equal to 9.73E-7 and 9.08E-7, respectively. Consequently, the concentration of toxic elements (Cd, Pb, and As) in cocoa powder did not pose any safety concerns. Moreover, probabilistic health risk assessment revealed that both adults and children were not at considerable non-carcinogenic (THQ and/or TTHQ ≤ 1) and carcinogenic risk (CR ≤ 1E-6). Even though, seeking for mitigating solutions and applying them to suppress the dangers of food containing toxic elements is a critical subject.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Mohamadi
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Shahre-kord University, Shahre-kord, Iran
| | - Trias Mahmudiono
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
| | - Tayebeh Zienali
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health, Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Parisa Sadighara
- Department of Environmental Health, Food Safety Division, Faculty of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Intissar Limam
- Laboratory of Materials, Treatment and Analysis, National Institute of Research and Physicochemical Analysis, Biotechpole Sidi-Thabet; and High School for Science and Health Techniques of Tunis, University of Tunis El Manar, Tunisia
| | - Yadolah Fakhri
- Food Health Research Center, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
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Barroso JP, de Almeida AAF, do Nascimento JL, Oliveira BRM, Dos Santos IC, Mangabeira PAO, Ahnert D, Baligar VC. The damage caused by Cd toxicity to photosynthesis, cellular ultrastructure, antioxidant metabolism, and gene expression in young cacao plants are mitigated by high Mn doses in soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:115646-115665. [PMID: 37884715 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30561-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Manganese (Mn) is one of the essential mineral micronutrients most demanded by cacao. Cadmium (Cd) is highly toxic to plants and other living beings. There are indications that Mn can interact with Cd and mitigate its toxicity. The objective of this study was to evaluate the action of Mn on the toxic effect of Cd in young plants of the CCN 51 cacao genotype, subjected to different doses of Mn, Cd, and Mn+Cd in soil, through physiological, biochemical, molecular, and micromorphological and ultrastructural changes. High soil Mn doses favored the maintenance and performance of adequate photosynthetic processes in cacao. However, high doses of Cd and Mn+Cd in soil promoted damage to photosynthesis, alterations in oxidative metabolism, and the uptake, transport, and accumulation of Cd in roots and leaves. In addition, high Cd concentrations in roots and leaf tissues caused irreversible damage to the cell ultrastructure, compromising cell function and leading to programmed cell death. However, there was a mitigation of Cd toxicity when cacao was grown in soils with low Cd doses and in the presence of Mn. Thus, damage to the root and leaf tissues of cacao caused by Cd uptake from contaminated soils can be attenuated or mitigated by the presence of high Mn doses in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joedson Pinto Barroso
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil.
| | - Junea Leandro do Nascimento
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Bruna Rafaela Machado Oliveira
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Ivanildes Conceição Dos Santos
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | | | - Dário Ahnert
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Highway Jorge Amado, km 16, Ilhéus, BA, 45662-900, Brazil
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center Beltsville, Beltsville, MD, USA
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de Almeida NM, de Almeida AAF, de Almeida Santos N, Mora-Ocampo IY, Pirovani CP. Leaf proteomic profiles in cacao scion-rootstock combinations tolerant and intolerant to cadmium toxicity. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 203:107987. [PMID: 37722279 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Cd contamination in cacao beans is one of the major problems faced by cocoa producing countries in Latin America. Cacao scion-rootstock combinations influence the Cd accumulation in the shoot of the plant. The objective of this work was to carry out a comparative analysis between cacao scion rootstock combinations (CCN 51/BN 34, CCN 51/PS 13.19, CCN 51/PH 16 and CCN 51/CCN 51), contrasting for tolerance to cadmium (Cd) toxicity, by means of leaf proteomic profiles, in order to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in tolerance to Cd toxicity. Cacao scion-rootstock combinations were grown in soil with 150 mg Cd kg-1 soil, together with the control treatment. Leaf samples were collected 96 h after treatments were applied. There were alterations in the leaf proteome of the cacao scion-rootstock combinations, whose molecular responses to Cd toxicity varied depending on the combination. Leaf proteomic analyzes provided important information regarding the molecular mechanisms involved in the tolerance and intolerance of cacao scion-rootstock combinations to Cd toxicity. Enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, efficient for eliminating ROS, especially the expressions of APX and SOD, in addition to the increase in the abundance of metalloproteins, such as ferredoxins, rubredoxin, ALMT, Trx-1 and ABC-transporter were key mechanisms used in the Cd detoxification in cacao scion-rootstock combinations tolerant to Cd toxicity. Carboxylic acid metabolism, glucose activation and signal transduction were also important processes in the responses of cacao scion-rootstock combinations to Cd toxicity. The results confirmed CCN 51/BN 34 as a cacao scion-rootstock combination efficient in tolerance to Cd toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolle Moreira de Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Nayara de Almeida Santos
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Irma Yuliana Mora-Ocampo
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of Santa Cruz, Highway Jorge Amado, Km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
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Carrillo K, Martínez M, Ramírez L, Argüello D, Chavez E. Cadmium (Cd) distribution and soil-plant relationship in cacao farms in Costa Rica. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1209. [PMID: 37707612 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11817-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The current cadmium (Cd) regulations in chocolate threaten the cacao supply chain in several Latin American countries. The factors contributing to Cd accumulation in cacao beans have been poorly studied in Central America. The objective of this research was to identify the location of Cd hotspots as well as soil properties and management practices influencing the Cd concentration in cacao beans. A survey was carried out and soil, leaf, and beans were sampled from 150 farms in the three principal cacao-producing regions in Costa Rica. Total soil Cd concentration ranged from <0.1 to 1.05 (average 0.22 mg kg-1) which is typical of uncontaminated soils. Bean Cd concentration ranged from 0.12 to 3.23 (average 0.56 mg kg-1) and 22% of the samples exceeded the selected threshold of 0.80 mg kg-1, located mostly in the Huetar Caribe and Huetar Norte regions. Variability in bean Cd concentration was better explained by total soil Cd and soil organic carbon (SOC) (R2 = 0.62, p < 0.05). In addition, bean Cd concentration was affected by leaf nutrient content and management practices. Leaf Zn and P were positively correlated with bean Cd while K and Mn were negatively correlated (p < 0.05). Farm altitude and orchard age were also negatively correlated with bean Cd. Overall, this study shows that bean Cd contamination does not reach the extent observed in other Latin American countries such as Ecuador, Colombia, or Honduras. Nevertheless, research is needed in hotspot areas to assess the feasibility of potential mitigation strategies, particularly the use of mineral or organic soil amendments, which may allow better for planning in existing plantations or the expansion into new cacao-growing areas in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Carrillo
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, P.O Box 382-1007, San José, Costa Rica.
| | - Mariela Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, P.O Box 382-1007, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Laura Ramírez
- Instituto Nacional de Innovación y Transferencia en Tecnología Agropecuaria, INTA, P.O Box 382-1007, San José, Costa Rica
| | - David Argüello
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Eduardo Chavez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Km 30.5 Vía Perimetral, Guayaquil, Ecuador
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Screening for pesticide residues in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) by portable infrared spectroscopy. Talanta 2023; 257:124386. [PMID: 36858014 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.124386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Rapid assessment of pesticide residues ensures cocoa bean quality and marketability. In this study, a portable FTIR instrument equipped with a triple reflection attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory was used to screen cocoa beans for pesticide residues. Cocoa beans (n = 75) were obtained from major cocoa growing regions of Peru and were quantified for pesticides by gas chromatography (GC) or liquid chromatography (LC) coupled with mass spectrometry (MS). The FTIR spectra were used to detect the presence of pesticides in cocoa beans or lipid fraction (butter) by using a pattern recognition (Soft Independent Modeling by Class Analogy, SIMCA) algorithm, which produced a significant discrimination for cocoa nibs (free or with pesticides). The variables related to the class grouping were assigned to the aliphatic (3200-2800 cm-1) region with an interclass distance (ICD) of 3.3. Subsequently, the concentration of pesticides in cocoa beans was predicted using a partial least squares regression analysis (PLSR), using an internal validation of the PLRS model, the cross-validation correlation coefficient (Rval = 0.954) and the cross-validation standard error (SECV = 14.9 mg/kg) were obtained. Additionally, an external validation was performed, obtaining the prediction correlation coefficient (Rpre = 0.940) and the standard error of prediction (SEP = 16.0 μg/kg) with high statistical performances, which demonstrates the excellent predictability of the PLSR model in a similar real application. The developed FTIR method presented limits of detection and quantification (LOD = 9.8 μg/kg; LOQ = 23.1 μg/kg) with four optimum factors (PC). Mid-infrared spectroscopy (MIR) offered a viable alternative for field screening of cocoa.
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Argüello D, Chavez E, Gutierrez E, Pittomvils M, Dekeyrel J, Blommaert H, Smolders E. Soil amendments to reduce cadmium in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.): A comprehensive field study in Ecuador. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 324:138318. [PMID: 36907485 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The new EU regulations on maximum levels of cadmium (Cd) in cacao products sparked research on countermeasures to reduce Cd concentrations in cacao beans. This study was set up to test the effects of soil amendments in two established cacao orchards (soil pH 6.6 and 5.1) in Ecuador. Soil amendments included: 1) agricultural limestone at 2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha-1 y-1, 2) gypsum at 2.0 and 4.0 Mg ha-1 y-1 and 3) compost at 12.5 and 25 Mg ha-1 y-1, all amendments were applied at the surface during two subsequent years. Lime application increased the soil pH by one unit down to 20 cm depth. On the acid soil, leaf Cd concentrations decreased by lime application and the reduction factor gradually rose to 1.5 after 30 months. No effects of liming or gypsum on leaf Cd was found in the pH neutral soil. Compost application in the pH neutral soil reduced leaf Cd concentration with factor 1.2 at 22 months but that effect was absent at 30 months after application. Bean Cd concentrations were unaffected by any of the treatments at 22 months after application (acid soil) or 30 months (pH neutral soil) suggesting that any treatment effects on bean Cd might be even more delayed than in leaves. Soil columns experiments in the laboratory showed that mixing lime with compost largely enhanced the depth of lime penetration compared to lime only. Compost + lime reduced 10-3 M CaCl2 extractable Cd in soil without lowering extractable Zn. Our results suggest that soil liming has the potential to lower Cd uptake in cacao in the long term in acid soils and that the compost + lime treatment should be tested at field scale to accelerate the effects of the mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Argüello
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE, Heverlee, Belgium; Escuela Superior Politécnica Del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - E Chavez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica Del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - E Gutierrez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica Del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de La Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador; Kansas State University, Department of Agronomy, Throckmorton Hall, 1712, Claflin Road, Manhattan, KS, USA
| | - M Pittomvils
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - J Dekeyrel
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - H Blommaert
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, IRD, IFSTTAR, ISTERRE, Grenoble, France
| | - E Smolders
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE, Heverlee, Belgium
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Silva JVDS, Baligar VC, Ahrnet D, de Almeida AAF. Transcriptomic, osmoregulatory and translocation changes modulates Ni toxicity in Theobroma cacao. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 196:624-633. [PMID: 36791534 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nickel is one of the most released trace elements in the environment and in the case of bioaccumulation in foods and beverages derived from cocoa beans can cause risk to human health. It is very important to understand how plants respond to toxic metals and which are the defense strategies they adopt to mitigate their effects. In the present study we used young plants of T. cacao, submitted to increasing Ni doses (0, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500 mg Ni kg-1 soil) and evaluated them for a period of 30 days. Doses of Ni, from 300 mg of Ni kg-1 onwards in the soil, promoted changes in photosynthetic, antioxidant, osmoregulatory, transcriptomic and translocation levels, evidenced by the increase in the activity of antioxidant enzymes, proline, glycine betaine, upregulation of the metallothionein 2B gene (Mt2b), and lipid peroxidation of the cell membranes. Foliar gas exchange was severely affected at higher doses of Ni. In addition, reduced levels of stomatal conductivity and transpiration rate were observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 dose onwards in the soil, which consequently affected CO2 assimilation. Phytostabilization and exclusion mechanisms control the translocation of Ni from the root to the shoot and reduce harmful effects on plant metabolism. Our results highlighted the toxicity of Ni, a trace element often underestimated in T. cacao. In particular, it was noted that doses of 100 and 200 Ni kg-1 soil, although high, do not induce toxicity in T. cacao plants. But Ni toxicity is observed from 300 mg Ni kg-1 soil onwards. This study contributed to the understanding of the harmful effects of higher doses of Ni in cacao plants and the biochemical processes the plant uses to mitigate the effects of this metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Victor Dos Santos Silva
- Departamento de Sistemas Agrícolas, Forestales y Medio Ambiente, Centro de Investigación y Tecnología Agroalimentaria de Aragón (CITA), Avda. Montañana 930, 50059, Zaragoza, Spain; State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
| | - Dário Ahrnet
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
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12
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Patel K, Chaurasia M, Rao KS. Heavy metal accumulation in leaves of selected plant species in urban areas of Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:27622-27635. [PMID: 36383322 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24157-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals beyond their permissible limits are major contaminants and causes of concern due to their persistent nature and health hazards. Several studies validated the utilization of plants as biomonitors and bioaccumulators for heavy metal pollution. Therefore, this study was conducted to examine the proficiency for heavy metal monitoring and mitigation by commonly found plant species in urban areas of Delhi. For this objective, four sites (viz., control, residential, commercial, and industrial) and sixteen usually growing plant species were selected. Four heavy metals, i.e., lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn), were analysed for soil and dust from each site, and leaf samples from each plant, at all sites, and various other parameters were calculated. Among the four elements, Pb and Cd showed maximum geoaccumulation and contamination at all sites. Pollution load index (PLI) values for both soil and dust indicated that industrial sites (1.78, 2.15) were most contaminated followed by commercial (1.52, 1,87), residential (1.41, 1.67), and control (1.22, 1.37) sites. Concentrations of Pb, Cu, and Zn were found to be highest in Morus alba, while Cd concentrations were found to be highest in Millettia pinnata (L.) Panigrahi. From various analyses, we concluded that commonly found plant species such as Ficus religiosa L., Terminalia arjuna (Roxb. Ex DC.) Wight &Arn., Morus alba L., Prosopis juliflora (Sw.) DC., and M. pinnata proved to be exceptional biomonitors and bioaccumulators for heavy metals in urban areas. Therefore, these plant species are highly recommended for plantation in urban areas for decontamination of the air and soil by mitigating heavy metal pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kajal Patel
- Natural Resource Management Lab (306), Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Meenakshi Chaurasia
- Natural Resource Management Lab (306), Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Kottapalli Sreenivasa Rao
- Natural Resource Management Lab (306), Department of Botany, University of Delhi, New Delhi, 110007, India
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Blommaert H, Aucour AM, Wiggenhauser M, Moens C, Telouk P, Campillo S, Beauchêne J, Landrot G, Testemale D, Pin S, Lewis C, Umaharan P, Smolders E, Sarret G. From soil to cacao bean: Unravelling the pathways of cadmium translocation in a high Cd accumulating cultivar of Theobroma cacao L. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1055912. [PMID: 36531371 PMCID: PMC9755593 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1055912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The research on strategies to reduce cadmium (Cd) accumulation in cacao beans is currently limited by a lack of understanding of the Cd transfer pathways within the cacao tree. Here, we elucidated the transfer of Cd from soil to the nib (seed) in a high Cd accumulating cacao cultivar. Here, we elucidated the transfer of Cd from soil to the nib (seed) in a high Cd accumulating cacao cultivar through Cd stable isotope fractionation, speciation (X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy), and localization (Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry). The plant Cd concentrations were 10-28 higher than the topsoil Cd concentrations and increased as placenta< nib< testa< pod husk< root< leaf< branch. The retention of Cd in the roots was low. Light Cd isotopes were retained in the roots whilst heavier Cd isotopes were transported to the shoots (Δ 114/110 Cd shoot-root = 0.27 ± 0.02 ‰ (weighted average ± standard deviation)). Leaf Cd isotopes were heavier than Cd in the branches (Δ 114/110 Cd IF3 leaves-branch = 0.18 ± 0.01 ‰), confirming typical trends observed in annual crops. Nibs and branches were statistically not distinguishable (Δ 114/110 Cd nib-branch = -0.08‰ ± 0.06 ‰), contrary to the leaves and nibs (Δ 114/110 Cd nib-IF3 leaves = -0.25‰ ± 0.05 ‰). These isotope fractionation patterns alluded to a more direct transfer from branches to nibs rather than from leaves to nibs. The largest fraction (57%) of total plant Cd was present in the branches where it was primarily bound to carboxyl-ligands (60-100%) and mainly localized in the phloem rays and phelloderm of the bark. Cadmium in the nibs was mainly bound to oxygen ligands (60-90%), with phytate as the most plausible ligand. The weight of evidence suggested that Cd was transferred like other nutrients from root to shoot and accumulated in the phloem rays and phelloderm of the branches to reduce the transfer to foliage. Finally, the data indicated that the main contribution of nib Cd was from the phloem tissues of the branch rather than from leaf remobilization. This study extended the limited knowledge on Cd accumulation in perennial, woody crops and revealed that the Cd pathways in cacao are markedly different than in annual crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hester Blommaert
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université G. Eiffel, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTERRE), Grenoble, France
| | - Anne-Marie Aucour
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planète et Environment (LGL-TPE), F-6922, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Matthias Wiggenhauser
- Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule (ETH) Zurich, Lindau, Switzerland
| | - Claudia Moens
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Philippe Telouk
- Université de Lyon, Université Lyon 1, Ecole Normale Supérieure (ENS) de Lyon, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) 5276 Laboratoire de Géologie de Lyon - Terre, Planète et Environment (LGL-TPE), F-6922, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sylvain Campillo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université G. Eiffel, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTERRE), Grenoble, France
| | - Jacques Beauchêne
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD), Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR) Ecologie des Forêts de Guyane (EcoFoG), AgroParisTech, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National de Recherche Pour l'agriculture, l'alimentation et l'environnement (INRA), Université des Antilles, Université de Guyane, Kourou, France
| | - Gautier Landrot
- Synchrotron SOLEIL, L’Orme des Merisiers, Saint-Aubin, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Denis Testemale
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut National polytechnique de Grenoble (INP), Institut Néel, Grenoble, France
| | - Serge Pin
- Université Paris-Saclay, Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Nanosciences et Innovation pour les Matériaux, la Biomédecine et l'Energie (NIMBE), Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Caleb Lewis
- Cocoa Research Centre, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit (KU) Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Géraldine Sarret
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Université G. Eiffel, Institut des Sciences de la Terre (ISTERRE), Grenoble, France
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Improving precision and trueness in the quantification of cadmium using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry and bismuth film electrodes. RESULTS IN CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rechem.2022.100630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Rodríguez Giraldo Y, Rodriguez Sánchez E, Torres LG, Montenegro AC, Pichimata MA. Development of validation methods to determine cadmium in cocoa almond from the beans by ICP-MS and ICP-OES. TALANTA OPEN 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talo.2021.100078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
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16
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López JE, Arroyave C, Aristizábal A, Almeida B, Builes S, Chavez E. Reducing cadmium bioaccumulation in Theobroma cacao using biochar: basis for scaling-up to field. Heliyon 2022; 8:e09790. [PMID: 35785240 PMCID: PMC9241039 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The intake of Cd-enriched food is the main Cd pathway for the nonsmoking population. In some cases, Cd bioaccumulates in edible plant parts which comprise risk to consumers, because of Cd is a harmful heavy metal that can cause potent environmental and health hazards. For instance, Cd enrichment of cacao seeds have led to Cd enrichment of cacao-based products. In Latin America and the Caribbean, Cd bioaccumulation in cacao seeds occurs in different regions with diverse edaphoclimatic conditions, which makes it difficult to select soil remediation alternatives. Limited resources require that potential amendments must be carefully investigated through laboratory and/or greenhouse conditions before scaling up to field experiments. In this study, we evaluated the effectiveness of four biochars: coffee-, quinoa-, and inoculated- and palm-biochar, derived from three feedstocks: coffee husk, quinoa straw, and oil palm residues, respectively. Biochars were applied in two rates (1 and 2% w/w) in two soils, one moderately acidic and one slightly alkaline (Cd-spiked and non-spiked). CCN-51 cacao plants were used for the greenhouse experiment. After 130 days, biometric parameters, the bioavailability of Cd in the soil, and the concentration of Cd and mineral nutrients in the plants were measured. Quinoa biochar at the 2% significantly decreased (P < 0.01), by ∼71%, bioavailable Cd in moderately acidic and slightly alkaline soils, and leaf-Cd by ∼48%. Soil pH, electrical conductivity, and effective cation exchange capacity were significantly (P < 0.01) correlated with bioavailable soil and leaf-Cd. Biochar characteristics, such as ash contents, basic cations content, and surface functional groups could be used as indicators for the selection of biochars to reduce Cd uptake by cacao. Additionally, application of quinoa derived biochar provided P and K, which could increase productivity to offset mitigation costs. Overall, incorporation of quinoa biochar at 2% rate is effective for lowering bioavailable Cd in different soil types which reduces leaf-Cd in cacao plants. Biochar ash content helps to increase soil pH and reduce Cd bioavailability. Quinoa biochar at 2% reduced up to 80% bioavailable Cd in moderately acidic and slightly alkaline soils. Quinoa biochar at 2% lowered, up to 48%, Cd concentration in cacao plants. Soil pH, CECe, and EC were significant and negative related to bioavailable and plant-Cd. Ash content could be used as a guide for selecting biochars for Cd remediation.
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Bravo D, Braissant O. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria: current trends and applications in agriculture. Lett Appl Microbiol 2022; 74:311-333. [PMID: 34714944 PMCID: PMC9299123 DOI: 10.1111/lam.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is considered a toxic heavy metal; nevertheless, its toxicity fluctuates for different organisms. Cadmium-tolerant bacteria (CdtB) are diverse and non-phylogenetically related. Because of their ecological importance these bacteria become particularly relevant when pollution occurs and where human health is impacted. The aim of this review is to show the significance, culturable diversity, metabolic detoxification mechanisms of CdtB and their current uses in several bioremediation processes applied to agricultural soils. Further discussion addressed the technological devices and the possible advantages of genetically modified CdtB for diagnostic purposes in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Bravo
- Laboratory of Soil Microbiology & CalorimetryCorporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria AGROSAVIAMosqueraColombia
| | - O. Braissant
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringFaculty of MedicineUniversity of BaselAllschwillSwitzerland
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18
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Baghaie A. Effect of iron slag, zeolite, and Piriformospora indica fungus on mazut biodegradation in a heavy metal-polluted soil that was amended with cow manure under canola cultivation. INTERNATIONAL ARCHIVES OF HEALTH SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.4103/iahs.iahs_178_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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19
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Fernández-Paz J, Cortés AJ, Hernández-Varela CA, Mejía-de-Tafur MS, Rodriguez-Medina C, Baligar VC. Rootstock-Mediated Genetic Variance in Cadmium Uptake by Juvenile Cacao ( Theobroma cacao L.) Genotypes, and Its Effect on Growth and Physiology. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:777842. [PMID: 35003163 PMCID: PMC8733334 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.777842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Grafting typically offers a shortcut to breed tree orchards throughout a multidimensional space of traits. Despite an overwhelming spectrum of rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits observed across several species, the exact nature and mechanisms underlying the rootstock-mediated effects on scion traits in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) plants often remain overlooked. Therefore, we aimed to explicitly quantify rootstock-mediated genetic contributions in recombinant juvenile cacao plants across target traits, specifically cadmium (Cd) uptake, and its correlation with growth and physiological traits. Content of chloroplast pigments, fluorescence of chlorophyll a, leaf gas exchange, nutrient uptake, and plant biomass were examined across ungrafted saplings and target rootstock × scion combinations in soils with contrasting levels of Cd. This panel considered a total of 320 progenies from open-pollinated half-sib families and reciprocal full-sib progenies (derived from controlled crosses between the reference genotypes IMC67 and PA121). Both family types were used as rootstocks in grafts with two commercial clones (ICS95 and CCN51) commonly grown in Colombia. A pedigree-based best linear unbiased prediction (A-BLUP) mixed model was implemented to quantify rootstock-mediated narrow-sense heritability (h 2) for target traits. A Cd effect measured on rootstocks before grafting was observed in plant biomass, nutrient uptake, and content of chloroplast pigments. After grafting, damage to the Photosystem II (PSII) was also evident in some rootstock × scion combinations. Differences in the specific combining ability for Cd uptake were mostly detected in ungrafted rootstocks, or 2 months after grafting with the clonal CCN51 scion. Moderate rootstock effects (h 2> 0.1) were detected before grafting for five growth traits, four nutrient uptake properties, and chlorophylls and carotenoids content (h 2 = 0.19, 95% CI 0.05-0.61, r = 0.7). Such rootstock effects faded (h 2< 0.1) when rootstock genotypes were examined in soils without Cd, or 4 months after grafting. These results suggest a pervasive genetic conflict between the rootstock and the scion genotypes, involving the triple rootstock × scion × soil interaction when it refers to Cd and nutrient uptake, early growth, and photosynthetic process in juvenile cacao plants. Overall, deepening on these findings will harness early breeding schemes of cacao rootstock genotypes compatible with commercial clonal scions and adapted to soils enriched with toxic levels of Cd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Fernández-Paz
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Andrés J. Cortés
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I La Selva, Rionegro, Colombia
- Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias – Departamento de Ciencias Forestales, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | | | - Maria Sara Mejía-de-Tafur
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia Sede Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Caren Rodriguez-Medina
- Corporación Colombiana de Investigación Agropecuaria (AGROSAVIA) – C.I Palmira, Palmira, Colombia
| | - Virupax C. Baligar
- United States Department of Agriculture-Agricultural Research Service-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, United States
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20
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Correa JE, Ramírez R, Ruíz O, Leiva EI. Effect of soil characteristics on cadmium absorption and plant growth of Theobroma cacao L. seedlings. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2021; 101:5437-5445. [PMID: 33682110 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadmium uptake by cacao plants can affect plant growth, consumer health and commercialisation. To develop mitigation strategies, it is essential to identify the soil characteristics that could influence this absorption. To determine the relationships between cadmium absorption and the soil characteristics of cacao areas, the responses at concentrations of 0, 2, 5, 10 and 20 μg g-1 of cadmium in three soils of these areas and an andisol were evaluated, using 120-day-old seedlings of four cultivars of Theobroma cacao L. RESULTS In the present study, several relationships were found between chemical and physical soil characteristics and available cadmium, such as real and bulk densities, as well as contents of iron, sand, magnesium, potassium, sodium and copper. Additionally, moderate to strong correlations between potassium (r2 = -0.56) and real density (r2 = 0.42), with foliar cadmium, were found. Moreover, a differential deleterious effect on cacao growth in variables such as biomass was corroborated in cadmium concentrations from 5 μg g-1 in soils. There were no statistical differences between cultivars with respect to cadmium uptake or plant growth. Finally, a multiple linear regression model is proposed to estimate the foliar cadmium content (r2 = 0.878). CONCLUSION Some soil characteristics such as density, as well as sand, clay, aluminium, potassium and iron contents, should be considered before establishing cacao crops to avoid cadmium accumulation. The correlation between potassium with foliar cadmium indicated that potassium could be significant in cadmium uptake mitigation strategies. The high correlation between available cadmium and foliar cadmium indicates that the quantification methodology developed using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid extractant may be a useful diagnostic tool. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Esteban Correa
- Laboratory of Physics and Soil Conservation, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Ramiro Ramírez
- Laboratory of Physics and Soil Conservation, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Orlando Ruíz
- Laboratory of Soils, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia University, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Edna Ivonne Leiva
- Faculty of Agronomy, National University of Colombia, Medellín, Colombia
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21
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Human risk associated with the ingestion of artichokes grown in soils irrigated with water contaminated by potentially toxic elements, Junin, Peru. Saudi J Biol Sci 2021; 28:5952-5962. [PMID: 34588912 PMCID: PMC8459158 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.06.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The contamination of water, air and soil with potentially toxic elements (PTE) compromises the supply of contaminant free food. Vegetables grown in contaminated soils can absorb and accumulate PTE at concentrations that are toxic to human health. In this context, the human risk associated with the intake of artichokes grown in soils irrigated with PTE contaminated water was assessed. 120 samples of surface soil and artichoke heads were collected and the concentrations of Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn and As were determined. The results showed that the concentrations of Cu, Fe and Zn in soil did not exceed the standards of the Ministry of Environment of Peru, but they did exceed those of Pb (125.45 mg kg-1) and As (28.70 mg kg-1). The decreasing order of mean PTE concentration in artichoke heads was Fe > Zn > Cu > Pb > As, exceeding the permissible levels of FAO/WHO CODEX Alimentarius. However, the concentrations of As comply with the maximum limits of inorganic contaminants in vegetables (0.3 mg kg-1) established in the MERCOSUR regulations. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risk of Pb and As indicated that the ingestion of artichoke heads does not represent a health risk.
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22
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Román-Ochoa Y, Choque Delgado GT, Tejada TR, Yucra HR, Durand AE, Hamaker BR. Heavy metal contamination and health risk assessment in grains and grain-based processed food in Arequipa region of Peru. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129792. [PMID: 33556663 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals (HMs) in crops and processed foods are a concern and pose a potential serious health hazard. This study investigated possible presence of HMs in grains and processed products in the Region of Arequipa in Peru. Concentrations of Cd, As, Sn, Pb, and Hg were determined for commonly consumed grains in 18 districts of the region and processed products from 3 popular markets of Arequipa city, using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (CVAAS). HM concentrations above the Codex General Standard limits were found for As (0.17 mg kg-1) and Cd (0.11 mg kg-1) in cereal grains. Elevated Pb concentrations of 0.55, 0.75, and 5.08 mg kg-1 were found for quinoa, maize, and rice products, respectively; and attributed to processing conditions. The Total Hazard Index (HI) for polished rice and rice products had values between 1 and 10, showing non-carcinogenic adverse effects. Total Target Cancer Risk (TRT) and uncertainty analysis of percentile P90% for polished rice and quinoa products gave values above permissible limit of 10-4, indicating an unacceptable cancer risk. The Nemerow Composite Pollution Index method (NCPI) showed that processed products had a significant pollution level due to the presence of Pb. While most crops grains had acceptable low HM levels, this is the first report of concerning HM concentrations in some consumed grains and processed products in southern Peru and indicates the necessity to find ways to decrease certain toxic metals in foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yony Román-Ochoa
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Teresa R Tejada
- Academic Department of Food Industries Engineering, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Harry R Yucra
- Academic Department of Food Industries Engineering, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Antonio E Durand
- Academic Department of Food Industries Engineering, National University of San Agustin, Arequipa, Peru
| | - Bruce R Hamaker
- Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research and Department of Food Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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23
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Galagarza OA, Ramirez-Hernandez A, Oliver HF, Álvarez Rodríguez MV, Valdez Ortiz MDC, Pachari Vera E, Cereceda Y, Diaz-Valencia YK, Deering AJ. Occurrence of Chemical Contaminants in Peruvian Produce: A Food-Safety Perspective. Foods 2021; 10:foods10071461. [PMID: 34202592 PMCID: PMC8307517 DOI: 10.3390/foods10071461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of chemical contaminants in agricultural products is a continued food-safety challenge in Peru. This country has robust agriculture potential, but its output of fruits and vegetables is severely impacted by massive mining activities, as well as poor farming practices, including the use of polluted irrigation water, misuse of pesticides, and inadequate postharvest conditions. This review examines the current scientific knowledge on the levels of pesticide residues, heavy metals, and mycotoxins on crops produced in Peru. The available data shows that several crop varieties are contaminated with these classes of chemical contaminants, and at levels that exceed the national and international permissible limits. The abundance of chemical contaminants in produce indicates a relevant food-safety issue, which increases the risks of chronic human diseases, like cancer—a leading cause of death in Peru. Finally, this review presents recommendations to address these contamination problems in produce grown in the Andean country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar A. Galagarza
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-404-824-2607
| | - Alejandra Ramirez-Hernandez
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Haley F. Oliver
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
| | - Mariel V. Álvarez Rodríguez
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | | | - Erika Pachari Vera
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | - Yakelin Cereceda
- Department of Sociology, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru;
| | - Yemina K. Diaz-Valencia
- Academic Department of Process Engineering, Universidad Nacional de San Agustin, Arequipa 04001, Peru; (M.V.Á.R.); (E.P.V.); (Y.K.D.-V.)
| | - Amanda J. Deering
- Department of Food Science, Purdue University, 745 Agriculture Mall Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; (A.R.-H.); (H.F.O.); (A.J.D.)
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24
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Arévalo-Hernández CO, Arévalo-Gardini E, Barraza F, Farfán A, He Z, Baligar VC. Growth and nutritional responses of wild and domesticated cacao genotypes to soil Cd stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:144021. [PMID: 33383517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a toxic non-essential metal, is easily accumulated in cacao tissues. This represents a risk for cacao exportation, and consequently it affects the economic well-being of the resource-poor-small-producers in Latin America. A greenhouse experiment was conducted with 53 wild and domesticated cacao genotypes to determine their response to Cd in terms of growth and Cd and essential nutrients accumulation. Cacao seedlings were grown for 6 months in an acidic soil with or without added Cd. The total concentration of macro (Ca, K, Mg, N and P) and micronutrients (B, Cu, Fe, Mn and Zn) as well as Cd were measured in shoots along with growth (biometric) parameters after harvest. The results revealed that even if there was a wide range of Cd concentrations among genotypes, there was a reduction in the concentration of essential nutrients in genotypes grown in Cd spiked soils, however these concentrations were not significantly different from the control. In the case of growth parameters, the effects of Cd were diverse across all genotypes some of them being more tolerant to Cd stress than others. Thus, different growth responses to Cd stress are related to a genotype effect. Based on their lower Cd concentration, a total of 11 cacao genotypes (AYP-22, PAS-105, UGU-126, ICT-1026, ICT-1087, ICT-1189, ICT-1292, PH-17, CCN-51, ICS-39 and TSH-565) are proposed here as low Cd-accumulating genotypes. Therefore, these genotypes are potentially useful as rootstock to reduce uptake and transport of Cd, especially in economically important cacao cultivars.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrique Arévalo-Gardini
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT), Tarapoto, Peru; Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Alto Amazonas, Yurimaguas, Peru
| | - Fiorella Barraza
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT), Tarapoto, Peru; Department of Renewable Resources, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G7, Canada
| | - Abel Farfán
- Instituto de Cultivos Tropicales (ICT), Tarapoto, Peru
| | - Zhenli He
- University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, Indian River Research and Education Center, Fort Pierce, FL 34945, USA
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- U.S. Department of Agriculture/Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD 20705, USA
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25
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Apraez Muñoz JJ, de Almeida AAF, Pirovani CP, Ahnert D, Baligar VC. Mitigation of Pb toxicity by Mn in seedling of the cacao clonal CCN 51 genotype grown in soil: physiological, biochemical, nutritional and molecular responses. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 30:240-256. [PMID: 33528689 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-021-02348-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a highly toxic metal for humans, animals and plants even at low concentrations in the soil. The ingestion of chocolate produced from contaminated beans can contribute to consumer exposure to Pb. While, Mn is an element essential for plants and participates as enzymatic cofactors in several metabolic pathways. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of Mn on mitigation of Pb toxicity in seedling of the cacao clonal CCN 51 genotype grown in soils with different doses of Pb, Mn and Mn+Pb, through physiological, biochemical, molecular and nutritional responses. It was found that the seedling of the cacao clonal CCN 51 genotype grown in soils with high Pb, Mn and Mn+Pb contents accumulated these heavy metals in the roots and leaves. Mn doses reduced the Pb uptake by root system and prevented that the Pb accumulated at toxic levels in the roots and leaves of the plants. High doses of Pb applied in soil were highly toxic to the plants, leading, in some cases, them to death. However, no Mn toxicity was observed in cocoa plants, even at high doses in the soil. Uptake of Pb and Mn by the roots and its transport into the aerial part of the plant promoted changes in photosynthesis, leaf gas exchange, respiration, carboxylation and in the instantaneous efficiency of carboxylation, reducing in the treatments with the highest concentrations of Pb, and the emission of chlorophyll fluorescence, affecting the efficiency of photosystem 2 and the production of photoassimilates. Besides that, Pb, Mn and Mn+Pb toxicities activated defense mechanisms in plants that alter the gene expression of met, psbA and psbO, increasing in plants subjected to high concentrations of Pb and the activity of the enzymes involved in the cellular detoxification of excess ROS at the leaf level. In addition, high uptake of Mn by root system was found to reduced Pb uptake in plants grown with Mn+Pb in the soil. Therefore, application of Mn in the soil can be used to mitigate the Pb toxicity in seedling of the cacao clonal CCN 51 genotype grown in contaminated soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose Julian Apraez Muñoz
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil.
| | - Alex-Alan Furtado de Almeida
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Dário Ahnert
- State University of Santa Cruz, Department of Biological Sciences, Rodovia Jorge Amado, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus, BA, Brazil
| | - Virupax C Baligar
- USDA-ARS-Beltsville Agricultural Research Center, Beltsville, MD, USA
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26
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Córdova BM, Infantas GC, Mayta S, Huamani-Palomino RG, Kock FVC, Montes de Oca J, Valderrama AC. Xanthate-modified alginates for the removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions: A brief analysis of alginate xanthation. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 179:557-566. [PMID: 33652050 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2021.02.190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Mining is the most common activity that introduces heavy metal ions into aquatic ecosystems, especially in low income-developing nations where governments are implementing stricter regulations for industrial wastewater. In this context, this work is focused on the application of xanthate-modified alginates for the removal of Pb(II) and Ni(II) from aqueous solutions. In order to confirm the presence of xanthate groups alongside alginate chains, characterization by second-derivative FT-IR was carried out and significance evidence attributed to xanthate groups was found at around 1062-1079 cm-1, 829-845 cm-1 and 620-602 cm-1. In addition to this, thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry were employed to explore thermal properties of modified alginates. According to these results, enthalpy changes (∆H) characteristic of dehydration and collapse of biopolymeric structure were estimated as +11.41 J/g and -6.83 J/g, respectively. Furthermore, the presence of S element was confirmed by EDS mapping technique, whereas FESEM image showed a cracked and homogeneous surface distribution. On the other hand, the effect of important parameters such as pH, dosage, initial concentration as well as Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm were deeply discussed. Finally, rheological measurements were performed aiming to investigate the gel-like viscoelastic features associated to nickel xanthate compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Córdova
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biopolímeros y Metalofármacos, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Química, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru.
| | - Gian C Infantas
- Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru
| | - Sergio Mayta
- Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru
| | - Ronny G Huamani-Palomino
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biopolímeros y Metalofármacos, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Química, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru
| | - Flavio Vinicius C Kock
- Laboratory of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Juan Montes de Oca
- Center for the Development of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru
| | - A C Valderrama
- Laboratorio de Investigación en Biopolímeros y Metalofármacos, Facultad de Ciencias, Escuela Profesional de Química, Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería, Av. Túpac Amaru 210, Lima 25, Peru.
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27
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Mass Spectrometry-Based Flavor Monitoring of Peruvian Chocolate Fabrication Process. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11020071. [PMID: 33530548 PMCID: PMC7911988 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11020071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Flavor is one of the most prominent characteristics of chocolate and is crucial in determining the price the consumer is willing to pay. At present, two types of cocoa beans have been characterized according to their flavor and aroma profile, i.e., (1) the bulk (or ordinary) and (2) the fine flavor cocoa (FFC). The FFC has been distinguished from bulk cocoa for having a great variety of flavors. Aiming to differentiate the FFC bean origin of Peruvian chocolate, an analytical methodology using gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was developed. This methodology allows us to characterize eleven volatile organic compounds correlated to the aromatic profile of FFC chocolate from this geographical region (based on buttery, fruity, floral, ethereal sweet, and roasted flavors). Monitoring these 11 flavor compounds during the chain of industrial processes in a retrospective way, starting from the final chocolate bar towards pre-roasted cocoa beans, allows us to better understand the cocoa flavor development involved during each stage. Hence, this methodology was useful to distinguish chocolates from different regions, north and south of Peru, and production lines. This research can benefit the chocolate industry as a quality control protocol, from the raw material to the final product.
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28
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Barraza F, Schreck E, Uzu G, Lévêque T, Zouiten C, Boidot M, Maurice L. Beyond cadmium accumulation: Distribution of other trace elements in soils and cacao beans in Ecuador. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 192:110241. [PMID: 32980301 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Since cacao beans accumulate Cd in high levels and restrictions have been imposed on safe levels of chocolate consumption, concern about whether or not cacao trees store other toxic elements seems to be inevitable. Following a previous study in Ecuador examining Cd content in five cacao varieties collected in pristine areas and in places impacted by oil activities, we present here the concentrations of 11 trace elements (TEs) (As, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Mo, Mn, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) in soils, cacao tissues (leaves, pod husks, beans) and cocoa liquor (CL). Several TEs showed concentrations in topsoils above the Ecuadorian limits, and may have a mixed natural and anthropogenic origin. Ba and Mo concentrations in cacao tissues are slightly higher than those reported in other surveys, but this was not the case for toxic elements (As and Pb). TE contents are lower in CL, than in beans, except for Pb and Co, but no risk was identified for human health. Compared with control areas, Enrichment Factors were below 2 in impacted areas, except for Ba. Transfer factors (from soils to cacao) indicated that cacao does not accumulate TEs. A positive correlation was found between Cd and Zn in topsoils and cacao tissues for the CCN-51 variety, and between Cd and Ni for the Nacional variety. Identifying patterns of TE distribution and potential interactions in order to explain plant internal mechanisms, which is also dependent on the cacao variety, is a difficult task and needs further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France.
| | - Eva Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- IGE, Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, CS 40700, F-38058, Grenoble, France
| | - Thibaut Lévêque
- Escuela Politécnica Nacional, Departamento de Ciencias de Alimentos y Biotecnología, P.O. Box 17 012759, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Cyril Zouiten
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France
| | - Mathieu Boidot
- CEA Liten, Direction des technologies des nanomatériaux, F- 38054, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), Observatoire Midi Pyrénées, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, IRD, 14 Avenue E. Belin, F-31400, Toulouse, France; Universidad Andina Simón Bolívar, Área de Salud, P.O. Box 17-12-569, Quito, Ecuador
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29
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Lewis C, Lennon AM, Eudoxie G, Sivapatham P, Umaharan P. Plant metal concentrations in Theobroma cacao as affected by soil metal availability in different soil types. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:127749. [PMID: 32805655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Beans of cacao (Theobroma cacaoL.) are used to produce a variety of chocolate products. Bioaccumulation of metals at toxic levels through the consumption of contaminated products has been identified as a health concern in humans. Both metal diversity and concentration as well as their interactions in the soil influence essential and non-essential metal uptake in plants; but the effects of these on bioaccumulation of metals in cacao is not understood across diverse soil types. In this study eight metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were investigated in 12 soil subgroups belonging to four soil orders across 15 locations in Trinidad, with the aim to investigate the effect of soil metal diversity and concentration on metal bioaccumulation in cacao. Soil metals were extracted using five methods (aqua regia, DTPA, Mehlich 3, nitric acid, and water). Cacao leaf metal concentrations were determined using the USEPA 3052 method. Metal extraction efficiency ranged between methods with aqua regia ≥ nitric acid > Mehlich 3 ≥ DTPA ≥ water across all metals. The soil extraction method that best predicted cacao leaf metal concentrations varied with the metal - Mehlich 3 or DTPA for Cd, Ni, Zn; aqua regia, Mehlich 3, or nitric acid for Pb, and water for Mn. A stepwise regression analysis showed that plant metal concentration can be predicted using soil physicochemical characteristics as well as the concentration of metals in the soil. The importance of soil type on cacao leaf metal bioaccumulation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Lewis
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago; Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Adrian M Lennon
- Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Science and Technology, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Gaius Eudoxie
- Department of Food Production, Faculty of Food and Agriculture, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago
| | | | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine Campus, Trinidad and Tobago.
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30
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Ferreira de Oliveira AP, Milani RF, Efraim P, Morgano MA, Tfouni SAV. Cd and Pb in cocoa beans: Occurrence and effects of chocolate processing. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2020.107455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Abt E, Robin LP. Perspective on Cadmium and Lead in Cocoa and Chocolate. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:13008-13015. [PMID: 32293881 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b08295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa and chocolate can contain cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) from natural and anthropogenic sources. This perspective provides background on the origin, occurrence, and factors affecting Cd and Pb levels in chocolate products as well as ongoing international efforts to mitigate Cd and Pb in these popular foods, particularly the higher Cd levels observed in some cocoa and chocolate originating from parts of Latin America. Information on factors contributing to higher Cd levels in Latin America, including elevated soil Cd, is increasing, but more work is needed to identify successful mitigation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eileen Abt
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
| | - Lauren Posnick Robin
- Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, United States Food and Drug Administration, 5001 Campus Drive, College Park, Maryland 20740, United States
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32
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Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) contamination threatens cocoa farming in the province of Bagua in Amazonas, Peru. This study reports our assessment of Cd concentrations in cocoa farm soils, and in cocoa roots, leaves, testa, and cotyledon, thus evaluating the magnitude of the problem caused by Cd exposure. For our analysis, we sampled agricultural soil, cocoa roots, leaves and pods at 29 farms in the province of Bagua. Concentrations of Cd in each of the samples were measured and correlated with selected variables at each sampling site. Within our collection of samples, Cd levels showed great variability. In soil, Cd concentrations ranged between 1.02 and 3.54 mg kg−1. Concentrations of this metal within cocoa trees measured from roots, leaves, testa, and cotyledon, Cd ranged from 0.49 mg kg−1 to 2.53 mg kg−1. The cocoa trees exhibited variable degrees of allocation Cd from the soil to their tissues and thus considerable variation among themselves. We found that Cd amounts in roots were up to five times more concentrated than Cd levels in the soils and 2.85 times [Cd] the amounts found in cotyledon. Soil pH is a key variable enabling the uptake of this metal. Most importantly, our evaluation determined that measurements from the majority of farms exceeded the maximum permissible limits established by Peruvian and European legislation.
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33
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Sandoval Pineda JF, Pérez UA, Rodriguez A, Rojas ET. Alta presencia de cadmio resulta en baja diversidad de hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares asociados a cacao (Theobroma cacao L.). ACTA BIOLÓGICA COLOMBIANA 2020. [DOI: 10.15446/abc.v25n3.78746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Los hongos formadores de micorrizas arbusculares (HFMA) son simbiontes obligados presentes en la rizósfera de plantas de cacao y la diversidad de sus comunidades se modifica, dependiendo de diversos factores como la presencia de cadmio (Cd) en el suelo. La persistencia de HFMA en suelos enriquecidos naturalmente con Cd podría ser un indicador de su capacidad para tolerar esta condición. Esta investigación caracterizó la estructura de la comunidad de HFMA locales presentes en la rizósfera de plantas de cacao en dos suelos con baja (B-Cd: 0,1 mg kg-1) y alta (A-Cd: 20,9 mg kg-1) concentración de Cd. Esporas de HFMA se identificaron mediante claves taxonómicas y su abundancia, riqueza y diversidad se determinó en muestras de suelo originales y después de su multiplicación mediante cultivos trampa. Las comunidades de HFMA se compararon usando análisis de componentes principales (ACP) e índices de diversidad alfa y beta. Los resultados indican que A-Cd presentó valores significativamente menores de abundancia (21 %), riqueza (20 %) y diversidad (11 %) de morfoespecies de HFMA con respecto a B-Cd. Las dos comunidades de HFMA presentaron cinco de siete géneros en común, pero solo cuatro de las 23 morfoespecies descritas se encontraron en ambas comunidades.El análisis de diversidad beta y el ACP determinaron baja similaridad y tasa de recambio entre las comunidades de HFMA. La dominancia de Diversispora spurca, Rhizoglomus sp. yClaroideoglomus etunicatumen A-Cd sugiere que estas morfoespecies son estrés-tolerantes y candidatos potenciales para el desarrollo de estrategias de mitigación en suelos con Cd.
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Argüello D, Montalvo D, Blommaert H, Chavez E, Smolders E. Surface soil liming reduces cadmium uptake in cacao seedlings but subsurface uptake is enhanced. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2020; 49:1359-1369. [PMID: 33016446 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium concentrations in cacao (Theobroma cacao L.) beans from South America often exceed trade limits. Liming soil is advocated as a remediation option, but amendments cannot be incorporated into the entire root zone without harming the trees. An experiment was set up to identify how Cd uptake varies within the root zone when surface and subsurface soil layers are either limed or not. The experiment used 22-cm-height pots with top and bottom layers using surface and subsurface soil samples from a cacao field. The potted soils were either surface limed or not or fully limed and layers spiked with stable 108 Cd isotope in various combinations to trace the plant Cd provenance. The root distribution was neither affected by liming nor by soil source; 70% of the root biomass was present in the top layer. Plants grown on the fully limed surface soil had 1.7 times lower Cd concentrations in leaves than the unlimed treatments, whereas this concentration was 1.2 times lower when only the top layer was limed (surface soil used in both layers). The isotope dilution data showed that surface soil liming enhanced Cd uptake from the unlimed bottom layer compared with the unlimed soil, suggesting compensating mechanisms. The pots containing surface soil over subsurface soil also showed that compensating effect but, due to lower phytoavailable Cd in the subsurface soil, surface liming still effectively reduced foliar Cd. We conclude that liming might be a feasible mitigation strategy, but its effectiveness is limited when Cd phytoavailability remains untreated in the subsurface layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Argüello
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee, BE, 3001, Belgium
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Daniela Montalvo
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee, BE, 3001, Belgium
| | - Hester Blommaert
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee, BE, 3001, Belgium
| | - Eduardo Chavez
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral (ESPOL), Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Erik Smolders
- Division of Soil and Water Management, KU Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, Heverlee, BE, 3001, Belgium
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Maddela NR, Kakarla D, García LC, Chakraborty S, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Cocoa-laden cadmium threatens human health and cacao economy: A critical view. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137645. [PMID: 32146410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the recent decades, Cd burden in cocoa-based products threatened global food safety, human health and the future of chocolateries. Increased Cd bioavailability is an acute problem in cacao-based horticulture. Poverty, poor maintenance, unjustified traditional farming, and paucity of knowledge on Cd-binding propensity in cacao discourage the application of risk-mitigation measures. Progressive accumulation of Cd, with a half-life of 10-30 years, in the human body even at ultra-trace levels may lead to serious health complications. If Cd accumulates in the food chain through cocoa products, consequences in children, who are the primary consumers of chocolates, include morbidity and mortality that may result in a significant demographic transition by the year 2050. Developing cacao clones with an innate capability of taking up low Cd levels from soils, and site-specific Cd-cacao research might contribute to limiting the trophic transfer of Cd. This review highlights the possible routes for Cd uptake in cacao plants and discusses the measures to rescue the chocolateries from Cd pollution to promote "healthy" cacao farming. The potential human health risks of chocolate-laden Cd and mitigation strategies to minimize Cd burden in the human body are also presented. The challenges and prospects in Cd-cacao research are discussed as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | - Dhatri Kakarla
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Luz Cecilia García
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador; Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
| | - Sagnik Chakraborty
- Hebei University of Technology, School of Energy & Environmental Engineering, Beichen, Tianjin, PR China
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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Mongalo N, Mashele S, Makhafola T. Ziziphus mucronata Willd. (Rhamnaceae): it's botany, toxicity, phytochemistry and pharmacological activities. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03708. [PMID: 32322712 PMCID: PMC7170964 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ziziphus mucronata is an important multi-purpose plant species that has been used in African traditional medicine for ages in the treatment of various devastating human and animal infections. The current paper is aimed at providing an overview of uses, toxicology, pharmacological properties and phytochemistry of Z. mucronata. The information used in the current work was retrieved using various search engines, including Pubmed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, Scielo, SciFinder and Scopus. The key words used included Ziziphus mucronata, secondary metabolites, chemistry, biological activity and pharmacology, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral, ethnobotanical survey, medicinal uses, safety, toxicology and other related words. Out of the 46 infections which the plant species is used to treat, the most common uses includes sexually transmitted infections, skin infections, diarrhoea and dysentery, respiratory and chest complaints and gynaecological complaints (citations ≥6). Pharmacologically, the plant species exhibited a potential antimicrobial activity yielding a minimum inhibitory concentration of <1 mg/ml against important pathogens which includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Propionibacterium acnes, Candida albicans, Cryptoccoos neoformans amongst other microorganisms. Furthermore, the extracts and compounds from Z mucronata revealed potent antiviral, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and other activities in vitro. Phytochemically, cyclo-peptide alkaloids (commonly called mucronines) dominates and in conjunction with triterpenes, flavonoids, phenolic acids and anthocyanins. Besides these compounds, the plant species exhibited the presence of important in minerals. These phytoconstituents may well explain the reported biological activities. Although the extracts revealed no cytotoxic effect to Vero cells, further toxicological characteristics of the plant species still needs to be explored. There is also a need to carry out the comprehensive safety profiles of the plant species, including heavy metal detection. Although the plant species revealed important biological activities, which includes antimicrobial, antiviral, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, anti-plasmodial, anthelmintic, and anti-anaemic activity in vitro, further research is needed to explore the in vivo studies, other compounds responsible for such activities and the mechanisms of action thereof. Such activities validates the use of the plant species in traditional medicine. The data on the possible use of the plant species in the treatment of diarrhoea, sexually transmitted infections, skin related and gynaecological complaints are scant and still needs to be explored and validated both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the anticancer and anthelmintic activity of the plant species also needs to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- N.I. Mongalo
- University of South Africa, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences Laboratories, Private Bag X06, Florida, 0610, South Africa
| | - S.S. Mashele
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
| | - T.J. Makhafola
- Central University of Technology, Faculty of Health and Environmental Sciences, Centre for Quality of Health and Living, Bloemfontein, 9300, South Africa
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Ma Y, Fei X, Li J, Liu Y, Wei A. Effects of location, climate, soil conditions and plant species on levels of potentially toxic elements in Chinese Prickly Ash pericarps from the main cultivation regions in China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 244:125501. [PMID: 31812048 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.125501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The presence of potentially toxic mineral elements is often reported in soil, fruits and vegetables. The concentrations of these are influenced by location, climate and soil conditions, and plant species. This study reports levels of aluminium (Al), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) in the soils where Chinese Prickly Ash - Zanthoxylum bungeanum (ZB) and Z. armatum (ZA) are grown. Soil and pericarp samples were taken from 72 ZB and ZA plantations in 12 provinces. The soil pollution index (PI) was generally low for As (0.04-0.35), Pb (0.01-0.74) and Ni (0.15-1.06). The PI was higher for Cd (0.06-6.99) and was assessed at three categorical levels: 'low' (in 26% of soils), 'moderate' (in 67% of soils) and high (in 7% of soils). The majority (94%) of soils were slightly polluted with Cd with the integrated pollution index in the range 0.17-2.02. More than 60% of pericarp samples posed a high non-cancer health risk based on the hazard index, while 43% of pericarp samples posed a considerable cancer risk based on the incremental lifetime cancer risk. The mean temperature and the mean relative humidity contributed most significantly (28% and 10%, respectively) to variation in the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in the pericarps. This study provides a comprehensive report on the concentrations of potentially toxic elements in the soils and associated pericarps, and the effects of location, climate, and soil on the levels of potentially toxic elements in the soil and pericarps, including the effects of tree species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Ma
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Xitong Fei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Jingmiao Li
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Yulin Liu
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
| | - Anzhi Wei
- College of Forestry, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, China.
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Quelal‐Vásconez MA, Lerma‐García MJ, Pérez‐Esteve É, Talens P, Barat JM. Roadmap of cocoa quality and authenticity control in the industry: A review of conventional and alternative methods. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:448-478. [DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Édgar Pérez‐Esteve
- Departamento de Tecnología de AlimentosUniversitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - Pau Talens
- Departamento de Tecnología de AlimentosUniversitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
| | - José Manuel Barat
- Departamento de Tecnología de AlimentosUniversitat Politècnica de València Valencia Spain
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Zurita-Ortega A, Cervera-Mata A, Delgado G, Zurita-Ortega F, Rufián-Henares JÁ, Pastoriza S. Mineral profile of weight loss related foods marketed in Spain. Food Chem 2020; 313:126156. [PMID: 31931426 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.126156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Low calorie foods are products designed to replace complete meals or to control snacking in many hypocaloric diets. These products provide many nutrients to the human diet, but little is known about their mineral elements composition. Here we study the mineral profile of weight loss related products, including the analysis of 22 elements (As, Ba, Be, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, K, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Th, Tl, Sb, U, V, Y and Zn) in 73 commercial products marketed in Spain. In general a portion of these products provide up to 20-30% of the daily dietary reference intake of essential trace minerals like Cr or Mo. On the contrary, some of these foods have large concentrations of toxic minerals like As, Cd or Pb. In fact, the intake of those products with higher concentrations of toxic elements during a weight loss program could pose a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zurita-Ortega
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Ana Cervera-Mata
- Departamento de Química Agrícola, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Gabriel Delgado
- Departamento de Química Agrícola, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Félix Zurita-Ortega
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Educación, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - José Ángel Rufián-Henares
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Universidad de Granada, Spain.
| | - Silvia Pastoriza
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bromatología, Instituto de Nutrición y Tecnología de los Alimentos, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Universidad de Granada, Granada, Spain
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40
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Córdova BM, Santa Cruz JP, Ocampo M. TV, Huamani-Palomino RG, Baena-Moncada AM. Simultaneous adsorption of a ternary mixture of brilliant green, rhodamine B and methyl orange as artificial wastewater onto biochar from cocoa pod husk waste. Quantification of dyes using the derivative spectrophotometry method. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0nj00916d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Biochar obtained from cocoa pod husk waste for the simultaneous adsorption of a ternary mixture of brilliant green, rhodamine B and methyl orange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M. Córdova
- Group of Biomaterials and Polymers
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Engineering
- Lima 25
- Peru
| | - Jean P. Santa Cruz
- Laboratorio de Operaciones Unitarias
- Facultad de Ingeniería Química y Textil
- Rímac
- Peru
| | - Tony V. Ocampo M.
- Group of Biomaterials and Polymers
- Faculty of Science
- National University of Engineering
- Lima 25
- Peru
| | | | - Angélica María Baena-Moncada
- Laboratorio de Investigación de Electroquímica Aplicada
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería
- Rímac
- Peru
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41
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Romero-Estévez D, Yánez-Jácome GS, Simbaña-Farinango K, Navarrete H. Content and the relationship between cadmium, nickel, and lead concentrations in Ecuadorian cocoa beans from nine provinces. Food Control 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Ramtahal G, Umaharan P, Hanuman A, Davis C, Ali L. The effectiveness of soil amendments, biochar and lime, in mitigating cadmium bioaccumulation in Theobroma cacao L. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133563. [PMID: 31362218 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cocoa (Theobroma cacao L.) is an important neotropical tree crop grown for its seeds or beans used in global chocolate and confectionary industries. Following studies showing ill effects of long-term dietary exposure of cadmium (Cd) on human health, a number of countries including the European Union (EU) have developed stringent regulations to protect consumers from exposure to cadmium. Cocoa is capable of bioaccumulating Cd in the cocoa beans when grown in soils high in cadmium and hence livelihood of cocoa farmers can be at risk if methods to mitigate the bioaccumulation of Cd are not developed. In vitro, greenhouse and field experiments were established with four, three and three replications respectively to evaluate the effectiveness of soil amendments, biochar and lime, at various application rates (0, 0.5×, 1×, 1.5× and 2× of the recommended rate), on soil pH, Cd phytoavailability and Cd bioaccumulation in Theobroma cacao L. For the in vitro study, Cd-containing soil was amended with 5 levels of biochar and lime, while for the greenhouse and field study four application rates were tested. The study showed that while lower rates were effective under in vitro conditions as you progressed from in vitro to greenhouse to field conditions the application rates and application frequency had to be increased, as the effectiveness and longevity of the treatments were compromised by environmental factors. Our study implies that the two amendments were complementary in their action and can be used in the recommended rated to reduce Cd bioaccumulation. However further studies are required on the placement of amendments to improve their effectiveness and longevity particularly under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gideon Ramtahal
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago.
| | - Pathmanathan Umaharan
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Anand Hanuman
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Carisa Davis
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Leon Ali
- Cocoa Research Centre, The University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
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Costa VC, Pinheiro FC, Amorim FAC, Paranhos da Silva EG, Pereira-Filho ER. Multivariate optimization for the development of a sample preparation procedure and evaluation of calibration strategies for nutrient elements determination in handmade chocolate. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.104166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Martins Alves AM, Pereira Menezes S, Matos Lima E, Peres Gramacho K, Silva Andrade B, Macêdo Ferreira M, Pirovani CP, Micheli F. The selenium-binding protein of Theobroma cacao: A thermostable protein involved in the witches' broom disease resistance. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2019; 142:472-481. [PMID: 31430675 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2019.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 06/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The selenium-binding proteins are known to be inducers of apoptosis in human and animals, and have been studied as target for the treatment of various types of cancer. In plants, SBP expression has been related to abiotic and biotic stress resistance. The SBP from Theobroma cacao (TcSBP) was first identified from a cocoa-Moniliophthora perniciosa cDNA library. The present study provides details on the TcSBP gene and protein structure. Multiple alignments revealed conserved domains between SBP from plants, human and archea. Homology modeling and molecular docking were performed and showed that the TcSBP has affinity to selenite in the active CSSC site. This result was confirmed by circular dichroism of the recombinant TcSBP, which also presented thermostable behavior. RT-qPCR analysis showed that TcSBP was differentially expressed in resistant vs susceptible cacao varieties inoculated by M. perniciosa and its expression was probably due to hormone induction via cis-regulating elements present in its promotor. The presence of the CSSC domain suggested that TcSBP acted by altering oxidation/reduction of proteins during H2O2 production and programmed cell death in the final stages of the witches' broom disease. To our knowledge, this is the first in silico and in vitro analysis of the SBP from cacao.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akyla Maria Martins Alves
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Sara Pereira Menezes
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Eline Matos Lima
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | | | - Bruno Silva Andrade
- Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia (UESB), Av. José Moreira Sobrinho, Jequié, Bahia, 45206-190, Brazil
| | - Monaliza Macêdo Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Carlos Priminho Pirovani
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil
| | - Fabienne Micheli
- Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), Departamento de Ciências Biológicas (DCB), Centro de Biotecnologia e Genética (CBG), Rodovia Ilhéus-Itabuna, km 16, 45662-900, Ilhéus-BA, Brazil; CIRAD, UMR AGAP, F-34398, Montpellier, France.
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Method validation and determination of heavy metals in cocoa beans and cocoa products by microwave assisted digestion technique with inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2019; 303:125392. [PMID: 31446362 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2019.125392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this article, an easy and quick method based on microwave assisted acid digestion technique prior to quantification using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for the analysis of heavy metals in cocoa beans, cocoa powder and chocolate was established and validated for arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and antimony (Sb). Limit of quantification for all elements were product dependent and varies from 7.84 to 194.52 µg/kg. The recoveries of the heavy metals at 250 and 1000 µg/kg spiking levels were ranged between 96.27-108.75%, 90.43-101.97% and 89.72-106.26% for cocoa beans, cocoa powder, and chocolate, respectively. Relative standard deviation values obtained were all below 20% and the expanded uncertainty measurements for the elements were less than 25%. The analysis of real samples found that the concentration level is far from the national alarming level except for cadmium in cocoa beans.
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Engbersen N, Gramlich A, Lopez M, Schwarz G, Hattendorf B, Gutierrez O, Schulin R. Cadmium accumulation and allocation in different cacao cultivars. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 678:660-670. [PMID: 31078857 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a biologically non-essential heavy metal that can cause toxic effects in plants, animals and humans already at low concentrations compared to other metals. After Cd concentrations in cacao beans of various provenances, particularly from Latin America, were found to exceed the new regulations enforced by the European Union in 2019, there is an urgent need to find measures to lower Cd accumulation in cacao beans to acceptable values. In this research, the long-term cacao cultivar trial CEDEC-JAS in northern Honduras was used to investigate differences between 11 cultivars in Cd uptake and translocation. Sampling of various plant parts, including rootstocks, scions, leaves and beans, from three replicate trees per cultivar and the soil around each tree was conducted at this site. Results indicate that concentrations of available soil Cd were more closely correlated with Cd concentrations of the rootstocks (R2 = 0.56), scions (R2 = 0.59) and leaves (R2 = 0.46) than with bean Cd concentrations (R2 = 0.26). In addition, Cd concentrations of rootstocks, scions and leaves showed close relationships to available soil Cd concentrations, with no significant differences between the cultivars. In contrast, bean Cd concentrations showed only weak correlations to available soil Cd and Cd concentrations in the vegetative plant parts, but significant variation among cultivars. Three cultivars, which were analysed in more detail, showed significant differences in Cd concentrations of mature beans, but not of immature beans. These results suggest that cultivar-related differences in bean Cd concentrations primarily result from differences in Cd loading during bean maturation, possibly due to cultivar-specific differences in the xylem-to-phloem transfer of Cd. The results show that selection of cultivars with low Cd transfer from vegetative parts into the beans has high potential to keep Cd accumulation in cacao beans at levels that are safe for consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Engbersen
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Anja Gramlich
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marlon Lopez
- Honduran Foundation for Agricultural Research (FHIA), La Lima, Cortés, Honduras
| | - Gunnar Schwarz
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8052 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bodo Hattendorf
- Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8052 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Osman Gutierrez
- USDA-ARS Subtropical Horticulture Research Station, 13601 Old Cutler Road, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Rainer Schulin
- Institute of Terrestrial Ecosystems, Department of Environmental Systems Science, ETH Zürich, Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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Anyimah-Ackah E, Ofosu IW, Lutterodt HE, Darko G. Exposures and risks of arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury in cocoa beans and cocoa-based foods: a systematic review. FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1093/fqsafe/fyy025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ekpor Anyimah-Ackah
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Isaac W Ofosu
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Herman E Lutterodt
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
| | - Godfred Darko
- Department of Chemistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana, West Africa
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Argüello D, Chavez E, Lauryssen F, Vanderschueren R, Smolders E, Montalvo D. Soil properties and agronomic factors affecting cadmium concentrations in cacao beans: A nationwide survey in Ecuador. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:120-127. [PMID: 30173024 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recent cadmium (Cd) regulation in chocolate threatens the sustainability of cacao production in Southwest America. Cadmium contamination in cacao beans has not been assessed at a country level. A nationwide survey was conducted in Ecuador to identify the spatial distribution of Cd in cacao beans, as well as soil and agronomic factors involved. Paired soil and plant samples (pods and leaves) were collected at 560 locations. Information on agronomic practices was obtained through a prepared questionnaire for farmers. Total soil Cd averaged 0.44 mg kg-1 which is typical for young and non-polluted soils. Mean Cd concentration in peeled beans was 0.90 mg kg-1 and 45% of samples exceeded the 0.60 mg kg-1 threshold. Bean Cd hotspots were identified in some areas in seven provinces. Multivariate regression analysis showed that bean Cd concentrations increased with increasing total soil Cd and with decreasing soil pH, oxalate-extractable manganese (Mnox) and organic carbon (OC) (R2 = 0.65), suggesting that Cd solubility in soil mainly affects Cd uptake. Bean Cd concentration decreased a factor of 1.4 as the age of the orchard increased from 4 to 40 years. Bean Cd concentration was inconsistently affected by genotype (CCN-51 vs. Nacional), pruning or application of fertilizers. It is concluded that the relatively larger bean Cd concentrations in Ecuador are related to the high Cd uptake capacity of the plants combined with their cultivation on young soils, instead of Cd depleted weathered soils. Mitigation strategies should consider the application of amendments to modify such soil properties to lower soil Cd availability. There is scope for genetic mitigation strategy to reduce bean Cd, but this needs to be properly investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Argüello
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE Heverlee, Belgium; Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador.
| | - Eduardo Chavez
- Escuela Superior Politécnica del Litoral, ESPOL, Facultad de Ciencias de la Vida, Campus Gustavo Galindo Km. 30.5 Vía Perimetral, P.O. Box 09-01-5863, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Florian Lauryssen
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Ruth Vanderschueren
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Erik Smolders
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Daniela Montalvo
- KU Leuven, Division of Soil and Water Management, Kasteelpark Arenberg 20, 3001 BE Heverlee, Belgium
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Barraza F, Moore RET, Rehkämper M, Schreck E, Lefeuvre G, Kreissig K, Coles BJ, Maurice L. Cadmium isotope fractionation in the soil – cacao systems of Ecuador: a pilot field study. RSC Adv 2019; 9:34011-34022. [PMID: 35528875 PMCID: PMC9073709 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05516a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The often high Cd concentrations of cacao beans are a serious concern for producers in Latin America due to the implementation of stricter Cd limits for cocoa products by the European Union in 2019. This is the first investigation to employ coupled Cd isotope and concentration measurements to study soil – cacao systems. Analyses were carried out for 29 samples of soils, soil amendments and cacao tree organs from organic farms in Ecuador that harvest three distinct cacao cultivars. The majority of soils from 0–80 cm depth have very similar δ114/110Cd of about −0.1‰ to 0‰. Two 0–5 cm topsoils, however, have high Cd concentrations coupled with heavy Cd isotope compositions of δ114/110Cd ≈ 0.2%, possibly indicating Cd additions from the tree litter used as organic fertilizer. Whilst cacao leaves, pods and beans are ubiquitously enriched in Cd relative to soils there are distinct Cd isotope signatures. The leaves and pods are isotopically heavier than the soils, with similar Δ114/110Cdleaf–soil values of 0.22 ± 0.07‰ to 0.41 ± 0.09‰. In contrast, the data reveal differences in Δ114/110Cdbean–leaf that may be linked to distinct cacao cultivars. In detail, Δ114/110Cdbean–leaf values of −0.34‰ to −0.40‰ were obtained for Nacional cacao from two farms, whilst CCN-51 hybrid cacao from a third farm showed no fractionation within error (−0.08 ± 0.13‰). As such, further work to investigate whether Cd isotopes are indeed useful for tracing sources of Cd enrichments in soils and to inform genetic efforts to reduce the Cd burden of cocoa is indicated. Cd isotope composition in cacao seems to be cultivar-specific whereas Cd in soil is probably due to tree litter recycling.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Fiorella Barraza
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET)
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées
- CNRS
- IRD
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Rebekah E. T. Moore
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Mark Rehkämper
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Eva Schreck
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET)
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées
- CNRS
- IRD
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Grégoire Lefeuvre
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET)
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées
- CNRS
- IRD
- Université de Toulouse
| | - Katharina Kreissig
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Barry J. Coles
- Department of Earth Science & Engineering
- Imperial College London
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
| | - Laurence Maurice
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET)
- Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées
- CNRS
- IRD
- Université de Toulouse
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50
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Multivariate analysis of essential elements in raw cocoa and processed chocolate mass materials from three different manufacturers. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2018.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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