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Deng X, Mao L, Peng M, Cai Y, Wang T, Luo Z, Kumar A. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in coastal rivers in Jiangsu Province, China: Spatial distribution, source apportionment and human impacts. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133576. [PMID: 38278070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The ocean is the ultimate sink for all pollutants, rivers are important channels for land-based pollutants to enter the oceans. Riverine transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to coastal seas in China poses environmental threats. This study examined the spatial and temporal distribution of PAHs in coastal rivers in Yancheng City in Jiangsu Province of China, with the aim of identifying their likely sources, concentrations, and influencing factors. Surface sediments were taken from the Xinyanggang River (XYR) and the Sheyang River (SYR). The concentrations of Ʃ16PAHs in river sediments were measured on average 477.05 ng/g dry weight (dw), with values varying from 2.18 to 6351.42 ng/g, indicating a moderate pollution level, with a dominance of high molecular weight (HMW) PAHs. The XYR exhibited significantly higher PAHs concentrations compared to the SYR. The key sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions (47.87%), coal and natural gas combustion (35.07%). Geographically weighted regression and redundancy analysis linked PAHs pollution to distinct land use patterns and socioeconomic indicators, highlighting urban land as the major contributor, driven by high urbanization and industrialization (70.91%). In XYR, industrial activities and transport emissions were major contributors, while in SYR, agricultural activities predominantly influenced PAHs pollution. Urgent mitigation strategies are needed to reduce PAHs pollution in river sediments, mitigating ecological and human risks associated with these contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqian Deng
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Longjiang Mao
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Mo Peng
- Jiangsu Provincial Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210019, China
| | - Yuqi Cai
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ting Wang
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Zhuhua Luo
- School of Marine Sciences, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Biogenetic Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Amit Kumar
- School of Hydrology and Water resources, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Guo Y, Zhang S, Wang S, Zhang Y, Du J, Liao L. Using stable isotopes (δ 2H and δ 18O) and hydrochemistry to understand the genesis and hydrochemical processes of groundwater in Chongming Island, Yangtze Estuary. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:84300-84313. [PMID: 37358776 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-28401-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Groundwater is an indispensable freshwater resource and its quality is significant in supporting sustainable social and economic development, particularly in estuarine islands where aquifers are complicated. In this study, a total of 19 groundwater and 4 surface water samples were collected in September 2022 to identify the origin and hydrogeochemical evolution processes of groundwater using stable isotopes and hydrochemistry in Chongming Island, which is the largest estuarine alluvial island in the world. The stable isotopic composition indicated that shallow groundwater and surface water are all derived from precipitation recharge under a humid climate, and the evaporative effect incurs the enrichment of isotopic compositions. The shallow groundwater and surface water were primarily of Ca-HCO3 type. Gibbs diagram, ionic correlation analysis, ionic ratios analysis, and mineral saturation indices suggested that water-rock interactions like carbonate and silicate weathering play a vital role in groundwater chemistry, but cation exchange reactions are weak. Revelle index (RI) result indicated that 10.5% of shallow groundwater samples were found to suffer seawater intrusion. The NO3- concentrations were between l2.0 and 180.8 mg/L with 31.6% of groundwater samples exceeding the World health organization (WHO) standards (50 mg/L). Agricultural activities and industrial activities were found to be mainly responsible for groundwater pollution in shallow groundwater. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for better managing groundwater resources on coastal estuarine islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yugeng Guo
- Hohai-Lille College, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuxuan Zhang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Shou Wang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- College of Agricultural Science and Engineering, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Du
- Hohai-Lille College, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lei Liao
- Hohai-Lille College, Hohai University, No.8 Focheng West Road, Nanjing, 211100, Jiangsu, China
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Na M, Zhao Y, Rina S, Wang R, Liu X, Tong Z, Zhang J. Residues, potential source and ecological risk assessment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface water of the East Liao River, Jilin Province, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 886:163977. [PMID: 37164080 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The environmental risks posed by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the diversity of their anthropogenic origins make them a global issue. Therefore, it is of utmost significance for protecting the aquatic environment and the growth of neighboring populations to identify their possible origins and ecological risk. Here, we detail the contamination profiles of 15 PAHs found in the East Liao River's surface waters in Jilin Province and use the receptor model Absolute Principal Component Analysis - Multiple Linear Regression (APCS-MLR) and diagnostic ratios method to identify the primary potential sources of pollution. Based on the natural hazard risk formation theory (NHRFT), an ecological risk assessment (ERA) model for PAHs in the East Liao River was developed. The method assesses the ecological risk status of PAHs by integrating the risk quotient (RQ) approach and the DPSIRM (driving force, pressure, state, impact, response, management) conceptual framework. Total concentrations in the surface water body were between 396.42 and 624.06 ng/L, with an average of 436.99 ng/L. The source research revealed that coal, biomass, and traffic emission sources are the most likely PAH contributors to the East Liao River. The ERA found that the majority of the sites' locations of the study were at low risk for PAHs in surface water bodies (30.7 % and 32.2 %, respectively), while only a tiny percentage of sites were at high or very high risk (1.8 % and 13.6 %). The study results provide theoretical support for the East Liao River's ecological, environmental protection, and policy formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mula Na
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Yunmeng Zhao
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Su Rina
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Xingpeng Liu
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhijun Tong
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Jiquan Zhang
- College of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Department of Environment, Institute of Natural Hazards, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, China; Key Laboratory of Vegetation Ecology, Ministry of Education, Changchun 130024, China.
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Duan L, Yu H, Wang Q, Cao Y, Wang G, Sun X, Li H, Lin T, Guo Z. PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons of a megacity in eastern China: Source apportionment and cancer risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 869:161792. [PMID: 36702280 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Ninety-six fine particulate matter (PM2.5) samples covering four seasons from October 2020 to August 2021 were collected at a 'super' site in Hangzhou, a megacity in eastern China. These samples were analyzed to determine the sources and potential cancer risks to humans of 16 United States Environmental Protection Agency priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). The average concentrations of the PAHs in PM2.5 in autumn, winter, spring, and summer were 8.35 ± 4.90, 27.9 ± 13.6, 8.3 ± 5.97, and 1.05 ± 0.50 ng/m3, respectively, and with an annual average of 11.9 ± 13.2 ng/m3. The source apportionment by positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that, based on the yearly average, the major sources of PAHs were traffic emissions (38.2 %), coal combustion (28.9 %), coke (21.7 %), and volatilization (11.1 %). Strong correlations between high concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and high-molecular-weight PAHs in winter could be attributed to incomplete combustion. Long-range transport of air from the sea to the southeast resulted in low concentrations of carbonaceous aerosols and low-molecular-weight PAHs in summer. Trajectory clustering and the potential source contribution function both indicated that the Yangtze River Delta was the main source region of PAHs for PM2.5 in Hangzhou in spring and summer. In autumn and winter, it was dominated by long-range transport from northern China. Lifetime lung cancer risk assessment revealed that the PAHs in PM2.5 impose moderate human health risks in Hangzhou due to traffic emissions. The results of this study provide important information for policymakers to establish abatement strategies to reduce PAH emissions in Hangzhou, and perhaps other urban centers across China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Duan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China
| | - Huimin Yu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiongzhen Wang
- Environmental Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310007, China
| | - Yibo Cao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Guochen Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xueshi Sun
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Hao Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Tian Lin
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), Shanghai 202162, China.
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Rokhbar M, Keshavarzi B, Moore F, Zarei M, Hooda PS, Risk MJ. Occurrence and source of PAHs in Miankaleh International Wetland in Iran. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 321:138140. [PMID: 36791821 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We examined the occurrence and sources of 16 priority PAHs in the water and sediment samples of the Miankaleh Wetland (Coastal Biosphere Reserve), famous for harbouring huge flocks of migrating birds. The water and sediment samples collected from various locations were visualized and processed using a self-organizing map, positive matrix factorization and GIS. All the sediment samples, and >90% of the water samples, showed some degree of PAHs contamination. Higher PAH levels occur near the Chopoghi Channel, powerplants, sewage outfalls, and near fishing operations. Compared with previous study in this area, the PAHs concentration in the sediments of aquatic ecosystem of Miankaleh Wetland is increasing. The levels of PAH contamination seem too low to account for the mass deaths of migratory birds, and botulinus contamination seems the likely cause. Fugacity calculations show that the sediments act as a sink for PAHs. According to PMF and SOM analyses, three origins of PAHs were recognized: (i) fossil fuel and vehicular emissions with high-molecular weight PAHs (4-5 ring); (ii) municipal and industrial sewages characterized by low-molecular weight PAHs (2-3 ring) typical of petrogenic sources; and (iii) port activity characterized by prevalence of petrogenic influence and petroleum-related activities (combustion PAHs and low-molecular weight PAHs) consistent with port activity. This wetland needs serious attention because of continuous input of pollutants. The results and the methods used in this study may assist in improving coastal wetlands management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahsa Rokhbar
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Behnam Keshavarzi
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Farid Moore
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mehdi Zarei
- Department of Earth Sciences, College of Science, Shiraz University, 71454, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Peter S Hooda
- Department of Geography, Geology and the Environment, Kingston University London, Kingston Upon Thames, KT12EE, UK
| | - Michael J Risk
- Department of Earth Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M1, Canada
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Zhu T, Zhu Y, Liu Y, Deng C, Qi X, Wang J, Shen Z, Yin D, Liu Y, Sun R, Sun W, Xu N. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in water, suspended particulate matter, and sediment of reservoirs and their tributaries in Shenzhen, a mega city in South China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:53524-53537. [PMID: 36857003 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Urban reservoirs serve many purposes including recreation and drinking water, and larger bodies of water can alter the surrounding air temperatures, making urban areas cooler in summer and warmer in winter. However, reservoirs may also be sinks for contaminants. One such group of contaminants, the polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), are persistent organic pollutants known to accumulate in sediments and suspended particulate matter (SPM). Few studies have been conducted on PBDEs in water, SPM, and sediment from reservoirs of Shenzhen which is a mega city in South China. To this end, 12 PBDEs were measured in water, SPM, and sediment samples during the dry season (DS) and wet season (WS), to explain the spatiotemporal distribution, congener profiles, sources, and risks of pollutants in four reservoirs (A-D) and their tributaries in the study region. The concentration of ∑12PBDEs during the DS was found to be significantly higher than that during the WS. Source apportionment suggested that commercial penta-, octa-, and deca-BDEs are the major components of PBDEs, resulting mainly from atmospheric deposition, wastewater discharge, and external water-diversion projects. Further, attention should be paid to electronic equipment manufacturing factories in the study area. Risk assessment indicated risk of PBDEs (especially BDE-209) in sediment and SPM to be of concern. This study provides important data support for the control of PBDEs in natural drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Youchang Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Yunlang Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geoscience (Wuhan), Wuhan, 430074, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Deng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiujuan Qi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinling Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhizhi Shen
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Donggao Yin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yihong Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Source Management and Technology, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Emerging Contaminants Detection and Control in Water Environment, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Low Energy Sewage Treatment, Shenzhen Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shenzhen, 518001, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruohan Sun
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiling Sun
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China.
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Zhang H, Yuan L, Xue J, Wu H. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface water and sediment from Shanghai port, China: spatial distribution, source apportionment, and potential risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:7973-7986. [PMID: 36048385 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22706-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spatial distribution, sources, and potential risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were systematically investigated in Shanghai port, one of the most important hubs in international trade. The 16 priority PAHs in surface water and sediment were determined. Total concentrations of 16 PAHs (Σ16PAHs) ranged from 140.6 to 647.4 ng/L in surface water and from 12.7 to 573.2 ng/g (dry weight, dw) in sediment, respectively. The 2-ring and 3-ring PAHs with low molecular weight were main components in water, while the 3-ring and 4-ring PAHs were abundant in sediment. Flu was the main component of the Σ16PAHs in water and sediment. According to the source apportionment, the PAHs in water mostly originated from combustion of fossil fuels and petroleum and petroleum combustion were the main contributors to the PAHs in sediment. The results obtained from potential risk assessment indicate that the PAHs in surface water present a moderate ecological risk, whereas the PAHs in sediment show low ecological risk indicating a less possibility of toxic pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Junzeng Xue
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Huixian Wu
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Centre for Research On the Ecological Security of Ports and Shipping, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Dai Q, Wang Y, Chen L, Li P, Xia S, Huang Q. Contamination of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban source water at the tidal reach of the Yangtze River. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:61222-61235. [PMID: 35438400 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20052-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To explore the occurrence, source, and risk of 16 priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in urban source water at the tidal reach of the Yangtze River, eighty-nine surface water samples were collected in 8 field campaigns from July 2018 to November 2019. Fifteen of 16 PAHs except for dibenz(a,h)anthracene (DBA) were found in the water. Detection frequencies were observed between 53 and 72% for PAHs with 4 rings, while most of other PAHs were less detected, e.g., benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in 31% of samples. The total concentrations of 16 priority PAHs reached up to 2.8 µg·L-1 and increased during the tidal transitions from flood to ebb. The average concentrations of PAHs in ebb tides were higher than those in flood tides. PAH concentrations and compositions showed great variation with different sampling campaigns, and higher levels and more components were observed in the rainy months and cold months. Those priority PAHs in the tidal water source are mainly from combustion activities (especially fossil fuel combustion), but the contribution from oil spills/leakage is also important in rainy months. High-molecular-weight PAHs in this tidal water source may pose risks to aquatic life, while they pose no carcinogenic risk to human health via ingestion of drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Dai
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Ling Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Pan Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Shengji Xia
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Qinghui Huang
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment of the Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, No. 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, China.
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Zhang X, Zhang ZF, Zhang X, Yang PF, Li YF, Cai M, Kallenborn R. Dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from the Northwestern Pacific to the Southern Ocean: Surface seawater distribution, source apportionment, and air-seawater exchange. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117780. [PMID: 34731661 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as a group of toxic and carcinogenic compounds are large scale globally emitted anthropogenic pollutants mainly emitted into the atmosphere. However, atmospheric transport cannot fully explain the spatial variability of PAHs in the marine atmosphere and seawater. It is hypothesized that PAHs accumulated in seawater and ocean circulation can also influence PAHs observed in air above the ocean. In order to investigate PAHs in seawater as a potential secondary source to air, we collected paired air and seawater samples during a research cruise from China to the Antarctic in 2018-2019, covering the Pacific Ocean, the Indian Ocean, and the Southern Ocean. Summed concentrations of 28 analyzed PAHs in seawater were highest in the Pacific Ocean (4000 ± 1400 pg/L), followed by the Indian Ocean (2700 ± 1000 pg/L), and the Southern Ocean (2300 ± 520 pg/L). Three-ringed PAHs dominated the composition profile. We found that PAH levels in the Pacific and Indian Oceans were strong inversely correlated with salinity and distance to the coastline. This suggests that riverine inputs and continental discharges are important sources of PAHs to the marine environment. Derived air-seawater fugacity ratios suggest that net fluxes of PAHs were from seawater to the air in the Pacific and Indian Oceans at 9.0-8100 (median: 1600) ng/m2/d and 290-2000 (median: 1300) ng/m2/d, respectively. In the Southern Ocean, the net flow of PAHs was from air to seawater with a flux of -1000-450 (median: -82) ng/m2/d. Source apportionment from two different models suggested that the largest contribution to total PAHs was from petrogenic sources (44-57%), followed by coal/wood combustion (30-31%), fossil fuel combustion (15%), and engine combustion emissions (2.8-9.5%). Higher contributions from petrogenic sources were found at sites close to coastal regions. Both coal/wood combustion and petrogenic sources are responsible for the PAH concentrations detected in the Indian and Southern Oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Concordia University, 7141 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H4B 1R6, Canada
| | - Pu-Fei Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, 451 Jinqiao Road, Shanghai 200136, China; School of Oceanography, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 1954 Huashan Road, Shanghai 200030, China.
| | - Roland Kallenborn
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), Polar Academy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; Heilongjiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Ecosystem (HPKL-PEE), Harbin Institute of Technology (HIT), Harbin 150090, China; Faculty of Chemistry, Biotechnology & Food Sciences (KBM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Norway
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10
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Su P, Yue H, Zhang W, Tomy GT, Yin F, Sun D, Ding Y, Li Y, Feng D. Application of a fugacity model to estimate emissions and environmental fate of ship stack PAHs in Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 281:130710. [PMID: 34000654 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The understandings of environmental activities and regional inventory of ship stack PAHs are very limited in Shanghai due, in part, to the lack of source-segregated analysis. To address this, measured PAHs in organic film on ship surfaces were employed to reconstruct concentrations in various compartments through a fugacity model to investigate the level, transport, fate and annual emission of ship stack PAHs in Shanghai. The results revealed that ship stack PAHs results in 11.2-181 ng L-1 and 71.0-1710 ng g-1 in water and sediment of Shanghai, respectively. After being released into air, ship stack PAHs mainly concentrated in organic films and sediments while sunk in water and sediment. Crucial mass transfer pathways include deposition of airborne and sediment PAHs. The mass loss of ship stack PAHs was primarily through air advection, followed by degradation in sediment. The ship emissions (53.7 tons annually) accounted for approximate one tenth of the regional total in Shanghai (in 2017). Additionally, shipping was estimated to release 127 tons of PAHs annually into the Shanghai section of Yangtze River. Our results suggest our fugacity-based approach can be used to estimate the regional emissions and inventory of ship stack PAHs in the surrounding environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Penghao Su
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China.
| | - Hanlu Yue
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Gregg T Tomy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Fang Yin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Dan Sun
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yongsheng Ding
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
| | - Yifan Li
- IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto, Ontario, M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Daolun Feng
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), Shanghai Maritime University, Shanghai, 200135, PR China
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11
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He Y, Song K, Yang C, Li Y, He W, Xu F. Suspended particulate matter (SPM)-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lakes and reservoirs across a large geographical scale. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 752:142863. [PMID: 33207515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) plays a key role in the environmental fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in lake environment. However, less is known about the occurrence, compositions and sources of SPM-bound PAHs as well as the correlations between SPM-bound PAHs and different suspended particulate organic matter (SPOM) on large geographical scale. In this study, we focused on the SPM-bound PAHs in 46 lakes and reservoirs across China to fill this gap. Our results showed that the concentrations of Σ20 PAHs ranged from 334 to 38427 ng·g-1 with a geometric mean (GM) of 3915 ng·g-1. The occurrence of SPM-bound PAHs in this study was at a moderate level with large variations, which was associated with location and water depth according to linear discriminant analysis (LDA). Phenanthrene (Phe) was investigated as the overwhelming species with a GM of 1777 ng·g-1, and was followed by fluoranthene (Fla), fluorene (Flu) and pyrene (Pyr) with GMs of 499 ng·g-1, 276 ng·g-1 and 184 ng·g-1, respectively. The profiles of SPM-bound PAHs were primarily dominated by low-ring PAHs ranging from 56.0% to 97.1% (85.5% ± 7.7%, mean ± standard deviation). Four diagnostic ratios were applied for preliminary diagnoses, but inconsistent results were obtained in most samples. Ridge regression was applied to ascertain the potential influences of different SPOM on SPM-bound PAHs. The results revealed that the presence of SPM-bound PAHs was not only influenced by anthropogenic emissions, but also associated with biogenic organic matter. Our results provided a higher explanation than those just preliminarily estimated by total organic carbon (TOC). Nevertheless, there still exist over 50% of variance unexplained for most PAHs, and further study could focus more on the information of SPOM structures and potential local effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kai Song
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chen Yang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yilong Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fuliu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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12
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Distribution, sources and ecological risk of trace elements and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments from a polluted urban river in central Bangladesh. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enmm.2020.100318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Characterizing the Variation of Dissolvable PAHs in Receiving Water in a Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Long-term wastewater and reclaimed water irrigation systems constitute the major processes in local water circulation, which concomitantly introduce plenty of undesirable substances that can threaten water quality, ecosystem functions and human health. At the Southeast Reclaimed Water Irrigation Region (SRWIR) of Beijing, wastewater irrigation was adopted from 1969 to 2002, and second-treated effluents (reclaimed water) has been used thereafter. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were the most ubiquitously detected contaminant in wastewater and reclaimed water and are reported to be carcinogenic. Hence, we measured the concentrations of dissolved sixteen United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) priority PAHs in surface water and groundwater at the SRWIR to characterize their spatial and temporal variations, and to clarify the role of reclaimed water to natural water. The concentration of 16 individual PAHs in reclaimed water, rivers and groundwater varied from 339.4 to 636.2 ng/L, 359.1 to 3,435.0 ng/L and 216.5 to 488,205.2 ng/L, respectively. The lower aromatic rings of PAHs prevailed in aquatic environments rather than the higher ones. Thereinto, naphthalene was the predominant isomer within the highest concentration reached to 486,600 µg/L. The groundwater samples had higher PAHs concentrations at Tongzhou district which attributed to the higher vulnerability of aquifer. Additionally, strong correlations between PAHs and total nitrogen, nitrate, dissolved oxygen and electrical conductivity suggested those potential factors affecting the photo degradation and/or biodegradation of PAHs. The relationship identified between PAHs concentrations and physical and chemical indices would help us to enhance the understanding migration and transformation of PAHs spatially and temporally, enable us to assess the potential risks of the environmental pollutants to aquatic organisms and human water supplies.
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14
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Chen C, Zou W, Cui G, Tian J, Wang Y, Ma L. Ecological risk assessment of current-use pesticides in an aquatic system of Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 257:127222. [PMID: 32505951 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of current-use pesticides (CUPs) in modern agriculture has threatened the survival of aquatic organisms. Therefore, the residual levels, spatial distribution, and ecological risk assessment of 18 CUPs are investigated in an aquatic system of Shanghai. The aquatic system focused on a freshwater system that contains particles smaller than 0.45 μm in size, which are easily absorbed by aquatic organisms. The mean values of chlorpyrifos, napropamide, and atrazine were found to be the highest concentration CUPs, and propazine, mevinphos, ametryn, butylate, dichlorvos, ethoprop, and prometryn displayed the most significant positive correlations with each other. The concentration of the ∑18CUPs was higher in the southern areas of Shanghai (generally greater than 100 ng/L), but it was relatively low in the central areas (generally smaller than 75 ng/L). Six important CUPs were identified, and the differences in the concentration contribution rates and contribution amounts among different intensive land-use types were noticeable. The ecological risk in most areas of this aquatic system of Shanghai was high. Chlorpyrifos and butachlor produced the maximum toxic unit (mTU) for daphnid and green algae, respectively, and their toxic unit contribution rates to the entire mixture toxicity were both greater than 50%. This confirms that the mixture toxicity of the CUPs to aquatic organisms in this aquatic system of Shanghai primarily resulted from a few dominant toxic pesticides. However, for each sensitive organism, there will still be a risk contribution of approximately 5%-30% due to other CUPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Wenbing Zou
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Special Artificial Microstructure Materials and Technology, School of Physics Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guolu Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Jichen Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Yuncai Wang
- College of Architecture and Urban Planning, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Limin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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15
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Spatial distribution and sources of organochlorine pesticides in surface waters of Shanghai, China. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-03507-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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16
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Zhang M, Wang J, Zhao Q, Mishra V, Fan J, Sun Y. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and esophageal carcinoma in Handan-Xingtai district, North China: a preliminary study based on cancer risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:596. [PMID: 32827059 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08499-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Extremely high risk of esophageal carcinoma (EC) occurs in Handan-Xingtai district of North China. In spite of various preventive measures and epidemiological investigations that have been conducted for years, incidence and mortality of EC are still in the highest level of China. The etiology of EC remains unclear in the region. Previous studies of our research group proposed that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that derived from numerous coal gangue dumps and atmospheric particulates were major contaminants in these regions. In consideration of mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic characteristics of PAHs, the authors hypothesized that severe exposure to PAHs could preform as a causative factor for EC. Therefore, four data sets documented in our previous studies were employed in this paper. To quantitatively evaluate the carcinogenic risk imposed by sixteen priority PAHs, incremental lifetime cancer risks (ILCRs) via three exposure pathways were calculated. The results showed that total ILCRs for adult group ranged from 2.08E-05 to 8.63E-02, with an average of 2.00E-02. Total ILCRs for childhood group ranged from 1.09E-05 to 4.48E-02, with an average of 1.04E-02. Total ILCR value of 94% samples exceeded 10-4, indicating a particularly high carcinogenic risk to local residents. Furthermore, ingestion and dermal contact conducted as principal pathways of exposing to PAHs for each population group, rather than inhalation. It can be speculated that severely exposing to PAHs may be a pathogenesis of EC in Handan-Xingtai district. The rigorous supervise and governance are imperative to avoid severe exposure to PAHs that derived from coal gangue dumps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Zhang
- College of Water Conservancy and Hydroelectric Power, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Jinxi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China
| | - Qiaojing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
| | - Vivek Mishra
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China
| | - Jingsen Fan
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China
| | - Yuzhuang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Resource Exploration Research of Hebei Province, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, China.
- College of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, 056038, Hebei, China.
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17
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Sun X, Wang H, Guo Z, Lu P, Song F, Liu L, Liu J, Rose NL, Wang F. Positive matrix factorization on source apportionment for typical pollutants in different environmental media: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:239-255. [PMID: 31916559 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00529c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A bibliometric analysis of published papers with the key words "positive matrix factorization" and "source apportionment" in 'Web of Science', reveals that more than 1000 papers are associated with this research and that approximately 50% of these were produced in Asia. As a receptor-based model, positive matrix factorization (PMF) has been widely used for source apportionment of various environmental pollutants, such as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), heavy metals, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) as well as inorganic cations and anions in the last decade. In this review, based on the papers mainly from 2008 to 2018 that focused on source apportionment of pollutants in different environmental media, we provide a comparison and summary of the source categories of typical environmental pollutants, with a special focus on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), apportioned using PMF. Based on the statistical average, coal combustion and vehicular emission, are shown to be the two most common sources of PAHs, and contribute much more to emissions than other sources, such as biomass burning, biogenic sources and waste incineration. Heavy metals were mainly from agricultural activities, industrial and vehicular emissions and mining activities. Quantitative source apportionment on pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter were also apportioned, showing a prominent contribution from fossil-fuel combustion. We conclude that, aside from natural sources, abatement strategies should be focused on changes in energy structure and industrial activities, especially in China. Source apportionment of typical POPs including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), halogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) is less comprehensive and further study is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Haoqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Zhigang Guo
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Peili Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Fuzhong Song
- Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
| | - Li Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Neil L Rose
- Environmental Change Research Centre, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Fengwen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China and Department of Environmental Science, College of Environment and Ecology, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China. and Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Ministry of Education, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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18
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Chalghmi H, Bourdineaud JP, Chbani I, Haouas Z, Bouzid S, Er-Raioui H, Saidane-Mosbahi D. Occurrence, sources and effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the Tunis lagoon, Tunisia: an integrated approach using multi-level biological responses in Ruditapes decussatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:3661-3674. [PMID: 30675713 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04220-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Coastal lagoons are critical ecosystems presenting a strategic economic importance, but they are subjected to potential anthropogenic impact. As part of the Tunis lagoon (Tunisia) biomonitoring study, levels, composition pattern and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in surface sediments along with their bioavailability in clam Ruditapes decussatus were investigated in polluted (S2-S4) and reference (S1) sites. In order to investigate the contamination effects at different biological levels in clams, a wide set of biomarkers, including gene expression changes, enzymatic activities disruption and histopathological alterations, was analysed. Biomarkers were integrated in a biomarker index (IBR index) to allow a global assessment of the biological response. Principal component analysis (PCA) was used for chemical and biological data integration to rank the sampling sites according to their global environmental quality. Sediment PAHs levels ranged between 144.5 and 3887.0 ng g-1 dw in the Tunis lagoon sites versus 92.6 ng g-1 dw in the reference site. The high PAH concentrations are due to anthropogenic activities around the lagoon. PAH composition profiles and diagnostic isomer ratios analysis indicated that PAHs were of both pyrolitic and petrogenic origins. Clams sampled from S2 and S3 exhibited the highest PAH contents with 2192.6 ng g-1 dw and 2371.4 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Elevated levels of tissue PAHs were associated to an increase in biotransformation and antioxidant activities, and lipid peroxidation levels along with an overexpression of different genes encoding for general stress response, mitochondrial metabolism and antioxidant defence, in addition to the emergence of severe and diverse histopathological alterations in the clams' digestive glands. IBR index was suitable for sampling sites ranking (S1 = 0 < S4 = 0.4 < S3 = 1.15 < S2 = 1.27) based on the level of PAH-induced stress in clams. PCA approach produced two components (PC1, 83.8% and PC2, 12.2%) that describe 96% of the variance in the data and thus highlighted the importance of integrating contaminants in sediments, their bioaccumulation and a battery of biomarkers of different dimensions for the assessment of global health status of coastal and lagoon areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houssem Chalghmi
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France.
- Laboratory of Analysis Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia.
| | - Jean-Paul Bourdineaud
- UMR CNRS 5805 EPOC, University of Bordeaux, Arcachon Marine Station, Place du Dr Peyneau, 33120, Arcachon, France
| | - Ikram Chbani
- Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, B.P. 416, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Zohra Haouas
- Laboratory of Histology Cytology and Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Monastir, 5019, Monastir, Tunisia
| | - Saida Bouzid
- Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, B.P. 416, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Hassan Er-Raioui
- Laboratory of Environment, Oceanology and Natural Resources, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Abdelmalek Essaâdi, B.P. 416, Tangier, Morocco
| | - Dalila Saidane-Mosbahi
- Laboratory of Analysis Treatment and Valorization of Environmental Pollutants and Products, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Monastir, 5000, Monastir, Tunisia
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19
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Wang G, Li Y, Wang J, Jia Z, Zhou Y, Zhou S, Xie X. A modified receptor model for historical source apportionment of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 702:134931. [PMID: 31726352 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2019] [Revised: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the environment is becoming increasingly serious with the development of the economy. Source analysis is the key step in reducing PAHs pollution in the environment, and existing methods are usually based on receptor models. However, when these methods are applied to the distribution of PAHs in sediments, overestimation or underestimation often occurs. Therefore, this paper proposes an improved model based on principal component analysis and multiple linear regression. The model has been applied to study the pollution of PAHs in sediments of Taihu Lake in China over several decades. Compared with existing models, principal component analysis followed by multiple linear regression of source (PCA-MLRS) can identify specific emission sources and quantify the impact of each emission, and the source resolution accuracy of the strong toxic molecules BaP and DBA is significantly higher than that of other models. Biomass combustion source is the main material source of Phe, Ant, Flu and Pyr in Taihu Lake sediment, and their contribution rates are 85.2%, 44.8%, 58.9% and 62.2%, respectively. The coal combustion source is the main material source of the 5-ring molecule BaP and the 6-ring molecules InP and BP. The contribution rates of coal combustion to BaP, InP and BP are 70.1%, 72.9% and 72.1%, respectively, and this contribution has increased since 1985. The contribution of petroleum oil combustion source and coal combustion source to PAHs in sediments of Taihu Lake is consistent. They are the main sources of heavy molecular PAHs such as BaA, BbF, BkF and DBA, and their contributions are 56.5%, 36.8%, 43.9% and 67.3% respectively. The results are related to the different emission and management characteristics of PAHs from different sources and the different behavior characteristics of low and high molecular weight PAHs in the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Genmei Wang
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yan Li
- Co-Innovation Center for the Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, 159 Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Junxiao Wang
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhenyi Jia
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shenglu Zhou
- School of Geography and Ocean Science, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuefeng Xie
- Collage of Geography and Environmental Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, China
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20
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Wu Y, Wang X, Ya M, Li Y, Hong H. Seasonal variation and spatial transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in water of the subtropical Jiulong River watershed and estuary, Southeast China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 234:215-223. [PMID: 31220655 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Riverine runoff is one of the most important pathways of pollutants entering the oceans. To study the seasonal variations, spatial transports, sources and mass fluxes of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the subtropical Jiulong River watershed to estuary, water samples were collected in wet and dry seasons. PAH concentrations showed significant temporal-spatial variations (ANOVA, p < 0.05). In the watershed, PAH concentrations in wet season (48.6 ± 18.2 ng L-1) were significantly lower than in dry season (90.3 ± 18.5 ng L-1). In contrast, estuarine PAH concentrations in wet season (67.1 ± 24.6 ng L-1) were significantly higher than in dry season (27.4 ± 10.6 ng L-1) (p < 0.0001). The spatial variations of PAH concentrations in wet and dry seasons reflected positive and restricted transport processes occurred in the river. These findings might be subjected to seasonal changes in precipitation, water discharge, hydrodynamic conditions, and human activities. The compositional patterns of PAHs illustrated that fluorene and phenanthrene were the dominant compounds in the watershed, while phenanthrene was predominant in the estuary. Source analysis by molecular diagnostic ratios and PMF model indicated that fossil fuel and biomass combustion and petroleum both contributed to the presence of PAHs, and the high contributions of pyrogenic PAHs might be related to urban rainstorm runoff in winter and atmospheric inputs in winter. Although the estimated flux of PAHs from watershed to estuary was about 676 kg yr-1 with a low level by comparing the data obtained in the worldwide, continue concern of PAHs in the Jiulong River is recommended due to the intense human activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Miaolei Ya
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yongyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huasheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang B, He Y, Lev O, Yu G, Shen G, Hu S. DOM as an indicator of occurrence and risks of antibiotics in a city-river-reservoir system with multiple pollution sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:276-289. [PMID: 31181515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sources contribute to the presence of antibiotic residues in water environments, and the environmental risks caused by antibiotics were paid more and more attention. This work aims to establish a relationship between optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and sources and risks of antibiotics. Occurrence of antibiotics and DOM in a city-river-reservoir freshwater system containing distinct antibiotic sources was investigated during three seasons using LC-MS and fluorescence excitation-emission matrix coupled with parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC), respectively. The results showed that antibiotics and DOM in the water had trends of increasing levels from the upstream to the midstream in the system. Five classes of antibiotics had statistically significant correlations with the humic-like component (C3) in the water (Pearson, p < 0.05). Especially, norfloxacin (NFX), which was dominant in the aquaculture source, significantly increased the fluorescence of C3 according to the fluorescence titration (R2 = 0.86, p < 0.01). Furthermore, fluorescence signature in the aquaculture pond posed broad humic acid-like peaks with relatively higher abundances compared to other areas. These results suggested that C3 could be recognized as an indicator of NFX from aquaculture sources. Meanwhile, C3 can largely account for ecological risks of tetracyclines according to the results of redundancy analysis. This work highlights the roles of EEM-PARAFAC on tracing the source of antibiotics and the correlations between environmental risks of antibiotics and DOM in the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongpeng Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
| | - Yiliang He
- School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Ovadia Lev
- Institute of Chemistry, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Guanghui Yu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Genxiang Shen
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shuangqing Hu
- Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Lin W, Dai J, Liu R, Zhai Y, Yue D, Hu Q. Integrated assessment of health risk and climate effects of black carbon in the Pearl River Delta region, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 176:108522. [PMID: 31202046 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Black carbon (BC) caused by incomplete combustion of fossil and bio-fuel has a dual effect on health and climate. There is a need for systematic approaches to evaluation of health outcomes and climate impacts relevant to BC exposure. OBJECTIVES We propose and illustrate for the first time, to our knowledge, an integrated analysis of a region-specific health model with climate change valuation module to quantify the health and climate consequences of BC exposure. METHODS Based on the data from regional air pollution monitoring stations from 2013 to 2014 in the Pearl River Delta region (PRD), China, we analyzed the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic effects and the relative risk of cause-specific mortality due to BC exposure in three typical cities of the PRD (i.e. Guangzhou, Jiangmen and Huizhou). The radiative forcing (RF) and heating rate (HR) were calculated by the Fu-Liou-Gu (FLG) plane-parallel radiation model and the conversion of empirical formula. We further connected the health and climate impacts by calculating the excess mortalities attributed to climate warming due to BC. RESULTS Between 2013 and 2014, carcinogenic risks of adults and children due to BC exposure in the PRD were higher than the recommended limits (1 × 10-6 to 1 × 10-4), resulting in an excess of 4.82 cancer cases per 10,000 adults (4.82 × 10-4) and an excess of 1.97 cancer cases per 10,000 children (1.97 × 10-4). Non-carcinogenic risk caused by BC was not found. The relative risks of BC exposure on mortality were higher in winter and dry season. The atmospheric RFs of BC were 26.31 W m-2, 26.41 W m-2, and 22.45 W m-2 for Guangzhou, Jiangmen and Huizhou, leading to a warming of the atmosphere in the PRD. The estimated annual excess mortalities of climate warming due to BC were 5052 (95% CI: 1983, 8139), 5121 (95% CI: 2010, 8249) and 4363 (95% CI: 1712, 7032) for Guangzhou, Jiangmen and Huizhou, respectively. CONCLUSION Our estimates suggest that current levels of BC exposure in the PRD region posed a considerable risk to human health and the climate. Reduction of BC emission could lead to substantial health and climate co-benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Lin
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Jiajia Dai
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Run Liu
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 511443, China
| | - Yuhong Zhai
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China
| | - Dingli Yue
- Guangdong Environmental Monitoring Center, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Regional Air Quality Monitoring, Guangzhou 510308, China.
| | - Qiansheng Hu
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China.
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Liang X, Junaid M, Wang Z, Li T, Xu N. Spatiotemporal distribution, source apportionment and ecological risk assessment of PBDEs and PAHs in the Guanlan River from rapidly urbanizing areas of Shenzhen, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 250:695-707. [PMID: 31035152 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and sixteen congeners of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were measured in water samples to elucidate their spatial distribution, congener profiles, sources and ecological risks in the Guanlan River during both the dry season (DS) and the wet season (WS). The concentration of Σ9PBDE ranged from 58.40 to 186.35 ng/L with an average of 115.72 ng/L in the DS, and from 8.20 to 37.80 ng/L with an average of 22.15 ng/L in the WS. Meanwhile, the concentration of Σ16PAHs was ranged from 121.80 to 8371.70 ng/L with an average of 3271.18 ng/L in the DS and from 1.85 to 7124.25 ng/L with an average of 908.11 ng/L in the WS. The concentrations of PBDEs and PAHs in the DS were significantly higher than those in the WS, probably due to the dilution of the river during the rainy season. Moreover, the spatial distribution of pollutants revealed decreasing trend in the concentration from upstream to downstream and almost identical pattern was observed during both seasons. The source apportionment suggested that penta-BDE and to some extent octa-BDE commercial products were major sources of PBDEs in the study area. However, the sources of PAHs were mainly comprised of fossil fuels and biomass burning, followed by the petroleum products and their mixtures. The results of the ecological risk assessment indicated PBDEs contamination posed high ecological risks, while PAHs exhibited low or no ecological risks in the study area. Consistent with the environmental levels, the ecological risks of pollutants were relatively lower in the WS, compared to that in the DS. The results from this study would provide valuable baseline data and technical support for policy makers to protect the ecological environment of the Guanlan River.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxiu Liang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Muhammad Junaid
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Zhifen Wang
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Tianhong Li
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- Key Laboratory for Heavy Metal Pollution Control and Reutilization, School of Environment and Energy, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
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Barhoumi B, Beldean-Galea MS, Al-Rawabdeh AM, Roba C, Martonos IM, Bălc R, Kahlaoui M, Touil S, Tedetti M, Driss MR, Baciu C. Occurrence, distribution and ecological risk of trace metals and organic pollutants in surface sediments from a Southeastern European river (Someşu Mic River, Romania). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:660-676. [PMID: 30641395 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.12.428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The increasing contamination of fresh water resources by trace metals and persistent organic pollutants is a major environmental concern. In the present study, we investigated, for the first time, the distribution, sources and ecological risk of trace metals and organic pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), in surface sediments from a Southeastern European river (Someşu Mic River, Romania). Concentrations of Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni and Zn ranged from 0.04 to 0.4, 9.4 to 43.15, 7.2 to 65.6, 12.3 to 131.4, 14.7 to 47.7 and 42.1 to 236.8 mg kg-1 dw, respectively. Concentrations of total PAHs, PCBs and OCPs ranged from 24.8 to 575.6, 2.7 to 252.7 and 2.1 to 44.3 ng g-1 dw, respectively. Some sediment parameters, i.e., pH, total organic carbon (TOC) and total organic matter (OM) contents, played a significant role in the spatial distribution of contaminants. A combined analysis based on diagnostic ratios and multivariate analyses revealed PAHs originating mainly from pyrolytic sources. PCB compositions showed distinct contamination signatures for tri- to tetra-chlorinated PCBs, characteristic of contamination by Aroclor-1016 and -1254 technical mixtures. The dominant OCP congeners were α-HCH and p,p'-DDD, reflecting past use of technical HCHs and DDTs in agricultural practices. Metal source and pollution status was assessed using geoaccumulation index and enrichment factor, which indicate widespread pollution by Pb, Cd, Zn, Ni and Cu. The use of Sediments Quality Guidelines (SQGs), mean effect range-median quotient (m-ERM-Q) and toxic equivalent factor (TEF) indicated that the highest ecological risks occurred for PCBs and DDTs. This work presents not only initial baseline information on the extent of organic and inorganic contaminations in a river of ecological and economical interest, but also provides a diagnostic ratio/statistical combined approach that can be used to evaluate sediment quality in similar environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia; Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Mihail Simion Beldean-Galea
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Abdulla M Al-Rawabdeh
- Department of Earth and Environmental Science, Yarmouk University, Irbid 21163, Jordan
| | - Carmen Roba
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania; Research Institute for Sustainability and Disaster Management Based on High Performance Computing (ISUMADECIP), Babeş-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ildiko Melinda Martonos
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ramona Bălc
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Massoud Kahlaoui
- Laboratoire de physique des matériaux, Unité de service commun spectromètre de surfaces, Université de Carthage, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Zarzouna, Bizerte 7021, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO, UM 110, 13288 Marseille, France
| | - Mohamed Ridha Driss
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Călin Baciu
- Faculty of Environmental Science and Engineering, Babeș-Bolyai University, Fântânele Street, No. 30, 400294 Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Xu Y, Liu T, Zhu X, Ji G. Quantitative analysis of genetic associations in the biodegradative pathway of PAHs in wetland sediments of the Bohai coast region. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:282-291. [PMID: 30472612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study characterized the distribution and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 57 sediment cores collected from estuary and tidal flat wetlands in the Bohai coast region and investigated the molecular degradation mechanism of PAHs. The results showed that the PAH concentrations in estuary sediments were significantly higher than in tidal flat sediments. PAH patterns and pollutant sources were more complicated in estuary sediments. Quantitative response relationships showed that in estuary sediments, the key factors affecting PAH degradation changed from initial dioxygenase genes and C23O to salicylate hydroxylase genes and C23O with an increase in the PAH ring number. In contrast, for tidal flat sediments, the initial dioxygenase genes remained the key factors (nidA and nahAc/nagAc, except only nidA for 5-ring PAHs) related to PAHs with different ring numbers. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) analysis revealed that the lower catechol dioxygenase pathway coupled with the upper pyrene dioxygenase pathway. The total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) level across the Bohai coast region was most affected by catechol dioxygenation (catA + C23O). Catechol dioxygenation was directly affected by naphthalene dioxygenation/nahG ((nahAc + nagAc)/nahG), indicating that the interaction within the upper pathway coupled with the lower pathway. In addition, TOC had direct positive effects on catechol dioxygenation and nidA. This study improves our understanding of the biodegradative pathway of PAHs with different ring numbers and the response of PAHs to biotic and abiotic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tiantian Liu
- Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xianfang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guodong Ji
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, Department of Environmental Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Huang Y, Sun X, Liu M, Zhu J, Yang J, Du W, Zhang X, Gao D, Qadeer A, Xie Y, Nie N. A multimedia fugacity model to estimate the fate and transport of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a largely urbanized area, Shanghai, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 217:298-307. [PMID: 30419384 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Increasing PAHs pollution is creating more complex urban pollution system. However, the availability of sufficient monitoring activities for PAHs in multicompartment and corresponding multi-interface migration processes is still not well understood. In this study, a Level III steady state fugacity model was validated to evaluate the detailed local variations, and mass fluxes of PAHs in various environmental compartments (i.e., air, soil, sediment, water, vegetation and organic film). This model was applied to a region of Shanghai in 2012 based on a large number of measured data and brings model predictions in 2020. The model results indicate that most of the simulated concentrations agreed with the observed values within one order of magnitude with a tendency of underestimation for vegetation. Direct emission is the main input pathway of PAHs entering the atmosphere, whereas advection is the main outward flow from Shanghai. Organic film was achieved the highest concentration of PAHs compared to other compartments up to 58.17 g/m3. The soil and sediment served as the greatest sinks of PAHs and have the longest retention time (2421.95-78642.09 h). Importantly, a decreasing trend of PAHs was observed in multimedia from 2012 to 2020 and the transfer flux from the air to vegetation to soil was the dominant pathways of BaP intermedia circulation processes. A sensitivity analysis showed that temperature was the most influential parameter, especially for Phe. A Monte Carlo simulation emphasized heavier PAHs were overpredicted in film and sediment, but lighter PAHs in air and water were generally underestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanping Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming (IEC), 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., 200062, Shanghai, China.
| | - Junmin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing Yang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Weining Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Dengzhou Gao
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdul Qadeer
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Yushan Xie
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
| | - Ning Nie
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science (Ministry of Education), East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China; School of Geographical Sciences, East China Normal University, 200241, Shanghai, China
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