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Tang Y, Zhou P, Wang X, Cao P, Li X, Chen J, Zhang L, Wu N, Li Q, Yao S, Zhang L, Shi Z. Organophosphate Esters in Raw Cow Milk and Cow's Drinking Water and Feed from China: Occurrence, Regional Distribution, and Dietary Exposure Assessment. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024; 72:18434-18444. [PMID: 39105723 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c05098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) have been widely produced and used, while little is known about their occurrence in the food chain and potential sources. In this study, raw cow milk, cow drinking water, and feed were collected from pastures across China, and OPEs were tested to explore the occurrence and transmission of OPEs in the food chain and to further assess daily OPE intakes for cows and humans via certain food consumption. The median level of ∑OPEs (sum of 15 OPEs) in raw milk was 2140 pg/mL, and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPE. Levels of OPEs in water were lower than those in raw milk except for triethyl phosphate (TEP), while levels of most OPEs in feed were significantly higher than those in raw milk (adjusted by dry weight). The estimated dietary intake of OPEs via feed for cows was 2530 ng/kg bw/day, which was much higher than that via water (742 ng/kg bw/day), indicating that feed was a more critical exposure source. For liquid milk consumers, the high-exposure (95th) estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of ∑15OPE were 20 and 7.11 ng/kg bw/day for 3-17 years and adults, respectively, and it is obvious that cows had much heavier OPE intake. Finally, the calculated hazard indexes (HIs) suggested that the intake of OPEs via cow milk consumption would not pose significant health risks to the Chinese population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Tang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Pingping Zhou
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiaodan Wang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Pei Cao
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Xiujuan Li
- Zhumadian Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhumadian 463000, Henan, China
| | - Jinyao Chen
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Lishi Zhang
- Department of Nutrition and Food Hygiene, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Nan Wu
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Qi Li
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Shunying Yao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment/NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Beijing 100022, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
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Nero E, Caron-Beaudoin É, Aker A, Gaudreau É, Ayotte P, Blanchette C, Lemire M. Exposure to organophosphate esters among Inuit adults of Nunavik, Canada. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 939:173563. [PMID: 38810742 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 05/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Halogenated organophosphate esters (OPEs) are increasingly used as flame retardants to replace polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), which have been phased out due to their confirmed persistence, toxicity, and ability to undergo long range atmospheric transport. Non-halogenated OPEs are primarily used as plasticizers. While human exposure to PBDEs in the Canadian Arctic is well documented, it is not the case for OPEs. To assess the exposure to OPEs in Inuit living in Nunavik (northern Québec, Canada), we measured 16 metabolites of halogenated and non-halogenated OPEs in pooled urine samples from the last population health survey conducted in Nunavik, the Qanuilirpitaa? 2017 Inuit Health Survey (Q2017). Urine samples (n = 1266) were pooled into 30 pools by sex (female; male), age groups (16-19; 20-29; 30-39; 40-59; 60+ years old) and regions (Hudson Bay; Hudson Strait; Ungava Bay). Q2017 geometric means and 95 % confidence intervals were compared with data from the Canadian Health Measures Survey Cycle 6 (2018-2019) (CHMS). Halogenated OPEs were systematically detected and generally found at higher concentrations than non-halogenated OPEs in both Q2017 and CHMS. Furthermore, urinary levels of BCIPP and BDCIPP (halogenated) were lower in Q2017 compared to CHMS while concentrations of DPhP, DpCP and DoCP (non-halogenated) were similar between Q2017 and CHMS. Across the 16 metabolites measured in Q2017, BCIPHIPP (halogenated) had the highest levels (geometric mean: 1.40 μg/g creatinine). This metabolite was not measured in CHMS and should be included in future surveys. Overall, our results show that Inuit in Nunavik are exposed to lower or similar OPEs levels than the rest of the general Canadian population suggesting that the main current exposure to OPEs may be from consumer goods containing flame retardants and imported from the south rather than long-range atmospheric transport to the Arctic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Nero
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Élyse Caron-Beaudoin
- Department of Health and Society, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amira Aker
- Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Département de médecine sociale et Préventive, Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Éric Gaudreau
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada
| | - Pierre Ayotte
- Centre de Toxicologie du Québec (CTQ), Institut national de santé publique du Québec (INSPQ), Québec, Canada; Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Caty Blanchette
- Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
| | - Mélanie Lemire
- Axe santé des Populations et Pratiques Optimales en santé, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada; Institut de Biologie Intégrative et des systèmes (IBIS), Université Laval, Québec, Québec, Canada
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Qadeer A, Mubeen S, Liu M, Bekele TG, Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Alraih AM, Ajmal Z, Alshammari AS, Al-Hadeethi Y, Archundia D, Yuan S, Jiang X, Wang S, Li X, Sauvé S. Global environmental and toxicological impacts of polybrominated diphenyl ethers versus organophosphate esters: A comparative analysis and regrettable substitution dilemma. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 466:133543. [PMID: 38262318 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
The prevalence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the global environment is increasing, which aligns with the decline in the usage of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). PBDEs, a category of flame retardants, were banned and classified as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) through the Stockholm Convention due to their toxic and persistent properties. Despite a lack of comprehensive understanding of their ecological and health consequences, OPEs were adopted as replacements for PBDEs. This research aims to offer a comparative assessment of PBDEs and OPEs in various domains, specifically focusing on their persistence, bioaccumulation, and toxicity (PBT) properties. This study explored physicochemical properties (such as molecular weight, octanol-water partition coefficient, octanol-air partition coefficient, Henry's law constant, and vapor pressures), environmental behaviors, global concentrations in environmental matrices (air, water, and soil), toxicities, bioaccumulation, and trophic transfer mechanisms of both groups of compounds. Based on the comparison and analysis of environmental and toxicological data, we evaluate whether OPEs represent another instance of regrettable substitution and global contamination as much as PBDEs. Our findings indicate that the physical and chemical characteristics, environmental behaviors, and global concentrations of PBDEs and OPEs, are similar and overlap in many instances. Notably, OPE concentrations have even surged by orders of several magnitude compared to PBDEs in certain pristine regions like the Arctic and Antarctic, implying long-range transport. In many instances, air and water concentrations of OPEs have been increased than PBDEs. While the bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of PBDEs (ranging from 4.8 to 7.5) are slightly elevated compared to OPEs (-0.5 to 5.36) in aquatic environments, both groups of compounds exhibit BAF values beyond the threshold of 5000 L/kg (log10 BAF > 3.7). Similarly, the trophic magnification factors (TMFs) for PBDEs (ranging from 0.39 to 4.44) slightly surpass those for OPEs (ranging from 1.06 to 3.5) in all cases. Metabolic biotransformation rates (LogKM) and hydrophobicity are potentially major factors deciding their trophic magnification potential. However, many compounds of PBDEs and OPEs show TMF values higher than 1, indicating biomagnification potential. Collectively, all data suggest that PBDEs and OPEs have the potential to bioaccumulate and transfer through the food chain. OPEs and PBDEs present a myriad of toxicity endpoints, with notable overlaps encompassing reproductive issues, oxidative stress, developmental defects, liver dysfunction, DNA damage, neurological toxicity, reproductive anomalies, carcinogenic effects, and behavior changes. Based on our investigation and comparative analysis, we conclude that substituting PBDEs with OPEs is regrettable based on PBT properties, underscoring the urgency for policy reforms and effective management strategies. Addressing this predicament before an exacerbation of global contamination is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Qadeer
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sidra Mubeen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China; Faculty of Computer Science and Information Technology, Superior University Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mengyang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, Hong Kong SAR China
| | - Tadiyose Girma Bekele
- Department of Biology, Eastern Nazarene College, 23 East Elm Avenue, Quincy, MA 02170, USA
| | - Chinemerem R Ohoro
- Water Research Group, Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North, West University, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Abiodun O Adeniji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, National University of Lesotho, Lesotho
| | - Alhafez M Alraih
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science and Arts, Mohail Aseer, King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeeshan Ajmal
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, Zhejiang, PR China
| | - Ahmad S Alshammari
- King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology (KACST), Riyadh 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yas Al-Hadeethi
- Physics Department, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Denisse Archundia
- Instituto de Geología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Coyoacán, CDMX, México 04510, Mexico
| | - Shengwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China
| | - Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Xixi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, China.
| | - Sébastien Sauvé
- Department of Chemistry, Université de Montréal, Campus MIL, 1375 Av. Thérèse-Lavoie-Roux, Montréal H2V 0B3, QC, Canada
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Ding J, He W, Sha W, Shan G, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Physiologically based toxicokinetic modelling of Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) in mice accounting for multiple exposure routes. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 271:115976. [PMID: 38232524 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.115976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Exposure routes are important for health risk assessment of chemical risks. The application of physiologically based toxicokinetic (PBTK) models to predict concentrations in vivo can determine the effects of harmful substances and tissue accumulation on the premise of saving experimental costs. In this study, Tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), an organophosphate ester (OPE), was used as an example to study the PBTK model of mice exposed to different exposure doses by multiple routes. Different routes of exposure (gavage and intradermal injection) can cause differences in the concentration of chemicals in the organs. TCEP that enters the body through the mouth is mainly concentrated in the gastrointestinal tract and liver. However, the concentrations of chemicals that enter the skin into the mice are higher in skin, rest of body, and blood. In addition, TCEP was absorbed and accumulated very rapidly in mice, within half an hour after a single exposure. We have successfully established a mouse PBTK model of the TCEP accounting for multiple exposure Routes and obtained a series of kinetic parameters. The model includes blood, liver, kidney, stomach, intestine, skin, and rest of body compartments. Oral and dermal exposure route was considered for PBTK model. The PBTK model established in this study has a good predictive ability. More than 70% of the predicted values deviated from the measured values by less than 5-fold. In addition, we extrapolated the model to humans. A human PBTK model is built. We performed a health risk assessment for world populations based on human PBTK model. The risk of TCEP in dust is greater through mouth than through skin. The risk of TCEP in food of Chinese population is greater than dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Ding
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanyu He
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Wanxiao Sha
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Guoqiang Shan
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key laboratory of Pollution process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China.
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Zhang X, Bi Y, Fu M, Zhang X, Lei B, Huang X, Zhao Z. Organophosphate tri- and diesters in source water supply and drinking water treatment systems of a metropolitan city in China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:2401-2414. [PMID: 35976479 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The water contaminations with organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) and diesters (di-OPEs) have recently provoked concern. However, the distributions of these compounds in natural water sources and artificial water treatment facilities are poorly characterized. A comprehensive study was therefore performed to measure their concentrations in a water source, a long-distance water pipeline, and a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP). Eight tri-OPEs and 3 di-OPEs were found to be widely distributed, with total concentrations in source water and pipelines ranging from 290.6 to 843.9 ng/L. The most abundant pollutants were tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), triethyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPhP). Di-OPEs appeared to be removed less efficiently in the DWTP than the parent tri-OPEs, and the elimination efficiencies of tri-OPEs were structure-dependent. Long-distance pipeline transportation had no significant effect on the distributions of tri- and di-OPEs. Statistical analysis suggested that the sources of di-OPEs and the corresponding tri-OPEs differed, as did those of DPhP and di-n-butyl phosphate. A risk analysis indicated that tri-OPEs present limited ecological risks that are mainly due to TnBP and TCPP, and that the human health risks of tri-OPEs are negligible. However, di-OPEs (especially DPhP) may increase these risks. Further studies on the risks posed by di-OPEs in aquatic environments are therefore needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Yuhao Bi
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Minghui Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Hongqiao International Institute of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200025, China
| | - Bingli Lei
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Xin Huang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Zhenzhen Zhao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
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Yan Z, Feng C, Leung KMY, Luo Y, Wang J, Jin X, Wu F. Insights into the geographical distribution, bioaccumulation characteristics, and ecological risks of organophosphate esters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130517. [PMID: 36463749 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs), as flame retardants and plasticizers, have been numerously explored regarding the occurrence and ecotoxicology. Given their toxicity, persistency and bio-accumulative potential, however, they may pose negative effects on ecosystems, regarding which is a growing global concern. Accordingly, the present review systematically analyses the recent literature to (1) elucidate their worldwide distribution, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification potential, (2) determine their interim water quality criteria (i.e., effect thresholds), and (3) preliminarily assess the ecological risks for 32 OPEs in aquatic ecosystems. The results showed that the spatiotemporal distribution of OPEs was geographically specific and closely related to human activities (i.e., megacities), especially halogenated-OPEs. We also found that precipitation of airborne particulates could affect the concentrations of OPEs in soil, and there was a positive correlation between the bioaccumulation and hydrophobicity of OPEs. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate may exhibit high bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms. A substantial difference was found among interim water quality criteria for OPEs, partly attributable to the variation of their available toxicity data. Tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate with the lowest predicted no-effect concentration showed the strongest toxicity of growth and reproduction. Through the application of the risk quotient and joint probability curve, TPHP and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate tended to pose moderate risks, which should receive more attention for risk management. Future research should focus on knowledge gaps in the mechanism of biomagnification, derivation of water quality criteria, and more precise assessment of ecological risks for OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, 999077, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Ying Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jindong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Fengchang Wu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
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Dou M, Wang L. A review on organophosphate esters: Physiochemical properties, applications, and toxicities as well as occurrence and human exposure in dust environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116601. [PMID: 36326529 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers in the world. The use of OPEs has increased rapidly due to the prohibition of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. However, OPEs are mainly added to various materials by physical mixing, they are therefore easy to be released into the environment through volatilization, leaching, and abrasion during their production, use, transportation, and after disposal. Dust, as an important medium for human exposure to OPEs, has attracted extensive attention. Here, this article reviewed the current knowledge on the physiochemical properties, consumptions and applications, and ecotoxicities of OPEs, also synthesized the available data on the occurrence of 13 OPEs in outdoor and indoor dust environments around the world over the past decade. The results showed that the sum of OPEs (ΣOPEs) was the highest in outdoor dust from an e-waste disposal area in Tianjin of China (range: 1390-42700 ng/g dw; mean: 11500 ng/g dw). The highest ΣOPEs was found in Japan for home dust (range: 9300-11000000 ng/g dw; mean: 266543 ng/g dw), Sweden for office dust (range: 14000-1600000 ng/g dw; mean: 360100 ng/g dw) and daycare center dust (range: 40000-4600000 ng/g dw; mean: 1990800 ng/g dw), and Brazil for car dust (range: 108000-2050000 ng/g dw; mean: 541000 ng/g dw). The use pattern of OPEs differed in different regions and countries. The exposure and risk assessment based on the data of OPEs in home dust indicated that the average daily intakes of OPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were lower than the corresponding reference doses; and that the current human exposure to OPEs through indoor dust ingestion were not likely to pose risks to human health. Finally, the review pointed out the gaps of current research and provided the directions for further study on OPEs in dust environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingshan Dou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.
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Huo CY, Liu LY, Hung H, Sun Y, Guo JQ, Wu YK, Sverko E, Li WL. Accumulations and equilibrium conditions of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the indoor window film and the estimation of concentrations in air. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157724. [PMID: 35914606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The study of the fate of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the interior environment is vital because of the growing use of OPEs. Organic films on glass are both sink and sources of indoor pollutants. Indoor window films have been employed as passive air samplers to collect OPEs in the indoor air. Nevertheless, little is known about the development and equilibrium condition of OPEs on indoor window films during the film formation process. In this study, the concentrations of twelve OPEs in indoor window films from different buildings on a university campus and the growth thickness of the films as a function of sampling time were investigated in different seasons. Ten out of the 12 OPEs were detected in window film with >50 % frequency. Tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), which are chlorinated and toxic OPEs, were the dominant OPEs found in the winter. The majority of OPEs in window films exhibited linear growth patterns within 77 days. Temperature, humidity, ventilation, and seasonality all affected the concentrations of various OPEs in the window films. Low molecular weight OPEs, such as tri-n-butyl phosphate and TCEP, attained equilibrium between indoor air and window films within 49 or 77 days. The indoor air concentrations of OPEs were estimated from their film concentrations based on the theoretical approach for the passive air sampler. In winter, the predicted gas-phase air concentrations of OPEs (3.7 ng/m3 for TECP) were significantly lower than or comparable to summer (11 ng/m3, p < 0.05). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first attempt to combine uncertainty and sensitivity analysis to understand the behaviors of OPEs in indoor film and air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Hayley Hung
- Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Jia-Qi Guo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yong-Kai Wu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Wen-Long Li
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 4905 Dufferin Street, Toronto, Ontario M3H 5T4, Canada
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9
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Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TCPP Induces Cellular Senescence in Normal Human Skin Keratinocytes: Implication for Skin Aging. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214306. [PMID: 36430782 PMCID: PMC9698913 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) is one of the most frequently detected organophosphorus flames in the environment. Continuous daily exposure to TCPP may harm human skin. However, little is known about the adverse effects of TCPP on human skin. In this study, we first evaluated the detrimental effects and tried to uncover the underlying mechanisms of TCPP on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) after 24 h exposure. We found that TCPP caused a concentration-dependent decrease in HaCaT cell viability after exposure to 1.56-400 μg/mL for 24 h, with an IC50 of 275 μg/mL. TCPP also promoted the generation of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and triggered DNA damage, evidenced by an increase of phosphorylated histone H2A.X (γH2A.X) in the nucleus. Furthermore, the cell cycle was arrested at the G1 phase at 100 μg/mL by upregulation of the mRNA expression of p53 and p21 and downregulation of cyclin D1 and CDK4 expression. Additionally, both the senescence-associated-β-galactosidase activity and related proinflammatory cytokine IL-1β and IL-6 were elevated, indicating that TCPP exposure caused cellular senescence may be through the p53-dependent DNA damage signal pathway in HaCaT cells. Taken together, our data suggest that flame-retardant exposure may be a key precipitating factor for human skin aging.
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10
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Novo-Quiza N, Moreda-Piñeiro J, Turnes-Carou I, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, López-Mahía P. Multi-class organic pollutants in atmospheric particulate matter (PM 2.5) from a Southwestern Europe industrial area: Levels, sources and human health risk. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 214:114195. [PMID: 36030919 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of 50 multi-class pollutants comprising 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 12 phthalate esters (PAEs), 12 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), 6 synthetic musk compounds (SMCs) and 2 bisphenols was studied in atmospheric particulate matter (PM2.5) samples collected at an industrial area focused on automotive manufacturing located at the Southwestern Atlantic European region (Vigo city, Spain) during 1-year period. Among all quantitated pollutants in PM2.5 samples, bisphenol A (BPA) was the most predominant with an average concentration of 6180 pg m-3, followed by PAHs comprising benzo(b+j)fluoranthene (BbF + BjF) and benzo(g,h,i)perylene (BghiP), accounting for 546 pg m-3 and 413 pg m-3 respectively. In addition, two OPFRs concerning tris(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and triphenyl phosphine oxide (TPPO) were the next following the concentration order, accounting for 411 pg m-3 and 367 pg m-3 respectively; being butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) the most profuse PAE (56.1 pg m-3 by average). High relative standard deviations (RSDs) were observed during the whole sampling period, while statistically significant differences were only observed for PAHs concentrations during cold and warm seasons. Furthermore, some water-soluble ions and metal(oid)s were analysed in PM2.5 samples to be used as PM source tracers, whose concentrations were quite below the target levels set in the current legislation. Data obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) and PAHs molecular indices suggested a pyrogenic and petrogenic origin for PAHs, whereas occurrence of the remaining compounds seems to be attributed to resources used in the automotive industrial activity settled in the sampling area. Moreover, although a substantial anthropogenic source to PM2.5 in the area was observed, marine and soil resuspension contributions were also accounted. Finally, carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks posed by PM2.5-bound pollutants inhalation were assessed, being both averages within the safe level considering the whole period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain.
| | - Natalia Novo-Quiza
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Isabel Turnes-Carou
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- University of A Coruña. Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Department of Chemistry. Faculty of Sciences. Campus de A Coruña, s/n. 15071, A Coruña, Spain
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11
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Bevington C, Williams AJ, Guider C, Baker NC, Meyer B, Babich MA, Robinson S, Jones A, Phillips KA. Development of a Flame Retardant and an Organohalogen Flame Retardant Chemical Inventory. Sci Data 2022. [PMCID: PMC9192637 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-022-01351-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
There have been many attempts to compile comprehensive lists of flame retardants. However, this goal has proven challenging due to the heterogeneity of compounds that can be used as flame retardants coupled with changes in formulation chemistry over time. Flame retardants have been the focus of many recent existing hazard, exposure, and risk assessments. These assessments have been class-based or for individual chemical substances. Here, diverse sets of publicly available data sources from governmental organizations and the open literature were compiled to develop an inventory of chemicals used as flame retardants and organohalogen flame retardants. The chemical substances from these data sources were mapped to appropriate chemical identifiers via manual curation and deduplicated. Despite different data sources containing a large number of overlapping chemical substances, compiling information from multiple data sources was found to increase the breadth of potential flame retardant chemistries. The flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant inventories were developed as a resource for scientists interested in better understanding properties of flame retardant and organohalogen flame retardant classes. Measurement(s) | chemical use information | Technology Type(s) | manual and automated literature collection |
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12
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Esplugas R, Rovira J, Mari M, Fernández-Arribas J, Eljarrat E, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. Emerging and legacy flame retardants in indoor air and dust samples of Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150494. [PMID: 34844308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are widely used in consumer products including furniture foam and electronic equipment such as computers, monitors and TVs. Over time, FRs can easily migrate into the surrounding environments. Since brominated FRs (BFRs) has been determined of high concern due to their environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and potential toxicity, novel FRs have emerged. The present study was aimed at identifying and quantifying the indoor levels of 41 legacy and novel FRs, which include 20 OPFRs and 21 HFRs (8 PBDEs, 3 HBCDDs, 5 NBFRs and 5 DECs) in Tarragona Province (Catalonia, Spain). The results have confirmed the presence of both legacy and novel FRs in air and dust of homes, schools and offices. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first European study measuring OPFRs at office environments and also confirming the presence of the following OPFRs: TEP, TCIPP, T2IPPP, TPPO, DCP, TMCP and B4IPPPP in indoor air, even some of them at high levels. OPFRs in general and TCIPP in particular showed high concentrations in air (94,599 pg/m3 and 72,281 pg/m3, respectively) and dust (32,084 ng/g and 13,496 ng/g, respectively) samples collected in indoor environments. HBCDDs were found at high levels in dust (32,185 ng/g), whereas the presence of PBDEs and DECs were low in both matrices (<160 pg/m3 in air and <832 ng/g in dust). NBFRs showed higher levels than the two legacy FRs groups, which is supported by the current restrictions of these FRs (640 pg/m3 in air and 1291 ng/g in dust). Samples of schools had significantly lower levels of NBFRs, but significantly higher concentrations of HFRs in air than in home samples, while dust levels of HFRs were significantly lower than those in samples of offices. Regarding human health risks, the current assessment suggests that those derived from exposure to FRs were lower -although close- to assumable risks, evidencing the potential of FRs for non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks, mainly due to the exposure to TCIPP, which was the main contributor together with ΣHBCDDs and also EHDPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Esplugas
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Joaquim Rovira
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Montse Mari
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Julio Fernández-Arribas
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ethel Eljarrat
- Water and Soil Quality Research Group, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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13
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Hou M, Fang J, Shi Y, Tang S, Dong H, Liu Y, Deng F, Giesy JP, Godri Pollitt KJ, Cai Y, Shi X. Exposure to organophosphate esters in elderly people: Relationships of OPE body burdens with indoor air and dust concentrations and food consumption. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 157:106803. [PMID: 34365320 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to OPEs is pervasive and should be of great concern due to associations with adverse health effects, especially in susceptible populations. In this study, body burdens and exposure pathways of OPEs were investigated for 76 healthy elderly people in Jinan, China based on the measured OPE and metabolite concentrations in human bio-samples (whole blood and urine) and paired environmental matrices (air and dust), as well as food frequency questionnaire. Eight of 16 OPEs and 5 of 11 metabolites were detected in > 50% of whole blood and urine samples, respectively. Tri(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tri-phenyl phosphate (TPHP), and 2-ethylhexyl di-phenyl phosphate (EHDPP) were frequently detected and abundant in whole blood, while their corresponding metabolites were detected at low frequencies or levels in urine. The reduced metabolic and/or excretory capacity of elderly people may be an important reason, implying a higher health risk to them. Fourteen OPEs had over 50% detection frequencies in indoor air and dust, while 6 di-esters in indoor dust. Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) in indoor dust and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) in indoor air were positively correlated with paired levels in blood but not with their metabolites (BEHP and DnBP) in urine. Combined with the direct intakes of BEHP and DBP from dust, blood is indicated as more suitable biomarker for TEHP and TnBP exposure. High consumption frequencies of several foods were associated with higher blood concentrations of three OPEs and urinary levels of four di-OPEs, indicating the importance of dietary exposure pathway. Estimated daily total intakes of OPEs via inhalation, dust ingestion, and dermal absorption ranged from 2.78 to 42.0 ng/kg bw/day, which were far less than the reference dosage values. Further studies were warranted to explore the potential health effects of OPE exposure in the elderly populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianlong Fang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China.
| | - Song Tang
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China.
| | - Haoran Dong
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Yuanyuan Liu
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Fuchang Deng
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - John P Giesy
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada; Department of Biomedical and Veterinary Biosciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada; Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Krystal J Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Xiaoming Shi
- China CDC Key Laboratory of Environment and Population Health, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China; Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211166, China
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14
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Ding J, Liu W, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Liver-Based Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Exposure to Organophosphate Esters via Dust Ingestion Using a Physiologically Based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182312469. [PMID: 34886193 PMCID: PMC8657049 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used and harmful to organisms and human health. Dust ingestion is an important exposure route for OPEs to humans. In this study, by integrating ToxCast high-throughput in vitro assays with in vitro to in vivo extrapolation (IVIVE) via physiologically based Toxicokinetic (PBTK) modeling, we assessed the hepatocyte-based health risk for humans around the world due to exposure to two typical OPEs (TPHP and TDCPP) through the dust ingestion exposure route. Results showed that the health guidance value of TPHP and TCDPP obtained in this study was lower than the value obtained through animal experiments. In addition, probabilistic risk assessment results indicate that populations worldwide are at low risk of exposure to TPHP and TDCPP through dust ingestion due to low estimated daily intakes (EDIs) which are much lower than the reference dose (RfDs) published by the US EPA, except in some regional cases. Most margin of exposure (MOE) ranges of TDCPP for children are less than 100, which indicates a moderately high risk. Researchers should be concerned about exposure to TDCPP in this area. The method proposed in this study is expected to be applied to the health risk assessment of other chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Lin Zhu
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (J.F.)
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15
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Chen X, Zhao X, Shi Z. Organophosphorus flame retardants in breast milk from Beijing, China: Occurrence, nursing infant's exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:145404. [PMID: 33548720 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Revised: 01/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are widely used chemicals, whereas data on OPFRs in human being is limited. In this study, thirteen OPFRs were measured in 105 breast milk samples collected from Beijing mothers in 2018. The ∑13OPFRs ranged from <LOD to 106 ng mL-1 (<LOD-6700 ng g-1 lipid weight (lw)), with a median value 10.6 ng mL-1 (157 ng g-1 lw). The most abundant compound was tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), followed by triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP). The detecting frequencies and contamination levels of OPFRs in our study were higher than those reported in other studies, which indicated that China is one of the most affected regions by OPFRs. In addition, OPFR levels in our study were found to be higher than levels of brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in human milk from China. Based on regression analyses, mothers' personal characters, including age, pregnancy, residing/working location, and educational level were found to be impact factors of some OPFRs in breast milk. Estimated daily intakes (EDI) of the OPFRs for nursing infants via human milk ingest were calculated, and the mean EDIs of the 13 OPFRs ranged from 2.62 to 1640 ng kg-1 bw d-1. Since the mean and max EDIs of most OPFRs were lower than corresponding reference doses (RfDs), the daily OPFR intake for most nursing infants would not cause significant health concerns. However, the max EDIs of two OPFRs, TPhP and EHDPP, with values of 1.09 × 104 and 2190 ng kg-1 bw d-1, respectively, were higher than their corresponding RfDs. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the occurrence of OPFRs in human milk from China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelei Chen
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Xuezhen Zhao
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhixiong Shi
- School of Public Health and Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China.
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16
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Gwon HR, Oh HJ, Chang KH, Isobe T, Lee SY, Kim JH, You SJ, Kim JG, Kim JW. Occurrence, distribution, and potential exposure risk of organophosphate flame retardants in house dust in South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144571. [PMID: 33515873 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which are used in various plastic products, were analyzed in house dust samples collected from three Korean cities (Suwon, n = 23; Jeonju, n = 20; Kunsan, n = 42). OPFRs, including tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), were detected in 95%-100% of the samples analyzed, suggesting the widespread use of these compounds in Korea. The levels of TCEP, TCPP, and TDCPP in Suwon, Jeonju, and Kunsan ranged from the limit of quantitation to 46,000, 28,000, and 2400 ng/g, respectively. The concentrations of all OPFRs were significantly higher in house dust samples from Suwon than from Jeonju and Kunsan; this is likely due to the increased use of these compounds in Suwon, which may be associated with the number, volume, and variety of household products in homes. In Korean homes, the estimated daily intake (EDI) of OPFRs through house dust ingestion was lower than the guideline values; however, the EDI of OPFRs for toddlers was 30-fold greater than for adults, suggesting a limited risk to human health. This is the first comprehensive study of the occurrence and distribution of OPFRs in house dust in Korea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Ryeon Gwon
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 541-50, South Korea
| | - Hye-Ji Oh
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seochen-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Kwang-Hyeon Chang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Kyung Hee University, Seochen-dong 1, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, South Korea
| | - Tomohiko Isobe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Japan
| | - Suk-Yeon Lee
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Ju-Hyoung Kim
- Faculty of Marine Applied Biosciences, Kunsan National University, Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea
| | - Sun-Jae You
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 541-50, South Korea
| | - Jong-Gu Kim
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kunsan National University, Daehak-ro 558, Kunsan-si, Jeollabuk-do 541-50, South Korea
| | - Joon-Woo Kim
- Jeonbuk Regional Environment Office, Ministry of Environment, 120 Anjeon-ro, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do, South Korea.
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17
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Pasecnaja E, Perkons I, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Legacy and alternative brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust-levels, composition profiles, and human exposure in Latvia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25493-25502. [PMID: 33462688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are additives used in consumer products to reduce flammability, even though they can easily contaminate the indoor environment. Since it is common for people in modern cities to spend up to 85% of time indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is critical for human health. In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs), and dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were measured in household dust samples (n = 34) from Latvia, followed by human exposure assessment. Among all studied compounds, OPFRs showed the highest concentrations (1380-133,000 ng g-1). Despite the phase-out of PBDEs, they were the second most significant flame retardants in the studied dust samples (468-25,500 ng g-1) and the predominant compound was BDE-209. The concentrations of EBFRs were in the range of 120-7295 ng g-1, with the most abundant contaminant being DBDPE, which is widely used as a substitute for the deca-BDE formulation. DRCs were the least common flame retardants in the Latvian indoor environments, with concentrations ranging 22.4-192 ng g-1. Although the concentrations of specific FRs are known to vary between different countries, the levels and patterns observed in dust samples from Latvia were similar to those reported from Central Europe. Human exposure was evaluated as the estimated daily intake (EDI). The calculated exposure to most of the FRs was several orders of magnitude lower than the available reference dose (RfD) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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18
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He H, Wang X, Cheng C, Yang S, Wang X, Liu Q, Wang Y, Wang Z, Zhang L, Sun C. Degradation of organophosphorus flame retardant tri(chloro-propyl)phosphate (TCPP) by (001) crystal plane of TiO 2 photocatalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:1612-1622. [PMID: 31587596 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1675771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates the successful synthesis of TiO2 with (001) crystal plane; its morphology and structure were characterized using XRD, TEM and Raman spectrometer. The results showed that TiO2 nanosheets were bounded by (001) facets on both the top and bottom. TiO2-001/UV photocatalytic process was proved to be a powerful method for degrading tri(chloro-propyl) phosphate (TCPP) in aqueous solution. Under the given parameters, 95% of TCPP was removed in 360 min. The photodegradation followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic reaction. The reactive species during photocatalytic oxidation of TiO2-001 was mainly hydroxyl radical. TCPP was decomposed into small molecule organics by hydroxyl radicals, along with the release of PO43- and Cl-, and most of these intermediates were eventually degraded into carbon dioxide and water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan He
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohan Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chen Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Life Science, Chengdu Normal University, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaogui Yang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, Jinlin, People's Republic of China
| | - Zunyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Limin Zhang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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19
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Hou M, Shi Y, Na G, Cai Y. A review of organophosphate esters in indoor dust, air, hand wipes and silicone wristbands: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106261. [PMID: 33395927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices inevitably pose human exposure risks. Numerous studies have investigated human exposure pathways to OPEs, including air inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal contact, and dietary and drinking water intake, and have indicated that indoor dust and indoor air routes are frequently the two main human exposure pathways. This article reviews the literature on OPE contamination in indoor air and dust from various microenvironments and on OPE particle size distributions and bioavailability in dust conducted over the past 10 years. Ways in which sampling strategies are related to the uncertainty of exposure assessment results and comparability among different studies in terms of sampling tools, sampling sites, and sample types are addressed. Also, the associations of OPEs in indoor dust/air with human biological samples were summarized. Studies on two emerging matrices, hand wipes and silicone wristbands, are demonstrated to be more comprehensive and accurate in reflecting personal human exposure to OPEs in microenvironments and are summarized. Given the direct application of some diester OPEs (di-OPEs) in numerous products, research on their existence in indoor dust and food and on their effects on human urine are also discussed. Finally, related research trends and avenues for future research are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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20
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Ding X, Sun W, Dai L, Liu C, Sun Q, Wang J, Zhang P, Li K, Yu L. Parental exposure to environmental concentrations of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate induces abnormal DNA methylation and behavioral changes in F1 zebrafish larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115305. [PMID: 32841905 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has been demonstrated to be transferred from parental animals to their offspring. However, whether parental exposure to environmental concentrations of TDCIPP show neurodevelopmental toxicity in the F1 generation and the possible underlying mechanism remain unclear. Therefore, in this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to environmental concentrations of TDCIPP (3, 30 and 300 ng L-1) for 120 days. The effects of exposure on motor behaviors, neurotransmitter levels, DNA methylation, and gene expression of F1 larvae were investigated. Parental exposure left TDCIPP residues in F1 eggs as well as reduced body length of F1 larvae. Moreover, parental exposure significantly reduced swimming activity in F1 5 dpf larvae, although it did not significantly alter serotonin, dopamine, 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, γ-aminobutyrate, and acetylcholine levels. Genes encoding DNA methylation transferases (dnmt3aa and dnmt1) were downregulated in F1 larvae. Reduced representation bisulfite sequencing analysis revealed 446 differentially methylated regions and enriched neuronal cell body Gene Ontology term in F1 generation. Correlation analysis between the expression of genes related to neural cell body and swimming speed indicated that solute carrier family 1 member 2b (slc1a2b) downregulation might be responsible for the inhibition of motor behaviors. Furthermore, bisulfite amplicon sequencing analysis confirmed hypermethylation of the promoter region of slc1a2b in F1 larvae following parental exposure to 300 ng L-1 TDCIPP, which might have led to significant downregulation of gene expression and, in turn, influenced the motor behaviors. These results indicate that parental exposure to environmental concentrations of TDCIPP alters DNA methylation, downregulates gene expressions and, thus inducing developmental neurotoxicity, in F1 larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xisheng Ding
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Wen Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lili Dai
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China
| | - Jianghua Wang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China
| | - Panwei Zhang
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Kun Li
- China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research, Beijing, 100038, China
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, China.
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21
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Zhong M, Wu H, Li F, Shan X, Ji C. Proteomic analysis revealed gender-specific responses of mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) to trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP) exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115537. [PMID: 32892020 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Trichloropropyl phosphate (TCPP) is a halogenated organophosphate ester that is widely used as flame retardants and plasticizers. In this study, gender-specific accumulation and responses in mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis to TCPP exposure were focused and highlighted. After TCPP (100 nmol L-1) exposure for 42 days, male mussels showed similar average bioaccumulation (37.14 ± 6.09 nmol g-1 fat weight (fw)) of TCPP with that in female mussels (32.28 ± 4.49 nmol g-1 fw). Proteomic analysis identified 219 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) between male and female mussels in control group. There were 52 and 54 DEPs induced by TCPP in male and female mussels, respectively. Interestingly, gender-specific DEPs included 37 and 41 DEPs induced by TCPP in male and female mussels, respectively. The proteomic differences between male and female mussels were related to protein synthesis and degradation, energy metabolism, and functions of cytoskeleton and motor proteins. TCPP influenced protein synthesis, energy metabolism, cytoskeleton functions, immunity, and reproduction in both male and female mussels. Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks indicated that protein synthesis and energy metabolism were the main biological processes influenced by TCPP. However, DEPs involved in these processes and their interaction patterns were quite different between male and female mussels. Basically, twelve ribosome DEPs which directly or indirectly interacted were found in protein synthesis in TCPP-exposed male mussels, while only 3 ribosome DEPs (not interacted) in TCPP-exposed female mussels. In energy metabolism, only 4 DEPs (with the relatively simple interaction pattern) mainly resided in fatty acid metabolism, butanoate/propanoate metabolism and glucose metabolism were discovered in TCPP-exposed male mussels, and more DEPs (with multiple interactions) functioned in TCA cycle and pyruvate/glyoxylate/dicarboxylate metabolism were found in TCCP-exposed female mussels. Taken together, TCPP induced gender-specific toxicological effects in mussels, which may shed new lights on further understanding the toxicological mechanisms of TCPP in aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Zhong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China.
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Shan
- Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai, 264003, PR China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266071, PR China
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22
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Ozkaleli Akcetin M, Gedik K, Balci S, Gul HK, Birgul A, Kurt Karakus PB. First insight into polybrominated diphenyl ethers in car dust in Turkey: concentrations and human exposure implications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:39041-39053. [PMID: 32642893 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09905-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The presence of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in the car is due to their use as a flame retardant additive in various car components such as dashboard, plastic parts, seat and headliner cushion foams, insulated cables, and electronic circuits. Ingestion of dust inadvertently or dermal contact to dust are significant pathways of human exposure to pollutants including PBDEs. There are no studies documenting presence of car dust associated flame retardants in Turkey. In the current study, a total of 13 PBDEs congeners were investigated in 62 car dust samples collected from Bursa province of Turkey using glass-fiber filters and a vacuum cleaner. Results of the study showed that congener concentrations were within the range of <MDL-40198 ng/g and PBDE-209, major component of commercial deca-BDE, showed the highest concentration among the targeted congeners. Assessment of exposure to analyzed PBDEs via inadvertent dust ingestion and skin contact showed toddlers are exposed to these chemicals approx. 10 times higher compared to adults. Hazard quotient (HQ) values calculated based on total exposure (ingestion + dermal contact) and were < 1 for both adults and toddler indicated that exposure to car dust-associated PBDEs through ingestion and skin contact does not pose any health risks for human in Bursa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merve Ozkaleli Akcetin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kadir Gedik
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Eskisehir Technical University, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Selçuk Balci
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kübra Gul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Askin Birgul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey
| | - Perihan Binnur Kurt Karakus
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkey.
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23
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Sánchez-Piñero J, Bowerbank SL, Moreda-Piñeiro J, López-Mahía P, Dean JR. The occurrence and distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, bisphenol A and organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust and soils from public open spaces: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 266:115372. [PMID: 32814266 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Global concern exists regarding human exposure to organic pollutants derived from public open spaces and indoor dust. This study has evaluated the occurrence of 18 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), 11 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and bisphenol A (BPA). To achieve this, a new simple, efficient and fast multi-residue analytical method based on a fully automated pressurised liquid extraction (PLE) and subsequent quantification by gas chromatography coupled to electron ionization-mass spectrometry (GC-EI-MS) in selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode was developed. The developed method was applied to indoor dust (12 sampling households) and soil derived from two public open spaces (POSs). Among all compounds studied, PAHs were the most ubiquitous contaminants detected in POS soils and indoor dust although some OPFRs and BPA were detected in lower concentrations. An assessment of the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) was done and indicated a high potential cancer risk from the POS sites and some of the indoor dust sampled sites. However, key variables, such as the actual exposure duration, frequency of contact and indoor cleaning protocols will significantly reduce the potential risk. Finally, the ingestion of soils and indoor dust contaminated with OPFRs and BPA was investigated and noted in almost all cases to be below the USEPA reference doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joel Sánchez-Piñero
- Grupo de Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/n. 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Samantha L Bowerbank
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK
| | - Jorge Moreda-Piñeiro
- Grupo de Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/n. 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Purificación López-Mahía
- Grupo de Química Analítica Aplicada (QANAP), University Institute of Research in Environmental Studies (IUMA), Centro de Investigacións Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of A Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, S/n. 15071 A, Coruña, Spain
| | - John R Dean
- Department of Applied Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, NE1 8ST, UK.
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24
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Wang S, Steiniche T, Rothman JM, Wrangham RW, Chapman CA, Mutegeki R, Quirós R, Wasserman MD, Venier M. Feces are Effective Biological Samples for Measuring Pesticides and Flame Retardants in Primates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:12013-12023. [PMID: 32900185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c02500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The habitats of wild primates are increasingly threatened by surrounding anthropogenic pressures, but little is known about primate exposure to frequently used chemicals. We applied a novel method to simultaneously measure 21 legacy pesticides (OCPs), 29 current use pesticides (CUPs), 47 halogenated flame retardants (HFRs), and 19 organophosphate flame retardants in feces from baboons in the U.S.A., howler monkeys in Costa Rica, and baboons, chimpanzees, red-tailed monkeys, and red colobus in Uganda. The most abundant chemicals were α-hexachlorocyclohexane (α-HCH), β-hexachlorocyclohexane (β-HCH), and hexachlorobenzene among OCPs across all sites, chlorpyrifos among CUPs in Costa Rica and Indiana, decabromodiphenylethane (DBDPE) in Costa Rica and Indiana and 2, 2', 4, 4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in Uganda as HFRs, and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) as OPFRs across all sites. The detected chemical concentrations were generally higher in red-tailed monkeys and red colobus than in chimpanzees and baboons. Our methods can be used to examine the threat of chemical pollutants to wildlife, which is critical for endangered species where only noninvasive methods can be used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaorui Wang
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Tessa Steiniche
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Jessica M Rothman
- Department of Anthropology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, New York 10021, United States
| | - Richard W Wrangham
- Kibale Chimpanzee Project and Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Colin A Chapman
- Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, Department of Anthropology, George Washington University, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory for Animal Conservation, School of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an 712100, P. R. China
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Scottsville, Pietermaritzburg 3629, South Africa
| | - Richard Mutegeki
- Makerere University Biological Field Station, Kibale National Park, Kibale, Uganda
| | - Rodolfo Quirós
- Organization for Tropical Studies, San Vito 60803, Costa Rica
| | - Michael D Wasserman
- Department of Anthropology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Marta Venier
- O'Neill School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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25
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Castro Ó, Pocurull E, Borrull F. Determination of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticisers in fish samples by QuEChERs followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Exposure and risk assessment through fish consumption. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461356. [PMID: 32797836 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The presence of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in everyday commodities such as furniture, household appliances and baby toys have rendered these contaminants ubiquitous in environmental fates such as air, water, soils and biota. Their presence in food-related species suggests that an additional route of exposure to these esters for the general population is fish intake through diet. Their incipient toxicity and carcinogenetic behaviour make it essential to develop methods for determining OPEs in fish samples. In this paper we have developed a new method for determining 9 OPEs based on the QuEChERS extraction method followed by a simple clean-up using a novel device for selective lipid removal (LipiFiltr) and GC-MS/MS to extract these compounds from fish samples regardless of lipid content. QuEChERS salt packet optimisation and clean-up strategies such as liquid-liquid extraction, dispersive-solid phase extraction and LipiFiltr were tested. Our results showed that EN 15662 method salts and Lipifiltr were the best combination to produce efficient analyte apparent recovery (67-116%) and negligible matrix effects (<10%). Limits of detection ranged from 0.05 ng g-1 (dry weight) for TiBP and TBP to 2.00 ng g-1 (dry weight) for TCEP. Fish samples from four fish species were determined with a median concentration of ΣOPEs 5.31 ng g-1 on a wet weight basis, with TBP, TiBP and TCPP as the main contenders. Estimates of exposure and risk associated with consuming these compounds via dietary intake showed low levels of concern for the population of Tarragona.
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Affiliation(s)
- Óscar Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel•lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Eva Pocurull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel•lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel•lí Domingo 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
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26
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Lee HK, Kang H, Lee S, Kim S, Choi K, Moon HB. Human exposure to legacy and emerging flame retardants in indoor dust: A multiple-exposure assessment of PBDEs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 719:137386. [PMID: 32112953 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to flame retardants (FRs) in indoor environments is a growing concern. In this study, the concentrations of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and their alternatives, such as novel brominated flame retardants (NBFRs), dechlorane plus (DP), and organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), were measured in dust from indoor environments in Korea to investigate their occurrence, contamination profiles, and health risks. Legacy and emerging FRs were detected in dust samples, indicating widespread contamination of indoor environments. The concentrations of alternative FRs were higher in dust from offices compared with house dust, suggesting that office environments are major consumers of alternative FRs. Similar compositional profiles for indoor dust were found for PBDEs in different microenvironments and regions, while OPFR composition varied widely due to disparate applications. The estimated daily intakes of PBDEs, NBFRs, and OPFRs via dust ingestion were lower than the reference doses proposed by previous studies. A multiple-exposure assessment showed that dust ingestion was a major contributor to total PBDEs for toddlers and adults. However, major exposure pathways of BDEs 47 and 209 differed between toddlers and adults. Our study suggests that multiple exposure pathways should be considered in a comprehensive exposure assessment of PBDEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Kyung Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Habyeong Kang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunggyu Lee
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Science and Convergence Engineering, College of Science and Convergence Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Shi F, Liang K, Liu R, Dong Q, He Z, Xu J, Liu J. Elevated occupational exposure to chlorinated phosphate esters at a construction materials manufacturing plant. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 139:105653. [PMID: 32361061 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have documented that the general population is widely exposed to organophosphate esters (OPEs), yet studies on the emissions of OPEs in the industrial application processes and their occupational exposure are scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the exposure to OPEs for workers engaged in OPE-retarded construction material manufacturing plant in China. METHOD Paired dust samples (12 samples each time) from an OPEs retarded building materials manufacturing plant during the plant uptime and downtime have been analyzed for tris(2-chloroethyl)-phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCPP), and other commonly used OPEs. Moreover, nine OPEs metabolites (mOPEs) in urine samples (n = 42) from fourteen workers who engaged in this plant were also measured. The daily exposure doses to OPEs were estimated from the measured urinary concentrations of corresponding mOPEs. RESULTS Thirteen out of fourteen studied OPEs (except for tri-n-propyl phosphate, TnPP) were determined in all dust samples from the manufacturing plant, and TCEP and TCPP were the predominant compounds in dust collected from the plant uptime and downtime. Overall, the occupationally exposed population had significantly higher (p < 0.01) urinary levels of mOPE, especially for bis (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), relative to the reference population. Workshop workers who directly involved in the production of OPEs treated products had higher OPEs exposure. Risk assessment revealed that cancer risk (1.5 × 10-6-8.5 × 10-4) for all workers was larger than 1 × 10-6 when levels of mOPEs in urine from workers were used for estimating OPEs exposure, revealing moderate to high potential cancer risk to workers from OPEs exposure. CONCLUSION To our knowledge, this is the first study reporting emissions of OPEs in OPE-treated products manufacturing processes and the potential exposure of the occupationally exposed population. OPEs, especially for TCEP and TCPP, present at elevated levels and pose moderate to high potential health risks to the exposed workers, emphasizing the importance of strengthening occupational exposure prevention in similar industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Kang Liang
- AECC Beijing Institute of Aeronautical Materials, Beijing 100095, China
| | - Rui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Quanxiao Dong
- Railway Engineering Research Institute, China Academy of Railway Sciences Corporation Limited, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zuoliang He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinwen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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Hales BF, Robaire B. Effects of brominated and organophosphate ester flame retardants on male reproduction. Andrology 2020; 8:915-923. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Barbara F. Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal QC Canada
| | - Bernard Robaire
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics McGill University Montreal QC Canada
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology McGill University Montreal QC Canada
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Zhao L, Zhang Y, Deng Y, Jian K, Li J, Ya M, Su G. Traditional and emerging organophosphate esters (OPEs) in indoor dust of Nanjing, eastern China: Occurrence, human exposure, and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 712:136494. [PMID: 31931212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.136494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 01/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Here, fifteen OPEs were investigated in n = 50 floor dust samples collected from six types of indoor spaces in Nanjing, eastern China, in the year 2018. Ten OPEs, including tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tris(1,3-dichloro-isopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP), tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), 2-ethylhexyl-diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), tris(methyl-phenyl) phosphate (TMPP), 4-biphenylyl diphenyl phosphate (4-BPDP) and tris(2-biphenylyl) phosphate (TBPP), were detected in at least one of the analyzed samples (>method limits of quantification). Regardless of indoor spaces, EHDPP (34% of Σ8OPEs, mean: 1.43 μg/g) and TDCIPP (19%, 0.81 μg/g) were the ascendant OPEs in indoor floor dust. 4-BPDP and TBPP were detectable in indoor floor dust samples, but at relatively low detection frequencies with 2% and 10%, respectively. Various indoor microenvironments exhibited different pollution characteristics of OPEs. Floor dust collected from electronic product maintenance centers contained the richest OPE contaminants with highest mean Σ8OPEs concentration of 7.92 μg/g. On the basis of measured Σ10OPEs concentrations in dust sample, we estimated daily intake via floor dust ingestion to be 1.37, 0.75 and 1.24 ng/kg BW/day for electronic engineers, undergraduates, and graduate students under mean-exposure scenario, respectively. Overall, our study reported the occurrence of 4-BPDP and TBPP in environmental samples for the first time, and demonstrated that indoor floor dust ingestion exposure does values were far less than reference dosage values of oral toxicity proposed by United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) Integrated Risk Information System.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luming Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yayun Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yirong Deng
- Guangdong Provincial Academy of Environmental Science, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Contaminated Sites Environmental Management and Remediation, Guangzhou 510045, PR China; Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Kang Jian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Jianhua Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Miaolei Ya
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Guanyong Su
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China.
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Li W, Wang Y, Asimakopoulos AG, Covaci A, Gevao B, Johnson-Restrepo B, Kumosani TA, Malarvannan G, Moon HB, Nakata H, Sinha RK, Tran TM, Kannan K. Organophosphate esters in indoor dust from 12 countries: Concentrations, composition profiles, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105178. [PMID: 31648162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 20 organophosphate triesters (OPEs), including seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs were measured in 341 house dust samples collected from 12 countries during the period 2010-2014. OPEs were ubiquitous in indoor dust, and the total concentrations of OPEs (∑OPEs; sum of 20 OPEs) ranged from 49.4 to 249,000 ng/g dry weight (dw). Generally, Cl-OPEs were the predominant compounds (51% of total) in indoor dust samples, with a median concentration of 800 ng/g, followed by alkyl-OPEs (31%), aryl-OPEs (17%), and oligomeric-OPEs (1%), with median concentrations of 480, 270, and 21.9 ng/g, respectively. ∑OPE concentrations in indoor dust from more industrialized countries (South Korea: median, 31,300; Japan: 29,800; and the United States: 26,500 ng/g dw) were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those from less industrialized countries (Greece: 7140, Saudi Arabia: 5310, Kuwait: 4420, Romania: 4110, Vietnam: 1190, China: 1120, Colombia: 374, India: 276, and Pakistan: 138 ng/g dw). Statistically significant positive correlations (0.114 < r < 0.748, p < 0.05) were found among the concentrations of 16 OPEs in dust samples, indicating similar sources of these compounds. The median estimated daily intakes of ΣOPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were in the ranges of 0.29-64.8 and 0.07-14.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bondi Gevao
- Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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31
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Brits M, Brandsma SH, Rohwer ER, De Vos J, Weiss JM, de Boer J. Brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants in South African indoor dust and cat hair. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:120-129. [PMID: 31302398 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.06.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs), such as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), are diverse groups of compounds used in various products related to the indoor environment. In this study concentrations of eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), two alternative BFRs and ten OPFRs were determined in indoor dust (n = 20) and pet cat hair (n = 11) from South Africa. The OPFRs were the major FRs, contributing to more than 97% of the total FR concentration. The median Ʃ10OPFRs concentrations were 44,800 ng/g in freshly collected dust (F-dust), 19,800 ng/g in the dust collected from vacuum cleaner bags (V-dust), and 865 ng/g in cat hair (C-hair). Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant OPFR in the dust samples with median concentrations of 7,010 ng/g in F-dust and 3,590 ng/g in V-dust. Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was the dominant OPFR in C-hair, with a median concentration of 387 ng/g. The concentrations of Ʃ8PBDEs were higher in F-dust than in V-dust. BDE209 was the dominant BFR in all three matrices. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,4,5,6-tetrabromo-phthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5- tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) showed notable contributions to the BFR profile in cat hair. A worst-case dust exposure estimation was performed for all analytes. The estimated TCIPP daily intake through dust ingestion was up to 1,240 ng/kg bw for toddlers. The results indicate that OPFRs are ubiquitous in South African indoor environment. Indoor dust is a major source of human exposure to environmental contaminants. This can for example occur through hand-to-mouth contact of toddlers, and is an important route of exposure to currently used FRs accumulated on dust particles. The presence of FRs, in particular high concentrations of OPFRs, suggests that children and indoor pet cats may have greater exposure to FRs than adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Brits
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa; National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa.
| | - Sicco H Brandsma
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Egmont R Rohwer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Lynnwood Road, Pretoria, 0002, South Africa
| | - Jayne De Vos
- National Metrology Institute of South Africa (NMISA), CSIR Campus, Meiring Naude Road, Pretoria, 0040, South Africa
| | - Jana M Weiss
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, SE-10691, Sweden
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081HV, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the simultaneous determination of 17 traditional and emerging aryl organophosphate esters in indoor dust. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1603:199-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.06.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abafe OA, Martincigh BS. Concentrations, sources and human exposure implications of organophosphate esters in indoor dust from South Africa. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 230:239-247. [PMID: 31103870 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations of four organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in 50 dust samples from homes (n = 10), offices (n = 9), university computer laboratories (n = 12) and cars (n = 19) in Durban, South Africa. The median concentrations Σn=4 OPEs were 22940, 26930, 19565 and 49010 ng g⁻1 in homes, offices, university computer laboratories and cars respectively. OPEs were detected in all samples with the exception of one car and one computer laboratory sample in which TDCIPP was not detected. Significant association of indoor characteristics with OPE concentrations was observed. OPEs positively correlated (r = 0.22, p value = 0.4862) with electronics and correlated (r = 0.522, p value = 0.0675) with foams and furniture in homes. By employing the median concentrations and an average dust intake rate, the exposure doses (ng d-1) were found to be 169 (TCEP), 74 (TCIPP), 162 (TDCIPP) and 55 (TPHP) for adults; 159 (TCEP), 70 (TCIPP), 108 (TDCIPP) and 57 (TPHP) for teenagers; 317 (TCEP), 152 (TCIPP), 334 (TDCIPP) and 94 (TPHP) for toddlers. The predominance and exposure magnitude of OPEs in the South African environment require further investigations to determine cumulative human health effects arising from mixtures of these compounds through multiple exposure routes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ovokeroye A Abafe
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Bice S Martincigh
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville Campus, Private Bag X54001, Durban, 4000, South Africa.
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Pang L, Yang H, Pang R, Zhou Y, Xiao J, Wang Z. Occurrence, distribution, and risk assessment of organophosphate esters in urban street dust in the central province of Henan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:27862-27871. [PMID: 31342355 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06008-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, nine OPEs were measured in 60 street dust samples collected from the central province of Henan, China. The total concentrations of OPEs (∑9OPEs) in street dust range from 2.77 to 505 μg/kg (median 59.3 μg/kg). Chlorinated OPEs are dominant in street dust with median concentration of 33.5 μg/kg, followed by aryl OPEs (median 9.05 μg/kg), and alkyl OPEs (median 6.19 μg/kg). No significant correlations are found between ∑9OPEs and parameters, such as population (p = 0.931), population density (p = 0.602), car ownership (p = 0.618), and gross domestic product (p = 0.863). Principal component analysis (PCA) result reveals that road traffic could be a major source of OPEs in street dust because of their extensive use in various vehicles. The total average (median) and high-level exposure (95th percentile) of OPEs are 1.01 × 10-2, 7.17 × 10-2 ng/kg bw/d for adults and 6.03 × 10-2, 0.43 ng/kg bw/d for children, respectively. Hazard quotient (HQ) values are 5-6 orders of magnitude lower than the acceptable risk level (HQ < 0.1), indicating there is still a low risk to local residents at current levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Pang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China.
| | - Huiqiang Yang
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Rong Pang
- Department of Medicine, Huanghe Science and Technology College, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Jingwen Xiao
- Department of Material and Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University of Light Industry, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Zhenxing Wang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, 510655, China
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Ren X, Wang W, Zhao X, Ren B, Chang L. Parental exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate results in thyroid endocrine disruption and inhibition of growth in zebrafish offspring. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 209:132-141. [PMID: 30771614 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is a re-emerging environmental contaminant used as a suitable substitute for brominated flame retardants. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of TDCIPP on thyroid disruption and growth inhibition in zebrafish (Danio rerio) offspring after chronic parental exposure, and to examine the possible molecular mechanisms involved. When adult zebrafish (4 months old) were exposed to 5.66, 25.55, or 92.8 μg TDCIPP/L for 90 days, bioconcentration of TDCIPP and its metabolic product [bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, BDCIPP] was observed in 7-day postfertilization (dpf) F1 larvae, which suggests the transfer of this compound from adult fish to their offspring. Our results demonstrated that parental exposure to TDCIPP induced thyroid disruption in the offspring, demonstrated by significantly decreased thyroxine (T4) and increased 3,5,3'-triiodothyronine (T3) levels, and disruption of the transcription of several genes and expression of proteins involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis in F1 larvae. Parental exposure to TDCIPP resulted in developmental abnormalities in offspring; the smaller body length that was recorded might be partly the result of the perturbation of the HPT axis. In addition, the results revealed that growth inhibition also resulted from the downregulation of the transcription of genes and expression of proteins involved in the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis. Our study provides a new set of evidence showing that parental exposure to TDCIPP can induce thyroid disruption and inhibition of growth in offspring, and that perturbation of the HPT axis and GH/IGF axis contribute to these adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, the Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Weitong Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping, 136000, China
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, the Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping, 136000, China.
| | - Baixiang Ren
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, the Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping, 136000, China; Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China.
| | - Limin Chang
- Key Laboratory of Preparation and Application of Environmental Friendly Materials, the Ministry of Education, Jilin Normal University, Siping, 136000, China
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Khairy MA, Lohmann R. Organophosphate flame retardants in the indoor and outdoor dust and gas-phase of Alexandria, Egypt. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 220:275-285. [PMID: 30590294 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.12.140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the presence of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) as a substitute for polybrominated diphenyl ethers in developing countries. This study investigated - for the first time - concentrations, sources and exposure levels of OPFRs in the indoor and outdoor environments of Alexandria, Egypt, in dust and gas-phase samples. Passive samplers were deployed (n = 78) to determine gaseous concentrations, and various dust samples were collected from apartments (n = 25), working places (n = 14), cars (n = 18), and outdoors (OD, n = 30). Indoor concentrations (air: 7.0-64 pg/m3; dust: 150-1850 ng/g) were significantly higher than outdoor (2.0-16 pg/m3 and 83-475 ng/g) concentrations. Tris-1,3-dichloropropyl phosphate (TDCIPP), tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), tri (2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) dominated in all samples with more indoor variabilities. Profiles of OPFRs in OD and floor dust (collected from carpets and floors) were similar but differed from elevated fine dust (collected 1 m above the floor from all available surfaces), possibly due to the influence of carryover of OD by shoes. Despite the high uncertainty in dust - air partitioning coefficients, log transformed values showed significant linear relationships with log octanol - air-partitioning coefficients in all microenvironments, indicating an equilibrium partitioning between dust and vapor. Exposure assessment indicated the importance of the dermal exposure route for adults and ingestion route for children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed A Khairy
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511, Moharam Bek, Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA
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Wang Y, Kannan K. Concentrations and Dietary Exposure to Organophosphate Esters in Foodstuffs from Albany, New York, United States. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:13525-13532. [PMID: 30525574 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.8b06114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are ubiquitous contaminants in the environment, but little is known about their occurrence in foodstuffs, an important source of human exposure. In this study, 15 OPEs were measured in foodstuffs and food-packing materials collected from local markets in Albany, New York, United States, for the first time. Among the foodstuffs analyzed, median concentrations of ∑OPEs (sum of 15 OPEs) in meat (6.76 ng/g wet weight; ww) and fish/seafood (7.11 ng/g ww) were higher than those in other food categories. ∑OPEs were found in food packaging at a median concentration of 132 ng/g. The estimated daily dietary intakes (EDIs) of OPE were of 37.9, 135, 56.6, 32.2, and 25.1 ng/kg body weight (bw)/day for infants, toddlers, children, teenagers, and adults, respectively. Meat was a major source (47%) of dietary OPEs exposure in adults, whereas dairy products accounted for 52% of OPE exposures in toddlers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Albany , New York 12201 , United States
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , China
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center , New York State Department of Health , Albany , New York 12201 , United States
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health , State University of New York at Albany , Albany , New York 12201 , United States
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