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Saarnio S, Kekkonen H, Lång K. Addition of softwood biochar did not reduce N 2O emissions or N leaching from peat soil in the short term. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173906. [PMID: 38871319 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Drained agricultural peat soils pollute both the atmosphere and watercourses. Biochar has been observed to decrease greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and nutrient loading in mineral soils. We studied effects of three biochar types with two application rates (10 and 30 Mg ha-1) on GHG fluxes as well as N and P leaching on peat soil. Peat monoliths were drilled from a long-term cultivated field and were watered either slightly (five dry periods) or heavily (four rainfall periods) during an 11-month laboratory experiment with intact peat columns. The incubation of bare peat profiles enhanced peat decomposition leading to high CO2 (up to 1300 mg CO2 m-2 h-1) and N2O emissions (even 10,000-50,000 μg N2O m-2 h-1) and NO3--N leaching (even 300-700 mg L-1) in all treatments. In the beginning of the experiment, the lower application rate of pine bark biochars increased N2O emission compared to control, but otherwise none of the biochars or their application rates significantly affected gas fluxes or nutrient leaching. These results indicate that moderate softwood biochar application does not help to mitigate the environmental problems of agricultural peat soils. Higher application rate of biochar pyrolyzed at high temperature is recommended for further studies with peat soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Saarnio
- Luonnonvarakeskus 6B, 80100 Joensuu, Finland.
| | - H Kekkonen
- Luonnonvarakeskus, Paavo Havaksen tie 3, 90570 Oulu, Finland.
| | - K Lång
- Luonnonvarakeskus, Tietotie 4, 31600 Jokioinen, Finland.
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2
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Rijk I, Ekblad A, Dahlin AS, Enell A, Larsson M, Leroy P, Kleja DB, Tiberg C, Hallin S, Jones C. Biochar and peat amendments affect nitrogen retention, microbial capacity and nitrogen cycling microbial communities in a metal and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contaminated urban soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 936:173454. [PMID: 38795987 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
Soil contaminants may restrict soil functions. A promising soil remediation method is amendment with biochar, which has the potential to both adsorb contaminants and improve soil health. However, effects of biochar amendment on soil-plant nitrogen (N) dynamics and N cycling microbial guilds in contaminated soils are still poorly understood. Here, a metal- and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) contaminated soil was amended with either biochar (0, 3, 6 % w/w) and/or peat (0, 1.5, 3 % w/w) in a full-factorial design and sown with perennial ryegrass in an outdoor field trial. After three months, N and the stable isotopic ratio δ15N was measured in soil, roots and leaves, along with microbial responses. Aboveground grass biomass decreased by 30 % and leaf N content by 20 % with biochar, while peat alone had no effect. Peat in particular, but also biochar, stimulated the abundance of microorganisms (measured as 16S rRNA gene copy number) and basal respiration. Microbial substrate utilization (MicroResp™) was altered differentially, as peat increased respiration of all carbon sources, while for biochar, respiration of carboxylic acids increased, sugars decreased, and was unaffected for amino acids. Biochar increased the abundance of ammonia oxidizing archaea, while peat stimulated ammonia oxidizing bacteria, Nitrobacter-type nitrite oxidizers and comB-type complete ammonia oxidizers. Biochar and peat also increased nitrous oxide reducing communities (nosZI and nosZII), while peat alone or combined with biochar also increased abundance of nirK-type denitrifiers. However, biochar and peat lowered leaf δ15N by 2-4 ‰, indicating that processes causing gaseous N losses, like denitrification and ammonia volatilization, were reduced compared to the untreated contaminated soil, probably an effect of biotic N immobilization. Overall, this study shows that in addition to contaminant stabilization, amendment with biochar and peat can increase N retention while improving microbial capacity to perform important soil functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Rijk
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden; Structor Miljöteknik AB, Sweden
| | - Alf Ekblad
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - A Sigrun Dahlin
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden; Department of Crop Production Ecology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Sweden
| | - Maria Larsson
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Sweden
| | - Prune Leroy
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Dan B Kleja
- Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden; Swedish Geotechnical Institute (SGI), Sweden
| | | | - Sara Hallin
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
| | - Christopher Jones
- Department of Forest Mycology and Plant Pathology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Sweden
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Grafmüller J, Möllmer J, Muehe EM, Kammann CI, Kray D, Schmidt HP, Hagemann N. Granulation compared to co-application of biochar plus mineral fertilizer and its impacts on crop growth and nutrient leaching. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16555. [PMID: 39019971 PMCID: PMC11255204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-66992-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Mechanized biochar field application remains challenging due to biochar's poor flowability and bulk density. Granulation of biochar with fertilizer provides a product ready for application with well-established machinery. However, it's unknown whether granulated biochar-based fertilizers (gBBF) are as effective as co-application of non-granulated biochar with fertilizer. Here, we compared a gBBF with a mineral compound fertilizer (control), and with a non-granulated biochar that was co-applied at a rate of 1.1 t ha-1 with the fertilizer in a white cabbage greenhouse pot trial. Half the pots received heavy rain simulation treatments to investigate nutrient leaching. Crop yields were not significantly increased by biochar without leaching compared to the control. With leaching, cabbage yield increased with gBBF and biochar-co-application by 14% (p > 0.05) and 34% (p < 0.05), respectively. Nitrogen leaching was reduced by 26-35% with both biochar amendments. Biochar significantly reduced potassium, magnesium, and sulfur leaching. Most nitrogen associated with gBBF was released during the trial and the granulated biochar regained its microporosity. Enriching fertilizers with biochar by granulation or co-application can improve crop yields and decrease nutrient leaching. While the gBBF yielded less biomass compared to biochar co-application, improved mechanized field application after granulation could facilitate the implementation of biochar application in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jannis Grafmüller
- Institute of Sustainable Energy Systems (INES), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany.
- Ithaka Institute, Arbaz, Switzerland.
- Ithaka Institute, Goldbach, Germany.
- Plant Biogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Jens Möllmer
- Institut für Nichtklassische Chemie e.V. (INC), Leipzig, Germany
| | - E Marie Muehe
- Plant Biogeochemistry, Department of Geosciences, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
- Plant Biogeochemistry, Department of Applied Microbial Ecology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Claudia I Kammann
- Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Geisenheim, Germany
| | - Daniel Kray
- Institute of Sustainable Energy Systems (INES), Offenburg University of Applied Sciences, Offenburg, Germany
| | | | - Nikolas Hagemann
- Ithaka Institute, Arbaz, Switzerland
- Ithaka Institute, Goldbach, Germany
- Environmental Analytics, Agroscope, Zurich, Switzerland
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Wani OA, Akhter F, Kumar SS, Kanth RH, Dar ZA, Babu S, Hussain N, Mahdi SS, Alataway A, Dewidar AZ, Mattar MA. Pyrolyzed and unpyrolyzed residues enhance maize yield under varying rates of application and fertilization regimes. PeerJ 2024; 12:e17513. [PMID: 38887617 PMCID: PMC11182025 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.17513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Biochar is increasingly gaining popularity due to its extensive recommendation as a potential solution for addressing the concerns of food security and climate change in agroecosystems, with biochar application for increased carbon sequestration, enhanced soil fertility, improved soil health, and increased crop yield and quality. There have been multiple studies on crop yield utilizing various biochar types and application amounts; however, none have focused on the influence of diverse biochar types at various pyrolysis temperatures with different application amounts and the integration of fertilizer regimes in maize crops. Therefore, a two-year factorial field experiment was designed in a temperate Himalayan region of India (THRI) to evaluate the residual effect of different biochar on maize yield under different pyrolysis temperatures, various application rates and fertilizer regimes. The study included three factors viz., amendment type (factor 1), rate of application (factor 2) and fertilizer regime (factor 3). Amendment type included 7 treatments: No biochar- control (A1), apple biochar @ 400 °C pyrolysis temperature (A2), apple biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperature (A3), apple residue biomass (A4), dal weed biochar @ 400 °C pyrolysis temperature (A5), dal weed biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperatures (A6), and dal weed residue biomass (A7). The rate of application included 3 levels: Low (L- 1 t ha-1), medium (M- 2 t ha-1), and high (H- 3 t ha-1). At the same time, the fertilizer regimes included 2 treatments: No fertilizer (N) and recommended dose of fertilizer (F). The results revealed that among the various amendment type, rate of application and fertilizer regimes, the A3 amendment, H rate of application and F fertilizer regime gave the best maize growth and productivity outcome. Results revealed that among the different pyrolyzed residues used, the A3 amendment had the highest plant height (293.87 cm), most kernels cob-1 (535.75), highest soil plant analysis development (SPAD) value (58.10), greatest cob length (27.36 cm), maximum cob girth (18.18 cm), highest grain cob yield (1.40 Mg ha-1), highest grain yield (4.78 Mg ha-1), higher test weight (305.42 gm), and highest stover yield (2.50 Mg ha-1). The maximum dry weight in maize and the number of cobs plant-1 were recorded with amendments A4 (14.11 Mg ha-1) and A6 (1.77), respectively. The comparatively 2nd year of biochar application than the 1st year, the H level of the rate of application than the L rate and the application and integration of the recommended dose of fertilizer in maize results in significantly higher values of growth and productivity in maize. Overall, these findings suggest that the apple biochar @ 600 °C pyrolysis temperature (A3) at a high application rate with the addition of the recommended dose of fertilizer is the optimal biochar for enhancing the growth and productivity of maize in the THRI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owais Ali Wani
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | - Farida Akhter
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | - Shamal Shasang Kumar
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | - Raihana Habib Kanth
- Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | | | - Subhash Babu
- Division of Agronomy, ICAR - Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Syed Sheraz Mahdi
- Division of Agronomy, Faculty of Agriculture, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Kashmir, Kashmir, India
| | - Abed Alataway
- Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Z. Dewidar
- Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed A. Mattar
- Prince Sultan Bin Abdulaziz International Prize for Water Chair, Prince Sultan Institute for Environmental, Water and Desert Research, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Shang Y, Yin Y, Ying H, Tian X, Cui Z. Updated loss factors and high-resolution spatial variations for reactive nitrogen losses from Chinese rice paddies. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120752. [PMID: 38614004 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Anthropogenic reactive nitrogen (Nr) loss has been a critical environmental issue. However, due to the limitations of data availability and appropriate methods, the estimation of Nr loss from rice paddies and associated spatial patterns at a fine scale remain unclear. Here, we estimated the background Nr loss (BNL, i.e., Nr loss from soils without fertilization) and the loss factors (the percentage of Nr loss from synthetic fertilizer, LFs) for five loss pathways in rice paddies and identified the national 1 × 1 km spatial variations using data-driven models combined with multi-source data. Based on established machine learning models, an average of 23.4% (15.3-34.6%, 95% confidence interval) of the synthetic N fertilizer was lost to the environment, in the forms of NH3 (17.4%, 10.9-26.7%), N2O (0.5%, 0.3-0.8%), NO (0.2%, 0.1-0.4%), N leaching (3.1%, 0.8-5.7%), and runoff (2.3%, 0.6-4.5%). The total Nr loss from Chinese rice paddies was estimated to be 1.92 ± 0.52 Tg N yr-1 in 2021, in which synthetic fertilizer-induced Nr loss accounted for 69% and BNL accounted for the other 31%. The hotspots of Nr loss were concentrated in the middle and lower regions of the Yangtze River, an area with extensive rice cultivation. This study improved the estimation accuracy of Nr losses and identified the hotspots, which could provide updated insights for policymakers to set the priorities and strategies for Nr loss mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiwei Shang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China; Department of Agroecology, Aarhus University, 8830, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Yulong Yin
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
| | - Hao Ying
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Xingshuai Tian
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Zhenling Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, National Academy of Agriculture Green Development, Key Laboratory of Plant-Soil Interactions, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Low-carbon Green Agriculture, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China.
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6
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Cui X, Yuan J, Yang X, Wei C, Bi Y, Sun Q, Meng J, Han X. Biochar application alters soil metabolites and nitrogen cycle-related microorganisms in a soybean continuous cropping system. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170522. [PMID: 38309356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Biochar application is a promising practice to enhance soil fertility. However, it is unclear how field-aged biochar affects the soil metabolites and microbial communities in soybean fields. Here, the rhizosphere soil performance after amending with biochar addition rates at 0 (CK), 20 (B20), 40 (B40), and 60 t ha-1 (B60) was examined via a five-year in-situ field experiment based on a soybean continuous cropping system. Untargeted metabolomics and metagenomics analysis techniques were applied to study the regulatory mechanism of biochar on soybean growth from metabolomics and N cycle microbiology perspectives. We found that the contents of soil total N (TN), available N (Ava N), NH4+-N, and NO3--N were significantly increased with biochar addition amounts by 20.0-65.7 %, 3.6-10.7 %, 29.5-57.1 %, and 24.4-46.7 %, respectively. The B20, B40, and B60 triggered 259 (236 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated), 236 (220 were up-regulated and 16 were down-regulated), and 299 (264 were up-regulated and 35 were down-regulated) differential metabolites, respectively. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and topology analysis demonstrated that differential metabolites were highly enriched in seven metabolic pathways such as Oxidative phosphorylation and Benzoxazinoid biosynthesis. Moreover, ten differential metabolites were up-regulated in all three treatments with biochar. Biochar treatments decreased the Nitrospira abundance in soybean rhizosphere soil while increasing Bradyrhizobium abundance significantly in B60. Mantel test revealed that as the biochar addition rate grows, the correlation between Nitrospira and soil properties other than NO3--N became stronger. In conclusion, the co-application of biochar with fertilizers is a feasible and effective way to improve soil N supply, even though biochar has undergone field aging. This work offers new insights into the variations in soil metabolites and microbial communities associated with N metabolism processes under biochar addition in soybean continuous cropping soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Cui
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Yuan
- Liaodong University, Dandong 118001, China
| | - Xu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China.
| | - Chaoqun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Yinghui Bi
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Qiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Jun Meng
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
| | - Xiaori Han
- Key Laboratory of Biochar and Soil Improvement of Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang 110866, China
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Christensen S, Rousk K. Global N 2O emissions from our planet: Which fluxes are affected by man, and can we reduce these? iScience 2024; 27:109042. [PMID: 38333714 PMCID: PMC10850745 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
In some places, N2O emissions have doubled during the last 2-3 decades. Therefore, it is crucial to identify N2O emission hotspots from terrestrial and aquatic systems. Large variation in N2O emissions occur in managed as well as in natural areas. Natural unmanaged tropical and subtropical wet forests are important N2O sources globally. Emission hotspots, often coupled to human activities, vary across climate zones, whereas N2O emissions are most often a few kg N ha-1 year-1 from arable soils, drained organic soils in the boreal and temperate zones often release 20-30 kg N ha-1 year-1. Similar high N2O emissions occur from some tropical crops like tea, palm oil and bamboo. This strong link between increased N2O emissions and human activities highlight the potential to mitigate large emissions. In contrast, water where oxic and anoxic conditions meet are N2O emission hotspots as well, but not possible to reduce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Søren Christensen
- Copenhagen University, Department of Biology, VOLT, Center for Volatile Interactions, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrin Rousk
- Copenhagen University, Department of Biology, VOLT, Center for Volatile Interactions, Universitetsparken 15, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Lim J, Wehmeyer H, Heffner T, Aeppli M, Gu W, Kim PJ, Horn MA, Ho A. Resilience of aerobic methanotrophs in soils; spotlight on the methane sink under agriculture. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2024; 100:fiae008. [PMID: 38327184 PMCID: PMC10872700 DOI: 10.1093/femsec/fiae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Aerobic methanotrophs are a specialized microbial group, catalyzing the oxidation of methane. Disturbance-induced loss of methanotroph diversity/abundance, thus results in the loss of this biological methane sink. Here, we synthesized and conceptualized the resilience of the methanotrophs to sporadic, recurring, and compounded disturbances in soils. The methanotrophs showed remarkable resilience to sporadic disturbances, recovering in activity and population size. However, activity was severely compromised when disturbance persisted or reoccurred at increasing frequency, and was significantly impaired following change in land use. Next, we consolidated the impact of agricultural practices after land conversion on the soil methane sink. The effects of key interventions (tillage, organic matter input, and cover cropping) where much knowledge has been gathered were considered. Pairwise comparisons of these interventions to nontreated agricultural soils indicate that the agriculture-induced impact on the methane sink depends on the cropping system, which can be associated to the physiology of the methanotrophs. The impact of agriculture is more evident in upland soils, where the methanotrophs play a more prominent role than the methanogens in modulating overall methane flux. Although resilient to sporadic disturbances, the methanotrophs are vulnerable to compounded disturbances induced by anthropogenic activities, significantly affecting the methane sink function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeon Lim
- Institute for Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Helena Wehmeyer
- Nestlè Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
| | - Tanja Heffner
- Institute for Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Meret Aeppli
- Environmental Engineering Institute IIE-ENAC, Laboratory SOIL, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Valais Wallis, CH 1950 Sion, Switzerland
| | - Wenyu Gu
- Environmental Engineering Institute IIE-ENAC, Laboratory MICROBE, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pil Joo Kim
- Division of Applied Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Institute for Microbiology, Leibniz Universität Hannover, Herrenhäuser Str. 2, 30419 Hannover, Germany
| | - Adrian Ho
- Nestlè Research, Route du Jorat 57, CH 1000 Lausanne 26, Switzerland
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9
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Swain SS, Khura TK, Sahoo PK, Chobhe KA, Al-Ansari N, Kushwaha HL, Kushwaha NL, Panda KC, Lande SD, Singh C. Proportional impact prediction model of coating material on nitrate leaching of slow-release Urea Super Granules (USG) using machine learning and RSM technique. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3053. [PMID: 38321086 PMCID: PMC10847469 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53410-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
An accurate assessment of nitrate leaching is important for efficient fertiliser utilisation and groundwater pollution reduction. However, past studies could not efficiently model nitrate leaching due to utilisation of conventional algorithms. To address the issue, the current research employed advanced machine learning algorithms, viz., Support Vector Machine, Artificial Neural Network, Random Forest, M5 Tree (M5P), Reduced Error Pruning Tree (REPTree) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) to predict and optimize nitrate leaching. In this study, Urea Super Granules (USG) with three different coatings were used for the experiment in the soil columns, containing 1 kg soil with fertiliser placed in between. Statistical parameters, namely correlation coefficient, Mean Absolute Error, Willmott index, Root Mean Square Error and Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency were used to evaluate the performance of the ML techniques. In addition, a comparison was made in the test set among the machine learning models in which, RSM outperformed the rest of the models irrespective of coating type. Neem oil/ Acacia oil(ml): clay/sulfer (g): age (days) for minimum nitrate leaching was found to be 2.61: 1.67: 2.4 for coating of USG with bentonite clay and neem oil without heating, 2.18: 2: 1 for bentonite clay and neem oil with heating and 1.69: 1.64: 2.18 for coating USG with sulfer and acacia oil. The research would provide guidelines to researchers and policymakers to select the appropriate tool for precise prediction of nitrate leaching, which would optimise the yield and the benefit-cost ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Sekhar Swain
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Tapan Kumar Khura
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Pramod Kumar Sahoo
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kapil Atmaram Chobhe
- Division of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nadhir Al-Ansari
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Natural Resources Engineering, Lulea University of Technology, 97187, Lulea, Sweden.
| | - Hari Lal Kushwaha
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Nand Lal Kushwaha
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Kanhu Charan Panda
- Department of Soil Conservation, National PG College (Barhalganj), DDU Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, UP, 273402, India
| | - Satish Devram Lande
- Division of Agricultural Engineering, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Chandu Singh
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi, 110012, India
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10
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Liu Q, Wu Y, Ma J, Jiang J, You X, Lv R, Zhou S, Pan C, Liu B, Xu Q, Xie Z. How does biochar influence soil nitrification and nitrification-induced N 2O emissions? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168530. [PMID: 37963541 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Nitrification is a major pathway of N2O production, especially in aerobic soils. The amendment of soils with biochar has been suggested as a promising solution to regulate soil N cycle and reduce N2O emissions. However, there is a lack of comprehensive and quantitative understanding of biochar impacts on soil nitrification and nitrification-induced N2O emissions. In this study, a meta-analysis was conducted using data compiled across 95 peer-reviewed studies. Results showed that biochar in general significantly increased soil nitrification rate by 56 %, with overall no significant effect on nitrification-induced N2O emissions, suggesting that biochar likely restricted the fraction of nitrified N emitted as N2O emissions. The abundance of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) was significantly increased by 37 % following biochar addition, but that of ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) did not change significantly, indicating that the impact of biochar on AOB rather than AOA may play an important role in soil nitrification. The impacts of biochar on soil nitrification processes were heterogeneous depending on soil properties. Biochar increased soil nitrification rate and AOB abundance to a larger extent in poorly pH-buffered soils such as those with acidic pH (<5), low organic carbon (<10 g kg-1), or poor texture (rich in either sand or clay), which may be attributed to the liming and structural effects of biochar that regulate soil pH and water-air status. The overall no significant effect of biochar on nitrification-induced N2O emissions was due to a positive effect in acidic soils, a negative effect in alkaline soils, and little effect in neutral soils. This study provides a comprehensive insight into how different factors mediate the response of soil nitrification processes to biochar amendment, which contributes to a new understanding of biochar function in regulating soil N2O emissions, and can assist in designing biochar projects that would benefit soil N cycle while minimizing undesirable side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Liu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China.
| | - Yaxin Wu
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Jing Ma
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Jiangsu Vocational College of Agriculture and Forestry, No. 19, East Wenchang Road, Jurong 212400, China.
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xinyi You
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Runjin Lv
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Sijing Zhou
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Chang Pan
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, No. 159, Longpan Road, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Benjuan Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang 318000, China
| | - Qiao Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, No. 196 Huayang Xi Road, Yangzhou 225127, China
| | - Zubin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No.71 Beijing Dong Road, Nanjing 210008, China
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11
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Liu R, Hu Y, Zhan X, Zhong J, Zhao P, Feng H, Dong Q, Siddique KHM. The response of crop yield, carbon sequestration, and global warming potential to straw and biochar applications: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:167884. [PMID: 37858816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic materials play an important role in improving crop yield. However, due to variations in natural and field management practices, the impact of straw incorporation (NS) and biochar addition (NB) on soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration and global warming potential (GWP) remains uncertain. This meta-analysis synthesizes the findings from 112 published studies, encompassing 897 samples, to assess the effects of NS and NB on crop yield, SOC, and GWP. The results reveal that Northeast China has the highest SOC stocks (40.80 Mg ha-1) and annual SOC sequestration (4.27 Mg ha-1 yr-1) compared to other regions. Notably, the NS and NB differ in their effect sizes on improving crop yield (7.68 % and 8.23 %, respectively) and SOC (6.92 % and 30.72 %, respectively), with opposing effects on GWP (increasing by 37.69 % in NS and decreasing by 23.94 % in NB). Following organic material application, climatic conditions, crop and field type, and soil properties affected SOC content and GWP. The main factors influencing variations in crop yield, SOC, and GWP were mean annual temperature and precipitation, initial SOC content, and soil pH, accounting for 57.46 %-60.29 %, 54.75 %-58.52 %, and 61.81 %-65.11 %, respectively. Considering the need to balance food demand, soil fertility and environmental benefits, biochar emerges as a recommended strategy for advancing future agriculture goals. In summary, this study quantitatively assessed the impact of organic material on crop yield, SOC, and greenhouse gas emissions, offering a scientific foundation for optimizing these factors under diverse regional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Liu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yiyun Hu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Xiangsheng Zhan
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jiawang Zhong
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hao Feng
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China
| | - Qin'ge Dong
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China; Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China.
| | - Kadambot H M Siddique
- The UWA Institute of Agriculture and School of Agriculture & Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
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12
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Spiehs MJ, Woodbury BL. Ammonia and greenhouse gas emissions from beef feedlot surface material treated with aluminum sulfate (alum) or microbial amendments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2024; 53:1-11. [PMID: 38039444 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
A lab-scale study evaluated ammonia (NH3 ) and greenhouse gases, emissions when aluminum sulfate (alum) or a microbial product were added to beef feedlot surface material (FSM). Three kilograms of FSM and 1.5 kg of water were added to stainless steel pans (50 cm × 30 cm × 6.5 cm). Treatments included a control (no amendment), 450 g alum, or 0.5 g microbial product. The pans were placed in an environmental chamber that was maintained at 23°C and 50%-60% humidity. Emissions were measured three times weekly for 3 weeks. Ammonia, N2 O, and CH4 were lower (p < 0.01) from pans with amendments compared to the control pans; emissions from the FSM that received the microbial treatment were lower than the FSM treated with alum. Methane emissions were similar for the control and alum-treated FSM but lower (p < 0.01) for the FSM that was treated with the microbial product. Nitrate-N was lower, and NH4+ -N and total sulfur concentrations were higher in FSM treated with alum compared to no treatment or the microbial treatment (p < 0.01). Results indicate that both alum and microbial amendments have benefits in reducing emissions from the feedlot surface, with the microbial product providing additional reductions in emissions compared to the alum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy J Spiehs
- USDA, ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Bryan L Woodbury
- USDA, ARS U.S. Meat Animal Research Center, Clay Center, Nebraska, USA
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13
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Kazimierczuk K, Barrows SE, Olarte MV, Qafoku NP. Decarbonization of Agriculture: The Greenhouse Gas Impacts and Economics of Existing and Emerging Climate-Smart Practices. ACS ENGINEERING AU 2023; 3:426-442. [PMID: 38144676 PMCID: PMC10739617 DOI: 10.1021/acsengineeringau.3c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide emphasis on reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions has increased focus on the potential to mitigate emissions through climate-smart agricultural practices, including regenerative, digital, and controlled environment farming systems. The effectiveness of these solutions largely depends on their ability to address environmental concerns, generate economic returns, and meet supply chain needs. In this Review, we summarize the state of knowledge on the GHG impacts and profitability of these three existing and emerging farming systems. Although we find potential for CO2 mitigation in all three approaches (depending on site-specific and climatic factors), we point to the greater level of research covering the efficacy of regenerative and digital agriculture in tackling non-CO2 emissions (i.e., N2O and CH4), which account for the majority of agriculture's GHG footprint. Despite this greater research coverage, we still find significant methodological and data limitations in accounting for the major GHG fluxes of these practices, especially the lifetime CH4 footprint of more nascent climate-smart regenerative agriculture practices. Across the approaches explored, uncertainties remain about the overall efficacy and persistence of mitigation-particularly with respect to the offsetting of soil carbon sequestration gains by N2O emissions and the lifecycle emissions of controlled environment agriculture systems compared to traditional systems. We find that the economic feasibility of these practices is also system-specific, although regenerative agriculture is generally the most accessible climate-smart approach. Robust incentives (including carbon credit considerations), investments, and policy changes would make these practices more financially accessible to farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamila Kazimierczuk
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Sarah E. Barrows
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Mariefel V. Olarte
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Nikolla P. Qafoku
- Pacific
Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 99195, United States
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14
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Liang X, Zhou W, Yang R, Zhang D, Wang H, Li Q, Qi Z, Li Y, Lin W. Microbial mechanism of biochar addition to reduce N 2O emissions from soilless substrate systems. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119326. [PMID: 37844399 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
The soilless peat-based substrate partially solves the global soil problem in greenhouse vegetable production. However, it still produces serious N2O emissions due to the application of nutrient solutions. The pyrolysis biochar is regarded as an effective measure to reduce soil N2O emissions. However, the effect and mechanism of biochar on N2O emissions from the soilless substrate remain unknown. Therefore, this study set up six treatments by adjusting the ratio of biochar addition of peat-based substrate: 0% (0BC), 2% (2BC), 4% (4BC), 6% (6BC), 8% (8BC) and 10% (10BC) (v/v). The results showed that compared to the control treatment, N2O emissions reduced by 81%, 71%, 51%, 61%, and 75% in the 2BC, 4BC, 6BC, 8BC and 10BC treatments, respectively. In addition, lettuce yield increased by 10% and 7% in the 2BC and 4BC treatments and decreased by 0.5%, 4% and 6% in the 6BC, 8BC and 10BC treatments, respectively. Combining stable isotope technology, qPCR analysis and high-throughput sequencing, five microbial pathways of N2O production, including bacterial and archaea nitrification (BN and AN), denitrification performed by fungi, denitrifier bacteria and nitrifier bacteria (FD, DD and ND), were roughly distinguished. In addition, the extent of N2O reduction was obtained by δ18O vs.δ15NSP map. For all treatments, overall, the DD process (over 50%) was the main process of N2O production and reduction, while ND and AN processes were almost negligible (less 5%). In detail, the decrease of N2O emissions was caused by decreasing the contribution of FD in the 6BC, 8BC and 10BC treatments and reducing the contribution of BN in the 0BC and 2BC treatments. In addition, biochar addition increased the extent of N2O reduction to N2. In summary, the 2% biochar addition presented the greatest extent of N2O reduction to N2 (83%) and the lowest N2O emissions as well as the highest lettuce yields and nitrogen utilization efficiency. Therefore, 2% biochar is deemed the most optimal addition to the peat-based substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Liang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China.
| | - Wanlai Zhou
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Rui Yang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Dongdong Zhang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Hong Wang
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Qiaozhen Li
- Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Qi
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Chengdu University, Chengdu, 610106, PR China; Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
| | - Wei Lin
- Institute of Urban Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Chengdu, 610213, PR China; Environmental Stable Isotope Lab., Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100081, PR China.
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15
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Akpinar D, Chowdhury S, Tian J, Guo M, Barton S, Imhoff PT. Understanding a wood-derived biochar's impact on stormwater quality, plant growth, and survivability in bioretention soil mixtures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 348:119359. [PMID: 37871550 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Bioretention systems are planted media filters used in stormwater infrastructure. Maintaining plant growth and survival is challenging because most designs require significant sand. Conventional bioretention soil media (BSM) might be augmented with biochar to make the BSM more favorable to plants, to improve nutrient removal efficiency, and enhance plant survivability during drought while replacing compost/mulch components that have been linked to excess nutrient export. Pots with BSMs representing high and moderate sand content were amended with wood biochar, planted with switchgrass, and subjected to weekly storms for 20 weeks, followed by a 10-week drought. After 20 weeks, 4% biochar amendment significantly increased stormwater infiltration (67%) and plant available water (52%) in the high sand content BSM (NC mix, which meets requirements for the state of North Carolina (US) and contains no compost/mulch), and these favorable hydraulic properties were not statistically different from a moderate sand content, biochar-free BSM with compost/mulch (DE mix, which meets requirements for state of Delaware (US)). While biochar amendment improved plant height (25%), the number of shoots (89%), and total biomass (70%) in the NC mix, these parameters were still less than those in the biochar-free DE mix containing compost/mulch. TN and NO3-1 removal were also improved (28-35%) by biochar amendment to NC mix, and the resulting TN and TP loadings to groundwater were 10 and 7 times less, respectively than biochar-free DE mix with compost/mulch. During the drought period, biochar amendment increased the time to switchgrass wilting by ∼8 days in the NC mix but remained 40% less than the biochar-free DE mix. A recalcitrant carbon-like biochar mitigates some of the deleterious effects of high sand content BSM on plants, and where nutrient pollution is a concern, replacement of compost/mulch with wood biochar in BSM may be desired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Akpinar
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, 19716, Newark, USA
| | - Sraboni Chowdhury
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, 19716, Newark, USA; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Iowa, IA, 52242, Iowa City, USA
| | - Jing Tian
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, 610066, Chengdu, China
| | - Mingxin Guo
- Department of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Delaware State University, DE, 19901, Dover, USA
| | - Susan Barton
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, DE, 19716, Newark, USA
| | - Paul T Imhoff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, DE, 19716, Newark, USA.
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16
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Shah SH, Hussain MB, Haider G, Haq TU, Zahir ZA, Danish S, Paray BA, Kammann C. Acidified manure and nitrogen-enriched biochar showed short-term agronomic benefits on cotton-wheat cropping systems under alkaline arid field conditions. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22504. [PMID: 38110507 PMCID: PMC10728090 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48996-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Application of organic residues such as farm manure and biochar in various agricultural environments have shown positive effects on soil carbon sequestration. However, there is a lack of consensus regarding the agronomical benefits of a single and small dose of biochar and farm manure in arid alkaline soils. Therefore, a field experiment with the given treatments (1) control (no amendment), (2) acidified manure (AM) at 300 kg ha-1, (3) nitrogen (N) enriched biochar (NeB) at 3 Mg ha-1, and (4) an equal combination of AM + NeB (150 kg ha-1 AM + 1.5 Mg ha-1 NeB)) was conducted in a typical cotton-wheat cropping system. A parallel laboratory incubation study with the same amendments was carried out to account for soil carbon dioxide emission (CO2). The N enrichment of biochar and its co-application with acidified manure increased soil mineral N (NO3- and NH4+) in the topsoil (0-15 cm), and increased total N uptake (25.92% to 69.91%) in cotton over control, thus reducing N losses and increased uptake over control. Compared to the control, co-application of AM + NeB significantly improved soil N and P bioavailability, leading to increased plant biomass N, P, and K (32%, 40%, 6%, respectively) uptake over control. The plant's physiological and growth improvements [chlorophyll (+ 28.2%), height (+ 47%), leaf area (+ 17%), number of bolls (+ 7%), and average boll weight (+ 8%)] increased the agronomic yield in the first-season crop cotton by 25%. However, no positive response was observed in the second season wheat crop. This field study improved our understanding that co-application of acidified manure and N-enriched biochar in small dose can be a strategy to achieve short-term agronomic benefits and carbon sequestration in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suleman Haider Shah
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Baqir Hussain
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan.
| | - Ghulam Haider
- Department of Plant Biotechnology, Atta-Ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences (ASAB), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Tanveer Ul Haq
- Department of Soil and Environmental Sciences, Muhammad Nawaz Shareef University of Agriculture, Multan, Pakistan
| | - Zahir Ahmad Zahir
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Subhan Danish
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - Bilal Ahamad Paray
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, PO Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudia Kammann
- Climate Change Research for Special Crops, Department of Applied Ecology, Hochschule Geisenheim University, Von-Lade Str. 1, 65366, Geisenheim, Germany
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Chen Z, Liu J, Sun H, Xing J, Zhang Z, Jiang J. Effects of Biochar Applied in Either Rice or Wheat Seasons on the Production and Quality of Wheat and Nutrient Status in Paddy Profiles. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:4131. [PMID: 38140458 PMCID: PMC10747668 DOI: 10.3390/plants12244131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In a rice-wheat rotation system, biochar (BC) applied in different crop seasons undergoes contrast property changes in the soil. However, it is unclear how aged BC affects the production and quality of wheat and the nutrent status in a soil profile. In the present soil column experiment, the effects of no nitrogen (N) fertilizer and BC addition (control), N fertilizer (N420) and BC (5 t ha-1) applied at rice [N420 + BC(R)], or wheat [N420 + BC(W)] seasons at a same rate of N fertilizer (420 kg ha-1 yr-1) on yield and quality of wheat as well as the nutrient contents of soil profiles (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-30, 30-40, and 40-50 cm) were observed. The results showed that N420 + BC(W) significantly reduced NH4+-N content in 5-10 and 10-20 cm soils by 62.1% and 36.2%, respectively, compared with N420. In addition, N420 + BC(W) significantly reduced NO3--N contents by 17.8% and 40.4% in 0-5 and 20-30 cm profiles, respectively, but N420 + BC(R) slightly increased them. The BC applied in wheat season significantly increased the 0-5 and 40-50 cm soil total N contents (24.0% and 48.1%), and enhanced the 30-40 and 40-50 cm soil-available phosphorus contents (48.2 and 35.75%) as well as improved the 10-20 and 20-30 cm soil-available potassium content (38.1% and 57.5%). Overall, our results suggest that N420 + BC(W) had stronger improving effects on soil fertility than N420 + BC(R). Compared to N420, there was a significant 5.9% increase in wheat grain yield, but no change in total amino acids in wheat kernels in N420 + BC(W). Considering the responses of soil profile nutrient contents as well as wheat yield and quality to BC application in different crop seasons, it is more appropriate to apply BC in wheat season. Our results could provide a scientific basis for the ideal time to amend BC into the rice-wheat rotation system, in order to achieve more benefits of BC on crop production and soil fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zirui Chen
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jiale Liu
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Haijun Sun
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.J.)
| | - Jincheng Xing
- Institute of Jiangsu Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng 224002, China;
| | - Zhenhua Zhang
- Institute of Jiangsu Coastal Agricultural Sciences, Yancheng 224002, China;
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Co–Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; (Z.C.); (J.L.); (J.J.)
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18
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Kerner P, Struhs E, Mirkouei A, Aho K, Lohse KA, Dungan RS, You Y. Microbial Responses to Biochar Soil Amendment and Influential Factors: A Three-Level Meta-Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19838-19848. [PMID: 37943180 PMCID: PMC10702529 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is a multifunctional soil conditioner capable of enhancing soil health and crop production while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Understanding how soil microbes respond to biochar amendment is a vital step toward precision biochar application. Here, we quantitatively synthesized 3899 observations of 24 microbial responses from 61 primary studies worldwide. Biochar significantly boosts microbial abundance [microbial biomass carbon (MBC) > colony-forming unit (CFU)] and C- and N-cycling functions (dehydrogenase > cellulase > urease > invertase > nirS) and increases the potential nitrification rate by 40.8% while reducing cumulative N2O by 12.7%. Biochar derived at lower pyrolysis temperatures can better improve dehydrogenase and acid phosphatase and thus nutrient retention, but it also leads to more cumulative CO2. Biochar derived from lignocellulose or agricultural biomass can better inhibit N2O through modulating denitrification genes nirS and nosZ; repeated biochar amendment may be needed as inhibition is stronger in shorter durations. This study contributes to our understanding of microbial responses to soil biochar amendment and highlights the promise of purpose-driven biochar production and application in sustainable agriculture such that biochar preparation can be tuned to elicit the desired soil microbial responses, and an amendment plan can be optimized to invoke multiple benefits. We also discussed current knowledge gaps and future research needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Kerner
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Ethan Struhs
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Idaho, Idaho
Falls, Idaho 83402, United States
| | - Amin Mirkouei
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, University of
Idaho, Idaho
Falls, Idaho 83402, United States
- Industrial
Technology and Technology Management Programs, University of Idaho, Idaho Falls, Idaho 83402, United States
| | - Ken Aho
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Kathleen A. Lohse
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
| | - Robert S. Dungan
- Northwest
Irrigation and Soils Research Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture Agricultural Research Service, Kimberly, Idaho 83341, United States
| | - Yaqi You
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Idaho State University, Pocatello, Idaho 83209, United States
- Department
of Environmental Resources Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
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19
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Weldon S, Rivier PA, Joner EJ, Coutris C, Budai A. Co-composting of digestate and garden waste with biochar: effect on greenhouse gas production and fertilizer value of the matured compost. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2023; 44:4261-4271. [PMID: 35727051 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2089057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Biogas digestate is a nitrogen (N) rich waste product that has potential for application to soil as a fertilizer. Composting of digestate is recognized as an effective step to reduce potentially negative consequences of digestate application to soils. However, the structure of the digestate and the high N content can hinder effective composting. Biochar, which can be produced through the pyrolysis of waste biomass, has shown the potential to improve compost structure and increase N retention in soils. We studied how a high-temperature wood biochar affects the composting process, including greenhouse gas emissions, and the fertilizer value of the compost product including nutrient content, leachability and plant growth. The high Biochar dose (17% w/w) had a significantly positive effect on the maximum temperature (5°C increase vs. no biochar) and appeared to improve temperature stability during composting with less variability between replicates. Biochar addition reduced cumulative N2O emission by 65-70%, but had no significant effect on CO2 and CH4 emission. Biochar did not contribute to greater retention of nitrogen (N) contained in the digestate, but had a dilution effect on both N content and mineral nutrients. Fertilization with compost enhanced plant growth and nutrient retention in soil compared to mineral fertilization (NPK), but biochar had no additional effects on these parameters. Our results show that biochar improves the composting of digestate with no subsequent negative effects on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Weldon
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Pierre-Adrien Rivier
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Erik J Joner
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Claire Coutris
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
| | - Alice Budai
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, NMBU, Ås, Norway
- Norwegian Institute of Bioeconomy Research (NIBIO), Division of Environment and Natural Resources, Ås, Norway
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20
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Siedt M, Vonhoegen D, Smith KEC, Roß-Nickoll M, van Dongen JT, Schäffer A. Fermented biochar has a markedly different effect on fate of pesticides in soil than compost, straw, and a mixed biochar-product. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 344:140298. [PMID: 37758091 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Current knowledge about how biochars affect the fate of pesticides in soil is based on studies that used pure biochars. After finding that an additional biological post-pyrolysis treatment, such as co-composting or lactic fermentation, is required for biochars for superior performance in temperate arable soils, a knowledge gap formed of how such further processed biochar products would affect the fate of pesticides in soil. This study compared the effects of a novel fermented biochar alone or mixed with biogas residues on the fate of two pesticides, 4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) and metalaxyl-M, in a temperate arable soil to the traditional organic amendments wheat straw and compost. The fate of 14C-labeled MCPA was markedly affected in different ways. Fermented biochar effectively reduced the water-extractability and mineralization due to adsorption that was comparable to adsorption strengths reported for pure biochars. However, this effect was weak for the biochar mixed with biogas residues. Straw reduced water-extractable amounts due to increased biodegradation and formation of likely biogenic non-extractable residues of MCPA. In contrast, compost decelerated mineralization and increased the water solubility of the MCPA residues due to released dissolved organic matter. The amendments' effects were minor regarding 14C-metalaxyl-M, except for the fermented biochar which again reduced water-extractability and delayed degradation due to adsorption. Thus, the effects of the organic amendments differed for the two pesticide compounds with only the fermented biochar's effect being similar for both. However, this effect was no longer present in the mixed product containing 20% biochar. Our findings clearly show that biologically treated biochar-containing products can affect the fate of pesticides in soil very differently, also when compared to traditional organic amendments. Such impacts and their desirable and undesirable ecotoxicological implications need to be considered before the large-scale application of biochars to temperate arable soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Siedt
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; Molecular Ecology of the Rhizosphere, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Denise Vonhoegen
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kilian E C Smith
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Joost T van Dongen
- Molecular Ecology of the Rhizosphere, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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21
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Wang X, Chai J, Liu W, Zhu X, Liu H, Wei X. Promotion of Ca 2+ Accumulation in Roots by Exogenous Brassinosteroids as a Key Mechanism for Their Enhancement of Plant Salt Tolerance: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16123. [PMID: 38003311 PMCID: PMC10671333 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Brassinosteroids (BRs), the sixth major phytohormone, can regulate plant salt tolerance. Many studies have been conducted to investigate the effects of BRs on plant salt tolerance, generating a large amount of research data. However, a meta-analysis on regulating plant salt tolerance by BRs has not been reported. Therefore, this study conducted a meta-analysis of 132 studies to elucidate the most critical physiological mechanisms by which BRs regulate salt tolerance in plants from a higher dimension and analyze the best ways to apply BRs. The results showed that exogenous BRs significantly increased germination, plant height, root length, and biomass (total dry weight was the largest) of plants under salt stress. There was no significant difference between seed soaking and foliar spraying. However, the medium method (germination stage) and stem application (seedling stage) may be more effective in improving plant salt tolerance. BRs only inhibit germination in Solanaceae. BRs (2 μM), seed soaking for 12 h, and simultaneous treatment with salt stress had the highest germination rate. At the seedling stage, the activity of Brassinolide (C28H48O6) was higher than that of Homobrassinolide (C29H50O6), and post-treatment, BRs (0.02 μM) was the best solution. BRs are unsuitable for use in the germination stage when Sodium chloride is below 100 mM, and the effect is also weakest in the seedling stage. Exogenous BRs promoted photosynthesis, and antioxidant enzyme activity increased the accumulation of osmoregulatory and antioxidant substances and reduced the content of harmful substances and Na+, thus reducing cell damage and improving plant salt tolerance. BRs induced the most soluble protein, chlorophyll a, stomatal conductance, net photosynthetic rate, Glutathione peroxidase, and root-Ca2+, with BRs causing Ca2+ signals in roots probably constituting the most important reason for improving salt tolerance. BRs first promoted the accumulation of Ca2+ in roots, which increased the content of the above vital substances and enzyme activities through the Ca2+ signaling pathway, improving plant salt tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Jiali Chai
- Pratacultural College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenyu Liu
- Gansu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaolin Zhu
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Haixun Liu
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Xiaohong Wei
- Agronomy College, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China; (X.W.); (X.Z.)
- Gansu Provincial Key Laboratory of Aridland Crop Science, Lanzhou 730070, China
- Gansu Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic & Germplasm Enhancement, Lanzhou 730070, China
- College of Life Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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22
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Fu J, Zhou X, He Y, Liu R, Yao Y, Zhou G, Chen H, Zhou L, Fu Y, Bai SH. Co-application of biochar and organic amendments on soil greenhouse gas emissions: A meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 897:166171. [PMID: 37582442 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been shown to reduce soil greenhouse gas (GHG) and increase nutrient retention in soil; however, the interaction between biochar and organic amendments on GHG emissions remain largely unclear. In this study, we collected 162 two-factor observations to explore how biochar and organic amendments jointly affect soil GHG emissions. Our results showed that biochar addition significantly increased soil CO2 emission by 8.62 %, but reduced CH4 and N2O emissions by 27.0 % and 23.9 %, respectively. Meanwhile, organic amendments and the co-application with biochar resulted in an increase of global warming potential based on the 100-year time horizon (GWP100) by an average of 18.3 % and 26.1 %. More importantly, the interactive effect of biochar and organic amendments on CO2 emission was antagonistic (the combined effect was weaker than the sum of their individual effects), while additive on CH4 and N2O emissions. Additionally, our results suggested that when biochar is co-applied with organic amendments, soil GHG emissions were largely influenced by soil initial total carbon, soil texture, and biochar feedstocks. Our work highlights the important interactive effects of biochar and organic amendments on soil GHG emissions, and provides new insights for promoting ecosystem sustainability as well as mitigating future climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Fu
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Xuhui Zhou
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yanghui He
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China.
| | - Ruiqiang Liu
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Yixian Yao
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Guiyao Zhou
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, Puschstrasse 4, 04103 Leipzig, Germany; Laboratorio de Biodiversidad y Funcionamiento Ecosistémico, Instituto de Recursos Naturales y Agrobiología de Sevilla (IRNAS), CSIC, Av. Reina Mercedes 10, E-41012 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Hongyang Chen
- Northeast Asia ecosystem Carbon sink research Center (NACC), Center for Ecological Research, Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Lingyan Zhou
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yuling Fu
- Center for Global Change and Ecological Forecasting, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shahla Hosseini Bai
- Centre for Planetary Health and Food Security, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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23
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Wang L, Leghari SJ, Wu J, Wang N, Pang M, Jin L. Interactive effects of biochar and chemical fertilizer on water and nitrogen dynamics, soil properties and maize yield under different irrigation methods. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1230023. [PMID: 37746008 PMCID: PMC10511880 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1230023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Long-term application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer adversely degrades soil and decreases crop yield. Biochar amendment with N fertilizer not only can increase yield but also can improve the soil. A 3-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effect of biochar doses with N fertilizer on maize yield and soil N and water dynamics under border irrigation (BI) and drip irrigation (DI) methods. Treatments were 260 kg N ha-1 without biochar addition and combined with low, medium, and high doses of biochar, namely, 15.5 t ha-1, 30.7 t ha-1, and 45.3 t ha-1 (NB0, NB1, NB2, and NB3), respectively. The biochar doses and irrigation methods significantly (p < 0.05) increased maize growth and yield characteristics, irrigation water use efficiency (IWUE), and fertilizer N use efficiency (FNUE) and enhanced the soil properties. In the BI and DI method, the NB1, NB2, and NB3 treatments increased yield by 4.96%-6.10%, 8.36%-9.85%, and 9.65%-11.41%, respectively, compared to NB0. In terms of IWUE and FNUE, the non-biochar treatment had lower IWUE and FNUE compared to biochar combined with N fertilizer treatments under both BI and DI methods. In the BI method, the IWUE in NB2 and NB3 ranged from 3.36 to 3.43 kg kg-1, and in DI, it was maximum, ranging from 5.70 to 5.94 kg kg-1. Similarly, these medium and high doses of biochar increased the FNUE of maize. The FNUEs in NB2 and NB3 under BI ranged from 38.72 to 38.95 kg kg-1 and from 38.89 to 39.58 kg kg-1, while FNUEs of these same treatments under DI ranged from 48.26 to 49.58 kg kg-1 and from 48.92 to 50.28 kg kg-1. The effect of biochar was more obvious in DI as compared to the BI method because soil water content (SWC) and soil N concentrations (SNCs) were higher at rhizosphere soil layers under DI. Biochar improved SWC and SNC at 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm soil layers and decreased below 60-cm soil layers. In contrast, despite biochar-controlled SWC and SNCs, still, values of these parameters were higher in deeper soil layers. In the BI method, the SNCs were higher at 60-80 cm and 80-100 cm compared to the top and middle soil layers. Depth-wise results of SNC demonstrated that the biochar's ability to store SNC was further enhanced in the DI method. Moreover, biochar increased soil organic matter (OM) and soil aggregate stability and maintained pH. The NB0 treatment increased soil OM by 11.11%-14.60%, NB2 by 14.29%-19.42%, and NB3 by 21.98%-23.78% in both irrigation methods. This increased OM resulted in improved average soil aggregates stability by 2.45%-11.71% and 4.52%-14.66% in the BI and DI method, respectively. The results of our study revealed that combined application of N fertilizer with a medium dose of biochar under the DI method would be the best management practice, which will significantly increase crop yield, improve SWC, enrich SNC and OM, improve soil structure, and maintain pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shah Jahan Leghari
- College of Mechanical and Electronical Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jiajun Wu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Na Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Min Pang
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Hebei Agriculture University, Baoding, China
| | - Liang Jin
- Institute of Plant Nutrition, Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Agricultural and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, China
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24
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Zheng J, Zhou M, Zhu B, Fan J, Lin H, Ren B, Zhang F. Drip fertigation sustains crop productivity while mitigating reactive nitrogen losses in Chinese agricultural systems: Evidence from a meta-analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 886:163804. [PMID: 37150461 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Drip fertigation can synchronize the supply of nutrients and water for crop demand, offering the potential for minimizing negative environmental impacts and sustaining crop productivity. However, there are no comprehensive evaluations on performances of drip fertigation on environmental nitrogen (N) losses and crop productivity, nationwide. Here, a meta-analysis was performed to quantify overall effects of drip fertigation on N losses and crop productivity in Chinese agricultural systems based on 443 observations from 42 field studies. The results showed that drip fertigation significantly increased crop yields by 9.8 % and slightly increased soil NO emission by 13.9 % compared to the traditional irrigation and fertilization practices (e.g. flooding/furrow irrigation and N broadcasting), while significantly decreasing NH3 volatilization by 14.2 %, soil N2O emission by 28.1 % and NO3--N leaching loss by 71.2 %. There were significant mitigation potentials of environmental N losses by drip fertigation for cereal cropping systems, not for horticultural crops in terms of soil NO emission and not for cotton in terms of NH3 volatilization. Non significant promotion effect on NO emission and significant reduction effects on the other all kinds of environmental N losses by drip fertigation were observed for alkaline soils (pH > 7.3) and coarse-textured soils. In addition, the use of different fertilizer sources and/or soil amendments have shown in popularity as strategies to offset the negative feedback associated with agricultural N losses, no direct synthetic result was shown in drip-fertigated soils. We synthesized 19 studies so as to assess the potential mitigation options for further minimizing N losses in drip fertigation systems, which suggested that deleterious environmental pollution could be further reduced while still achieving high crop yields with a combination of enhanced-efficiency fertilizers (e.g. nitrification or urease inhibitors) or soil amendments (e.g. biochar or straw) to drip fertigation systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Bo Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Junliang Fan
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Hongyu Lin
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Bing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Mountain Surface Process and Ecological Regulation, Institute of Mountain Hazards and Environment, Chinese Academy of Science, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Fucang Zhang
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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25
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Peltokangas K, Kalu S, Huusko K, Havisalmi J, Heinonsalo J, Karhu K, Kulmala L, Liski J, Pihlatie M. Ligneous amendments increase soil organic carbon content in fine-textured boreal soils and modulate N2O emissions. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0284092. [PMID: 37561746 PMCID: PMC10414678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0284092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic soil amendments are used to improve soil quality and mitigate climate change. However, their effects on soil structure, nutrient and water retention as well as greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to determine the residual effects of a single field application of four ligneous soil amendments on soil structure and GHG emissions. We conducted a laboratory incubation experiment using soil samples collected from an ongoing soil-amendment field experiment at Qvidja Farm in south-west Finland, two years after a single application of four ligneous biomasses. Specifically, two biochars (willow and spruce) produced via slow pyrolysis, and two mixed pulp sludges from paper industry side-streams were applied at a rate of 9-22 Mg ha-1 mixed in the top 0.1 m soil layer. An unamended fertilized soil was used as a control. The laboratory incubation lasted for 33 days, during which the samples were kept at room temperature (21°C) and at 20%, 40%, 70% or 100% water holding capacity. Carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide (N2O) and methane (CH4) fluxes were measured periodically after 1, 5, 12, 20 and 33 days of incubation. The application of ligneous soil amendments increased the pH of the sampled soils by 0.4-0.8 units, whereas the effects on soil organic carbon content and soil structure varied between treatments. The GHG exchange was dominated by CO2 emissions, which were mainly unaffected by the soil amendment treatments. The contribution of soil CH4 exchange was negligible (nearly no emissions) compared to soil CO2 and N2O emissions. The soil N2O emissions exhibited a positive exponential relationship with soil moisture. Overall, the soil amendments reduced N2O emissions on average by 13%, 64%, 28%, and 37%, at the four soil moisture levels, respectively. Furthermore, the variation in N2O emissions between the amendments correlated positively with their liming effect. More specifically, the potential for the pulp sludge treatments to modulate N2O emissions was evident only in response to high water contents. This tendency to modulate N2O emissions was attributed to their capacity to increase soil pH and influence soil processes by persisting in the soil long after their application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Peltokangas
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Subin Kalu
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Karoliina Huusko
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jimi Havisalmi
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jussi Heinonsalo
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kristiina Karhu
- Department of Forest Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Liisa Kulmala
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Liski
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mari Pihlatie
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre (ViPS), University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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26
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Das P, Penton CR, Bi Y, Westerhoff P. Unraveling mechanisms behind reduced nitrate leaching with graphite nanomaterials addition with fertilizers in soil column experiments. CHEMOSPHERE 2023:139417. [PMID: 37419157 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 07/02/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Overuse or mistimed application of nitrogen fertilizer can cause nitrate contamination in groundwater and surrounding surface waters. Previous greenhouse studies have explored the use of graphene nanomaterials, including graphite nano additive (GNA), to reduce nitrate leaching in an agricultural soil while growing lettuce crops. To investigate the mechanism of GNA addition in suppressing nitrate leaching, we conducted soil column experiments using native agricultural soils under saturated or unsaturated flow conditions to simulate varied irrigation. We investigated the effects of temperature (4 °C compared with 20 °C) on microbial activity and dose effect of GNA was also explored (165 mg/kg soil and 1650 mg/kg soil) for biotic soil column experiments whereas a single temperature condition (20 °C) and GNA dose (165 mg/kg soil) was employed for abiotic (autoclaved) soil column experiments. Results showed GNA addition had minimal effects on nitrate leaching in saturated flow soil columns due to short hydraulic residence times (∼3.5 h). In comparison, longer residence times (∼3 d) in unsaturated soil columns reduced nitrate leaching by 25-31% relative to control soil columns without GNA addition. Furthermore, nitrate retention in the soil column was found to be suppressed at 4 °C compared with 20 °C, suggesting a bio-mediated mechanism for GNA addition to reduce nitrate leaching. In addition, the soil dissolved organic matter was found to be associated with nitrate leaching, where less nitrate leaching occurring when higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was measured in leachate water. Following studies of adding soil-derived organic carbon (SOC) resulted in greater nitrogen retention in the unsaturated soil columns only when GNA was present. Overall, the results suggest that GNA-amended soil reduces nitrate loss through increased N immobilization in the microbial biomass or loss of N in gaseous phase through enhanced nitrification and denitrification process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Partho Das
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - C Ryan Penton
- College of Integrative Sciences and Arts, Arizona State University, Mesa, AZ, USA; Center for Fundamental and Applied Microbiomics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Yuqiang Bi
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.
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Shrestha RK, Jacinthe PA, Lal R, Lorenz K, Singh MP, Demyan SM, Ren W, Lindsey LE. Biochar as a negative emission technology: A synthesis of field research on greenhouse gas emissions. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:769-798. [PMID: 36905388 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biochar is one of the few nature-based technologies with potential to help achieve net-zero emissions agriculture. Such an outcome would involve the mitigation of greenhouse gas (GHG) emission from agroecosystems and optimization of soil organic carbon sequestration. Interest in biochar application is heightened by its several co-benefits. Several reviews summarized past investigations on biochar, but these reviews mostly included laboratory, greenhouse, and mesocosm experiments. A synthesis of field studies is lacking, especially from a climate change mitigation standpoint. Our objectives are to (1) synthesize advances in field-based studies that have examined the GHG mitigation capacity of soil application of biochar and (2) identify limitations of the technology and research priorities. Field studies, published before 2022, were reviewed. Biochar has variable effects on GHG emissions, ranging from decrease, increase, to no change. Across studies, biochar reduced emissions of nitrous oxide (N2 O) by 18% and methane (CH4 ) by 3% but increased carbon dioxide (CO2 ) by 1.9%. When biochar was combined with N-fertilizer, it reduced CO2 , CH4 , and N2 O emissions in 61%, 64%, and 84% of the observations, and biochar plus other amendments reduced emissions in 78%, 92%, and 85% of the observations, respectively. Biochar has shown potential to reduce GHG emissions from soils, but long-term studies are needed to address discrepancies in emissions and identify best practices (rate, depth, and frequency) of biochar application to agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raj K Shrestha
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Pierre-Andre Jacinthe
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University Purdue University Indianapolis, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Rattan Lal
- CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Klaus Lorenz
- CFAES Rattan Lal Center for Carbon Management and Sequestration, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Maninder P Singh
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Scott M Demyan
- School of Environment and Natural Resources, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Laura E Lindsey
- Horticulture and Crop Science, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
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Harmsen M, Tabak C, Höglund-Isaksson L, Humpenöder F, Purohit P, van Vuuren D. Uncertainty in non-CO 2 greenhouse gas mitigation contributes to ambiguity in global climate policy feasibility. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2949. [PMID: 37268633 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38577-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite its projected crucial role in stringent, future global climate policy, non-CO2 greenhouse gas (NCGG) mitigation remains a large uncertain factor in climate research. A revision of the estimated mitigation potential has implications for the feasibility of global climate policy to reach the Paris Agreement climate goals. Here, we provide a systematic bottom-up estimate of the total uncertainty in NCGG mitigation, by developing 'optimistic', 'default' and 'pessimistic' long-term NCGG marginal abatement cost (MAC) curves, based on a comprehensive literature review of mitigation options. The global 1.5-degree climate target is found to be out of reach under pessimistic MAC assumptions, as is the 2-degree target under high emission assumptions. In a 2-degree scenario, MAC uncertainty translates into a large projected range in relative NCGG reduction (40-58%), carbon budget (±120 Gt CO2) and policy costs (±16%). Partly, the MAC uncertainty signifies a gap that could be bridged by human efforts, but largely it indicates uncertainty in technical limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathijs Harmsen
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands.
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Charlotte Tabak
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Lena Höglund-Isaksson
- Pollution Management Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Florian Humpenöder
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Member of the Leibniz Association, Potsdam, POBox 60 12 03, D-14412, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Pallav Purohit
- Pollution Management Group, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, A-2361, Laxenburg, Austria
| | - Detlef van Vuuren
- PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency, Bezuidenhoutseweg 30, NL-2594, AV, The Hague, the Netherlands
- Copernicus Institute of Sustainable Development, Utrecht University, Princetonlaan 8a, NL-3584, CB, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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Tian X, Chai G, Xie Q, Li G. Response of methylmercury in paddy soil and paddy rice to pristine biochar: A meta-analysis and environmental implications. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 257:114933. [PMID: 37099962 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has received increased research attention due to its effectiveness in mitigating the potential risks of mercury (Hg) in agricultural soils. However, there is a lack of consensus on the effect of pristine biochar on the net production, availability, and accumulation of methylmercury (MeHg) in the paddy rice-soil system. As such, a meta-analysis with 189 observations was performed to quantitatively assess the effects of biochar on Hg methylation, MeHg availability in paddy soil, and the accumulation of MeHg in paddy rice. Results suggested that biochar application could significantly increase the production of MeHg in paddy soil by 19.01%; biochar could also decrease the dissolved and available MeHg in paddy soil by 88.64% and 75.69%, respectively. More importantly, biochar application significantly inhibited the MeHg accumulation in paddy rice by 61.10%. These results highlight that biochar could decrease the availability of MeHg in paddy soil and thus inhibit MeHg accumulation in paddy rice, although it might facilitate the net production of MeHg in paddy soil. Additionally, results also indicated that the biochar feedstock and its elementary composition significantly impacted the net MeHg production in paddy soil. Generally, biochar with a low carbon content, high sulfur content, and low application rate might be beneficial for inhibiting Hg methylation in paddy soil, meaning that Hg methylation depends on biochar feedstock. These findings suggested that biochar has great potential to inhibit MeHg accumulation in paddy rice, and further research should focus on selecting biochar feedstock to control Hg methylation potential and determine its long-term effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaosong Tian
- College of Resources, Environment and Safety, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Guanqun Chai
- Institute of Soil and Fertilizer, Guizhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guiyang 550006, China
| | - Qing Xie
- College of Resources, Environment and Safety, Chongqing Vocational Institute of Engineering, Chongqing 402260, China.
| | - Guanghui Li
- Chongqing Engineering Research Center for Soil Contamination Control and Remediation, Chongqing 400067, China
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Kiani M, Zrim J, Simojoki A, Tammeorg O, Penttinen P, Markkanen T, Tammeorg P. Recycling eutrophic lake sediments into grass production: A four-year field experiment on agronomical and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161881. [PMID: 36731548 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Inefficient use of phosphorus (P) fertilizers leads to the transfer of P into water bodies, causing their eutrophication. Sediment removal is a promising lake restoration strategy that removes nutrients including P accumulated in lake sediments, and opens the opportunity to use removed nutrients in agriculture. In the present study, we investigated the effects of using a thick layer of sediment from the eutrophic Lake Mustijärv on plant growth, and estimated the environmental impacts of different sediment application methods by analyzing greenhouse gas emissions, N and P leaching, aggregate stability, and soil biota. The field experiment (2017-2020) was established on the lake shore with the following treatments: the agricultural control soil (Soil) surrounding the lake, pure sediment (Sed), biochar-treated sediment (SB), and biochar and soil mixed with sediment (SSB). The sediment-based treatments resulted in a similar grass growth performance to the Soil. The availability of most macro- and micronutrients including P (75 vs. 21 g m-3) were far greater in the Sed compared to the Soil. The sediment-based growing media emitted more CO2 than the Soil (579 vs. 400 mg CO2 - C m-2 h-1) presumably due to the high rate of organic matter decomposition. The bacterial and fungal community structures of the Sed were strongly differentiated from those of Soil. Also, Sed had lower bacterial diversity and a higher abundance of the bacterial phyla associated with solubilizing P including Proteobacteria and Chloroflexi. Sediment-based growing media increased more than seven times the risk of mineral N and P leaching, and the biochar treatment only had a short-lived beneficial effect on reduction of the sediment's leached P concentration. The sediment application rate should be adjusted to match the crop requirements to minimize greenhouse gas emissions and nutrient leaching when upscaling the case study to larger lakes with similar sediment properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Kiani
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jure Zrim
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Asko Simojoki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olga Tammeorg
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Chair of Hydrobiology and Fishery, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Petri Penttinen
- Department of Microbiology, College of Resources, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China; Department of Microbiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tuuli Markkanen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Priit Tammeorg
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Okebalama CB, Marschner B. Reapplication of biochar, sewage waste water, and NPK fertilizers affects soil fertility, aggregate stability, and carbon and nitrogen in dry-stable aggregates of semi-arid soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 866:161203. [PMID: 36581285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar has been applied to increased soil nutrients, especially C. In RCBD, control fresh water (CFW), sewage wastewater (SWW), NPK fertilizer, rice husk biochar (RHB), and NPK + RHB treatments were arranged with four replications. Soil chemical properties, dry-stable aggregate fractions [4.75-2.00 (Lma), 1.00-2.00 (Mma), 0.25-1.00 (Sma), and < 0.25 mm (Mia)], and aggregate total carbon (TC) and total nitrogen (TN) concentrations were evaluated over a 4-year period with repeated treatment additions in a vegetable-based rotation system. Soils amended with RHB, NPK and NPK + RHB showed slight acidification but no significant change in exchangeable cation content. The concentration of TC increased with NPK + RHB, NPK and RHB, while TN and available P increased with NPK and NPK + RHB treatments. The SWW increased soil pH and Na+ but decreased K+ concentration. Reapplication of SWW and NPK + RHB resulted in an increase in Lma formation by 28 % and 29 %, and MWD by 19 % and 21 %, respectively. The NPK and NPK + RHB treatments increased TC and TN in all aggregate fractions, while RHB only increased TC in macro-aggregates (4.75-0.25 mm) and TN in Sma. The increase in aggregate TC concentration was approximately 1.50-2.00 folds greater with NPK + RHB than with NPK and RHB treatments. Although the TC concentration was highest in both Mma and Sma fractions with the NPK + RHB treatment, the greater association of Lma (44 %) and Mma (31 %) with soil TC content may significantly affect the soil sustainability. The TC in Mma fraction was reflected in MWD (r = 0.53*, P = 0.05). Reapplication of RHB had limited potential for C and N sequestration in soil aggregates, but its combination with NPK produced a superior response in soil nutrients retention, soil structural stability, and TC and TN sequestration potential in micro- and macro- aggregate fractions. Therefore, NPK + RHB treatment is best suited for the sustainable management of the study and similar soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinyere Blessing Okebalama
- Department of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Nigeria Nsukka, Nigeria; Department of Soil Science/Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr, 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany.
| | - Bernd Marschner
- Department of Soil Science/Soil Ecology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstr, 150, D-44780 Bochum, Germany
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Zhang X, Jiao Y, Wang B, Xu X, Dong Y, Xiong Z. Biochar amendments and climate warming affected nitrification associated N 2O and NO production in a vegetable field. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 330:117178. [PMID: 36621315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.117178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil nitrification driven by ammonia-oxidizing microorganisms is the most important source of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO). Biochar amendment has been proposed as the most promising measure for combating climate warming; both have the potential to regulate the soil nitrification process. However, the comprehensive impacts of different aged biochars and warming combinations on soil nitrification-related N2O and NO production are not well understood. Here, 1-octyne and acetylene were used to investigate the relative contributions of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) and archaea (AOA) to potential nitrification-mediated N2O and NO production from the fertilized vegetable soil with different aged biochar amendments and soil temperatures in microcosm incubations. Results demonstrated that AOB dominated nitrification-related N2O and NO production across biochar additions and climate warming. Biochar amendment did not significantly influence the relative contribution of AOB and AOA to N2O and NO production. Field-aged biochar markedly reduced N2O and NO production via inhibiting AOB-amoA gene abundance and AOB-dependent N2O yield while fresh- and lab-aged biochar produced negligible effects on AOB-dependent N2O yield. Climate warming significantly increased N2O production and AOB-dependent N2O yield but less so on NO production. Notably, the relative contribution of AOB to N2O production was enhanced by climate warming, whereas AOB-derived NO showed the opposite tendency. Overall, the results revealed that field-aged biochar contributed to mitigating warming-induced increases in N2O and NO production via inhibiting AOB-amoA gene abundance and AOB-dependent N2O yield. Our findings provided guidance for mitigating nitrogen oxide emissions in intensively managed vegetable production under the context of biochar amendments and climate warming.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Department of Agricultural Soil Science, Georg-August University of Göttingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ying Jiao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Bingxue Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Xintong Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yubing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Zhengqin Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Cooper JA, Malakar A, Kaiser M. Self-functionalization of soil-aged biochar surfaces increases nitrate retention. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160644. [PMID: 36464046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Nutrient retention in biochar amended soil has yielded variable results, with poorly understood mechanisms. Identification of changes on biochar surfaces during in situ soil aging can provide mechanistic information on the role of biochar on nutrient retention. In the current greenhouse study, we analyzed changes of biochar surface characteristics from aging in two soils with different iron levels and amended with two types of manure under corn. On pristine biochar surfaces, we detected no iron species. In contrast, after soil aging (70 days), a self-functionalization of biochar surfaces with iron oxides was observed, which can be explained by soil redox cycles allowing reduced iron(II) to migrate on biochar surfaces followed by its re-oxidation. This self-functionalization is proposed as an underlying mechanism explaining the significantly (p < 0.01) increased nitrate retention by 29-180 % in biochar amended soil. Significant (p < 0.05) reductions in leachate phosphate (18-41 %) and dissolved organic carbon (8.8-55 %) were also observed after biochar surface functionalization. Our results indicate that redox-driven iron oxide formation on surfaces of biochar in the soil can be a critical process explaining the dynamic nature of nutrient retention observed in biochar amended soils. Identifying soil environmental conditions most beneficial for such surface functionalization, which has the potential to increase nutrient retention, is critical for implementing efficient biochar amendment strategies and for increased resource efficiency in agroecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Cooper
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1875 N 38th St, 279 Plant Sciences Hall, PO Box 830915, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA
| | - Arindam Malakar
- School of Natural Resources and Nebraska Water Center, part of the Robert B. Daugherty Water for Food Global Institute, 135 Keim Hall, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68583-0844, USA.
| | - Michael Kaiser
- Department of Agronomy & Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, 1875 N 38th St, 279 Plant Sciences Hall, PO Box 830915, Lincoln, NE 68583-0915, USA
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Ma H, Jia X, Yang J, Liu J, Shangguan Z, Yan W. Inhibitors mitigate N 2O emissions more effectively than biochar: A global perspective. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160416. [PMID: 36427723 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Farmlands receive large amounts of nitrogen (N) from anthropogenic activities, which increase N2O emissions and promote crop productivity. Inhibitor or biochar applications have proven effective in reducing N2O emissions and promoting crop yields worldwide. However, a direct comparison of the response of N2O emissions and crop yields to inhibitor and biochar applications has not been performed. Here, we conducted a meta-analysis of 787 datasets from different locations worldwide to investigate the response of N2O emissions and crop yields to inhibitor or biochar applications for different climate factors and experimental conditions and determine the key influencing factors. We found that inhibitor applications (37.4 %) resulted in larger N2O emission reductions than biochar applications (20.2 %), but there was no difference in the crop yield improvement (5.8 % and 5.4 %, respectively). Nitrification inhibitor (NI) applications reduced N2O emissions by 40.8 %, a larger reduction than that of urease inhibitor (UI) applications (24.3 %) and the combination of NI and UI applications (36.4 %); 3,4-dimethylpyrazole succinic (DMPSA) was the most effective NI in reducing N2O emissions (50.7 %). We also found that NI applications were more effective in reducing N2O emissions than biochar applications in different climates and experimental conditions (N source, N rate, cropland type, and soil texture). In addition, the N rate was the most important factor impacting N2O emissions and crop yields when inhibitors were applied, whereas the experimental duration had the largest influence on N2O emissions under biochar applications. Moreover, soil factors were also related to N2O emissions under biochar applications or inhibitor applications. Our findings indicate that inhibitors are more effective in reducing N2O emissions than biochar worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongze Ma
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Jingyi Yang
- Shaanxi Institute of Geo-Environment Monitoring, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710000, PR China
| | - Jin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Zhouping Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China
| | - Weiming Yan
- Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Soil Erosion and Dryland Farming on the Loess Plateau, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, PR China.
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Zheng X, Song W, Ding S, Han L, Dong J, Feng Y, Feng Y. Environmental risk of microplastics after field aging: Reduced rice yield without mitigating yield-scale ammonia volatilization from paddy soils. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120823. [PMID: 36481464 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics (MPs, <5 mm) are enriched in paddy ecosystems as emerging environmental pollutants. Biochar (BC) is a controversial recalcitrant carbon product that poses potential environmental risks. The presence of these two exogenous organic substances has been demonstrated to have impacts on soil nitrogen cycling and crop production. However, the after-effects of MPs and BC on soil ammonia (NH3) volatilization and rice yield after field aging remain unexplored. In this study, two common MPs, including polyethylene (PE) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN), and BC were selected for rice growing season observations to study the impacts on soil NH3 volatilization and rice yield after field aging. The results showed that the reduction of cumulative soil NH3 losses by MPs was around 45% after one-year field aging, which was within the range of 40-57% in the previous rice season. Abatement of NH3 volatilization by MPs mainly occurred in basal fertilization and was related to floodwater pH. Besides, the reduction rate of NH3 volatilization by BC and MPs + BC was enhanced after field aging (63% and 50-57%) compared to that in the previous rice season (5% and 11-19%), with the abatement process occurring in the first supplementary fertilization. There was a significant positive correlation between cumulative NH3 volatilization and soil urease activity. Notably, field aging removed the positive effect of MPs and MPs + BC in reducing yield-scale NH3 losses in the previous rice season (∼62%). Furthermore, despite BC affecting rice yield insignificantly after field aging, the presence of MPs led to a significant 17-19% reduction in rice yield. Our findings reveal that differences in the after-effects of BC and MPs in field aging emerge, where the negative impacts of MPs on soil NH3 abatement and crop yield are progressively becoming apparent and should be taken into serious consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebo Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Wenjing Song
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Shudong Ding
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
| | - Lanfang Han
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Water Quality Improvement and Ecological Restoration for Watersheds, Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianxin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Tobacco Biology and Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tobacco Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qingdao 266101, China
| | - Yuanyuan Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China.
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, China
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Egbeagu UU, Liu W, Zhang J, Sun L, Bello A, Wang B, Deng L, Sun Y, Han Y, Zhao Y, Zhao L, Zhao M, Bi R, Jong C, Shi S, Xu X. The activity of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria on the residual effect of biochar-compost amended soils in two cropping seasons. Biochem Eng J 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Constantinescu-Aruxandei D, Oancea F. Closing the Nutrient Loop-The New Approaches to Recovering Biomass Minerals during the Biorefinery Processes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2096. [PMID: 36767462 PMCID: PMC9915181 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The recovery of plant mineral nutrients from the bio-based value chains is essential for a sustainable, circular bioeconomy, wherein resources are (re)used sustainably. The widest used approach is to recover plant nutrients on the last stage of biomass utilization processes-e.g., from ash, wastewater, or anaerobic digestate. The best approach is to recover mineral nutrients from the initial stages of biomass biorefinery, especially during biomass pre-treatments. Our paper aims to evaluate the nutrient recovery solutions from a trans-sectorial perspective, including biomass processing and the agricultural use of recovered nutrients. Several solutions integrated with the biomass pre-treatment stage, such as leaching/bioleaching, recovery from pre-treatment neoteric solvents, ionic liquids (ILs), and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) or integrated with hydrothermal treatments are discussed. Reducing mineral contents on silicon, phosphorus, and nitrogen biomass before the core biorefinery processes improves processability and yield and reduces corrosion and fouling effects. The recovered minerals are used as bio-based fertilizers or as silica-based plant biostimulants, with economic and environmental benefits.
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Lin H, Guo S, Han Z, Liu S, Wang J, Zou J. Can biochar application improve the net economic benefits of tea plantations? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159029. [PMID: 36167128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biochar applied to the soil can contribute to the sustainability of agriculture by promoting ecosystem services. Tea production contributes to addressing hunger and poverty in developing countries. However, little is known about the impact of biochar amendment on ecosystem services in tea plantations. We evaluated ecosystem services from an economic assessment perspective to better understand the effects of biochar on ecosystem services and dis-services. We conducted field experiments in two subtropical tea plantations with three treatments: no fertilizer and compound fertilizers applied without and with biochar. Results showed that biochar increased the net ecosystem carbon budget by 17-fold through direct carbon addition, thus increasing regulating services. Compared to compound fertilizer alone, biochar application reduced total reactive nitrogen loss by an average of 1.8 % due to an average reduction of 16.2 % and 21.5 % in nitrous oxide and nitric oxide emissions, respectively. However, the high cost of biochar, the low environmental benefits due to the low carbon price, and the fact that biochar did not provide additional economic profit made the net ecosystem economic benefits unsatisfactory. For comparison, we set up an optimistic scenario based on the increased carbon price ($160/ton CO2-equivalent) and the documented effects of biochar on yield (+9.6 %), nitrogen leaching/runoff (-24 %), and ammonia volatilization (+14 %). The scenario analysis showed that increased yields and higher carbon prices could contribute to the increase in net ecosystem economic benefits. Taken together, our findings suggest that the impact of biochar on yield benefits is the key to biochar application and that a market-regulated carbon price accompanied by appropriate ecological compensation is necessary to effectively promote biochar application by farmers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Lin
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shumin Guo
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Han
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shuwei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jinyang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jianwen Zou
- Key Laboratory of Green and Low-Carbon Agriculture in Southeastern China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Solid Organic Waste Resource Utilization, Nanjing 210095, Jiangsu, China
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Hu Y, Thomsen TP, Fenton O, Sommer SG, Shi W, Cui W. Effects of dairy processing sludge and derived biochar on greenhouse gas emissions from Danish and Irish soils. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 216:114543. [PMID: 36252841 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Globally, to ensure food security bio-based fertilizers must replace a percentage of chemical fertilizers. Such replacement must be deemed sustainable from agronomic and greenhouse gas (GHG) emission perspectives. For agronomic performance several controlled protocols are in place but not for testing GHG emissions. Herein, a pre-screening tool is presented to examine GHG emissions from bio-waste as fertilizers. The various treatments examined are as follows: soil with added mineral nitrogen (N, 140 kg N ha-1) fertilizer (MF), the same amount of MF combined with dairy processing sludge (DS), sludge-derived biochar produced at 450 °C (BC450) and 700 °C (BC700) and untreated control (CK). These treatments were combined with Danish (sandy loam) or Irish (clay loam) soils, with carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions and soil inorganic-N contents measured on selected days. During the incubation, biochar mitigated N2O emissions by regulating denitrification. BC450 reduced N2O emissions from Danish soil by 95.5% and BC700 by 97.7% compared to emissions with the sludge application, and for Irish soil, the N2O reductions were 93.6% and 32.3%, respectively. For both soils, biochar reduced CO2 emissions by 50% as compared to the sludge. The lower N2O reduction potential of BC700 for Irish soil could be due to the high soil organic carbon and clay content and pyrolysis temperature. For the same reasons emissions of N2O and CO2 from Irish soil were significantly higher than from Danish soil. The temporal variation in N2O emissions was correlated with soil inorganic-N contents. The CH4 emissions across treatments were not significantly different. This study developed a simple and cost-effective pre-screening method to evaluate the GHG emission potential of new bio-waste before its field application and guide the development of national emission inventories, towards achieving the goals of circular economy and the European Green Deal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihuai Hu
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 12, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Tobias Pape Thomsen
- Department of People and Technology, Roskilde University, Universitetsvej 1, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Owen Fenton
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland
| | - Sven Gjedde Sommer
- Department of Biological and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University, Finlandsgade 12, 8200, Aarhus N, Denmark.
| | - Wenxuan Shi
- Teagasc, Johnstown Castle, Environment Research Centre, Wexford, Ireland; Civil Engineering and Ryan Institute, College of Science and Engineering, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Wenjing Cui
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
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Sun L, Yu Y, Petropoulos E, Cui X, Wang S. Long-Term Manure Amendment Sustains Black Soil Biodiversity by Mitigating Acidification Induced by Chemical N Fertilization. Microorganisms 2022; 11:microorganisms11010064. [PMID: 36677356 PMCID: PMC9861357 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11010064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-term use of chemical N fertilization may have a negative impact upon soil fertility and quality. On the contrary, organic fertilization is considered a sustainable development agricultural strategy. However, the remediation effect of organic fertilization on agroecosystems remains unclear. This study was conducted in a long-term (1979−2020) field experiment to investigate the influence of organic and chemical fertilizers on the soil microbiome assembly processes. The experiment consisted of six treatments: chemical N fertilization (N), double N fertilization (N2), organic fertilization (M), organic and N fertilization (MN), double organic and N fertilization (M2N2), and unfertilized control. The chemical N fertilization (N and N2) treatments significantly decreased soil microbial diversity, as well as soil pH, compared to the Control treatments (p < 0.05). MN and M2N2 treatments increased microbial diversity compared to that of N and N2 treatments. The combination of organic and chemical N fertilizer recovered the decreased microbial diversity to the level of the Control and M treatments, but the application of double organic fertilizer (M2N2) still showed a significantly lower microbial diversity than that of the Control and M treatments. From the results of the microbial community assembly processes, it was found that environmental filtering was induced by N fertilization, while organic fertilization developed a stochastic process and mitigated the role of environmental filtering in the community assembly process. An ecological network analysis showed that the decrease in Acidobacteria in organic fertilization treatments played a key role in mitigating the soil acidification induced by 40-year chemical N fertilization. It indicated that organic fertilizer could mitigate the decrease in soil fertility induced by chemical N fertilization. Higher environmental filtering effects in M2N2 than those in MN treatments suggested that the mitigation effect of organic fertilizer was weakened when double chemical N fertilization was applied in black soils. These results are helpful for a unified understanding of the ecological processes for microbial communities in the development of sustainable agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
| | - Yongjie Yu
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
- School of Engineering, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK
| | | | - Xiaoyang Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Forest Ecosystem Management-Ministry of Education, School of Forestry, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (S.W.)
| | - Shuang Wang
- Heilongjiang Academy of Black Soil Conservation & Utilization, Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Harbin 150086, China
- Correspondence: (X.C.); (S.W.)
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Sun H, Chen Y, Yi Z. After-Effects of Hydrochar Amendment on Water Spinach Production, N Leaching, and N 2O Emission from a Vegetable Soil under Varying N-Inputs. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3444. [PMID: 36559564 PMCID: PMC9781639 DOI: 10.3390/plants11243444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Biochar use in agriculture brings significant agronomic and environmental co-benefits, which are a function of biochar and crop types and nitrogen (N) rates. We here conducted a soil column experiment to evaluate the after-effects of hydrochar amendment at 0.5 and 2.0 wt% on vegetable production, N recovery and losses via leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from water-spinach (Ipomoea aquatica Forsk)-planted vegetable soil receiving three N inputs (120, 160, and 200 kg/ha). The results showed that hydrochar with 2.0 wt% significantly (p < 0.05) improved the biomass yield of water spinach, receiving 120−160 kg N/ha by 11.6−14.2%, compared with no change in the hydrochar treatment. Hydrochar had no effect on total N content of water spinach, and only increased the total N recovery under 2.0 wt% given hydrochar amended treatment with 120 kg N/ha. Neither pH or EC of leachate was changed with N reduction or hydrochar application. However, in some cases, hydrochar changes the NH4+, NO3− and total N concentrations in leachate. When applied at 2.0 wt%, hydrochar significantly (p < 0.05) increased total N leaching losses by 28.9% and 57.1%, under 120 and 160 kg N/ha plot, respectively. Hydrochar applied at two rates increased the N2O emissions by 109−133% under 200 kg N/ha but decreased them by 46−67% under 160 kg N/ha. Therefore, after three years of application, hydrochar still improves the production of leafy vegetable, but the impacts on N leaching and N2O emission vary, depending on inorganic N and hydrochar application rates.
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Zhang M, Liu Y, Wei Q, Gu X, Liu L, Gou J. Biochar application ameliorated the nutrient content and fungal community structure in different yellow soil depths in the karst area of Southwest China. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1020832. [PMID: 36352867 PMCID: PMC9638009 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1020832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The influence of biochar on the change of nutrient content and fungal community structure is still not clear, especially in different yellow soil depths in karst areas. A soil column leaching simulation experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of biochar on soil content, enzymatic activity, and fungal community diversity and structural composition. Three biochar amounts were studied, namely, 0%(NB, no biochar), 1.0%(LB, low-application-rate biochar), and 4.0% (HB, high-application-rate biochar). The results showed that biochar increased the pH value and the contents of soil organic matter (SOM), total nitrogen (TN), available phosphorus (AP), and available potassium (AK) but reduced the microbial biomass carbon (MBC) and microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN). Furthermore, this effect was enhanced with increasing biochar amount. Biochar was conducive to improving the nutrient availability in topsoil (0-20 cm), especially TN, AK, and MBN. Meanwhile, biochar affected the enzymatic activity, especially the sucrase activity. Biochar affected the diversity and structure of the fungal community, of which HB treatment had the most obvious effect. Among these treatments, Aspergillus, unclassified_Chaetomiaceae, Mortierella, Spizellomyces, Penicillium, Fusarium, and unclassified_Chromista fungal genera were the highest. Moreover, biochar inhibited the growth of harmful pathogens and increased the abundance of beneficial fungi in soil, and the effect was enhanced with increasing biochar amount and soil depth. Redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that AK was an important factor in yellow soil, although the main environmental factors affecting the fungal community structure were different in different soil depths. Overall, biochar had a positive effect on improving the land productivity and micro-ecological environment of yellow soil in the karst area.
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Ghorbani M, Konvalina P, Walkiewicz A, Neugschwandtner RW, Kopecký M, Zamanian K, Chen WH, Bucur D. Feasibility of Biochar Derived from Sewage Sludge to Promote Sustainable Agriculture and Mitigate GHG Emissions-A Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:12983. [PMID: 36232283 PMCID: PMC9564516 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge (SS) has been connected to a variety of global environmental problems. Assessing the risk of various disposal techniques can be quite useful in recommending appropriate management. The preparation of sewage sludge biochar (SSB) and its impacts on soil characteristics, plant health, nutrient leaching, and greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are critically reviewed in this study. Comparing the features of SSB obtained at various pyrolysis temperatures revealed changes in its elemental content. Lower hydrogen/carbon ratios in SSB generated at higher pyrolysis temperatures point to the existence of more aromatic carbon molecules. Additionally, the preparation of SSB has an increased ash content, a lower yield, and a higher surface area as a result of the rise in pyrolysis temperature. The worldwide potential of SS output and CO2-equivalent emissions in 2050 were predicted as factors of global population and common disposal management in order to create a futuristic strategy and cope with the quantity of abundant global SS. According to estimations, the worldwide SS output and associated CO2-eq emissions were around 115 million tons dry solid (Mt DS) and 14,139 teragrams (Tg), respectively, in 2020. This quantity will rise to about 138 Mt DS sewage sludge and 16985 Tg CO2-eq emissions in 2050, a 20% increase. In this regard, developing and populous countries may support economic growth by utilizing low-cost methods for producing biochar and employing it in local agriculture. To completely comprehend the benefits and drawbacks of SSB as a soil supplement, further study on long-term field applications of SSB is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ghorbani
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Konvalina
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Walkiewicz
- Department of Natural Environment Biogeochemistry, Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Doświadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland
| | - Reinhard W. Neugschwandtner
- Department of Crop Sciences, Institute of Agronomy, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences Vienna, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - Marek Kopecký
- Department of Agroecosystems, Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, University of South Bohemia in Ceske Budejovice, Branišovská 1645/31A, 370 05 Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Kazem Zamanian
- Department of Soil Science of Temperate Ecosystems, Georg August University of Goettingen, Büsgenweg 2, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Wei-Hsin Chen
- Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, National Cheng Kung University, University Road/70101, Tainan 70101, Taiwan or
- Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Chin-Yi University of Technology, Taichung 411, Taiwan
| | - Daniel Bucur
- Department of Pedotechnics, Faculty of Agriculture, Iasi University of Life Sciences, 3 Mihail Sadoveanu Alley, 700490 Iasi, Romania
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Zhang X, Zhang J, Song M, Dong Y, Xiong Z. N 2O and NO production and functional microbes responding to biochar aging process in an intensified vegetable soil. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119491. [PMID: 35597489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Vegetable soils with high nitrogen input are hotspots of nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO), and biochar amended to soil has been documented to effectively decrease N2O and NO emissions. However, the aging effects of biochar on soil N2O and NO production and the relevant mechanisms are not thoroughly understood. A15N tracing microcosm study was conducted to clarify the responses of N2O and NO production pathways to the biochar aging process in vegetable soil. The results showed that autotrophic nitrification was the predominant source of N2O production. Biochar aging increased the O-containing functional groups while lowering the aromaticity and pore size. Fresh biochar enhanced the AOB-amoA gene abundance and obviously stimulated N2O production by 15.5% via autotrophic nitrification and denitrification. In contrast, field-aged biochar markedly weakened autotrophic nitrification and denitrification and thus decreased N2O production by 17.0%, as evidenced by the change in AOB-amoA and nosZI gene abundances. However, the amendment with artificially lab-aged biochar had no effect on N2O production. With the extension of aging time, biochar application reduced the soil NO production dominated by nitrification. Changes in the N2O and NO fluxes were closely associated with soil NH4+-N and NO2--N contents, indicating that autotrophic nitrification played a critical role in NO production. Overall, our study demonstrated that field-aged biochar suppressed N2O production via autotrophic nitrification and denitrification by regulating associated functional genes, but not for lab-aged biochar or fresh biochar. These findings improved our insights regarding the implications of biochar aging on N2O and NO mitigation in vegetable soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Junqian Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Mengxin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yubing Dong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China; Huaiyin Institute of Agricultural Sciences of Xuhuai Region in Jiangsu, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Huaian, 223001, China
| | - Zhengqin Xiong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Agriculture and GHGs Mitigation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
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Zhang Y, Jeyakumar P, Xia C, Lam SS, Jiang J, Sun H, Shi W. Being applied at rice or wheat season impacts biochar's effect on gaseous nitrogen pollutants from the wheat growth cycle. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 306:119409. [PMID: 35513200 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biochar (BC) application to agricultural soil can impact two nitrogen (N) gases pollutants, i.e., the ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) losses to atmospheric environment. Under rice-wheat rotation, applied at which growth cycle may influence the aforementioned effects of BC. We conducted a soil column (35 cm in inner diameter and 70 cm in height) experiment to evaluate the responses of wheat N use efficiency (NUE), NH3 volatilization, and N2O emission from wheat season to biochar applied at rice (R) or wheat (W) growth cycle, meanwhile regarding the effect of inorganic fertilizer N input rate, i.e., 72, 90, and 108 kg ha-1 (named N72, N90, and N108, respectively). The results showed that BC application influenced the wheat growth and grain yield. In particular, BC applied at rice season increased the wheat grain yield when receiving 90 and 108 kg N ha-1. The improved wheat grain yield was attributed to that N90 + BC(R) and N108 + BC(R) enhanced the wheat NUE by 53.8% and 52.8% over N90 and N108, respectively. More N input led to higher NH3 volatilization and its emission factor. Interestingly, 19.7%-34.0% lower NH3 vitalizations were recorded under treatments with BC applied in rice season, compared with the treatments only with fertilizer N. BC applied at rice season exerted higher efficiency on mitigating N2O emission than that applied at wheat season under three N input rates, i.e., 60.5%-77.6% vs 29.8%-34.8%. Overall, considering the crop yield and global warming potential resulting from NH3 volatilization and N2O emission of wheat season, N90 + BC(R) is recommended. In conclusion, farmers should consider the application time and reduce inorganic fertilizer N rate when using BC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Paramsothy Jeyakumar
- Environmental Sciences, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, 4442, New Zealand
| | - Changlei Xia
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Su Shiung Lam
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, International Innovation Center for Forest Chemicals and Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China; Higher Institution Centre of Excellence (HICoE), Institute of Tropical Aquaculture and Fisheries (AKUATROP), Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, 21030, Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Jiang Jiang
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Haijun Sun
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Forestry, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Weiming Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Biochar: Production, Applications, and Market Prospects in Portugal. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9080095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Biochar produced during the thermochemical decomposition of biomass is an environmentally friendly replacement for different carbon materials and can be used for carbon sequestration to mitigate climate change. In this paper, current biochar production processes and top market applications are reviewed, as well as emerging biochar uses gaining momentum in the market. Various application fields of biochar, including agricultural applications (e.g., soil conditioning), adsorption (for soil and water pollutants), carbon sequestration, catalysis, or incorporation into composites or construction materials, are also presented and discussed. According to this literature overview, slow pyrolysis is the preferred process for biochar production, whereas agricultural applications (for soil conditioning and fertilization) are the most studied and market-ready solutions for biochar use. The Alentejo region (Portugal) shows tremendous potential to be a major player in the developing biochar market considering feedstock availability and large areas for biochar agricultural application. Biochar’s production potential and possible benefits were also estimated for this Portuguese region, proving that agricultural application can effectively lead to many environmental, economic, and social gains.
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Abalos D, Recous S, Butterbach-Bahl K, De Notaris C, Rittl TF, Topp CFE, Petersen SO, Hansen S, Bleken MA, Rees RM, Olesen JE. A review and meta-analysis of mitigation measures for nitrous oxide emissions from crop residues. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 828:154388. [PMID: 35276154 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Crop residues are of crucial importance to maintain or even increase soil carbon stocks and fertility, and thereby to address the global challenge of climate change mitigation. However, crop residues can also potentially stimulate emissions of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N2O) from soils. A better understanding of how to mitigate N2O emissions due to crop residue management while promoting positive effects on soil carbon is needed to reconcile the opposing effects of crop residues on the greenhouse gas balance of agroecosystems. Here, we combine a literature review and a meta-analysis to identify and assess measures for mitigating N2O emissions due to crop residue application to agricultural fields. Our study shows that crop residue removal, shallow incorporation, incorporation of residues with C:N ratio > 30 and avoiding incorporation of residues from crops terminated at an immature physiological stage, are measures leading to significantly lower N2O emissions. Other practices such as incorporation timing and interactions with fertilisers are less conclusive. Several of the evaluated N2O mitigation measures implied negative side-effects on yield, soil organic carbon storage, nitrate leaching and/or ammonia volatilization. We identified additional strategies with potential to reduce crop residue N2O emissions without strong negative side-effects, which require further research. These are: a) treatment of crop residues before field application, e.g., conversion of residues into biochar or anaerobic digestate, b) co-application with nitrification inhibitors or N-immobilizing materials such as compost with a high C:N ratio, paper waste or sawdust, and c) use of residues obtained from crop mixtures. Our study provides a scientific basis to be developed over the coming years on how to increase the sustainability of agroecosystems though adequate crop residue management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Abalos
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark.
| | - Sylvie Recous
- Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, INRAE, FARE, UMR A 614, 51097 Reims, France
| | - Klaus Butterbach-Bahl
- Institute of Meteorology and Climate Research (IMK-IFU), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen 82467, Germany
| | - Chiara De Notaris
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Tatiana F Rittl
- NORSØK-Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Gunnars veg 6, 6630 Tingvoll, Norway
| | - Cairistiona F E Topp
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Søren O Petersen
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Sissel Hansen
- NORSØK-Norwegian Centre for Organic Agriculture, Gunnars veg 6, 6630 Tingvoll, Norway
| | - Marina A Bleken
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Elizabeth Stephensv. 13, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Robert M Rees
- Scotland's Rural College, Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
| | - Jørgen E Olesen
- Department of Agroecology, iCLIMATE, Aarhus University, Blichers Alle 20, 8830 Tjele, Denmark
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Stuchiner ER, von Fischer JC. Using isotope pool dilution to understand how organic carbon additions affect N 2 O consumption in diverse soils. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:4163-4179. [PMID: 35377524 PMCID: PMC9321687 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nitrous oxide (N2 O) is a formidable greenhouse gas with a warming potential ~300× greater than CO2 . However, its emissions to the atmosphere have gone largely unchecked because the microbial and environmental controls governing N2 O emissions have proven difficult to manage. The microbial process N2 O consumption is the only know biotic pathway to remove N2 O from soil pores and therefore reduce N2 O emissions. Consequently, manipulating soils to increase N2 O consumption by organic carbon (OC) additions has steadily gained interest. However, the response of N2 O emissions to different OC additions are inconsistent, and it is unclear if lower N2 O emissions are due to increased consumption, decreased production, or both. Simplified and systematic studies are needed to evaluate the efficacy of different OC additions on N2 O consumption. We aimed to manipulate N2 O consumption by amending soils with OC compounds (succinate, acetate, propionate) more directly available to denitrifiers. We hypothesized that N2 O consumption is OC-limited and predicted these denitrifier-targeted additions would lead to enhanced N2 O consumption and increased nosZ gene abundance. We incubated diverse soils in the laboratory and performed a 15 N2 O isotope pool dilution assay to disentangle microbial N2 O emissions from consumption using laser-based spectroscopy. We found that amending soils with OC increased gross N2 O consumption in six of eight soils tested. Furthermore, three of eight soils showed Increased N2 O Consumption and Decreased N2 O Emissions (ICDE), a phenomenon we introduce in this study as an N2 O management ideal. All three ICDE soils had low soil OC content, suggesting ICDE is a response to relaxed C-limitation wherein C additions promote soil anoxia, consequently stimulating the reduction of N2 O via denitrification. We suggest, generally, OC additions to low OC soils will reduce N2 O emissions via ICDE. Future studies should prioritize methodical assessment of different, specific, OC-additions to determine which additions show ICDE in different soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily R. Stuchiner
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
| | - Joseph C. von Fischer
- Graduate Degree Program in EcologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
- Department of BiologyColorado State UniversityFort CollinsColoradoUSA
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Elshayb OM, Nada AM, Sadek AH, Ismail SH, Shami A, Alharbi BM, Alhammad BA, Seleiman MF. The Integrative Effects of Biochar and ZnO Nanoparticles for Enhancing Rice Productivity and Water Use Efficiency under Irrigation Deficit Conditions. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:plants11111416. [PMID: 35684189 PMCID: PMC9183004 DOI: 10.3390/plants11111416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Water stress is considered one of the most environmental hazards that threaten agricultural productivity. Therefore, two field experiments were conducted to investigate the impact of biochar (6 t ha-1 as soil amendment), ZnO NPs (50 mg L-1 as foliar application), and their combination on growth, yield, and water use efficiency (WUE) of rice grown under four irrigation deficit treatments (i.e., irrigation every 3, 6, 9 and 12 d). The irrigation every 3 d was considered as the control in the current study. For this purpose, biochar was prepared through the pyrolysis of corn stalk and rice husk at 350 °C for 3 h, while sonochemical combined with the precipitation method was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) from zinc acetate. The morphological structures of the produced biochar and ZnO NPs were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), N2 gas adsorption-desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results exhibited that the combination of biochar alongside ZnO NPs resulted in a positive significant effect on the physiological traits such as chlorophyll content, relative water content, plant height, and leaf area index as well as yield-associated components (i.e., number of panicles m-2, number of filled grain per panicle, 1000-grain weight), and biological and grain yield ha-1 when rice plants were irrigated every 9 days without a significant difference with those obtained from the control treatment (irrigation every 3 d). In conclusion, the combination of biochar and ZnO NPs could be recommended as an optimal approach to maximize both grain yield ha-1 and WUE of rice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omnia M. Elshayb
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha 33717, Egypt; (O.M.E.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Abdelwahed M. Nada
- Rice Research and Training Center, Field Crops Research Institute, Agricultural Research Center, Sakha 33717, Egypt; (O.M.E.); (A.M.N.)
| | - Ahmed H. Sadek
- Housing and Building National Research Center (HBRC), Sanitary and Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Giza 11511, Egypt;
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Sheikh Zayed Campus, Cairo University, Giza 12588, Egypt;
| | - Sameh H. Ismail
- Faculty of Nanotechnology for Postgraduate Studies, Sheikh Zayed Campus, Cairo University, Giza 12588, Egypt;
| | - Ashwag Shami
- Department of Biology, College of Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Basmah M. Alharbi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk 71491, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Bushra Ahmed Alhammad
- Biology Department, College of Science and Humanity Studies, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al Kharj Box 292, Riyadh 11942, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud F. Seleiman
- Plant Production Department, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Crop Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Menoufia University, Shibin El-Kom 32514, Egypt
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +96-6553-153351
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50
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Effects of Biochar on Biointensive Horticultural Crops and Its Economic Viability in the Mediterranean Climate. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15093407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The effects of biochar on different horticultural crops (lettuce, tomato, sweet pepper, and radish) were evaluated in the Mediterranean climate. Biochar was produced by pyrolysis of Pinus pinaster wood chips at 550 °C and used at 1 (B1) and 2 (B2) kg/m2 application rates on six 3.5 m2 plots in each treatment, with two control plots (B0). No fertilizer was used. Treatment B1 led to a significant increase (p < 0.01) of 35.4%, 98.1%, 28.4%, and 35.2% in the mean fresh weight of radishes, lettuce, tomatoes, and sweet peppers, respectively. Treatment B2 resulted in an improvement of 70.7% in radishes, 126.1% in lettuce, 38.4% in tomatoes, and 95.0% in sweet peppers (p < 0.01). Significant differences between treatments B1 and B2 were observed in the radish, tomato, and sweet pepper crops but not in lettuce. The profitability of biochar application to these crops was studied by considering a biochar price of 800 EUR/t and applying a CO2 fixation subsidy, assuming the updated February 2022 price (90 EUR/t). In lettuce, tomato, and sweet pepper crops, the investment payback period was approximately one year. Application of biochar generated economic benefit either from the first harvest or in the second year. In radish, this period was longer than two years; however, an increase in the annual frequency of cultivation should be studied to optimize the benefit. The dose that provided the greatest benefit was B1 (for all crops, except for sweet pepper). Biochar considerably improved fruit and vegetable yield under the Mediterranean climate; however, further studies are needed to assess the effects of biochar on soil properties and yield to estimate long-term environmental and economic benefits.
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