1
|
Lett S, Christiansen CT, Dorrepaal E, Michelsen A. Moss species and precipitation mediate experimental warming stimulation of growing season N 2 fixation in subarctic tundra. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2024; 30:e17401. [PMID: 39041207 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.17401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Climate change in high latitude regions leads to both higher temperatures and more precipitation but their combined effects on terrestrial ecosystem processes are poorly understood. In nitrogen (N) limited and often moss-dominated tundra and boreal ecosystems, moss-associated N2 fixation is an important process that provides new N. We tested whether high mean annual precipitation enhanced experimental warming effects on growing season N2 fixation in three common arctic-boreal moss species adapted to different moisture conditions and evaluated their N contribution to the landscape level. We measured in situ N2 fixation rates in Hylocomium splendens, Pleurozium schreberi and Sphagnum spp. from June to September in subarctic tundra in Sweden. We exposed mosses occurring along a natural precipitation gradient (mean annual precipitation: 571-1155 mm) to 8 years of experimental summer warming using open-top chambers before our measurements. We modelled species-specific seasonal N input to the ecosystem at the colony and landscape level. Higher mean annual precipitation clearly increased N2 fixation, especially during peak growing season and in feather mosses. For Sphagnum-associated N2 fixation, high mean annual precipitation reversed a small negative warming response. By contrast, in the dry-adapted feather moss species higher mean annual precipitation led to negative warming effects. Modelled total growing season N inputs for Sphagnum spp. colonies were two to three times that of feather mosses at an area basis. However, at the landscape level where feather mosses were more abundant, they contributed 50% more N than Sphagnum. The discrepancy between modelled estimates of species-specific N input via N2 fixation at the moss core versus ecosystem scale, exemplify how moss cover is essential for evaluating impact of altered N2 fixation. Importantly, combined effects of warming and higher mean annual precipitation may not lead to similar responses across moss species, which could affect moss fitness and their abilities to buffer environmental changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Signe Lett
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Casper T Christiansen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Dorrepaal
- Climate Impacts Research Centre, Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Anders Michelsen
- Terrestrial Ecology Section, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Permafrost (CENPERM), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kubota M, Matsushita N, Nakamura T, Fukuda K. Nitrogen fixation and nifH gene diversity in cyanobacteria living on feather mosses in a subalpine forest of Mt. Fuji. Oecologia 2023; 201:749-760. [PMID: 36808304 PMCID: PMC10038973 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-023-05334-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
In the boreal forests, feather mosses such as Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi are colonized by cyanobacteria, which provide large amounts of nitrogen to forest ecosystems through nitrogen fixation. Although these feather mosses are also ubiquitous in subalpine forests of East Asia, little is known regarding their associated cyanobacteria and their ability to fix nitrogen. In this study, we investigated (1) whether cyanobacteria co-exist and fix nitrogen in the two species of feather mosses that cover the ground surface in a subalpine forest of Mt. Fuji, (2) whether cyanobacteria belonging to a common cluster with boreal forests are found in feather mosses in Mt. Fuji, and (3) whether moss-associated nitrogen fixation rates differed among moss growing substrates, canopy openness, and moss nitrogen concentrations in the same forest area. Our results showed that cyanobacteria colonized feather mosses in the subalpine forests of Mt. Fuji and acetylene reduction rates as an index of nitrogen fixation tended to be higher in H. splendens than in P. schreberi. Based on analysis of the nifH gene, 43 bacterial operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were identified, 28 of which represented cyanobacteria. Among the five clusters of cyanobacteria classified based on their nifH gene and identified in northern Europe, four (Nostoc cluster I, Nostoc cluster II, Stigonema cluster, and nifH2 cluster) were also found at Mt. Fuji. The acetylene reduction rate differed depending on the moss growing substrate and the total nitrogen concentration of moss shoots, and a strong negative correlation was observed with the total nitrogen concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Kubota
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Norihisa Matsushita
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Nakamura
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Fukuda
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-Ku, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Renaudin M, Laforest-Lapointe I, Bellenger JP. Unraveling global and diazotrophic bacteriomes of boreal forest floor feather mosses and their environmental drivers at the ecosystem and at the plant scale in North America. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 837:155761. [PMID: 35533858 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Feather mosses are abundant cryptogams of the boreal forest floor and shelter a broad diversity of bacteria who have important ecological functions (e.g., decomposition, nutrient cycling). In particular, nitrogen (N2-) fixation performed by feather moss-associated diazotrophs constitutes an important entry of nitrogen in the boreal forest ecosystem. However, the composition of the feather moss bacteriome and its environmental drivers are still unclear. Using cDNA amplicon sequencing of the 16S rRNA and nifH genes and cyanobacterial biomass quantification, we explored the active global and diazotrophic bacterial communities of two dominant feather moss species (i) at the ecosystem scale, along a 500-km climatic and nutrient deposition gradient in the North American boreal forest, and (ii) at the plant scale, along the moss shoot senescence gradient. We found that cyanobacteria were major actors of the feather moss bacteriome, accounting for 33% of global bacterial communities and 65% of diazotrophic communities, and that several cyanobacterial and methanotrophic genera were contributing to N2-fixation. Moreover, we showed that bacteria were occupying ecological niches along the moss shoot, with phototrophs being dominant in the apical part and methanotrophs being dominant in the basal part. Finally, climate (temperature, precipitation), environmental variables (moss species, month, tree density) and nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, molybdenum, vanadium, iron) strongly shaped global and diazotrophic bacteriomes. In summary, this work presents evidence that the feather moss bacteriome plays crucial roles in supporting moss growth, health, and decomposition, as well as in the boreal forest carbon and nitrogen cycles. This study also highlights the substantial effects of climate and nutrients on the feather moss bacteriome, suggesting the importance of understanding the impacts of global change on moss-associated bacterial growth and activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marie Renaudin
- Centre Sève, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | | | - Jean-Philippe Bellenger
- Centre Sève, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, J1K 2R1 Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Manninen S, Zverev V, Kozlov MV. Foliar stable isotope ratios of carbon and nitrogen in boreal forest plants exposed to long-term pollution from the nickel-copper smelter at Monchegorsk, Russia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:48880-48892. [PMID: 35199271 PMCID: PMC9252950 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19261-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Long-term exposure to primary air pollutants, such as sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), alters the structure and functions of forest ecosystems. Many biochemical and biogeochemical processes discriminate against the heavier isotopes in a mixture; thus, the values of δ13C and δ15N (i.e. the ratio of stable isotopes 13C to 12C and that of 15 N to 14 N, respectively) may give insights into changes in ecosystem processes and identify the immediate drivers of these changes. We studied sources of variation in the δ13C and δ15N values in the foliage of eight boreal forest C3 plants at 10 sites located at the distance of 1-40 km from the Monchegorsk nickel-copper smelter in Russia. From 1939‒2019, this smelter emitted over 14,000,000 metric tons (t) of SO2, 250,000 t of metals, primarily nickel and copper, and 140,000 t of NOx. The δ13C value in evergreen plants and the δ15N value in all plants increased near the smelter independently of the plant mycorrhizal type. We attribute the pollution-related increase in the foliar δ13C values of evergreen species mainly to direct effects of SO2 on stomatal conductance, in combination with pollution-related water stress, which jointly override the potential opposite effect of increasing ambient CO2 concentration on δ13C values. Stomatal uptake of NOx and root uptake of 15N-enriched organic N compounds and NH4+ may explain the increased foliar δ15N values and elevated foliar N concentrations, especially in the evergreen trees (Pinus sylvestris), close to Monchegorsk, where the soil inorganic N supply is reduced due to the impact of long-term SO2 and heavy metal emissions on plant biomass. We conclude that, despite the uncertainties in interpreting δ13C and δ15N responses to pollution, the Monchegorsk smelter has imposed and still imposes a great impact on C and N cycling in the surrounding N-limited subarctic forest ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sirkku Manninen
- Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 1, P.O. Box 65 , 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vitali Zverev
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland
| | - Mikhail V Kozlov
- Department of Biology, University of Turku, 20014, Turku, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Rodríguez-Rodríguez JC, Bergeron Y, Kembel SW, Fenton NJ. Dominance of coniferous and broadleaved trees drives bacterial associations with boreal feather mosses. Environ Microbiol 2022; 24:3517-3528. [PMID: 35416394 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.16013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The composition of ecologically important moss-associated bacterial communities seems to be mainly driven by host species but may also be shaped by environmental conditions related with tree dominance. The moss phyllosphere has been studied in coniferous forests while broadleaf forests remain understudied. To determine if host species or environmental conditions defined by tree dominance drives the bacterial diversity in the moss phyllosphere, we used 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing to quantify changes in bacterial communities as a function of host species (Pleurozium schreberi and Ptilium crista-castrensis) and forest type (coniferous black spruce versus deciduous broadleaf trembling aspen) in eastern Canada. The overall composition of moss phyllosphere was defined by the interaction of both factors, though most of bacterial phyla were determined by a strong effect of forest type. Bacterial α-diversity was highest in spruce forests, while there was greater turnover (β-diversity) and higher γ-diversity in aspen forests. Unexpectedly, Cyanobacteria were much more relatively abundant in aspen than in spruce forests, with the cyanobacteria family Nostocaceae differing the most between forest types. Our results advance the understanding of moss-associated microbial communities among coniferous and broadleaf deciduous forests, which are important with the increasing changes in tree dominance in the boreal system. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juanita C Rodríguez-Rodríguez
- Forest Research Institute (IRF) , Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada. 2 Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Yves Bergeron
- Forest Research Institute (IRF) , Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada. 2 Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, H2L 2C4, Canada
| | | | - Nicole J Fenton
- Forest Research Institute (IRF) , Université du Québec en Abitibi-Témiscamingue (UQAT), Rouyn-Noranda, QC J9X 5E4, Canada. 2 Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Montréal, QC, H2L 2C4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Alvarenga DO, Rousk K. Indirect effects of climate change inhibit N 2 fixation associated with the feathermoss Hylocomium splendens in subarctic tundra. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 795:148676. [PMID: 34247067 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mosses can be responsible for up to 100% of net primary production in arctic and subarctic tundra, and their associations with diazotrophic cyanobacteria have an important role in increasing nitrogen (N) availability in these pristine ecosystems. Predictions about the consequences of climate change in subarctic environments point to increased N mineralization in soil and higher litter deposition due to warming. It is not clear yet how these indirect climate change effects impact moss-cyanobacteria associations and N2 fixation. This work aimed to evaluate the effects of increased N and litter input on biological N2 fixation rates associated with the feathermoss Hylocomium splendens from a tundra heath. H. splendens samples were collected near Abisko, northern Sweden, from a field experiment with annual additions of ammonium chloride and dried birch litter and the combination of both for three years. Samples were analyzed for N2 fixation, cyanobacterial colonization, C and N content and pH. Despite the high N additions, no significant differences in moss N content were found. However, differences between treatments were observed in N2 fixation rates, cyanobacterial colonization and pH, with the combined ammonium+litter treatment causing a significant reduction in the number of branch-colonizing cyanobacteria and N2 fixation, and ammonium additions significantly lowering moss pH. A significant, positive relationship was found between N2 fixation rates, moss colonization by cyanobacteria and pH levels, showing a clear drop in N2 fixation rates at lower pH levels even if larger cyanobacterial populations were present. These results suggest that increased N availability and litter deposition resulting from climate change not only interferes with N2 fixation directly, but also acidifies moss microhabitats and reduces the abundance of associated cyanobacteria, which could eventually impact the N cycle in the Subarctic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danillo O Alvarenga
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Kathrin Rousk
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 15, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Permafrost, University of Copenhagen, Øster Voldgade 10, DK-1350 Copenhagen, Denmark
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hupperts SF, Gerber S, Nilsson MC, Gundale MJ. Empirical and Earth system model estimates of boreal nitrogen fixation often differ: A pathway toward reconciliation. GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2021; 27:5711-5725. [PMID: 34382301 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.15836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The impacts of global environmental change on productivity in northern latitudes will be contingent on nitrogen (N) availability. In circumpolar boreal ecosystems, nonvascular plants (i.e., bryophytes) and associated N2 -fixing diazotrophs provide one of the largest known N inputs but are rarely accounted for in Earth system models. Instead, most models link N2 -fixation with the functioning of vascular plants. Neglecting nonvascular N2 -fixation may be contributing toward high uncertainty that currently hinders model predictions in northern latitudes, where nonvascular N2 -fixing plants are more common. Adequately accounting for nonvascular N2 -fixation and its drivers could subsequently improve predictions of future N availability and ultimately, productivity, in northern latitudes. Here, we review empirical evidence of boreal nonvascular N2 -fixation responses to global change factors (elevated CO2 , N deposition, warming, precipitation, and shading by vascular plants), and compare empirical findings with model predictions of N2 -fixation using nine Earth system models. The majority of empirical studies found positive effects of CO2 , warming, precipitation, or light on nonvascular N2 -fixation, but N deposition strongly downregulated N2 -fixation in most empirical studies. Furthermore, we found that the responses of N2 -fixation to elevated CO2 were generally consistent between models and very limited empirical data. In contrast, empirical-model comparisons suggest that all models we assessed, and particularly those that scale N2 -fixation with net primary productivity or evapotranspiration, may be overestimating N2 -fixation under increasing N deposition. Overestimations could generate erroneous predictions of future N stocks in boreal ecosystems unless models adequately account for the drivers of nonvascular N2 -fixation. Based on our comparisons, we recommend that models explicitly treat nonvascular N2 -fixation and that field studies include more targeted measurements to improve model structures and parameterization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan F Hupperts
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Stefan Gerber
- Soil and Water Sciences Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Marie-Charlotte Nilsson
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Michael J Gundale
- Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
The relationship of C and N stable isotopes to high-latitude moss-associated N 2 fixation. Oecologia 2021; 197:283-295. [PMID: 34319437 DOI: 10.1007/s00442-021-05005-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Moss-associated N2 fixation by epiphytic microbes is a key biogeochemical process in nutrient-limited high-latitude ecosystems. Abiotic drivers, such as temperature and moisture, and the identity of host mosses are critical sources of variation in N2 fixation rates. An understanding of the potential interaction between these factors is essential for predicting N inputs as moss communities change with the climate. To further understand the drivers and results of N2 fixation rate variation, we obtained natural abundance values of C and N isotopes and an associated rate of N2 fixation with 15N2 gas incubations in 34 moss species collected in three regions across Alaska, USA. We hypothesized that δ15N values would increase toward 0‰ with higher N2 fixation to reflect the increasing contribution of fixed N2 in moss biomass. Second, we hypothesized that δ13C and N2 fixation would be positively related, as enriched δ13C signatures reflect abiotic conditions favorable to N2 fixation. We expected that the magnitude of these relationships would vary among types of host mosses, reflecting differences in anatomy and habitat. We found little support for our first hypothesis, with only a modest positive relationship between N2 fixation rates and δ15N in a structural equation model. We found a significant positive relationship between δ13C and N2 fixation only in Hypnales, where the probability of N2 fixation activity reached 95% when δ13C values exceeded - 30.4‰. We conclude that moisture and temperature interact strongly with host moss identity in determining the extent to which abiotic conditions impact associated N2 fixation rates.
Collapse
|
9
|
Roth M, Günther K, Michiels HG, Puhlmann H, Sucker C, Hauck M. Nitrogen deposition is positively correlated to foliar nitrogen content in Vaccinium myrtillus and other understory species in temperate forests on acidic soil. ACTA OECOLOGICA-INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ECOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actao.2020.103696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
Salemaa M, Kieloaho AJ, Lindroos AJ, Merilä P, Poikolainen J, Manninen S. Forest mosses sensitively indicate nitrogen deposition in boreal background areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 261:114054. [PMID: 32078876 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Mosses take up nitrogen (N) mainly from precipitation through their surfaces, which makes them competent bioindicators of N deposition. We found positive relationships between the total N concentration (mossN%) of common terrestrial moss species (feather mosses Pleurozium schreberi and Hylocomium splendens, and a group of Dicranum species) and different forms of N deposition in 11-16 coniferous forests with low N deposition load in Finland. The mosses were collected either inside (Dicranum group) or both inside and outside (feather mosses) the forests. Deposition was monitored in situ as bulk deposition (BD) and stand throughfall (TF) and detected for ammonium (NH4+-N), nitrate (NO3--N), dissolved organic N (DON), and total N (Ntot, kg ha-1yr-1). Ntot deposition was lower in TF than BD indicating that tree canopies absorbed N from deposition in N limited boreal stands. However, mossN% was higher inside than outside the forests. In regression equations, inorganic N in BD predicted best the mossN% in openings, while DON in TF explained most variation of mossN% in forests. An asymptotic form of mossN% vs. TF Ntot curves in forests and free NH4+-N accumulation in tissues in the southern plots suggested mosses were near the N saturation state already at the Ntot deposition level of 3-5 kg ha-1yr-1. N leachate from ground litterfall apparently also contributed the N supply of mosses. Our study yielded new information on the sensitivity of boreal mosses to low N deposition and their response to different N forms in canopy TF entering moss layer. The equations predicting the Ntot deposition with mossN% showed a good fit both in forest sites and openings, especially in case of P. schreberi. However, the open site mossN% is a preferable predictor of N deposition in monitoring studies to minimize the effect of tree canopies and N leachate from litterfall on the estimates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maija Salemaa
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Antti-Jussi Kieloaho
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antti-Jussi Lindroos
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Latokartanonkaari 9, FI-00790, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Merilä
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie 3, FI-90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarmo Poikolainen
- Natural Resources Institute Finland (Luke), Paavo Havaksentie 3, FI-90570, Oulu, Finland
| | - Sirkku Manninen
- Ecosystems and Environment Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 65, 00014, Helsingin yliopisto, Finland
| |
Collapse
|