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Grout L, Hales S, Baker MG, French N, Wilson N. Severe weather events and cryptosporidiosis in Aotearoa New Zealand: A case series of space-time clusters. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e64. [PMID: 38616329 PMCID: PMC11062783 DOI: 10.1017/s095026882400058x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Occurrence of cryptosporidiosis has been associated with weather conditions in many settings internationally. We explored statistical clusters of human cryptosporidiosis and their relationship with severe weather events in New Zealand (NZ). Notified cases of cryptosporidiosis from 1997 to 2015 were obtained from the national surveillance system. Retrospective space-time permutation was used to identify statistical clusters. Cluster data were compared to severe weather events in a national database. SaTScan analysis detected 38 statistically significant cryptosporidiosis clusters. Around a third (34.2%, 13/38) of these clusters showed temporal and spatial alignment with severe weather events. Of these, nearly half (46.2%, 6/13) occurred in the spring. Only five (38%, 5/13) of these clusters corresponded to a previously reported cryptosporidiosis outbreak. This study provides additional evidence that severe weather events may contribute to the development of some cryptosporidiosis clusters. Further research on this association is needed as rainfall intensity is projected to rise in NZ due to climate change. The findings also provide further arguments for upgrading the quality of drinking water sources to minimize contamination with pathogens from runoff from livestock agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Grout
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Simon Hales
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Michael G. Baker
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
| | - Nigel French
- Tāwharau Ora, School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nick Wilson
- Department of Public Health, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand
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Bourli P, Eslahi AV, Tzoraki O, Karanis P. Waterborne transmission of protozoan parasites: a review of worldwide outbreaks - an update 2017-2022. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1421-1447. [PMID: 37902200 PMCID: wh_2023_094 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2023.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents a comprehensive review of worldwide waterborne parasitic protozoan outbreaks reported between 2017 and 2022. In total, 416 outbreaks were attributed to the waterborne transmission of parasitic protozoa. Cryptosporidium accounted for 77.4% (322) of outbreaks, while Giardia was identified as the etiological agent in 17.1% (71). Toxoplasma gondii and Naegleria fowleri were the primary causes in 1.4% (6) and 1% (4) of outbreaks, respectively. Blastocystis hominis, Cyclospora cayetanensis, and Dientamoeba fragilis were independently identified in 0.72% (3) of outbreaks. Moreover, Acanthamoeba spp., Entamoeba histolytica, Vittaforma corneae, and Enterocytozoon bieneusi were independently the causal agents in 0.24% (1) of the total outbreaks. The majority of the outbreaks (195, 47%) were reported in North America. The suspected sources for 313 (75.2%) waterborne parasitic outbreaks were recreational water and/or swimming pools, accounting for 92% of the total Cryptosporidium outbreaks. Furthermore, 25.3% of the outbreaks caused by Giardia were associated with recreational water and/or swimming pools. Developing countries are most likely to be impacted by such outbreaks due to the lack of reliable monitoring strategies and water treatment processes. There is still a need for international surveillance and reporting systems concerning both waterborne diseases and water contamination with parasitic protozoa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Bourli
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece E-mail:
| | - Aida Vafae Eslahi
- Medical Microbiology Research Center, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Ourania Tzoraki
- School of the Environment, Department of Marine Sciences, University of the Aegean, University Hill, Mytilene, Lesvos 81100, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Karanis
- Medical Faculty and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany; Medical School, Department of Basic and Clinical Sciences, Anatomy Centre, University of Nicosia, Nicosia, Cyprus
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Basaria AA, Ahsan A, Nadeem A, Tariq R, Raufi N. Infectious diseases following hydrometeorological disasters: current scenario, prevention, and control measures. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:3778-3782. [PMID: 37554892 PMCID: PMC10406040 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural disasters are catastrophic occurrences that can seriously harm infrastructure, inflict property damage, and even result in fatalities. Water supply and sanitation systems can be disrupted in flooded areas, raising the risk of infectious diseases. It is advised that public health responders do a disease risk assessment of such a catastrophic event to ascertain the disaster's consequences and the health requirements. This editorial provides an overview of the transmission of infectious illnesses after hydrometeorological disasters. It also discusses the effects of such catastrophes on individuals' psychological and physical health who live in disaster-prone locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areeba A.A. Basaria
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Areeba Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah Nadeem
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Rabeea Tariq
- Department of Medicine, Dow University of Health Sciences, Karachi, Pakistan
| | - Nahid Raufi
- Department of Medicine, Kabul Medical University, Afghanistan
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Chen Y, Wu Y, Qin H, Xu H, Zhang L. Prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children from China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Trop 2023; 244:106958. [PMID: 37257675 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2023.106958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidium is an important zoonotic pathogen that causes diarrhea in humans and animals, and a leading cause of diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children under 5 years old. However, the meta-analysis of Cryptosporidium infection in children in China has not been published. We searched the databases for articles published on the prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children in China since the inception of these databases to 31 October 2022. The prevalence of Cryptosporidium infection in children was estimated using a random effects model. The results showed that 111 datasets from 24 provinces were selected for the final quantitative analysis. The estimated pooled Cryptosporidium infection prevalence in children in China was 2.9% (3300/126,381). The highest prevalence rate was in southwestern China (4.8%, 365/7766). Subgroup analysis indicated that the Cryptosporidium infection rate in children aged < 3 years (4.9%, 330/8428) was significantly higher than that in children aged 3-6 years (2.5%, 609/26,080) and >6 years (2.6%, 647/27,586). Six Cryptosporidium species were detected in children in China from the selected studies. C. hominis was the dominant species (77.1%, 145/188) and the proportions of subgenotype IaA14R4 of C. hominis was highest (42.8%, 62/145). The findings suggest that Chinese children is in a low level of Cryptosporidium infection, however, the geographical distribution of the infection is extensive. We suggest that measures should be taken to ensure the healthy growth of Chinese children by improving the water environment, increasing public health facilities, strengthening children's health education, and developing sound Cryptosporidium infection control programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuancai Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Yayun Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huikai Qin
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Huiyan Xu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China
| | - Longxian Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Zoonotic Diseases of Henan, Zhengzhou 450046, P. R. China; Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety Control of Poultry Products (Zhengzhou), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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Wang X, Wang X, Cao J. Environmental Factors Associated with Cryptosporidium and Giardia. Pathogens 2023; 12:pathogens12030420. [PMID: 36986342 PMCID: PMC10056321 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12030420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Environmental factors significantly influence the transmission of intestinal protozoan diseases. Cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis are important zoonotic diseases characterized by diarrhea, and are mainly water or foodborne diseases caused by fecal-borne oocysts. The One Health approach effectively addresses environmentally influenced zoonotic diseases. However, the impact of environmental factors on the survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia (oo)cysts or disease transmission is mostly uncharacterized. Associations between cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis incidence and environmental variables (e.g., climatic conditions, soil characteristics, and water characteristics) have been reported; however, the identified relationships are not consistently reported. Whether these are country-specific or global observations is unclear. Herein, we review the evidence for the influence of environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia and corresponding diseases from three perspectives: climatic, soil, and water characteristics. The (oo)cyst concentration or survival of Cryptosporidium/Giardia and the incidence of corresponding diseases are related to environmental variables. The associations identified varied among studies and have different levels of importance and lag times in different locations. This review summarizes the influence of relevant environmental factors on Cryptosporidium/Giardia from the One Health perspective and provides recommendations for future research, monitoring, and response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xihan Wang
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jianping Cao
- Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research, School of Global Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Chinese Center for Tropical Diseases Research), National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology, National Health Commission of the People's Republic of China, Shanghai 200025, China
- World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Tropical Diseases, Shanghai 200025, China
- One Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University-The University of Edinburgh, Shanghai 200025, China
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Cryptosporidiosis: From Prevention to Treatment, a Narrative Review. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10122456. [PMID: 36557709 PMCID: PMC9782356 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10122456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is a water- and food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the protozoon parasite of the genus Cryptosporidium. C. hominis and C. parvum are the main two species causing infections in humans and animals. The disease can be transmitted by the fecal-oral route as well as the respiratory route. The infective stage (sporulated oocysts) is resistant to different disinfectants including chlorine. Currently, no effective therapeutic drugs or vaccines are available to treat and control Cryptosporidium infection. To prevent cryptosporidiosis in humans and animals, we need to understand better how the disease is spread and transmitted, and how to interrupt its transmission cycle. This review focuses on understanding cryptosporidiosis, including its infective stage, pathogenesis, life cycle, genomics, epidemiology, previous outbreaks, source of the infection, transmission dynamics, host spectrum, risk factors and high-risk groups, the disease in animals and humans, diagnosis, treatment and control, and the prospect of an effective anti-Cryptosporidium vaccine. It also focuses on the role of the One Health approach in managing cryptosporidiosis at the animal-human-environmental interface. The summarized data in this review will help to tackle future Cryptosporidium infections in humans and animals and reduce the disease occurrence.
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Wang D, Bi CR, Jiang HY, Li YJ, Zhang WP, Liu Y, Liu YJ. Efficacy and Safety of Gegen Qinlian Decoction for Pediatric Diarrhea: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2022; 2022:4887259. [PMID: 36118086 PMCID: PMC9477636 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4887259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Objective To evaluate the clinical efficacy and safety of Gegen Qinlian decoction in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. Methods A search for relevant RCTs was performed from which a systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted. This meta-analysis was registered at INPLASY (reference number ID: INPLASY202180105). Results (1) Eleven trials involving 1126 patients were included in the meta-analysis. (2) Two trials recorded the adverse events. (3) The meta-analysis showed that compared with the control group, the experimental group has a significantly shorter duration of diarrhea in children (MD = -18.64, 95% CI (-23.76, -13.52), P < 0.00001), duration of fever (MD = -19.43, 95% CI (-25.76, -13.11), P < 0.00001), duration of vomiting [MD = -22.51, 95% CI (-29.92, -15.09), P < 0.00001], duration of correcting dehydration (MD = -23.35, 95% CI (-35.48, -11.22), P=0.0002), and the effective rate (OR = 4.64, 95% CI (3.12, 6.90), P < 0.00001). Conclusion There were significant differences in the clinical efficacy in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea between the experimental and control groups. Thus, Gegen Qinlian decoction may have certain advantages in the treatment of pediatric diarrhea. In addition, we conclude the following: (1) the application of Gegen Qinlian decoction to treat this disease is recommended for >5 days. (2) We recommend conducting multicenter RCTs to avoid the impact of regional differences on the results. (3) We recommend using the unmodified Gegen Qinlian decoction, which may have better efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Chao-Ran Bi
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Hai-Yan Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Jing Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Wen-Ping Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yan-Jing Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Gastroenterology, Third Affiliated Clinical Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun 130117, Jilin, China
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Kamal MM, Tewabe T, Tsheten T, Hossain SZ. Individual and community-level factors associated with under-five diarrhea in Bangladesh: Evidence from Demographic and Health Survey 2014. Curr Ther Res Clin Exp 2022; 97:100686. [PMID: 36267421 PMCID: PMC9576538 DOI: 10.1016/j.curtheres.2022.100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Diarrheal disease is among the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children younger than age 5 years in Bangladesh. Objective The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of diarrhea among children younger than age 5 years and its associated risk factors. Methods Data were sourced from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, a nationally representative study conducted in 2014. We used multilevel logistic regression models to identify factors associated with diarrheal disease. Results Children aged 6 to11 months (odds ratio = 2.26; 95% CI, 1.50–3.42), and 12 to 23 months (odds ratio = 2.31; 95% CI, 1.62–3.31) were more likely to have diarrhea than older children. Other significant risk factors for diarrheal infection included households without access to drinking water (odds ratio = 1.39; 95% CI, 1.03–1.88) and mothers lacking mass media access (odds ratio = 1.32; 55% CI, 1.01–1.73). Conclusions Childhood diarrhea in Bangladesh was associated with individual- and community-level factors. The finding of this study suggests that diarrhea prevention programs in the country can effectively be delivered by targeting young children through expanding community-based education and increasing access to health information through mass media.
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Climate Change Related Catastrophic Rainfall Events and Non-Communicable Respiratory Disease: A Systematic Review of the Literature. CLIMATE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/cli10070101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Climate change is increasing the frequency and intensity of extreme precipitation events, the impacts of which disproportionately impact urban populations. Pluvial flooding and flooding related sewer backups are thought to result in an increase in potentially hazardous human-pathogen encounters. However, the extent and nature of associations between flooding events and non-communicable respiratory diseases such as chronic bronchitis, asthma, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are not well understood. This research seeks to characterize the state of research on flooding and NCRDs through a systematic review of the scientific literature. We conducted a systematic search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus for published scholarly research papers using the terms flooding, monsoon, and tropical storm with terms for common NCRDs such as asthma, COPD, and chronic bronchitis. Papers were included if they covered research studies on individuals with defined outcomes of flooding events. We excluded review papers, case studies, and opinion pieces. We retrieved 200 articles from PubMed, 268 from Web of Science and 203 from Scopus which comprised 345 unique papers. An initial review of abstracts yielded 38 candidate papers. A full text review of each left 16 papers which were included for the review. All papers except for one found a significant association between a severe weather event and increased risk for at least one of the NCRDs included in this research. Our findings further suggest that extreme weather events may worsen pre-existing respiratory conditions and increase the risk of development of asthma. Future work should focus on more precisely defining measure of health outcomes using validated tools to describe asthma and COPD exacerbations. Research efforts should also work to collect granular data on patients’ health status and family history and assess possible confounding and mediating factors such as neighborhood water mitigation infrastructure, housing conditions, pollen counts, and other environmental variables.
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Forbes O, Hosking R, Mokany K, Lal A. Bayesian spatio-temporal modelling to assess the role of extreme weather, land use change and socio-economic trends on cryptosporidiosis in Australia, 2001-2018. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 791:148243. [PMID: 34412375 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intensification of land use threatens to increase the emergence and prevalence of zoonotic diseases, with an adverse impact on human wellbeing. Understanding how the interaction between agriculture, natural systems, climate and socioeconomic drivers influence zoonotic disease distribution is crucial to inform policy planning and management to limit the emergence of new infections. OBJECTIVES Here we assess the relative contribution of environmental, climatic and socioeconomic factors influencing reported cryptosporidiosis across Australia from 2001 to 2018. METHODS We apply a Bayesian spatio-temporal analysis using Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA). RESULTS We find that area-level risk of reported disease are associated with the proportions of the population under 5 and over 65 years of age, socioeconomic disadvantage, annual rainfall anomaly, and the proportion of natural habitat remaining. This combination of multiple factors influencing cryptosporidiosis highlights the benefits of a sophisticated spatio-temporal statistical approach. Two key findings from our model include: an estimated 4.6% increase in the risk of reported cryptosporidiosis associated with 22.8% higher percentage of postal area covered with original habitat; and an estimated 1.8% increase in disease risk associated with a 77.99 mm increase in annual rainfall anomaly at the postal area level. DISCUSSION These results provide novel insights regarding the predictive effects of extreme rainfall and the proportion of remaining natural habitat, which add unique explanatory power to the model alongside the variance associated with other predictive variables and spatiotemporal variation in reported disease. This demonstrates the importance of including perspectives from land and water management experts for policy making and public health responses to manage environmentally mediated diseases, including cryptosporidiosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Owen Forbes
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Australia; School of Mathematical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia; ARC Centre of Excellence for Mathematical and Statistical Frontiers (ACEMS), Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rose Hosking
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Australia
| | - Karel Mokany
- Macroecological Modelling, CSIRO Land & Water, Black Mountain Laboratories, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Aparna Lal
- Research School of Population Health, Australian National University, Acton, Australia.
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Larson PS, Gronlund C, Thompson L, Sampson N, Washington R, Steis Thorsby J, Lyon N, Miller C. Recurrent Home Flooding in Detroit, MI 2012-2020: Results of a Household Survey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7659. [PMID: 34300113 PMCID: PMC8303508 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18147659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Household flooding has wide ranging social, economic and public health impacts particularly for people in resource poor communities. The determinants and public health outcomes of recurrent home flooding in urban contexts, however, are not well understood. A household survey was used to assess neighborhood and household level determinants of recurrent home flooding in Detroit, MI. Survey activities were conducted from 2012 to 2020. Researchers collected information on past flooding, housing conditions and public health outcomes. Using the locations of homes, a "hot spot" analysis of flooding was performed to find areas of high and low risk. Survey data were linked to environmental and neighborhood data and associations were tested using regression methods. 4803 households participated in the survey. Flooding information was available for 3842 homes. Among these, 2085 (54.26%) reported experiencing pluvial flooding. Rental occupied units were more likely to report flooding than owner occupied homes (Odd ratio (OR) 1.72 [95% Confidence interval (CI) 1.49, 1.98]). Housing conditions such as poor roof quality and cracks in basement walls influenced home flooding risk. Homes located in census tracts with increased percentages of owner occupied units (vs. rentals) had a lower odds of flooding (OR 0.92 [95% (CI) 0.86, 0.98]). Household factors were found the be more predictive of flooding than neighborhood factors in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Flooding and housing conditions associated with home flooding were associated with asthma cases. Recurrent home flooding is far more prevalent than previously thought. Programs that support recovery and which focus on home improvement to prevent flooding, particularly by landlords, might benefit the public health. These results draw awareness and urgency to problems of urban flooding and public health in other areas of the country confronting the compounding challenges of aging infrastructure, disinvestment and climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter S. Larson
- Social Environment and Health Program, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Carina Gronlund
- Social Environment and Health Program, Survey Research Center, Institute for Social Research, The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA;
| | - Lyke Thompson
- Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Natalie Sampson
- Department of Health and Human Services, University of Michigan-Dearborn, 19000 Hubbard Drive, Fairlane Center South, Dearborn, MI 48126, USA;
| | - Ramona Washington
- Center for Urban Studies, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (L.T.); (R.W.)
| | - Jamie Steis Thorsby
- Healthy Urban Waters, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.S.T.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Natalie Lyon
- Healthy Urban Waters, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.S.T.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
| | - Carol Miller
- Healthy Urban Waters, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.S.T.); (N.L.); (C.M.)
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Rocque RJ, Beaudoin C, Ndjaboue R, Cameron L, Poirier-Bergeron L, Poulin-Rheault RA, Fallon C, Tricco AC, Witteman HO. Health effects of climate change: an overview of systematic reviews. BMJ Open 2021; 11:e046333. [PMID: 34108165 PMCID: PMC8191619 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 323] [Impact Index Per Article: 107.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES We aimed to develop a systematic synthesis of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change, by synthesising studies' characteristics, climate impacts, health outcomes and key findings. DESIGN We conducted an overview of systematic reviews of health impacts of climate change. We registered our review in PROSPERO (CRD42019145972). No ethical approval was required since we used secondary data. Additional data are not available. DATA SOURCES On 22 June 2019, we searched Medline, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Embase, Cochrane and Web of Science. ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA We included systematic reviews that explored at least one health impact of climate change. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS We organised systematic reviews according to their key characteristics, including geographical regions, year of publication and authors' affiliations. We mapped the climate effects and health outcomes being studied and synthesised major findings. We used a modified version of A MeaSurement Tool to Assess systematic Reviews-2 (AMSTAR-2) to assess the quality of studies. RESULTS We included 94 systematic reviews. Most were published after 2015 and approximately one-fifth contained meta-analyses. Reviews synthesised evidence about five categories of climate impacts; the two most common were meteorological and extreme weather events. Reviews covered 10 health outcome categories; the 3 most common were (1) infectious diseases, (2) mortality and (3) respiratory, cardiovascular or neurological outcomes. Most reviews suggested a deleterious impact of climate change on multiple adverse health outcomes, although the majority also called for more research. CONCLUSIONS Most systematic reviews suggest that climate change is associated with worse human health. This study provides a comprehensive higher order summary of research on health impacts of climate change. Study limitations include possible missed relevant reviews, no meta-meta-analyses, and no assessment of overlap. Future research could explore the potential explanations between these associations to propose adaptation and mitigation strategies and could include broader sociopsychological health impacts of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhea J Rocque
- Prairie Climate Centre, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Ruth Ndjaboue
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre for Sustainable Health, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Laura Cameron
- Prairie Climate Centre, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | | | - Catherine Fallon
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- CHUQ Research Centre, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Andrea C Tricco
- Li Ka Shing Knowledge Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Holly O Witteman
- Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Quebec, QC, Canada
- VITAM Research Centre for Sustainable Health, Quebec, QC, Canada
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Abstract
There is a significant relationship between ambient temperature and mortality. In healthy individuals with no underlying co-morbid conditions, there is an efficient heat regulation system which enables the body to effectively handle thermal stress. However, in vulnerable groups, especially in elderly over the age of 65 years, infants and individuals with co-morbid cardiovascular and/or respiratory conditions, there is a deficiency in thermoregulation. When temperatures exceed a certain limit, being cold winter spells or heat waves, there is an increase in the number of deaths. In particular, it has been shown that at temperatures above 27 °C, the daily mortality rate increases more rapidly per degree rise compared to when it drops below 27 °C. This is especially of relevance with the current emergency of global warming. Besides the direct effect of temperature rises on human health, global warming will have a negative impact on primary producers and livestock, leading to malnutrition, which will in turn lead to a myriad of health related issues. This is further exacerbated by environmental pollution. Public health measures that countries should follow should include not only health-related information strategies aiming to reduce the exposure to heat for vulnerable individuals and the community, but improved urban planning and reduction in energy consumption, among many others. This will reduce the carbon footprint and help avert global warming, thus reducing mortality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean Calleja-Agius
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta.
| | - Kathleen England
- Department of Health Information and Research, Ministry of Health, Malta
| | - Neville Calleja
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, University of Malta, Malta
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Robinson J, Howland O. Visible and invisible risks: Exploring washing and hygiene practices with women living on low income in Kenya. Glob Public Health 2021; 17:1002-1015. [PMID: 33635181 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2021.1887314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Shifting environmental conditions and poor or insufficient hygiene facilitates the transmission of bacteria and viruses between and within species of animals; between humans; and between humans and animals. Taking a One Health perspective, we used interviews to explore with 20 women living on low income in Kenya: their gendered hygiene practices and daily contact with animals; how and why they access water and sanitation facilities for themselves, their families, and any livestock; and their understandings of (zoonotic) health risks and disease transmission within their local environments. The women described how they worked every day to keep bodies and homes clean by washing bodies, surfaces and clothes. Women's hygiene practices focussed on removing visible dirt partly because of concerns for health but also to support their families' social standing in their community. While they were less aware of any 'invisible' risks to health through contact with animals or other hazards present in their daily living environments, most exercised care to source and manage water for drinking. Contaminated water was recognised as a risk to health suggesting that in this case, women accepted that there were 'invisible risks' to health, even in clear water, and took steps to mitigate them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude Robinson
- School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Olivia Howland
- Zoonotic and Emerging Diseases Group, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, Kenya
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15
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Hall NL, Barnes S, Canuto C, Nona F, Redmond AM. Climate change and infectious diseases in Australia's Torres Strait Islands. Aust N Z J Public Health 2021; 45:122-128. [PMID: 33522674 DOI: 10.1111/1753-6405.13073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This research seeks to identify climate-sensitive infectious diseases of concern with a present and future likelihood of increased occurrence in the geographically vulnerable Torres Strait Islands, Australia. The objective is to contribute evidence to the need for adequate climate change responses. METHODS Case data of infectious diseases with proven, potential and speculative climate sensitivity were compiled. RESULTS Five climate-sensitive diseases in the Torres Strait and Cape York region were identified as of concern: tuberculosis, dengue, Ross River virus, melioidosis and nontuberculous mycobacterial infection. The region constitutes 0.52% of Queensland's population but has a disproportionately high proportion of the state's cases: 20.4% of melioidosis, 2.4% of tuberculosis and 2.1% of dengue. CONCLUSIONS The Indigenous Torres Strait Islander peoples intend to remain living on their traditional country long-term, yet climate change brings risks of both direct and indirect human health impacts. Implications for public health: Climate-sensitive infections pose a disproportionate burden and ongoing risk to Torres Strait Islander peoples. Addressing the causes of climate change is the responsibility of various agencies in parallel with direct action to minimise or prevent infections. All efforts should privilege Torres Strait Islander peoples' voices to self-determine response actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina L Hall
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Samuel Barnes
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Condy Canuto
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Francis Nona
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Andrew M Redmond
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland.,Infectious Diseases Unit, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Queensland
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16
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Zaheer T, Imran M, Abbas RZ, Zaheer I, Malik MA. Avian cryptosporidiosis and its zoonotic significance in Asia. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1866961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tean Zaheer
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Rao Zahid Abbas
- Department of Parasitology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Iqra Zaheer
- Department of Pathology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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17
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Chique C, Hynds PD, Andrade L, Burke L, Morris D, Ryan MP, O'Dwyer J. Cryptosporidium spp. in groundwater supplies intended for human consumption - A descriptive review of global prevalence, risk factors and knowledge gaps. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 176:115726. [PMID: 32247994 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis is one of the leading causes of diarrhoeal illness and mortality induced by protozoan pathogens worldwide. As a largely waterborne disease, emphasis has been given to the study of Cryptosporidium spp. in surface waters, readily susceptible to pathogenic contamination. Conversely, the status of Cryptosporidium in potable groundwater sources, generally regarded as a pristine and "safe" drinking-water supply owing to (sub)-soil protection, remains largely unknown. As such, this investigation presents the first literature review aimed to ascertain the global prevalence of Cryptosporidium in groundwater supply sources intended for human consumption. Thirty-seven peer-reviewed studies were identified and included in the review. Groundwater sample and supply detection rates (estimated 10-20%) indicate Cryptosporidium is frequently present in domestic groundwater sources, representing a latent health concern for groundwater consumers. Specifically, sample (10.4%) and source (19.1%) detection rates deriving from comprehensive "temporal" investigations are put forward as representative of a contamination 'baseline' for Cryptosporidium in 'domestic' groundwater supplies. Proposed 'baseline' prevalence figures are largely applicable in preventive risk-based catchment and groundwater quality management including the formulation of Quantitative Microbial Risk Assessment (QMRA). Notwithstanding, a large geographical disparity in available investigations and lack of standardized reporting restrict the transferability of research findings. Overall, the mechanisms responsible for Cryptosporidium transport and ingress into groundwater supplies remain ambiguous, representing a critical knowledge gap, and denoting a distinctive lack of integration between groundwater and public-health sub-disciplines among investigations. Key recommendations and guidelines are provided for prospective studies directed at more integrative and multi-disciplinary research.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Chique
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - P D Hynds
- Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Environmental Sustainability and Health Institute (ESIH), Technological University Dublin, Ireland.
| | - L Andrade
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - L Burke
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine and Centre for Health from Environment, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - D Morris
- Antimicrobial Resistance and Microbial Ecology Group, School of Medicine and Centre for Health from Environment, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - M P Ryan
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - J O'Dwyer
- School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Science (BEES), University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Environmental Research Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Irish Centre for Research in Applied Geosciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland.
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18
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Norman FF, Comeche B, Chamorro S, Pérez-Molina JA, López-Vélez R. Update on the major imported protozoan infections in travelers and migrants. Future Microbiol 2020; 15:213-225. [PMID: 32065535 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Globalization has contributed to the emergence of specific parasitic diseases in novel geographical areas, and in these regions, these infections in travelers and immigrants may cause a considerable burden of disease. Timely diagnosis and treatment of protozoan infections to decrease mortality and prevent associated complications are essential. In this respect, the increased availability of specific DNA-detection procedures has improved the diagnosis of many imported parasitic infections. Travelers and immigrants with associated comorbidities or immunosuppression may pose a special challenge regarding management. An updated review of the main protozoan infections in mobile populations (malaria, Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, enteric protozoan infections) is provided, focusing on the changing epidemiology of these diseases, recent developments in diagnosis and management and the possibility of local transmission of imported infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca F Norman
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Belén Comeche
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Chamorro
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - José-Antonio Pérez-Molina
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rogelio López-Vélez
- National Referral Unit for Tropical Diseases, Infectious Diseases Department, Ramón y Cajal University Hospital, IRYCIS, Ctra Colmenar, Km 9,100, 28034, Madrid, Spain
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19
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Zueter AM, Hijjawi NS, Hamadeneh KN, Al-Sheyab MM, Hatamleh AM. Cryptosporidiosis among Hemodialysis Patients in Jordan: First Preliminary Screening Surveillance. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:E131. [PMID: 31635249 PMCID: PMC6958476 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 10/12/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Few studies have reported the incidence of cryptosporidiosis among hemodialysis patients worldwide. Currently many molecular and immunological assays have been developed for the sensitive diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis, but still, the microscopic detection of the parasitic infective stage (oocysts) in stool specimens using modified acid stain is regarded as a reliable sensitive technique which is widely used in many clinical labs. In the present study, a total of 133 stool samples were collected from hemodialysis patients and were screened for Cryptosporidium oocyst using formalin-ether concentration and modified acid-fast staining technique. Clinical and demographic data were also collected and analyzed. Cryptosporidium oocysts were recovered in 15/133 (11%) of the investigated hemodialysis patients. The age of patients ranged from 25 to 80 years (mean: 57.84 ± 12.22). Most of the Cryptosporidium-positive cases were recovered from males (73.7%) residing in rural villages in Irbid city (86.6%). The most repeatedly reported symptoms in the Cryptosporidium-positive patients were gastrointestinal symptoms, including diarrhea (15%), nausea (24%), abdominal pain (23%) and bloating (17%), in addition to general fatigue (32%) and weight loss (19%). No statistically significant associations for certain clinical symptoms or risk factors were found. The present study is the first preliminary study in Jordan that provided a brief screening for the incidence of cryptosporidiosis among hemodialysis patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- AbdelRahman M Zueter
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
| | - Nawal S Hijjawi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, The Hashemite University, Zarqa 13133, Jordan.
| | - Khaled N Hamadeneh
- Nephrology Department, King Hussein Medical Center, Amman 11118, Jordan.
| | - Maysa M Al-Sheyab
- Medical Microbiology Department, Prince Rashed Bin AL-Hassan Military Hospital, Irbid 21110, Jordan.
| | - Amal M Hatamleh
- Medical Hematology Department, Prince Rashed Bin AL-Hassan Military Hospital, Irbid 21110, Jordan.
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