1
|
Liu Q, Liu J, Zhang Y, Chen H, Liu X, Liu M. Associations between atmospheric PM 2.5 exposure and carcinogenic health risks: Surveillance data from the year of lowest recorded levels in Beijing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 355:124176. [PMID: 38768675 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/22/2024]
Abstract
Scant research has pinpointed the year of minimum PM2.5 concentration through extensive, uninterrupted monitoring, nor has it thoroughly assessed carcinogenic risks associated with analyzing numerous components during this nadir in Beijing. This study endeavored to delineate the atmospheric PM2.5 pollution in Beijing from 2015 to 2022 and to undertake comprehensive evaluation of carcinogenic risks associated with the composition of atmospheric PM2.5 during the year exhibiting the lowest concentration. PM2.5 concentrations were monitored gradually in 9 districts of Beijing for 7 consecutive days per month from 2015 to 2022, and 32 kinds of PM2.5 components collected in the lowest PM2.5 concentration year were analyzed. This comprehensive dataset served as the basis for carcinogenic risk assessment using Monte Carlo simulation. And we applied the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) method to identity the sources of atmospheric PM2.5. Furthermore, we integrated this source appointment model with risk assessment model to discern the origins of these risks. The findings revealed that the annual average PM2.5 concentration in 2022 stood at 43.1 μg/m3, marking the lowest level recorded. The mean carcinogenic risks of atmospheric PM2.5 exposure calculated at 6.30E-6 (empirical 95% CI 1.09E-6 to 2.25E-5) in 2022. The PMF model suggested that secondary sources (35.4%), coal combustion (25.6%), resuspended dust (15.1%), biomass combustion (14.1%), vehicle emissions (7.1%), industrial emissions (2.0%) and others (0.7%) were the main sources of atmospheric PM2.5 in Beijing. The mixed model revealed that coal combustion (2.41E-6), vehicle emissions (1.90E-6) and industrial emissions (1.32E-6) were the main sources of carcinogenic risks with caution. Despite a continual decrease in atmospheric PM2.5 concentration in recent years, the lowest concentration levels still pose non-negligible carcinogenic risks. Notably, the carcinogenic risks associated with metals and metalloids exceeded that of PAHs. And the distribution of risk sources did not align proportionally with the distribution of PM2.5 mass concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qichen Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China; Institute for Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Jue Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Institute for Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Huajie Chen
- Institute for Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofeng Liu
- Institute for Environmental Health, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, China
| | - Min Liu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dai X, Ai Y, Wu Y, Li Z, Kang N, Zhang T, Tao Y. Multiple exposure pathways and health risk assessment of PAHs in Lanzhou city, a semi-arid region in northwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118867. [PMID: 38593936 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In the sparse studies for multiple pathway exposure, attention has predominantly been directed towards developed regions, thereby overlooking the exposure level and health outcome for the inhabitants of the semi-arid regions in northwest China. However, cities within these regions grapple with myriad challenges, encompassing insufficient sanitation infrastructure and outdated heating. In this study, we analyzed the characteristics and sources of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) pollution in PM2.5, water, diet, and dust during different periods in Lanzhou, and estimated corresponding carcinogenic health risk through inhalation, ingestion, and dermal absorption. Our observations revealed the concentrations of PAHs in PM2.5, food, soil, and water are 200.11 ng m-3, 8.67 mg kg-1, 3.91 mg kg-1, and 14.5 ng L-1, respectively, indicating that the Lanzhou area was seriously polluted. Lifetime incremental cancer risk (ILCR) showed a heightened cancer risk to men compared to women, to the younger than the elderly, and during heating period as opposed to non-heating period. Notably, the inhalation was the primary route of PAHs exposure and the risk of exposure by inhalation cannot be ignored. The total environmental exposure assessment of PAHs can achieve accurate prevention and control of PAHs environmental exposure according to local conditions and targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Dai
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yunrui Ai
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yancong Wu
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Zhenglei Li
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Ning Kang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yan Tao
- Gansu Key Laboratory for Environmental Pollution Prediction and Control, College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Western China's Environmental Systems (Ministry of Education), College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arif I, Adams MD, Johnson MTJ. A meta-analysis of the carcinogenic effects of particulate matter and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:123941. [PMID: 38614427 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Urbanization has numerous benefits to human society, but some aspects of urban environments, such as air pollution, can negatively affect human health. Two major air pollutants, particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), have been classified as carcinogens by the International Agency for Research on Cancer. Here, we answer two questions: (1) What are the carcinogenic effects of PM and PAH exposure? (2) How does carcinogenic risk vary across geographical regions? We performed a comprehensive literature search of peer-reviewed published studies examining the link between air pollution and human cancer rates. Focusing on studies published since 2014 when the last IARC monograph on air pollution was published, we converted the extracted data into relative risks and performed subgroup analyses. Exposure to PM2.5 (per 10 μg/m3) resulted in an 8.5% increase in cancer incidence when all cancer types were combined, and risk for individual cancer types (i.e. lung cancer and adenocarcinoma) was also elevated. PM2.5 was also associated with 2.5% higher mortality due to cancer when all types of cancer were combined, and for individual cancer types (i.e., lung and breast cancer). Exposure to PM2.5 and PM10 posed the greatest risk to lung cancer incidence and mortality in Europe (PM2.5 RR 2.15; PM10 RR 1.26); the risk in Asia and the Americas was also elevated. Exposure to PAH and benzo[a]pyrene significantly increased the pooled risk of cancer incidence (10.8% and 8.0% respectively) at the highest percentile of exposure concentration. Our meta-analyses of studies over the past decade shows that urban air pollution in the form of PM2.5, PM10, and PAH all elevate the incidence and mortality of cancer. We discuss the possible mechanisms of carcinogenesis of PM and PAH. These results support World Health Organization's conclusion that air pollution poses among the greatest health risks to humans living in cities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irtaqa Arif
- Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Canada; Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada.
| | - Matthew D Adams
- Department of Geography, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| | - Marc T J Johnson
- Department of Biology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Canada; Centre for Urban Environments, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang N, Maung MW, Wang S, Aruffo E, Feng J. Characterization and health risk assessment of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Yangon and Mandalay of Myanmar. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:170034. [PMID: 38220015 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/07/2024] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
To better understand the potential adverse health effects of atmospheric fine particles in the Southeast Asian developing countries, PM2.5 samples were collected at two urban sites in Yangon and Mandalay, representing coastal and inland cities in Myanmar, in winter and summer during 2016 and 2017. The concentrations of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 were determined using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The concentrations of PAHs in PM2.5 in Yangon and Mandalay ranged from 7.6 to 180 ng m-3, with an average of 72 ng m-3. The PAHs were significantly higher in winter than in summer, and significantly higher in Mandalay than in Yangon. The health risk analysis of PAHs, based on the toxic equivalent quantity (TEQ) calculation, and the incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) assessment indicated that PM2.5 in Myanmar has significant health risks with higher health risks in Mandalay compared to Yangon. Diagnostic ratios of PAHs, correlation of PAHs with other species in PM2.5 and the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis showed that TEQ is strongly affected by biomass burning and vehicular emissions in Myanmar. Additionally, it was found that the aging degree of aerosols and air mass trajectories had great influences on the concentration and composition of PAHs in PM2.5 in Myanmar, thereby affecting the toxicity of PM2.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ning Zhang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Myo Win Maung
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Shunyao Wang
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Department of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University "G. d'Annunzio" of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy; Center for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Jialiang Feng
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Liu Y, Wang Y, Zhang R, Wang S, Li J, An Z, Song J, Wu W. Transcriptomics profile of human bronchial epithelial cells exposed to ambient fine particles and influenza virus (H3N2). Sci Rep 2023; 13:19259. [PMID: 37935887 PMCID: PMC10630401 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-46724-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution remains a major threat to public health. As the physical barrier against inhaled air pollutants, airway epithelium is a primary target for PM2.5 and influenza viruses, two major environmental insults. Recent studies have shown that PM2.5 and influenza viruses may interact to aggravate airway inflammation, an essential event in the pathogenesis of diverse pulmonary diseases. Airway epithelium plays a critical role in lung health and disorders. Thus far, the mechanisms for the interactive effect of PM2.5 and the influenza virus on gene transcription of airway epithelial cells have not been fully uncovered. In this present pilot study, the transcriptome sequencing approach was introduced to identify responsive genes following individual and co-exposure to PM2.5 and influenza A (H3N2) viruses in a human bronchial epithelial cell line (BEAS-2B). Enrichment analysis revealed the function of differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Specifically, the DEGs enriched in the xenobiotic metabolism by the cytochrome P450 pathway were linked to PM2.5 exposure. In contrast, the DEGs enriched in environmental information processing and human diseases, such as viral protein interaction with cytokines and cytokine receptors and epithelial cell signaling in bacterial infection, were significantly related to H3N2 exposure. Meanwhile, co-exposure to PM2.5 and H3N2 affected G protein-coupled receptors on the cell surface. Thus, the results from this study provides insights into PM2.5- and influenza virus-induced airway inflammation and potential mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Yinbiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Shaolan Wang
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhen An
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Jie Song
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, Henan Province, China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Liu J, Deng S, Tong H, Yang Y, Tuheti A. Emission profiles, source identifications, and health risk of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in a road tunnel located in Xi'an, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:85125-85138. [PMID: 37380852 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27996-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the sources and characteristics of PM2.5-bound PAHs from traffic-related pollution can provide valuable data for mitigating air contamination from traffic in local urban regions. However, little information on PAHs is available regarding the typical arterial highway-Qinling Mountains No.1 tunnel in Xi'an. We estimated the profiles, sources, and emission factors of PM2.5-bound PAHs in this tunnel. The total PAH concentrations were 22.78 ng·m-3 and 52.80 ng·m-3 at the tunnel middle and exit, which were 1.09 and 3.84 times higher than that at the tunnel entrance. Pyr, Flt, Phe, Chr, BaP, and BbF were the dominant PAH species (representing approximately 78.01% of total PAHs). The four rings PAHs were dominant (58%) among the total PAH concentrations in PM2.5. The results demonstrated that diesel and gasoline vehicles exhaust emissions contributed 56.81% and 22.60% to the PAHs, respectively, while the corresponding value for together brakes, tyre wear, and road dust was 20.59%. The emission factors of total PAHs were 29.35 μg·veh-1·km-1, and emission factors of 4 rings PAHs were significantly higher than those of the other PAHs. The sum of ILCR was estimated to be 1.41×10-4, which accorded with acceptable level of cancer risk (10-6-10-4), PAHs should not ignored as they still affect the public health of inhabitants. This study shed light on PAH profiles and traffic-related sources in the tunnel, thereby facilitating the assessment of control measures targeting PAHs in local areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Liu
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| | - Shunxi Deng
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China.
| | - Hui Tong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Abula Tuheti
- School of Water and Environment, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
- Key Laboratory of Subsurface Hydrology and Ecological Effect in Arid Region of Ministry of Education, Chang'an University, Xi'an, 710064, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Fan R, Xu L, Cui B, Li D, Sun X, Qi Y, Rao J, Wang K, Wang C, Zhao K, Zhao Y, Dai J, Chen W, Shen H, Liu Y, Yu D. Genomic Characterization Revealed PM 2.5-Associated Mutational Signatures in Lung Cancer Including Activation of APOBEC3B. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6854-6864. [PMID: 37071573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) exposure causes DNA mutations and abnormal gene expression leading to lung cancer, but the detailed mechanisms remain unknown. Here, analysis of genomic and transcriptomic changes upon a PM2.5 exposure-induced human bronchial epithelial cell-based malignant transformed cell model in vitro showed that PM2.5 exposure led to APOBEC mutational signatures and transcriptional activation of APOBEC3B along with other potential oncogenes. Moreover, by analyzing mutational profiles of 1117 non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) from patients across four different geographic regions, we observed a significantly higher prevalence of APOBEC mutational signatures in non-smoking NSCLCs than smoking in the Chinese cohorts, but this difference was not observed in TCGA or Singapore cohorts. We further validated this association by showing that the PM2.5 exposure-induced transcriptional pattern was significantly enriched in Chinese NSCLC patients compared with other geographic regions. Finally, our results showed that PM2.5 exposure activated the DNA damage repair pathway. Overall, here we report a previously uncharacterized association between PM2.5 and APOBEC activation, revealing a potential molecular mechanism of PM2.5 exposure and lung cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rongrong Fan
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Lin Xu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bowen Cui
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Daochuan Li
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Xueying Sun
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Jianan Rao
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Kunming Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yanjie Zhao
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Juncheng Dai
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Department of Bioinformatics, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Wen Chen
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - Hongbing Shen
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Global Health, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
- Jiangsu Key Lab of Cancer Biomarkers, Prevention and Treatment, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Personalized Medicine and China International Cooperation Center for Environment and Human Health, Genomic Science and Precision Medicine Institute, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Pediatric Translational Medicine Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Key Laboratory of Pediatric Hematology & Oncology Ministry of Health, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China
- Fujian Children's Hospital, Fujian Branch of Shanghai Children's Medical Center Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Fuzhou 350000, China
| | - Dianke Yu
- School of Public Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao 266071, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Galvão ES, Paiva HB, Menezes HC, de Almeida Albuquerque TT, Cardeal ZDL. Cancer risk assessment and source apportionment of the gas- and particulate-phase of the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a metropolitan region in Brazil. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136872. [PMID: 36252898 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
A risk assessment and a source apportionment of the particulate- and gas-phase PAHs were conducted in a high vehicular traffic and industrialized region in southeastern Brazil. Higher concentrations of PAHs were found during summer, being likely driven by the contributions of PAHs in the vapor phase caused by fire outbreaks during this period. Isomer ratio diagnostic and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified four potential sources in the region, in which the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model confirmed and apportioned as gasoline-related (31.8%), diesel-related (25.1%), biomass burning (23.4%), and mixed sources (19.6%). The overall cancer risk had a tolerable value, with ∑CR = 4.6 × 10-5, being ingestion the major via of exposure (64% of the ∑CR), followed by dermal contact (33% of the ∑CR) and inhalation (3%). Mixed sources contributed up to 45% of the overall cancer risk (∑CR), followed by gasoline-related (up to 35%), diesel-related (up to 15%), and biomass burning (up to 10%). The risk assessment for individual PAH species allowed identifying higher CR associated with BaP, DBA, BbF, BaA, and BkF, species associated with gasoline-related and industrial sources. Higher risks were associated with PM2.5-bound PAHs exposure, mainly via ingestion and dermal contact, highlighting the need for measures of mitigation and control of PM2.5 in the region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elson Silva Galvão
- Departamento de Engenharia Sanitária e Ambiental, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
| | | | - Helvécio Costa Menezes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, 31270, Brazil
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Zhang J, Feng L, Zhao Y, Hou C, Gu Q. Health risks of PM 2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and heavy metals (PPAH&HM) during the replacement of central heating with urban natural gas in Tianjin, China. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2022; 44:2495-2514. [PMID: 34291374 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-021-01040-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the health effects of fine particulate matter (≤ 2.5 μm in aerodynamic diameter; PM2.5)-bound heavy metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) before and after the implementation of the Urban Natural Gas Heating Project (UNGHP), the lifetime cancer risks, hazard quotients (HQs) of heavy metals and PAHs were calculated. Seven kinds of heavy metals (Al, As, Cd, Cr, Mn, Ni and Se) and 12 kinds of PAHs including acenaphthylene (ANY), acenaphthene (ANA), fluoranthene (FLT), pyrene (PYR), chrysene (CHR), benz[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenz[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[ghi]perylene (BPE) and indeno[1,2,3-cd]pyrene (IPY) were analyzed and used for the health risk assessments. It was found that HQ of Mn fell from 1.09 in the coal-burning period to 0.72 in the gas-burning period in the suburban area. And lifetime cancer risks of PAHs fell from 35.7 × 10-6 in the coal-burning period to 17.22 × 10-6 in the gas-burning period in the urban area. It could be concluded that, during the gas-burning period, downward trends were observed for the lifetime cancer risks and HQs of most kinds of heavy metals and PAHs in all regions of Tianjin compared to those during the coal-burning period. The UNGHP was effective, and we should also take other measures to control the pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Lihong Feng
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Changchun Hou
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China
| | - Qing Gu
- Department of Environment and Health, Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, No.6 Huayue Rd, Tianjin, China.
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, No.22 Qixiangtai Rd, Tianjin, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Luna-Carrascal J, Quintana-Sosa M, Olivero-Verbel J. Genotoxicity biomarkers in car repair workers from Barranquilla, a Colombian Caribbean City. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2022; 85:263-275. [PMID: 34839807 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2021.2000542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to chemicals and particles generated in automotive repair shops is a common and underestimated problem. The objective of this study was to assess the genotoxic status of auto repair workers with (1) a questionnaire to gather sociodemographic information and self-reported exposure to hazardous chemicals and (2) measurement of various biochemical parameters. Blood and oral mucosa samples were collected from 174 male volunteers from Barranquilla, Colombia, aged 18-55 years: 87 were active car repairmen and 87 were individuals with no known exposure to hazardous chemicals. Peripheral blood lymphocytes were collected for the comet and cytokinesis-blocking micronucleus (CBMN) assays, while oral mucosal epithelium extracted to quantify micronucleated cells (MNC). DNA was extracted to assess polymorphisms in the DNA repair (XRCC1) and metabolism-related genes (GSTT1 and GSTM1) using PCR-RFLP. DNA damage and frequency of micronuclei (MN) in lymphocytes and oral mucosa were significantly higher in exposed compared to control group. In both groups genotypes and allelic variants for XRCC1 and GSTT1 met the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). In contrast, GSTM1 deviated from HWE. In the exposed group genotypic variants were not correlated with DNA damage or MN presence in cells. DNA damage and occurrence of MN in mucosa and lymphocytes correlated with age and time of service (occupational exposure ≥ 3 years). In summary, workers in car repair shops exhibited genotoxic effects depending upon exposure duration in the workplace which occurred independent of DNA repair XRCC1 gene and metabolism genes GSTT1 and GSTM1. Date demonstrate that health authorities improve air quality in auto repair facilities to avoid occupational DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Luna-Carrascal
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| | - Milton Quintana-Sosa
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Biomédicas, Universidad Simón Bolívar, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Jesus Olivero-Verbel
- Environmental and Computational Chemistry Group, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zaragocilla Campus, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Colombia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang Y, Qi A, Wang P, Tuo X, Huang Q, Zhang Y, Xu P, Zhang T, Zhang X, Zhao T, Wang W, Yang L. Temporal profiles, source analysis, and health risk assessments of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives (NPAHs, OPAHs, ClPAHs, and BrPAHs) in PM 2.5 and PM 1.0 from the eastern coastal region of China: Urban coastal area versus coastal background area. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 292:133341. [PMID: 34929283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.133341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The eastern coastal region of China is the area with the highest emission of PAHs in China. Therefore, understanding the sources and health risk of parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAHs) and their derivatives in eastern coastal cities of China is the main basis for air pollution control. In this study, we measured the concentrations of 18 parent PAHs, 17 nitrated PAHs, 7 oxygenated PAHs, 8 chlorinated PAHs, and 13 brominated PAHs in PM1.0 and PM2.5 samples collected at an urban coastal city site and a coastal background site in 2019. We analyzed the temporal distribution, molecular composition, and sources and performed health risk assessments for both winter and summer samples. The average concentration of the PPAHs and their derivatives (all 63 compounds combined) in the PM1.0 samples accounted for 75.57% of the PAHs concentration in PM2.5 samples. The average concentration of PM2.5- and PM1.0- bound PPAHs in winter was 114.70 times higher than in summer, and their derivatives was 27.51 times. Both the combined concentrations of the 18 PPAHs and the combined concentrations of the 45 derivatives were higher in the coastal city compared to the background site during the winter (1.90 and 1.48 times, respectively), but they were comparable during the summer. The positive matrix factorization analysis indicated that the compounds mainly originated from coal/biomass combustion, industrial sources, vehicle emissions, and secondary formation. In addition, the concentration-weighted trajectories model revealed that the PAHs were mainly emitted locally in Shandong Province and surrounding areas, such as Hebei Province, Henan Province, and Bohai Sea. The compounds 1-NPYR, 2+9-BrPHE, 9,10-Cl2PHE, and 1-ClPYR dominantly contributed to the derivatives of TEQ during the winter due to their high concentrations or the high TEFs of these compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Anan Qi
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Pengcheng Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiong Tuo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Qi Huang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tianqi Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiongfei Zhang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Wenxing Wang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Lingxiao Yang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210093, China.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Li W, Chen D, Ruan W, Peng Y, Lu Z, Wang D. Association of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure, systemic inflammation with hearing loss among adults and adolescents. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 296:118772. [PMID: 34974090 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The association between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hearing loss is rarely assessed. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure and hearing loss among US adults and adolescents, and to explore the mediating role of systemic inflammation in the associations. Participants from the National health and Nutrition Examination Surveys (NHANES, 2001-2016) were included. Multiple logistic regression models were used to explore the associations between PAH metabolites and hearing loss. A total of 4200 adults and 1337 adolescents were included in the present analysis. For adults, we found positive association between urinary PAH metabolites and hearing loss, including total, speech-frequency and high-frequency hearing loss. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level of 3-Hydroxyfluorene (3-OHFlu), 2-Hydroxyfluorene (2-OHFlu) and 2 & 3-Hydroxyphenanthrene (2&3-OHPh) with total hearing loss were 1.17 (1.04-1.31), 1.24 (1.07-1.43), and 1.18 (1.03-1.37), respectively. For adolescents, urinary PAH metabolites were positively associated with total and speech-frequency hearing loss, not with high-frequency. The ORs and 95% CIs for each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level of 3-OHFlu, 2-OHFlu and total urinary PAH metabolites with total hearing loss were 1.34 (1.06-1.68), 1.48 (1.13-1.93), and 1.33 (1.04-1.72), respectively. Each one-unit increase in the log-transformed level 2-OHFlu (β = 0.112, 95%CI = 0.018-0.206) and 2&3-OHPh (β = 0.145, 95%CI = 0.037-0.253) were positively associated with C-reactive protein (CRP) among adolescents, but not among adults. No mediating effect for CRP on the association of urinary PAH metabolites with hearing loss was found (all P > 0.05). 3-OHFlu and 2-OHFlu are associated with increased prevalence of hearing loss among adults and adolescents. Systemic inflammation does not mediate the associations. Further studies should be conducted to verify the results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhen Li
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Dajie Chen
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Wenyu Ruan
- Shangluo Central Hospital, Shangluo, Shaanxi, 726000, China
| | - Ying Peng
- Wuhan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei, 430000, China
| | - Zuxun Lu
- Department of Social Medicine and Health Management, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, PR China
| | - Dongming Wang
- Department of Occupational & Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education & Ministry of Environmental Protection, And State Key Laboratory of Environmental Health (Incubating), School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
A M, Cao R, Geng N, Zhu X, Chen J. Characteristics of PAHs, PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in atmospheric fine particulate matter in Dalian, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132488. [PMID: 34624346 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic species in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) may exhibit significant health risks. The level, composition and sources of PM2.5-bound organic pollutants are temporally and spatially highly variable. In this study, the pollution characteristics and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/furans (PCDD/Fs) in PM2.5 of Dalian were investigated. PM2.5-bound organic pollutants in Dalian were generally lower than other regions in China and other countries, significant seasonal changes were observed, higher levels appeared in winter than in summer. Concentrations of 16 PAHs were 2.07 ng/m3 and 13.99 ng/m3 in summer and winter, respectively. PAHs with 4-ring and 5-ring were the dominant components. Diagnostic analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that PAHs mainly originate from petroleum emissions and combustion. Concentrations of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PCNs in PM2.5 ranged from 0.05 to 3.27, 0.04-0.65 and 0.05-1.42 pg/m3, respectively. PCDD/Fs and PCBs were mainly consisted of high-chlorinated homologues during the sampling period. High-chlorinated PCNs were dominated only in winter, while low-chlorinated PCNs were dominated in summer, industrial thermal activity was one of the main sources of PCNs. The high correlation coefficients of the concentration of PAHs, PCBs, PCNs, and PCDD/Fs with that of SO2 indicated that combustion sources contributed more to PM2.5-bound organic pollutants than that of motor vehicle emissions. The incremental lifetime cancer risk induced by PM2.5-bound POPs is relatively lower in Dalian than other regions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mila A
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China; Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China.
| | - Xiuhua Zhu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian Jiaotong University, Dalian, 116028, China.
| | - Jiping Chen
- Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning, 116023, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhou S, Zhu Q, Liu H, Jiang S, Zhang X, Peng C, Yang G, Li J, Cheng L, Zhong R, Zeng Q, Miao X, Lu Q. Associations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and its interaction with XRCC1 genetic polymorphism with lung cancer: A case-control study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118077. [PMID: 34523522 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Humans are extensively exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) daily via multiple pathways. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated that occupational exposure to PAHs increases the risk of lung cancer, but related studies in the general population are limited. Hence, we conducted a case-control study among the Chinese general population to investigate the associations between PAHs exposure and lung cancer risk and analyze the modifications of genetic polymorphisms in DNA repair genes. In this study, we enrolled 122 lung cancer cases and 244 healthy controls in Wuhan, China. Urinary PAHs metabolites were determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and rs25487 in X-ray repair cross-complementation 1 (XRCC1) gene was genotyped by the Agena Bioscience MassARRAY System. Then, multivariable logistic regression models were performed to estimate the potential associations. We found that urinary hydroxynaphthalene (OH-Nap), hydroxyphenanthrene (OH-Phe) and the sum of hydroxy PAHs (∑OH-PAHs) levels were significantly higher in lung cancer cases than those in controls. After adjusting for gender, age, BMI, smoking status, smoking pack-years, drinking status and family history, urinary ∑OH-Nap and ∑OH-Phe levels were positively associated with lung cancer risk, with dose-response relationships. Compared with those in the lowest tertiles, individuals in the highest tertiles of ∑OH-Nap and ∑OH-Phe had a 2.13-fold (95% CI: 1.10, 4.09) and 2.45-fold (95% CI: 1.23, 4.87) increased risk of lung cancer, respectively. Effects of gender, age, smoking status and smoking pack-years on the associations of PAHs exposure with lung cancer risk were shown in the subgroup analysis. Furthermore, associations of urinary ∑OH-Nap and ∑OH-PAHs levels with lung cancer risk were modified by XRCC1 rs25487 (Pinteraction ≤ 0.025), and were more pronounced in wild-types of rs25487. These findings suggest that environmental exposure to naphthalene and phenanthrene is associated with increased lung cancer risk, and polymorphism of XRCC1 rs25487 might modify the naphthalene exposure-related lung cancer effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qiuqi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Huimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Shunli Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China; Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Environmental Medicine, Department of Public Health, Jining Medical University, 133 Hehua Road, Jining, Shandong, 272067, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Guanlin Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Jiaoyuan Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Liming Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1095 Jiefang Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qiang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Xiaoping Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China
| | - Qing Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan, Hubei, 430030, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ali-Taleshi MS, Squizzato S, Riyahi Bakhtiari A, Moeinaddini M, Masiol M. Using a hybrid approach to apportion potential source locations contributing to excess cancer risk of PM 2.5-bound PAHs during heating and non-heating periods in a megacity in the Middle East. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111617. [PMID: 34228953 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) represent one of the major toxic pollutants associated with PM2.5 with significant human health and climate effects. Because of local and long-range transport of atmospheric PAHs to receptor sites, higher global attentions have been focused to improve PAHs pollution emission management. In this study, PM2.5 samples were collected at three urban sites located in the capital of Iran, Tehran, during the heating and non-heating periods (H-period and NH-period). The US EPA 16 priority PAHs were analyzed and the data were processed to the following detailed aims: (i) investigate the H-period and NH-period variations of PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs concentrations; (ii) identify the PAHs sources and the source locations during the two periods; (iii) carry out a source-specific excess cancer risk (ECR) assessment highlighting the potential source locations contributing to the ECR using a hybrid approach. Total PAHs (TPAHs) showed significantly higher concentrations (1.56-1.89 times) during the H-period. Among the identified PAHs compounds, statistically significant periodical differences (p-value < 0.05) were observed only between eight PAHs species (Nap, BaA, Chr, BbF, BkF, BaP, IcdP, and DahA) at all three sampling sites which can be due to the significant differences of PAHs emission sources during H and NH-periods. High molecular weight (HMW) PAHs accounted for 52.7% and 46.8% on average of TPAHs during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) led to identifying four main PAHs sources including industrial emissions, petrogenic emissions, biomass burning and natural gas emissions, and vehicle exhaust emissions. Industrial and petrogenic emissions exhibited the highest contribution (19.8%, 27.2%, respectively) during the NH-period, while vehicle exhaust and biomass burning-natural gas emissions showed the largest contribution (40.7%, 29.6%, respectively) during the H-period. Concentration weighted trajectory (CWT) on factor contributions was used for tracking the potential locations of the identified sources. In addition to local sources, long-range transport contributed to a significant fraction of TPHAs in Tehran both during the H- and NH-periods. Source-specific carcinogenic risks assessment apportioned vehicle exhaust (44.2%, 2.52 × 10-4) and biomass burning-natural gas emissions (33.9%, 8.31 × 10-5) as the main cancer risk contributors during the H-period and NH-period, respectively. CWT maps pointed out the different distribution patterns associated with the cancer risk from the identified sources. This will allow better risk management through the identification of priority PAHs sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Stefania Squizzato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy.
| | - Alireza Riyahi Bakhtiari
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources and Marine Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Noor, Mazandaran, Iran
| | - Mazaher Moeinaddini
- Department of Environment, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mauro Masiol
- Dipartimento di Scienze Ambientali Informatica e Statistica, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, Venezia, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Huang F, Zhang Y, Lou Y, Li X, Zhang T, Yu H, Yuan C, Tong Q, Qi F, Shao F. Characterization, Sources and Excessive Cancer Risk of PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Green Spaces in Lin'an, Hangzhou, China. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 107:519-529. [PMID: 34230988 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03304-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 samples were collected from residential, commercial, plaza and public green spaces in Lin'an, Hangzhou, in spring (March and April) and winter (February and December) in 2017. PAHs were detected by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), and their sources were identified using the diagnostic ratio (DR) and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR). The average PAH concentration in winter was 1.3 times that in spring (p < 0.01). The PAH concentrations in the green spaces decreased as commercial > residential > plaza > public green space (p < 0.05). The sources of PAHs were vehicle emissions and coal combustion pollution transported by northern Chinese air masses. Slightly higher excessive cancer risks were determined in the commercial and residential green spaces than in the plaza and public green spaces. Green coverage, pedestrian volume, traffic flow and building density greatly influenced the decrease in the PAH concentration in the green spaces. Among the 4 types of green spaces, public green space had the most ecological benefits and should be fully utilized in urban green space planning to improve public health in urban spaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fang Huang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yinke Zhang
- Hangzhou Botanical Garden (Hangzhou West Lake Academy of Landscape Science), Hangzhou, 310012, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yilei Lou
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaolu Li
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tianran Zhang
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Hui Yu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chuyang Yuan
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qun Tong
- Hangzhou Lin'an District Environmental Monitoring Station, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Qi
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feng Shao
- College of Landscape Architecture, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forestry University, Hangzhou, 311300, Zhejiang, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Wang X, Wang C, Gong P, Wang X, Zhu H, Gao S. Century-long record of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from tree rings in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125152. [PMID: 33540264 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Limited studies have been carried out on the historical variations of atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially in remote regions of the world. In this study, century-long record of PAHs (1916-2018) were reconstructed from tree rings in the remote southeastern Tibetan Plateau (TP). The total concentrations of 15 PAHs varied from 27.5 to 6.05 × 102 ng/g dry weight (dw), with a mean value of 1.40 × 102 ng/g dw. Higher levels of PAHs were observed during World War Ⅱ and the Peaceful Liberation of Tibet, and increasing trends were observed starting from rapid industrialization in India. Both the isomer ratios and the positive matrix factorization model results indicated biomass and coal combustion were the dominant sources of PAHs. The carcinogenic risk of PAHs to local residents was assessed, which might have been negligible in most past periods and lower than in other regions of the world. Nevertheless, since the beginning of the 21st century, the cancer risk has been increasing year by year, indicating more actions are needed to reduce emissions of PAHs. This study provides an idea for reconstructing the pollution history of PAHs at the global scale.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chuanfei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; South-East Tibetan Plateau Station for Integrated Observation and Research of Alpine Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nyingchi 860119, China.
| | - Ping Gong
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, School of Science, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Haifeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Shaopeng Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Environment Changes and Land Surface Processes, Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Mahmoud M, Ramadan M, Naher S, Pullen K, Olabi AG. The impacts of different heating systems on the environment: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:142625. [PMID: 33077224 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents a review of the environmental impacts of most heating systems drawing together published literature on the subject, not previously available. Here, a comparison between the different systems such as coal, wood, oil, natural gas, heat pump, geothermal and solar energy is provided in terms of their environmental impact. The most important parameters considered are the emission rate and toxicity. This places the coal-fired system as the worst among all heating systems regarding the impacts on the environment. On the other hand, renewable energy sources are the most preferred sources decreasing total emissions and air pollution. In order to make a comparison between the different systems, the emissions that must be taken into consideration are CO, CO2, NOx, SO2, PMs, N2O, CH4, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and aldehydes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Montaser Mahmoud
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK; Lebanese International University, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohamad Ramadan
- International University of Beirut, PO Box 146404, Beirut, Lebanon; FCLAB, CNRS, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comte, Belfort cedex, France.
| | - Sumsun Naher
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Keith Pullen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Aeronautics, School of Mathematics, Computer Science and Engineering, City, University of London, UK
| | - Abdul-Ghani Olabi
- Sustainable and Renewable Energy Engineering, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Mechanical Engineering and Design, Aston University, School of Engineering and Applied Science, Aston Triangle, Birmingham, B4 7ET, UK
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Marangon D, Traversi D, D'Agostino AM, Gea M, Fontana M, Schilirò T. The North-western Italy air quality monitoring network: Improving experience of PM2.5 assessment with mutagenicity assay. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 195:110699. [PMID: 33539832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.110699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The finest fraction of Particulate Matter (PM2.5) carries a large number of pollutants, some of which are assessed as genotoxic, such as some Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs). In many countries, PM2.5 in combination with some PAHs are monitored to assess the concentrations of pollutants, while the air quality is rarely assessed by means of biological assays. Epidemiological studies have demonstrated a significant correlation between these two pollutants and human adverse effects, in particular on the respiratory system. Nevertheless, other air pollutants can induce a biological effect and the cumulative effect of the PM2.5 complex mixture may not be easily deduced by PM2.5 and PAH levels. This study aimed to combine the legislative monitoring of PM2.5 with the study of its mutagenicity. During a full year, daily air samples were collected in nine sites of the North-western Italy air quality monitoring network (Piedmont Region) and PM2.5 and PAH concentrations were assessed. Monthly pooled organic extracts were tested with the Salmonella assay using TA98 and TA100 strains, with and without metabolic activation (±S9), and using TA98NR and YG1021 strains. In all sites, a positive response was observed for TA98 and TA100 especially without S9. A significant mutagenic seasonal variation was detected, with higher mutagenicity in winter and lower responses in summer (average total mutagenicity ratio 27:1). The response of TA98NR and YG1021 compared with TA98 suggested a significant contribution of nitro-compounds to the mutagenicity. No significant differences were found between urban background and rural sites denoting the spread of pollution. A mutagenicity increase, 1.28 Total Mutagenicity Factor/20 m3, was observed for each PM2.5 μg increment. PAH levels and corresponding Toxic Equivalent Factors were highly correlated to mutagenicity results. This work confirms that complex environmental mixtures can be appropriately assessed through the implementation of physical-chemical analyzes with bioassays able to evaluate synergistic and antagonistic effects, especially for highest and lowest pollution settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Marangon
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Deborah Traversi
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Anna Maria D'Agostino
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Marta Gea
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy
| | - Marco Fontana
- Regional Agency for Environmental Protection of Piedmont (ARPA Piemonte), Torino, 10135, Italy
| | - Tiziana Schilirò
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Torino, Piazza Polonia 94, Torino, 10126, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Characteristics and Health Risk Assessment of PM2.5-Bound PAHs during Heavy Air Pollution Episodes in Winter in Urban Area of Beijing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12030323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PM2.5 level has decreased significantly in Beijing in recent years due to the strict air quality control measures taken in Jingjinji Region and the surrounding areas. However, the variation characteristics of the concentrations of PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Beijing in recent years are still not so clear. In order to understand the pollution status of PM2.5-bound PAHs in Beijing, fifteen PAHs were measured in a typical urban area of Beijing from 1 March to 20 March 2018. The average mass concentration of the 15 PAHs was 21 ng/m3 and higher in the nighttime than that in the daytime. The proportion of 4-ring PAHs in 15 PAHs was highest (43%), while 6-ring PAHs was lowest (10%). The levels of PAHs were higher during heavy pollution episodes than those in non-heavy pollution episodes, and the proportions of 5- and 6-ring PAHs were increased during a heavy pollution episode. PAHs posed obvious carcinogenic risks to the exposed populations, and the risk was higher during heavy pollution episodes than the average value of the whole monitoring period. The main sources of PAHs were traffic emissions and coal/biomass burning. Air masses from the south-southeast had a great influence on the PM2.5 levels during a heavy pollution episode. It is recommended that not only the PM2.5 levels but also the PAHs levels bounded in PM2.5 should be controlled to protect human health in Beijing.
Collapse
|
21
|
Dong Z, Jiang N, Zhang R, Xu Q, Ying Q, Li Q, Li S. Molecular characteristics, source contributions, and exposure risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the core city of Central Plains Economic Region, China: Insights from the variation of haze levels. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143885. [PMID: 33310581 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this study, molecular characteristics, source contributions, and health risks of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 for four haze levels in Zhengzhou, a megacity in central China with severe air pollution problems, have been analyzed. The concentrations of PAHs and PM2.5 on heavy haze (HH) days were 63% and 122% higher than non-haze (NH) days. The occurrence of high PAH concentration was often accompanied by the northwest wind along with adverse meteorological conditions that limit regional dispersion. The source apportionment results indicated that almost all sources contributed more PAH concentration on haze days. In particular, coal combustion and vehicle emissions contributions were almost doubled on HH days. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of PAHs has been assessed. BaP and DahA showed relatively high contributions to ILCR, and 31%-48% of ILCR is due to exposure to PAHs on high HH days.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Ruiqin Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qixiang Xu
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Qi Ying
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-3136, USA.
| | - Qiang Li
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Shengli Li
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen X, Qiu B, Zou Q, Qiu T, Li R, Truong A, Qi Y, Liu T, Han L, Liu T, Chang J, Sun Q, Zhu Y, Xu D. Source specific PM 2.5 associated with heart rate variability in the elderly with coronary heart disease: A community-based panel study. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127399. [PMID: 32668362 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
There is increasingly concern that PM2.5 constituents play a significant role in PM2.5-related cardiovascular outcomes. However, little is known about the associations between specific constituents of PM2.5 and risk for cardiovascular health. To evaluate the exposure to specific chemicals of PM2.5 from various sources and their cardiac effects, a longitudinal investigation was conducted with four repeated measurements of elderly participants' HRV and PM2.5 species in urban Beijing. Multiple chemicals in PM2.5 (metals, ions and PAHs) were characterized for PM2.5 source apportionment and personalized exposure assessment. Five sources were finally identified with specific chemicals as the indicators: oil combustion (1.1%, V & PAHs), secondary particle (11.3%, SO42- & NO3-), vehicle emission (1.2%, Pd), construction dust (28.7%, Mg & Ca), and coal combustion (57.7%, Se & As). As observed, each IQR increase in exposure to oil combustion (V), vehicle emission (Pd), and coal combustion (Se) significantly decreased rMSSD by 13.1% (95% CI: -25.3%, -1.0%), 27.4% (95% CI: -42.9%, -7.6%) and 24.7% (95% CI: -39.2%, -6.9%), respectively, while those of PM2.5 mass with decreases of rMSSD by 11.1% (95% CI: -19.6%, -1.9%) at lag 0. Elevated exposures to specific sources/constituents of PM2.5 disrupt cardiac autonomic function in elderly and have more adverse effects than PM2.5 mass. In the stratified analysis, medication and gender modify the associations of specific chemicals from variable sources with HRV. The findings of this study provide evidence on the roles of influential constituents of ambient air PM2.5 and their sources in terms of their adverse cardiovascular health effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chen
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Bing Qiu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing, China
| | - Qinpei Zou
- Chongqing Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Tian Qiu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Runkui Li
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China; State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ashley Truong
- Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Yanmin Qi
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Limin Han
- Civil Aviation General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Tiebing Liu
- Civil Aviation Medical Center, Civil Aviation Administration of China, Beijing, China
| | - Junrui Chang
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| | - Dongqun Xu
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Fang B, Zhang L, Zeng H, Liu J, Yang Z, Wang H, Wang Q, Wang M. PM 2.5-Bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Sources and Health Risk during Non-Heating and Heating Periods (Tangshan, China). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020483. [PMID: 31940862 PMCID: PMC7014208 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) may lead to adverse health risks. To understand the potential sources and carcinogenic risks of PAHs in Tangshan, 40 PM2.5 samples were collected for analysis of eighteen PM2.5-bound PAHs during non-heating period and heating period. The results display a significant variation. The median concentration of ∑18PAHs during the heating period (282 ng/m3) was higher than during the non-heating period (185 ng/m3). Especially, the median concentration of Benzopyrene (BaP) during the heating period (61.6 ng/m3) was 16.9-fold that during the non-heating period (3.64 ng/m3). It exceeded BaP annual average limit of China (1 ng/m3). Diagnostic ratios (DRs) and principal component analysis (PCA) both indicated that vehicle emissions and coal and biomass combustion were the dominant contributors of PAHs pollution in Tangshan. The incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of three age groups (children, teenagers, and adults) ranged from 2.56 × 10−6 to 5.26 × 10−5 during the entire sampling periods. The 95% risk values of adults exceeded 10−4 during the heating periods, indicating a potential health risk from PAHs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Lei Zhang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hao Zeng
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Ze Yang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Hongwei Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
| | - Qian Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Hebei Province Key Laboratory of Occupational Health and Safety for Coal Industry, School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
| | - Manman Wang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Caofeidian, Tangshan 063210, China; (B.F.); (L.Z.); (H.Z.); (J.L.); (Z.Y.); (H.W.)
- Correspondence: (Q.W.); (M.W.); Tel.: +86-0315-880-5585 (Q.W.); +86-0315-880-5576 (M.W.)
| |
Collapse
|