1
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Valente Roque J, Rodrigues MF, M Dufrayer GH, Medeiros Júnior I, de Carvalho RM, da Silva Lima G, Dos Santos GF, Vaz BG. Characterization and Quantification of Naphthenic Acids in Produced Water by Orbitrap MS and a Multivariate Approach. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024. [PMID: 39180744 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.4c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/26/2024]
Abstract
Naphthenic acids (NAs) naturally occur in crude oil and its associated produced water, presenting significant challenges, such as corrosion, in refinery apparatus and ecotoxicity in aquatic habitats. This study delineates a multivariate method to quantify NAs in produced water via electrospray ionization coupled with high-resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry (ESI-Orbitrap MS). By employing liquid-liquid extraction, followed by direct infusion ESI(-)-Orbitrap MS, we characterized and quantified NAs employing a partial least-squares regression (PLS) model enhanced by the ordered predictor selection (OPS) algorithm. Thirty-six produced water samples were utilized, with 24 allocated for calibration and 12 designated for validation. The PLS-OPS model demonstrated notable accuracy in predicting NA concentrations in simulated and actual produced water samples ranging from ∼30 to 300 mg·L-1. This methodology offers a rapid yet robust alternative for quantifying NAs using mass spectrometry augmented by PLS and the OPS. Its significance is underscored by its potential to equip the petroleum industry with a swift and reliable monitoring mechanism for NAs in produced water, thereby aiding in mitigating environmental and operational risks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Boniek Gontijo Vaz
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO 74690-900, Brazil
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2
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Yang L, Bekele A, Gamal El-Din M. Comprehensive characterization of organics in oil sands process water in constructed mesocosms utilizing multiple analytical methods. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 252:118972. [PMID: 38657851 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
This study aims to provide a thorough characterization of dissolved organics in oil sands process water (OSPW) in field-based aquatic mesocosms at both molecular and bulk measurement levels using multiple analytical methods. In a 3-year outdoor mesocosm experiment, the analysis of naphthenic acid (NA) species was conducted using ultra-performance liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-TOFMS). The results revealed the removal of both total NAs (38% and 35%) and classical NAs (O2-NAs, 58% and 49%) in undiluted and half-diluted OSPW, respectively. The increased ratios of oxidized NAs (O3-O6 NAs) to classical NAs suggested a transformation trend. The results also indicated that O2-NAs with higher carbon number and lower double bond equivalent (DBE) were more easily degraded in the mesocosm systems. Biomimetic extraction using solid-phase microextraction (BE-SPME) measurement displayed 26% (undiluted OSPW) and 30% (half-diluted OSPW) decrease in total bioavailable organics over 3 years. Naphthenic acids fraction compounds (NAFCs) obtained by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) were also determined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Reduction in acute toxicity for undiluted (43%) and half-diluted (26%) OSPW was observed over 3 years, which are well correlated with the decreases of NAs and BE-SPME concentrations. Moreover, BE-SPME values were found to be linearly correlated with total NAs concentrations (r = 0.96) and NAFCs (r = 0.96). Additionally, the linear relationships of individual O2-O6 NA species and BE-SPME concentrations unveiled the changes in the relative abundances of O2-O6 NA species in total bioavailable organics over time in the mesocosms. The present study has provided comprehensive insights by integrating various analytical methods, contributing valuable information for assessing the effectiveness of aquatic mesocosm systems in studying the temporal changes of organics in OSPW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Yang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Asfaw Bekele
- Technology and Surface Engineering, Imperial Oil Resources Limited, Calgary, Alberta T2C 4P3, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 1H9, Canada.
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3
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Chen Y, Wang Y, Headley JV, Huang R. Sample preparation, analytical characterization, monitoring, risk assessment and treatment of naphthenic acids in industrial wastewater and surrounding water impacted by unconventional petroleum production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 913:169636. [PMID: 38157903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Industrial extraction of unconventional petroleum results in notable volumes of oil sands process water (OSPW), containing elevated concentrations of naphthenic acids (NAs). The presence of NAs represents an intricate amalgamation of dissolved organic constituents, thereby presenting a notable hurdle for the domain of environmental analytical chemistry. There is growing concern about monitoring the potential seepage of OSPW NAs into nearby groundwater and river water. This review summarizes recent studies on sample preparation, characterization, monitoring, risk assessment, and treatment of NAs in industrial wastewater and surrounding water. Sample preparation approaches, such as liquid-liquid extraction, solid phase microextraction, and solid phase extraction, are crucial in isolating chemical standards, performing molecular level analysis, assessing aquatic toxicity, monitoring, and treating OSPW. Instrument techniques for NAs analysis were reviewed to cover different injection modes, ionization sources, and mass analyzers. Recent studies of transfer and transformation of NAs provide insights to differentiate between anthropogenic and natural bitumen-derived sources of NAs. In addition, related risk assessment and treatment studies were also present for elucidation of environmental implication and reclamation strategies. The synthesis of the current state of scientific knowledge presented in this review targets government regulators, academic researchers, and industrial scientists with interests spanning analytical chemistry, toxicology, and wastewater management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yongjian Wang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - John V Headley
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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4
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Jai JK, Tomlin H, Atkinson J, Brown TM, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Automated, High-Throughput Analysis of Tire-Derived p-Phenylenediamine Quinones (PPDQs) in Water by Online Membrane Sampling Coupled to MS/MS. ACS ES&T WATER 2023; 3:3293-3304. [PMID: 38455156 PMCID: PMC10916759 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.3c00275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
The tire-derived contaminant N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ) was recently identified as a potent toxin to coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). Studies investigating 6-PPDQ have employed solid-phase extraction (SPE) or liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), providing excellent sensitivity and selectivity. However, cleanup and pre-enrichment steps (SPE/LLE) followed by chromatographic separation can be time- and cost-intensive, limiting sample throughput. The ubiquitous distribution of 6-PPDQ necessitates numerous measurements to identify hotspots for targeted mitigation. We recently developed condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) for rapid 6-PPDQ analysis (2.5 min/sample), with a simple workflow and low limit of detection (8 ng/L). Here, we describe improved quantitation using isotopically labeled internal standards and inclusion of a suite of PPDQ analogues. A low-cost autosampler and data processing software were developed from a three-dimensional (3D) printer and Matlab to fully realize the high-throughput capabilities of CP-MIMS. Cross-validation with a commercial LC-MS method for 10 surface waters provides excellent agreement (slope: 1.01; R2 = 0.992). We employ this analytical approach to probe fundamental questions regarding sample stability and sorption of 6-PPDQ under lab-controlled conditions. Further, the results for 192 surface water samples provide the first spatiotemporal characterization of PPDQs on Vancouver Island and the lower mainland of British Columbia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Joshua K. Jai
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Haley Tomlin
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Jamieson Atkinson
- British
Columbia Conservation Foundation, 1885 Boxwood Road #105, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9S 5X9
| | - Tanya M. Brown
- Pacific
Science Enterprise Centre, Fisheries and
Oceans Canada, 4160 Marine Drive, West Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V7V 1H2
- School
of Resources and Environmental Management, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive West, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, 3800 Finnerty Road, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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5
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Monaghan J, Steenis D, Vander Meulen IJ, Peru KM, Headley JV, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Online Membrane Sampling for the Mass Spectrometric Analysis of Oil Sands Process Affected Water-Derived Naphthenic Acids in Real-World Samples. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10040228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Large volumes of oil sands process-affected waters (OSPW) result from heavy oil extraction in Alberta, Canada. Currently, a toxic legacy of ca. 500 Mm3 is stored in tailings ponds under a zero-discharge policy. OSPW is a complex mixture of suspended and dissolved materials including a wide range of inorganic and organic contaminants. Classically defined naphthenic acids (NAs; CnH2n+ZO2) are one of the primary toxic fractions in OSPW and have therefore been the subject of considerable research interest. Most studies employ considerable sample cleanup followed by liquid chromatography and/or high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) for the characterization of these complex mixtures. However, these strategies can be time- and cost-intensive, limiting the scope of research and adoption for regulatory purposes. Condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) is emerging as a “fit-for-purpose” approach for the analysis of NAs. This technique directly interfaces the mass spectrometer with an aqueous sample using a hydrophobic semi-permeable membrane, requiring only pH adjustment to convert NAs to a membrane-permeable form. Here, we examine the perm-selectivity of classical NAs (O2) relative to their more oxidized counterparts (O3–O7) and heteroatomic (N, S) species collectively termed naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFCs). The investigation of 14 model compounds revealed that classically defined NAs are greater than 50-fold more membrane permeable than their oxidized/heteroatomic analogs. HRMS analysis of real OSPW extracts with and without membrane clean-up further supported selectivity towards the toxic O2 class of NAs, with >85% of the overall signal intensity attributable to O2 NAs in the membrane permeate despite as little as 34.7 ± 0.6% O2 NAs observed in the directly infused mixture. The information collected with HRMS is leveraged to refine our method for analysis of NAs at unit mass resolution. This new method is applied to 28 archived real-world samples containing NAs/NAFCs from constructed wetlands, OSPW, and environmental monitoring campaigns. Concentrations ranged from 0–25 mg/L O2 NAs and the results measured by CP-MIMS (unit mass) and SPE-HRMS (Orbitrap) showed good agreement (slope = 0.80; R2 = 0.76).
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6
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Condensed Phase Membrane Introduction Mass Spectrometry: A Direct Alternative to Fully Exploit the Mass Spectrometry Potential in Environmental Sample Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/separations10020139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Membrane introduction mass spectrometry (MIMS) is a direct mass spectrometry technique used to monitor online chemical systems or quickly quantify trace levels of different groups of compounds in complex matrices without extensive sample preparation steps and chromatographic separation. MIMS utilizes a thin, semi-permeable, and selective membrane that directly connects the sample and the mass spectrometer. The analytes in the sample are pre-concentrated by the membrane depending on their physicochemical properties and directly transferred, using different acceptor phases (gas, liquid or vacuum) to the mass spectrometer. Condensed phase (CP) MIMS use a liquid as a medium, extending the range to new applications to less-volatile compounds that are challenging or unsuitable to gas-phase MIMS. It directly allows the rapid quantification of selected compounds in complex matrices, the online monitoring of chemical reactions (in real-time), as well as in situ measurements. CP-MIMS has expanded beyond the measurement of several organic compounds because of the use of different types of liquid acceptor phases, geometries, dimensions, and mass spectrometers. This review surveys advancements of CP-MIMS and its applications to several molecules and matrices over the past 15 years.
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7
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Monaghan J, Xin Q, Aplin R, Jaeger A, Heshka NE, Hounjet LJ, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Aqueous naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a meso-scale spill tank affected by diluted bitumen analyzed directly by membrane introduction mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 440:129798. [PMID: 36027751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the increasing use of unconventional, heavy crude oils there is growing interest in potential impacts of a diluted bitumen (DB) spill in marine and freshwater environments. DB has the potential to release several toxic, trace organic contaminants to the water column. Here, the aqueous concentrations and compositions of two classes of organic contaminants, naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), are followed over 8 weeks after a simulated spill of DB (10 L) into a freshwater mesocosm (1200 L) with river sediment (2.4 kg). These complex samples contain biogenic dissolved organic matter, inorganic ions, petroleum contaminants, suspended sediments, and oil droplets. We report the first use of condensed phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling platform in a complex multi-phase mesocosm spill tank study to measure trace aqueous phase contaminants with little to no sample preparation (dilution and/or pH adjustment). CP-MIMS provides complementary strengths to conventional analytical approaches (e.g., gas- or liquid chromatography mass spectrometry) by allowing the entire sample series to be screened quickly. Trace NAs are measured as carboxylates ([M-H]-) using electrospray ionization and PAHs are detected as radical cations (M+•) using liquid electron ionization coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The DB-affected mesocosm exhibits NA concentrations from 0.3 to 1.2 mg/L, which rise quickly over the first 2 - 5 days , then decrease slowly over the remainder of the study period. The NA profile (measured as the full scan in negative-electrospray ionization at nominal mass resolution) shifts to lower m/z with weathering, a process followed by principal component analysis of the normalized mass spectra. We couple CP-MIMS with high-resolution mass spectrometry to follow changes in molecular speciation over time, which reveals a concomitant shift from classical 'O2' naphthenic acids to more oxidized analogues. Concentrations of PAHs and alkylated analogues (C1 - C4) in the DB-affected water range from 0 to 5 μg/L. Changes in PAH concentrations depend on ring number and degree of alkylation, with small and/or lightly alkylated (C0 - C2) PAH concentrations rising to a maximum in the first 4 - 8 days (100 - 200 h) before slowly decaying over the remainder of the study period. Larger and heavily alkylated (C3 - C4) PAH concentrations generally rise slower, with some species remaining below the detection limit throughout the study period (e.g., C20H12 class including benzo[a]pyrene). In contrast, a control mesocosm (without oil) exhibited NA concentrations below 0.05 mg/L and PAHs were below detection limit. Capitalizing on the rapid analytical workflow of CP-MIMS, we also investigate the impacts of sample filtration at the time of sampling (on NA and PAH data) and sample storage time (on NA data only).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Qin Xin
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Rebekah Aplin
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada
| | - Nicole E Heshka
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, AB T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC V5A 1S6, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-1618, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, BC V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 3055, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada.
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8
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Duncan KD, Hawkes JA, Berg M, Clarijs B, Gill CG, Bergquist J, Lanekoff I, Krogh ET. Membrane Sampling Separates Naphthenic Acids from Biogenic Dissolved Organic Matter for Direct Analysis by Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3096-3105. [PMID: 35175743 PMCID: PMC8892831 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oil sands process waters can release toxic naphthenic acids (NAs) into aquatic environments. Analytical techniques for NAs are challenged by sample complexity and interference from naturally occurring dissolved organic matter (DOM). Herein, we report the use of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) polymer membrane for the on-line separation of NAs from DOM and use direct infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry to yield meaningful qualitative and quantitative information with minimal sample cleanup. We compare the composition of membrane-permeable species from natural waters fortified with a commercial NA mixture to those derived from weak anion exchange solid-phase extraction (SPE) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. The results show that SPE retains a wide range of carboxylic acids, including biogenic DOM, while permeation through PDMS was selective for petrogenic classically defined NAs (CnH2n+zO2). A series of model compounds (log Kow ∼1-7) were used to characterize the perm-selectivity and reveal the separation is based on hydrophobicity. This convenient sample cleanup method is selective for the O2 class of NAs and can be used prior to conventional analysis or as an on-line analytical strategy when coupled directly to mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle D. Duncan
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Jeffrey A. Hawkes
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mykelti Berg
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Bas Clarijs
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Jonas Bergquist
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingela Lanekoff
- Analytical
Chemistry, Department of Chemistry − BMC, Uppsala University, Husargatan 3, 751 24 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 1700, Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8W 2Y2
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9
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Monaghan J, Jaeger A, Agua AR, Stanton RS, Pirrung M, Gill CG, Krogh ET. A Direct Mass Spectrometry Method for the Rapid Analysis of Ubiquitous Tire-Derived Toxin N-(1,3-Dimethylbutyl)- N'-phenyl- p-phenylenediamine Quinone (6-PPDQ). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2021; 8:1051-1056. [PMID: 38433861 PMCID: PMC10906944 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative transformation product of a common tire preservative, identified as N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6-PPDQ), has recently been found to contribute to "urban runoff mortality syndrome" in Coho salmon at nanogram per liter levels. Given the number of fish-bearing streams with multiple stormwater inputs, large-scale campaigns to identify 6-PPDQ sources and evaluate mitigation strategies will require sensitive, high-throughput analytical methods. We report the development and optimization of a direct sampling tandem mass spectrometry method for semiquantitative 6-PPDQ determinations using a thin polydimethylsiloxane membrane immersion probe. The method requires no sample cleanup steps or chromatographic separations, even in complex, heterogeneous samples. Quantitation is achieved by the method of standard additions, with a detection limit of 8 ng/L and a duty cycle of 15 min/sample. High-throughput screening provides semiquantitative concentrations with similar sensitivity and a full analytical duty cycle of 2.5 min/sample. Preliminary data and performance metrics are reported for 6-PPDQ present in representative environmental and stormwater samples. The method is readily adapted for real-time process monitoring, demonstrated by following the dissolution of 6-PPDQ from tire fragments and subsequent removal in response to added sorbents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
| | - Angelina Jaeger
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
| | - Alon R. Agua
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Ryan S. Stanton
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Michael Pirrung
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chris G. Gill
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
- Department
of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada V5A 1S6
- Department
of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-1618, United States
| | - Erik T. Krogh
- Applied
Environmental Research Laboratories, Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia, Canada V9R 5S5
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Victoria, P.O. Box 3055, Victoria, British Columbia, Canada V8P 5C2
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10
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Headley JV, Peru KM, Vander Meulen I. Advances in mass spectrometry for molecular characterization of oil sands naphthenic acids and process chemicals in wetlands. CAN J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Advances in mass spectrometry in the authors’ and key collaborators’ research are reviewed for analysis of oil sands naphthenic acids fraction compounds (NAFCs) and industrial process chemicals, sulfolane and alkanolamines, in wetlands. Focus is given to developments of analyses of NAFCs in constructed wetland treatment systems and natural wetlands in the Athabasca oil sands region, Alberta, Canada. The analytical developments are applied to show the utility of wetlands to sequester and oxidize oil sands naphthenic acids. The advancements in molecular characterization led to the first application of high-resolution mass spectrometry (Fourier transform ion-cyclotron resonance and Orbitrap mass spectrometry) for elucidation of toxic mono- and di-carboxylic NAFCs in oil sands environmental samples. Key findings reveal that oil sands NAFCs are not limited to saturated structures but contain a diverse range of components, many of which contain S, N, heteroatomic species and aromatic species. Other developments of mass spectrometry methods for industrial process chemicals show for the first time that the completely water-miscible chemical, sulfolane, translocate to upper portions of cattails at natural wetland sites in the Canadian environment. Likewise, wetland-plant mediated changes of complex mixtures of alkanolamines were revealed based on the coupling of ion chromatography mass spectrometry and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. The advances in mass spectrometry are of particular benefit to Canada, for development of soil and water quality guidelines for oil sands NAFCs and process chemicals. In turn, the water quality guidelines serve to protect Canadian aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- John V. Headley
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Kerry M. Peru
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Ian Vander Meulen
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
- Watershed Hydrology and Ecology Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Blvd., Saskatoon, SK S7N 3H5, Canada
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11
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Simair MC, Parrott JL, le Roux M, Gupta V, Frank RA, Peru KM, Ajaero C, McMartin DW, Headley JV. Treatment of oil sands process affected waters by constructed wetlands: Evaluation of designs and plant types. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 772:145508. [PMID: 33581517 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Constructed wetland treatment systems (CWTS)s can be used to treat various wastewaters. The main constituent in oil sands process-affected water (OSPW) with uncertain treatment by CWTS are naphthenic acid fraction compounds (NAFC)s. The NAFCs are also among the primary contributors of toxicity to aquatic organisms. While there is preliminary evidence that some CWTSs are capable of treating OSPW for future potential discharge, there is little information comparing the effectiveness and efficiencies of different CWTS designs. Obtaining large volumes of OSPW for testing can be difficult, and while it is known that synthetic NAFCs are simpler and have different toxicity than OSPW-NAFCs, it is unknown whether they could serve as a proxy for optimization of CWTS design and operation. This study presents a comprehensive comparison of CWTS performance operated with both synthetic OSPW and OSPW for four CWTS designs differing in plant type, aeration, flow path, water depth, and substrate type. This study evaluated the potential biodegradation of NAFCs including: (1) decrease in total NAFC concentration, (2) shifts in Ox-NAFC fractions from O2- to O3-, O4-, and O5-NAFC, (3) decrease in carbon number, (4) decrease of the double bond equivalencies (DBE), and (5) change in toxicity of the waters to test organisms. CWTS planted with Sedge achieved the greatest extent of NAFC treatment and detoxification regardless of design. Although CWTSs planted with Cattail and Bulrush also degraded NAFCs and decreased toxicity, a greater hydraulic retention time was required, and the total extent of treatment was less than the CWTSs planted with Sedge. While synthetic OSPW was more toxic and experienced faster degradation rates, it showed similar trends to OSPW in terms of CWTS design efficiencies and function. Although synthetic OSPW would not be appropriate for modelling or scaling of CWTSs, it can be useful for testing designs and operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique C Simair
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada.
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Mignon le Roux
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada; Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada
| | - Varun Gupta
- Maven Water & Environment, 103-303 Wellman Crescent, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7T 0J1, Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Kerry M Peru
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
| | - Chukwuemeka Ajaero
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Dena W McMartin
- Department of Civil, Geological and Environmental Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, 57 Campus Drive, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9, Canada; Environmental Systems Engineering, University of Regina, 3737 Wascana Parkway, Regina, Saskatchewan S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - John V Headley
- Watershed Hydrology & Ecology Research Division, Water Science & Technology Directorate, Environment & Climate Change Canada, 11 Innovation Boulevard, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 3H5, Canada
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12
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Monaghan J, Richards LC, Vandergrift GW, Hounjet LJ, Stoyanov SR, Gill CG, Krogh ET. Direct mass spectrometric analysis of naphthenic acids and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in waters impacted by diluted bitumen and conventional crude oil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:144206. [PMID: 33418326 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil spills have well-documented, deleterious impacts on the hydrosphere. In addition to macroscopic effects on wildlife and waterscapes, several classes of petroleum derived compounds, such as naphthenic acids (NAs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), may be released into the water and present aquatic contamination hazards. The concentrations of these contaminants may be affected by both oil type and water chemistry. We characterize the concentrations of NAs and PAHs in natural and constructed waters, spanning a range of pH and salinity, and directly compare the influence of diluted bitumen (DB) and conventional crude (CC) oil, using condensed-phase membrane introduction mass spectrometry (CP-MIMS) as a direct sampling, on-line technique. The concentration and isomer class profiles of classical NAs in the aqueous phase were assessed using electrospray ionization in negative-ion mode as [M-H]- whereas PAH concentrations were monitored using liquid electron ionization (LEI) in positive-ion mode as [M+•]. NA concentrations (0.03-25 ppm) were highly pH-dependent, and an order of magnitude greater in water samples contaminated with DB than CC. Conversely, concentrations of naphthalene (10-130 ppb) and alkyl-naphthalenes (10-90 ppb) were three to four-fold higher in water samples exposed to CC. We demonstrate that naturally occurring dissolved organic matter does not bias results from the membrane sampling approach employed, and that DB and CC contaminated waters can be differentiated using principal component analysis of the NA isomer class distribution in both constructed and natural waters. Finally, we describe the first demonstration of the concurrent analysis of trace NAs and PAHs in the same water sample by controlling perm-selectivity at the membrane and the ionization mode of the mass spectrometer. The techniques employed here for trace analysis of petroleum derived compounds in water can be applied to rapid screening and real-time monitoring of contamination and remediation processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Monaghan
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Larissa C Richards
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Gregory W Vandergrift
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada
| | - Lindsay J Hounjet
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada.
| | - Stanislav R Stoyanov
- Natural Resources Canada, CanmetENERGY Devon, 1 Oil Patch Drive, Devon, Alberta T9G 1A8, Canada
| | - Chris G Gill
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada; Department of Chemistry, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Erik T Krogh
- Applied Environmental Research Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Vancouver Island University, 900 Fifth Street, Nanaimo, British Columbia V9R 5S5, Canada; Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, PO Box 1700 Stn CSC, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 2Y2, Canada.
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