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Wang S, Wang Q, Zhang T, Liu S, Ho SSH, Tian J, Su H, Zhang Y, Wang L, Wu T, Cao J. Elaborations of the influencing factors on the formation of secondary inorganic aerosols in a heavily polluted urban area of China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:406-417. [PMID: 38135406 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
In this study, online water-soluble inorganic ions were detected to deduce the formation mechanism of secondary inorganic aerosol in Xianyang, China during wintertime. The dominant inorganic ions of sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) (the sum of those is abbreviated as SNA) accounted for 17%, 21%, and 12% of PM2.5 mass, respectively. While the air quality deteriorated from excellent to poor grades, the precursor gas sulfur dioxide (SO2) of SO42- increased and then decreased with a fluctuation, while nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ammonia (NH3), precursors of NO3- and NH4+, and SNA show increasing trends. Meteorological factors including boundary layer height (BLH), temperature, and wind speed also show decline trends, except relative humidity (RH). Meanwhile, the secondary conversion ratio shows a remarkable increasing trend, indicating that there was a strong secondary transformation. From the perspective of chemical mechanisms, RH is positively correlated with sulfur oxidation ratios (SOR), nitrogen oxidation ratios (NOR), and ammonia conversion ratios, representing that the increase of humidity could promote the generation of SNA. Notably, SOR and NOR were also positively related to the ammonia. On the one hand, the low wind speed and BLH led to the accumulation of pollutants. On the other hand, the increases of RH and ammonia promoted more formations of SNA and PM2.5. The results advance our identification of the contributors to the haze episodes and assist to establish more efficient emission controls in Xianyang, in addition to other cities with similar emission and geographical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Suixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada, 89512, United States; Hong Kong Premium Services and Research Laboratory, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jie Tian
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Su
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Luyao Wang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Tingting Wu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Fu X, Wang X, Liu T, He Q, Zhang Z, Zhang Y, Song W, Dai Q, Chen S, Dong F. Secondary inorganic aerosols and aerosol acidity at different PM 2.5 pollution levels during winter haze episodes in the Sichuan Basin, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170512. [PMID: 38286278 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 01/31/2024]
Abstract
Wintertime fine particle (PM2.5) pollution remains to be perplexing air quality problems in many parts of China. In this study, PM2.5 compositions and aerosol acidity at different pollution levels at an urban cite in the southwest China's Sichuan Basin were investigated during a sustained winter haze episode. Organic matter was the most abundant component of PM2.5, followed by nitrate, sulfate and ammonium. Shares of organic aerosol in PM2.5 mass decreased with the elevated PM2.5 levels, while the enhancements of sulfate and secondary organic aerosol were much less than that of nitrate and ammonium during heavy pollution with increased ratios of nitrate to sulfate, implying a significant role of nitrate in the haze formation. Results also suggest the nighttime chemistry might contribute substantially to the formation of nitrate under severe pollutions. The daily average aerosol pH showed a decreasing trend with the elevated levels of PM2.5, and this increased aerosl acidity was mainly due to the fast rising secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) concentration, with the increase in hydronium ion concentration in air (Hair+) surpassing the dilution effect of elevated aerosol liquid water content (LWC). Thermodynamic model calculations revealed that the air environment was NH3-rich with total NHx (NH3 + NH4+) greater than required NHx, and the aerosol pH exponentially declined with the decreasing excess NHx (p < 0.01). This study demonstrated that under air stagnation and NH3-rich environment during winter, the raised relative humidity (RH) would lead to an increase in LWC and thereby facilitate the aqueous chemistry processes with the neutralization capacity of NH3 to form sulfate and nitrate, which would further increase the LWC and lower the pH. This self-amplifying SIA formation might be crucial to the severe PM2.5 pollution and haze events during winter, and therefore cutting both NOx and NH3 emissions would benefit stopping the self-amplification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxin Fu
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Quanfu He
- Institute for Energy and Climate Research, IEK-8, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich 52425, Germany
| | - Zhou Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yanli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Wei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Qunwei Dai
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Shu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Faqin Dong
- Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Resource Recycle, Ministry of Education, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
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Yang L, Huang RJ, Yuan W, Huang DD, Huang C. pH-Dependent Aqueous-Phase Brown Carbon Formation: Rate Constants and Implications for Solar Absorption and Atmospheric Photochemistry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:1236-1243. [PMID: 38169373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c07631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase reactions of α-dicarbonyls with amines or ammonium have been identified as important sources of secondary brown carbon (BrC). However, the kinetics of BrC formation and the effects of pH are still not very clear. In this study, the kinetics of BrC formation by aqueous reactions of α-dicarbonyls (glyoxal and methylglyoxal) with ammonium, amino acids, or alkylamines in bulk solution at different pH values are investigated. Our results reveal pH-parameterized BrC production rate constants, kBrCII (m-1 [M]-2 s-1), based on the light absorption between 300 and 500 nm: log10(kBrCII) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × pH - (7.4 ± 1.0) for reactions with glyoxal and log10(kBrCII) = (1.0 ± 0.1) × pH - (6.3 ± 0.9) for reactions with methylglyoxal. The linear slopes closing to 1.0 indicate that BrC formation is governed by the nitrogen nucleophilic addition pathway. Consequently, the absorptivities of the produced BrC increase exponentially with the increase of pH. BrC from reactions with methylglyoxal at higher pH (≥6.5) exhibits optical properties comparable to BrC from biomass burning or coal combustion, categorized as the "weakly" absorbing BrC, while BrC from reactions with methylglyoxal at lower pH (<6.0) or reactions with glyoxal (pH 5.0-7.0) falls into the "very weakly" absorbing BrC. The pH-dependent BrC feature significantly affects the solar absorption ability of the produced BrC and thus the atmospheric photochemical processes, e.g., BrC produced at pH 7.0 absorbs 14-16 times more solar power compared to that at pH 5.0, which in turn could lead to a decrease of 1 order of magnitude in the photolysis rate constants of O3 and NO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ru-Jin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Loess Science, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Dan Dan Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of the Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
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Xue Q, Liu X, Tian Y, Feng Y. Variations of inhalation risks during different heavy pollution episodes based on 3-year measurement of toxic components in size-segregated particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163234. [PMID: 37019225 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Toxic metals (TMs) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in size-segregated particles during common days (CD) and different heavy pollution (HP) episodes were measured during 2018-2021 in a Chinese megacity. The Multiple Path Particle Dosimetry Model (MPPD) was performed to estimate deposition efficiency, and then inhalation risks in the human pulmonary region during different types of HP were assessed and compared. The higher pulmonary deposition efficiency of PAHs and TMs during all types of HP than those during CD was confirmed. The accumulative incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) of different HP were 2.42 × 10-5, 1.52 × 10-5, 1.39 × 10-5, 1.30 × 10-5 and 2.94 × 10-6 for HP4 (combustion sources HP), HP1 (ammonium nitrate HP), HP5 (mixed sources HP), HP3 (resuspended dust HP) and HP2 (ammonium sulfate HP), respectively. The accumulative hazard quotient (HQ) during different HP episodes decreased in the order of HP4 (0.32) > HP3 (0.24) > HP1 (0.22) > HP5 (0.18) > HP2 (0.05). The inhalation risks were dominated by Ni and Cr, what's more, the HQ of Ni and ILCR of Cr during the five HP episodes shared a similar size distribution pattern. However, the characteristic components during different HP episodes and their size distributions of them were distinctive. The size distribution of inhalation risks of the related components (Ni, Cr, BaP, and As) from the combustion process during HP4 peaked at fine mode (0.65-2.1 μm). The size distribution of inhalation risks of the dust-related components (Mn and V) and the components (As and BaP) that are likely to volatilize and re-distribution peaked at coarse mode (2.1-3.3 μm) during HP3. Notably, Mn and Co as catalysts at fine mode could increase the degree of secondary formation and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Xue
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xinyi Liu
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yingze Tian
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmos. Environ.-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- The State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmos. Environ.-Health Research (CLAER/CMA-NKU), Tianjin 300350, China
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5
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Cao Q, Chu B, Zhang P, Ma Q, Ma J, Liu Y, Liu J, Zhao Y, Zhang H, Wang Y, He H. Effects of SO 2 on NH 4NO 3 Photolysis: The Role of Reducibility and Acidic Products. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37235870 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate photolysis is a vital process in secondary NOx release into the atmosphere. The heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 due to nitrate photolysis has been widely reported, while the influence of SO2 on nitrate photolysis has rarely been investigated. In this study, the photolysis of nitrate on different substrates was investigated in the absence and presence of SO2. In the photolysis of NH4NO3 on the membrane without mineral oxides, NO, NO2, HONO, and NH3 decreased by 17.1, 6.0, 12.6, and 57.1% due to the presence of SO2, respectively. In the photolysis of NH4NO3 on the surface of mineral oxides, SO2 also exhibited an inhibitory effect on the production of NOx, HONO, and NH3 due to its reducibility and acidic products, while the increase in surface acidity due to the accumulation of abundant sulfate on TiO2 and MgO promoted the release of HONO. On the photoactive oxide TiO2, HSO3-, generated by the uptake of SO2, could compete for holes with nitrate to block nitrate photolysis. This study highlights the interaction between the heterogeneous oxidation of SO2 and nitrate photolysis and provides a new perspective on how SO2 affects the photolysis of nitrate absorbed on the photoactive oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Peng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Jinzhu Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yaqi Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Beijing Key Lab for Source Control Technology of Water Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
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6
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Wei Y, Nenes A, Gao J, Liang W, Liang D, Shi G, Feng Y, Russell AG. Abundant nitrogen oxide and weakly acidic environment synergistically promote daytime particulate nitrate pollution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 456:131655. [PMID: 37216807 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate is formed through the chemical production of gas-phase nitric acid and subsequent partitioning to the aerosol phase during the daytime. Many studies in the past separated these two aspects, even though they occur simultaneously in the atmosphere. To better understand the nitrate formation mechanism and effectively mitigate its production, it is necessary to consider the synergy between these two mechanisms. For this, we analyze hourly-speciated ambient observations data, with EK&TMA (Empirical Kinetic & Thermodynamic Modeling Approach) map to comprehensively explore the factors controlling nitrate production. Results show that precursor NO2 concentration and aerosol pH, which are related to anthropogenic activities, are the two major factors for chemical kinetics production and gas/particle thermodynamic partitioning processes respectively. Abundant NO2 and weakly acidic environments are favorable conditions for daytime particulate nitrate pollution, thus collaborative control of coal source, vehicle source, and dust source is needed to alleviate nitrate pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Wei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Athanasios Nenes
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Processes and their Impacts, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne CH-1015, Switzerland; Center for the Study of Air Quality and Climate Change, Institute of Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology Hellas, Patras GR-26504, Greece
| | - Jie Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Weiqing Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Danni Liang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Guoliang Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| | - Yinchang Feng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Urban Ambient Air Particulate Matter Pollution Prevention and Control, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; CMA-NKU Cooperative Laboratory for Atmospheric Environment-Health Research (CLAER), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Armistead G Russell
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
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Zhang X, Xu J, Zhao W, Zhai L, Kang S, Wang J, Ge X, Zhang Q. High-spatial-resolution distributions of aerosol chemical characteristics in urban Lanzhou, western China, during wintertime: Insights from an on-road mobile aerosol mass spectrometry measurement experiment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:153069. [PMID: 35038503 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The high-spatial-resolution distributions of the mass concentration and chemical composition of submicron particulate matter (PM1) across four different functional districts in Lanzhou, a typical northwestern city in China, were studied during the winter haze pollution period using an on-road real-time mobile monitoring system. The purpose of this study is to characterize the spatial variation in the sources and chemical formation of aerosols at the intra-urban scale. A higher PM1 mass concentration (63.0 μg m-3) was observed in an industrially influenced district (XG) with major contributions (70.4%) from three secondary inorganic species (sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium) and two oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA) components with different oxygenation levels. Compared with the densely populated district (CG), sulfate and more-oxidized OOA were the two most distinct contributors to the elevated PM1 mass in XG during the daytime (30.9% in XG vs. 17.5% in CG), whereas nitrate and less-oxidized OOA dominated (41.4% in XG vs. 30.6% in CG) during the nighttime. A lower PM1 mass (44.3 μg m-3) was observed in CG and was contributed predominantly by primary organic aerosols emitted from traffic, cooking, and heating activities. The chemical formation mechanisms of secondary PM1 species in the two different districts during the daytime and nighttime are further examined, which indicated the important photochemical formations of nitrate in CG but sulfate in XG during the daytime, whereas favorable aqueous-phase formations of nitrate and LO-OOA in both districts during the nighttime. The stronger atmospheric oxidation capability might be a key factor leading to the more significant formations of secondary species in XG than CG. These results illustrate city-scale aerosol loading and chemical processes and are useful for local policy makers to develop differentiated and efficient mitigation strategies for the improvement of air quality in Lanzhou.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Wenhui Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lixiang Zhai
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shichang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; CAS Center for Excellence in Tibetan Plateau Earth Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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8
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Dong X, Guo Q, Han X, Wei R, Tao Z. The isotopic patterns and source apportionment of nitrate and ammonium in atmospheric aerosol. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:149559. [PMID: 34500264 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitrate (NO3-) and ammonium (NH4+) are the major components in inorganic aerosol. However, their sources and formation processes remain unclear. This study conducted a year-round field measurement of TSP, PM2.5 and PM1.0 in five different sites in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (BTH) region to determine the concentrations of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and the isotopic compositions of inorganic nitrogen (δ15N-NH4+, δ15N-NO3-, and δ18O-NO3-). The results showed the highest concentration of WSIIs in winter and lowest in summer. δ15N-NO3-, δ18O-NO3-, and δ15N-NH4+ were in the range of -6.1-18.2, 52.2-103.8, and -28.7-36.2‰, respectively. The seasonal variations of δ15N-NO3- and δ15N-NH4+ were an indication of relative contributions of the main sources and effects of meteorological conditions. The source apportionment identified fossil fuel combustion (38.2-50.6%), agricultural emissions (18-24.7%), biomass burning (16.3-22.7%), and road dust/soil (8.7-23.4%) were the main sources of inorganic aerosols. The local sources and regional migration contributed to the level of inorganic aerosol pollution. In winter, the aerosol in the BTH region was affected by the air mass from the northwest. While in spring and summer, the air mass was mainly from the South China. The low temperature and high relative humidity favored to the formation of inorganic nitrogen aerosol, and solar radiation affected the formation processes of inorganic aerosols by changing the oxidation pathway of NO3- and accelerating the volatilization and dissociation of ammonium nitrate (NH4NO3). This study discovered the main source contributions of inorganic nitrogen aerosol using N and O isotopes composition, and the obtained information has a great importance in understanding the effects of meteorological conditions on formation and the contribution of regional transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyuan Dong
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingjun Guo
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.
| | - Xiaokun Han
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Rongfei Wei
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Zhenghua Tao
- Center for Environmental Remediation, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Duan X, Yan Y, Peng L, Xie K, Hu D, Li R, Wang C. Role of ammonia in secondary inorganic aerosols formation at an ammonia-rich city in winter in north China: A comparative study among industry, urban, and rural sites. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118151. [PMID: 34517178 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 08/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia is essential for the generation of secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) in particulate matter, which affects severely the air quality in north China. In this study, PM2.5 sampling was conducted as well as gaseous pollutant concentration and meteorological parameters were measured from November 2017 to January 2018. PM2.5 concentration was highest in the industrial site (94.8 ± 41.7 μg m-3), followed by urban (40.9 ± 24.1 μg m-3) and rural (35.6 ± 20.3 μg m-3) sites. The mass ratio of NO3-/SO42- exhibited clear site variations, with the highest average value of 1.2 was found at the urban site, likely due to the dense traffic volume resulting in higher emissions of NO2, and the lowest value of 0.9 at the industry site. The presence of Excess-NHx (E-NHx), raising the pH 24 by 1.4, 1.3, and 1.4 units in industry, urban, and rural sites, respectively, might be vital for raising the aerosol pH. Correlation coefficients of Nitrogen oxidation rate (NOR, NOR = [NO3-]/[NO3-] + [NO2]) vs. Photochemical oxidants (Ox, NO2 +O3 in our study) and NOR vs. aerosol water content (AWC) at three sites were implied that both homogeneous and heterogeneous reactions occurred for nitrate formation in industry site, while heterogeneous reactions were dominant in urban and rural sites. Oxidation rates were most sensitive to the variation of E-NHx concentration at rural site, followed by the urban and industry sites, which was shown by the fact that the increase in E-NHx concentration by 1.0 μg m-3 increased the SIA concentration by 1.21, 1.02, and 0.37 μg m-3 at rural, urban, and industry sites, respectively. With the increase in NHx emissions at present, the role of NHx in SIA formation at ammonia-rich atmosphere requires more attention, especially in the less-noticed rural areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolin Duan
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Yulong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China.
| | - Lin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Kai Xie
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dongmei Hu
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Rumei Li
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, China
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Zhang L, Ou C, Magana-Arachchi D, Vithanage M, Vanka KS, Palanisami T, Masakorala K, Wijesekara H, Yan Y, Bolan N, Kirkham MB. Indoor Particulate Matter in Urban Households: Sources, Pathways, Characteristics, Health Effects, and Exposure Mitigation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:11055. [PMID: 34769574 PMCID: PMC8582694 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) is a complex mixture of solid particles and liquid droplets suspended in the air with varying size, shape, and chemical composition which intensifies significant concern due to severe health effects. Based on the well-established human health effects of outdoor PM, health-based standards for outdoor air have been promoted (e.g., the National Ambient Air Quality Standards formulated by the U.S.). Due to the exchange of indoor and outdoor air, the chemical composition of indoor particulate matter is related to the sources and components of outdoor PM. However, PM in the indoor environment has the potential to exceed outdoor PM levels. Indoor PM includes particles of outdoor origin that drift indoors and particles that originate from indoor activities, which include cooking, fireplaces, smoking, fuel combustion for heating, human activities, and burning incense. Indoor PM can be enriched with inorganic and organic contaminants, including toxic heavy metals and carcinogenic volatile organic compounds. As a potential health hazard, indoor exposure to PM has received increased attention in recent years because people spend most of their time indoors. In addition, as the quantity, quality, and scope of the research have expanded, it is necessary to conduct a systematic review of indoor PM. This review discusses the sources, pathways, characteristics, health effects, and exposure mitigation of indoor PM. Practical solutions and steps to reduce exposure to indoor PM are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Zhang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
- School of Health, Jiangsu Food & Pharmaceutical Science College, Huai’an 223003, China
| | - Changjin Ou
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Intelligent and New Energy Materials, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China;
| | - Dhammika Magana-Arachchi
- Molecular Microbiology and Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (D.M.-A.); (M.V.)
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Molecular Microbiology and Human Diseases Project, National Institute of Fundamental Studies, Hantana Road, Kandy 20000, Sri Lanka; (D.M.-A.); (M.V.)
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Kanth Swaroop Vanka
- Priority Research Centre for Healthy Lungs, Faculty of Health and Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences and Pharmacy, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Thava Palanisami
- Global Innovative Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials (GICAN), Faculty of Engineering and Built Environment, The University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia;
| | - Kanaji Masakorala
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, University of Ruhuna, Matara 80000, Sri Lanka;
| | - Hasintha Wijesekara
- Department of Natural Resources, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Sabaragamuwa University of Sri Lanka, Belihuloya 70140, Sri Lanka;
| | - Yubo Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Environment Functional Materials, Huaiyin Normal University, Huai’an 223300, China
| | - Nanthi Bolan
- School of Agriculture and Environment, Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA 6001, Australia;
| | - M. B. Kirkham
- Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66506, USA;
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Liu J, Liang D, Liu L, Ning A, Zhang X. Catalytic sulfate formation mechanism influenced by important constituents of cloud water via the reaction of SO 2 oxidized by hypobromic acid in marine areas. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15935-15949. [PMID: 34296723 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01981c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Comprehensive investigations of the possible formation pathways of sulfate, the main composition of atmospheric aerosol in marine areas, continue to challenge atmospheric chemists. As one of the most important oxidation routes of S(iv) contributing to sulfate formation, the reaction process of S(iv) oxidized by hypobromic acid, which is ubiquitous with the gas-phase mixing ratios of ∼310 ppt and has a well-known oxidative capacity, has attracted wide attention. However, little information is available about the detailed reaction mechanism. Especially, due to the abundant species in cloud water, the potential effect of these compositions on these reaction processes and the corresponding effect mechanism are also uncertain. Using high-level quantum chemical calculations, we theoretically elucidate the two-step mechanism of Br+ transfer proposed by experiment through the verification of the key BrSO3- intermediate formation and subsequent hydrolysis reaction or the uncovered reaction of BrSO3- intermediate with OH-. Further, the novel and more competitive mechanisms (OH+ or O atom transfer pathways) that have not been considered in previous studies, leading to sulfate formation directly, have been found. Furthermore, it should be mentioned that we revealed the effect mechanism of constituents catalyzed in cloud water, especially the important H2O-catalyzed mechanism. In addition, all the above pathways follow this catalytic mechanism. This finding indicates a linkage between the complex nature of the atmospheric constituents and related atmospheric reaction, as well as the enhanced occurrence of atmospheric secondary sulfate formation in the atmosphere. Hence, this exploration of sulfate formation related to hypobromic acid could provide a better understanding about the sources of sulfate in marine areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China.
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12
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Katoch A, Kulshrestha UC. Gaseous and particulate reactive nitrogen species in the indoor air of selected households in New Delhi. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:231. [PMID: 33772656 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08991-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The present study reports the indoor abundance of inorganic trace gases (NH3, NO2 and SO2) and their corresponding particulates (NH4+, NO3- and SO42-) along with other major ionic species present in the aerosol form (Cl-, F-, Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+), in the urban households of megacity Delhi (India). Two different households (DH site and MH site) were selected in the city based on the variation in the land use patterns of the locations in which they were situated. Trace gases followed the order NH3 > SO2 > NO2 at both the sites with NH3 contributing about 90% and 85% to the total Nr species at DH and MH sites, respectively. NH3 showed maximum indoor concentrations during monsoon season whereas NO2 and SO2 were higher during winter season. The gas to particle conversion of the inorganic trace gases was studied by calculating their oxidation ratios which followed the order SOR > NOR > NHR, indicating that SO2 showed more oxidative conversion to SO42- as compared to NO2 and NH3 in the indoor setup. The chemical composition of the particulates revealed that Ca2+ and SO42- were the most abundant cation and anion, respectively, among the measured ionic species at both sites and the concentrations of all the major ions were higher for the industrial MH site as compared to the residential DH site. Source apportionment using principal component analysis and mass ratios showed that indoor activities such as cooking, cleaning along with others such as biomass burning and dust resuspension were responsible for the indoor composition of particulates at DH site whereas outdoor influences such as coal burning and industrial emissions from local sources were prominent at MH site due to its industrialized surroundings. For naturally ventilated households (such as the present study), it was observed that the emissions generated indoors as well as the characteristic outdoor influences seem to influence the overall indoor air composition and quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Katoch
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - U C Kulshrestha
- School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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13
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Xu W, Kuang Y, Liang L, He Y, Cheng H, Bian Y, Tao J, Zhang G, Zhao P, Ma N, Zhao H, Zhou G, Su H, Cheng Y, Xu X, Shao M, Sun Y. Dust-Dominated Coarse Particles as a Medium for Rapid Secondary Organic and Inorganic Aerosol Formation in Highly Polluted Air. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15710-15721. [PMID: 33237756 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Secondary aerosol (SA) frequently drives severe haze formation on the North China Plain. However, previous studies mostly focused on submicron SA formation, thus our understanding of SA formation on supermicron particles remains poor. In this study, PM2.5 chemical composition and PM10 number size distribution measurements revealed that the SA formation occurred in very distinct size ranges. In particular, SA formation on dust-dominated supermicron particles was surprisingly high and increased with relative humidity (RH). SA formed on supermicron aerosols reached comparable levels with that on submicron particles during evolutionary stages of haze episodes. These results suggested that dust particles served as a medium for rapid secondary organic and inorganic aerosol formation under favorable photochemical and RH conditions in a highly polluted environment. Further analysis indicated that SA formation pathways differed among distinct size ranges. Overall, our study highlights the importance of dust in SA formation during non-dust storm periods and the urgent need to perform size-resolved aerosol chemical and physical property measurements in future SA formation investigations that are extended to the coarse mode because the large amount of SA formed thereon might have significant impacts on ice nucleation, radiative forcing, and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ye Kuang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Linlin Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Hongbing Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuxuan Bian
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiangchuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pusheng Zhao
- Institute of Urban Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Huarong Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Guangsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Institute of Agricultural Meteorology, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hang Su
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Yafang Cheng
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Xiaobin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory for Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Composition, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Min Shao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
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