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Solovchenko A, Plouviez M, Khozin-Goldberg I. Getting Grip on Phosphorus: Potential of Microalgae as a Vehicle for Sustainable Usage of This Macronutrient. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1834. [PMID: 38999674 PMCID: PMC11243885 DOI: 10.3390/plants13131834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/01/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is an important and irreplaceable macronutrient. It is central to energy and information storage and exchange in living cells. P is an element with a "broken geochemical cycle" since it lacks abundant volatile compounds capable of closing the P cycle. P fertilizers are critical for global food security, but the reserves of minable P are scarce and non-evenly distributed between countries of the world. Accordingly, the risks of global crisis due to limited access to P reserves are expected to be graver than those entailed by competition for fossil hydrocarbons. Paradoxically, despite the scarcity and value of P reserves, its usage is extremely inefficient: the current waste rate reaches 80% giving rise to a plethora of unwanted consequences such as eutrophication leading to harmful algal blooms. Microalgal biotechnology is a promising solution to tackle this challenge. The proposed review briefly presents the relevant aspects of microalgal P metabolism such as cell P reserve composition and turnover, and the regulation of P uptake kinetics for maximization of P uptake efficiency with a focus on novel knowledge. The multifaceted role of polyPhosphates, the largest cell depot for P, is discussed with emphasis on the P toxicity mediated by short-chain polyPhosphates. Opportunities and hurdles of P bioremoval via P uptake from waste streams with microalgal cultures, either suspended or immobilized, are discussed. Possible avenues of P-rich microalgal biomass such as biofertilizer production or extraction of valuable polyPhosphates and other bioproducts are considered. The review concludes with a comprehensive assessment of the current potential of microalgal biotechnology for ensuring the sustainable usage of phosphorus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Inna Khozin-Goldberg
- Microalgal Biotechnology Laboratory, French Associates Institute for Agriculture and Biotechnology of Drylands, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Sde-Boqer Campus, Midreshet Ben-Gurion 8499000, Israel
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2
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Burgunter-Delamare B, Shetty P, Vuong T, Mittag M. Exchange or Eliminate: The Secrets of Algal-Bacterial Relationships. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:829. [PMID: 38592793 PMCID: PMC10974524 DOI: 10.3390/plants13060829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Algae and bacteria have co-occurred and coevolved in common habitats for hundreds of millions of years, fostering specific associations and interactions such as mutualism or antagonism. These interactions are shaped through exchanges of primary and secondary metabolites provided by one of the partners. Metabolites, such as N-sources or vitamins, can be beneficial to the partner and they may be assimilated through chemotaxis towards the partner producing these metabolites. Other metabolites, especially many natural products synthesized by bacteria, can act as toxins and damage or kill the partner. For instance, the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii establishes a mutualistic partnership with a Methylobacterium, in stark contrast to its antagonistic relationship with the toxin producing Pseudomonas protegens. In other cases, as with a coccolithophore haptophyte alga and a Phaeobacter bacterium, the same alga and bacterium can even be subject to both processes, depending on the secreted bacterial and algal metabolites. Some bacteria also influence algal morphology by producing specific metabolites and micronutrients, as is observed in some macroalgae. This review focuses on algal-bacterial interactions with micro- and macroalgal models from marine, freshwater, and terrestrial environments and summarizes the advances in the field. It also highlights the effects of temperature on these interactions as it is presently known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bertille Burgunter-Delamare
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Prateek Shetty
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Trang Vuong
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
| | - Maria Mittag
- Matthias Schleiden Institute of Genetics, Bioinformatics and Molecular Botany, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (P.S.); (T.V.)
- Cluster of Excellence Balance of the Microverse, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Zhou Y, Wu B, Cui X, Ren T, Ran T, Rittmann BE. Mass Flow and Metabolic Pathway of Nonaeration Greywater Treatment in an Oxygenic Microalgal-Bacterial Biofilm. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:534-544. [PMID: 38108291 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
A symbiotic microalgal-bacterial biofilm can enable efficient carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) removal during aeration-free wastewater treatment. However, the contributions of microalgae and bacteria to C and N removal remain unexplored. Here, we developed a baffled oxygenic microalgal-bacterial biofilm reactor (MBBfR) for the nonaerated treatment of greywater. A hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 6 h gave the highest biomass concentration and biofilm thickness as well as the maximum removal of chemical oxygen demand (94.8%), linear alkylbenzenesulfonates (LAS, 99.7%), and total nitrogen (97.4%). An HRT of 4 h caused a decline in all of the performance metrics due to LAS biotoxicity. Most of C (92.6%) and N (95.7%) removals were ultimately associated with newly synthesized biomass, with only minor fractions transformed into CO2 (2.2%) and N2 (1.7%) on the function of multifarious-related enzymes in the symbiotic biofilm. Specifically, microalgae photosynthesis contributed to the removal of C and N at 75.3 and 79.0%, respectively, which accounted for 17.3% (C) and 16.7% (N) by bacteria assimilation. Oxygen produced by microalgae favored the efficient organics mineralization and CO2 supply by bacteria. The symbiotic biofilm system achieved stable and efficient removal of C and N during greywater treatment, thus providing a novel technology to achieve low-energy-input wastewater treatment, reuse, and resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Zhou
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Beibei Wu
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaocai Cui
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Tian Ren
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ting Ran
- College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Bruce E Rittmann
- Biodesign Swette Center for Environmental Biotechnology, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5701, United States
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Abusweireh RS, Rajamohan N, Sonne C, Vasseghian Y. Algae biogas production focusing on operating conditions and conversion mechanisms - A review. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17757. [PMID: 37449195 PMCID: PMC10336526 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Global warming is the result of traditional fuel use and manufacturing, which release significant volumes of CO2 and other greenhouse gases from factories. Moreover, rising energy consumption, anticipated limitations of fossil fuels in the near future, and increased interest in renewable energies among scientists, currently increase research in biofuels. In contrast to biomass from urban waste materials or the land, algae have the potential to be a commercially successful aquatic energy crop, offering a greater energy potential. Here we discuss the importance of Anaerobic Digestion (AD) for enhanced biogas yield, characterization, and comparisons between algae pretreatment methods namely, mechanical, thermal, microwave irradiation, and enzymatic and catalytic methods. The importance of anaerobic digestion enhances biogas yield, characterization, and comparisons between mechanical, thermal, microwave irradiation, and enzymatic and catalytic treatment. Additionally, operational aspects such as algal species, temperature, C/N ratio, retention period, and particle size impact biofuel yield. The highest algal biogas yield reported was 740 mL/gVS, subtracted from Taihu de-oiled algae applying thermos-chemical pretreatment under conditions of temperature, time, and catalyst concentration of 70 °C, 3 h, and 6%, respectively. Another high yield of algal-based biogas was obtained from Laminaria sp. with mechanical pretreatment under temperature, time, and VS concentration of 38 ± 1 °C, 15 min, and 2.5% respectively, with a maximum yield of 615 ± 7 mL/g VS. Although biofuels derived from algae species are only partially commercialized, the feedstock for biogas might soon be commercially grown. Algae and other plant species that could be cultivated on marginal lands as affordable energy crops with the potential to contribute to the production of biogas are promising and are already being worked on.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Natarajan Rajamohan
- Chemical Engineering Section, Faculty of Engineering, Sohar University, Sohar, P C-311, Oman
| | - Christian Sonne
- Department of Ecoscience, Arctic Research Centre (ARC), Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, PO Box 358, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Yasser Vasseghian
- Department of Chemistry, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, South Korea
- School of Engineering, Lebanese American University, Byblos, Lebanon
- Department of Sustainable Engineering, Saveetha School of Engineering, SIMATS, Chennai, 602105, India
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Cabrera-Capetillo CA, Castillo-Baltazar OS, Petriz-Prieto MA, Guzmán-López A, Valdovinos-García EM, Bravo-Sánchez MG. Simulation and Economic Analysis of the Biotechnological Potential of Biomass Production from a Microalgal Consortium. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:321. [PMID: 37367646 DOI: 10.3390/md21060321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The biomass of microalgae and the compounds that can be obtained from their processing are of great interest for various economic sectors. Chlorophyll from green microalgae has biotechnological applications of great potential in different industrial areas such as food, animal feed, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and agriculture. In this paper, the experimental, technical and economic performance of biomass production from a microalgal consortium (Scenedesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Schroderia sp., Spirulina sp., Pediastrum sp., and Chlamydomonas sp.) was investigated in three cultivation systems (phototrophic, heterotrophic and mixotrophic) in combination with the extraction of chlorophyll (a and b) on a large scale using simulation; 1 ha was established as the area for cultivation. In the laboratory-scale experimental stage, biomass and chlorophyll concentrations were determined for 12 days. In the simulation stage, two retention times in the photobioreactor were considered, which generated six case studies for the culture stage. Subsequently, a simulation proposal for the chlorophyll extraction process was evaluated. The highest microalgae biomass concentration was 2.06 g/L in heterotrophic culture, followed by mixotrophic (1.98 g/L). Phototrophic and mixotrophic cultures showed the highest chlorophyll concentrations of 20.5 µg/mL and 13.5 µg/mL, respectively. The simulation shows that higher biomass and chlorophyll production is attained when using the mixotrophic culture with 72 h of retention that we considered to evaluate chlorophyll production (a and b). The operating cost of the entire process is very high; the cultivation stage has the highest operating cost (78%), mainly due to the high energy consumption of the photobioreactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Ariel Cabrera-Capetillo
- Departamento de Posgrado, Doctorado en Ciencias de la Ingeniería, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Antonio García Cubas #600 Pte., Colonia Alfredo V. Bonfil, Apartado Postal 57, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | | | - Moisés Abraham Petriz-Prieto
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez (DAMJM), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Carret. Estatal Libre Villahermosa-Comalcalco Km. 27+000 s/n Ranchería Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Mendez C.P. 86205, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Adriana Guzmán-López
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Antonio García Cubas #600 Pte., Colonia Alfredo V. Bonfil, Apartado Postal 57, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
| | - Esveidi Montserrat Valdovinos-García
- División Académica Multidisciplinaria de Jalpa de Méndez (DAMJM), Universidad Juárez Autónoma de Tabasco (UJAT), Carret. Estatal Libre Villahermosa-Comalcalco Km. 27+000 s/n Ranchería Ribera Alta, Jalpa de Mendez C.P. 86205, Tabasco, Mexico
| | - Micael Gerardo Bravo-Sánchez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Bioquímica, Tecnológico Nacional de México en Celaya, Antonio García Cubas #600 Pte., Colonia Alfredo V. Bonfil, Apartado Postal 57, Celaya 38010, Guanajuato, Mexico
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Wei W, Guan D, Ma M, Jiang X, Fan F, Meng F, Li L, Zhao B, Zhao Y, Cao F, Chen H, Li J. Long-term fertilization coupled with rhizobium inoculation promotes soybean yield and alters soil bacterial community composition. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1161983. [PMID: 37275141 PMCID: PMC10232743 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1161983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Microbial diversity is an important indicator of soil fertility and plays an indispensable role in farmland ecosystem sustainability. The short-term effects of fertilization and rhizobium inoculation on soil microbial diversity and community structure have been explored extensively; however, few studies have evaluated their long-term effects. Here, we applied quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and amplicon sequencing to characterize the effect of 10-year fertilizer and rhizobium inoculation on bacterial communities in soybean bulk and rhizosphere soils at the flowering-podding and maturity stages. Four treatments were examined: non-fertilization control (CK), phosphorus and potassium fertilization (PK), nitrogen and PK fertilization (PK + N), and PK fertilization and Bradyrhizobium japonicum 5821 (PK + R). Long-term co-application of rhizobium and PK promoted soybean nodule dry weight by 33.94% compared with PK + N, and increased soybean yield by average of 32.25%, 5.90%, and 5.00% compared with CK, PK, and PK + N, respectively. The pH of PK + R was significantly higher than that of PK and PK + N at the flowering-podding stage. The bacterial abundance at the flowering-podding stage was positively correlated with soybean yield, but not at the maturity stage. The significant different class Gemmatimonadetes, and the genera Gemmatimonas, and Ellin6067 in soil at the flowering-podding stage were negatively correlated with soybean yield. However, the bacterial community at class and genus levels at maturity had no significant effect on soybean yield. The key bacterial communities that determine soybean yield were concentrated in the flowering-podding stage, not at maturity stage. Rhizosphere effect, growth period, and treatment synergies resulted in significant differences in soil bacterial community composition. Soil organic matter (OM), total nitrogen (TN), pH, and available phosphorus (AP) were the main variables affecting bacterial community structure. Overall, long-term co-application of rhizobium and fertilizer not only increased soybean yield, but also altered soil bacterial community structure through niche reconstruction and microbial interaction. Rhizobium inoculation plays key role in reducing nitrogen fertilizer application and promoting sustainable agriculture practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanling Wei
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Guan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mingchao Ma
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Fenliang Fan
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fangang Meng
- Soybean Research Institute, Jilin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jilin, China
| | - Li Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Baisuo Zhao
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Yubin Zhao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fengming Cao
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
| | - Huijun Chen
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resources and Regional Planning, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Microbial Products (Beijing), Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing, China
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7
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Lobakova E, Gorelova O, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Scherbakov P, Vasilieva S, Zaytsev P, Shibzukhova K, Chivkunova O, Baulina O, Solovchenko A. Failure of Micractinium simplicissimum Phosphate Resilience upon Abrupt Re-Feeding of Its Phosphorus-Starved Cultures. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108484. [PMID: 37239835 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Microalgae are naturally adapted to the fluctuating availability of phosphorus (P) to opportunistically uptake large amounts of inorganic phosphate (Pi) and safely store it in the cell as polyphosphate. Hence, many microalgal species are remarkably resilient to high concentrations of external Pi. Here, we report on an exception from this pattern comprised by a failure of the high Pi-resilience in strain Micractinium simplicissimum IPPAS C-2056 normally coping with very high Pi concentrations. This phenomenon occurred after the abrupt re-supplementation of Pi to the M. simplicissimum culture pre-starved of P. This was the case even if Pi was re-supplemented in a concentration far below the level toxic to the P-sufficient culture. We hypothesize that this effect can be mediated by a rapid formation of the potentially toxic short-chain polyphosphate following the mass influx of Pi into the P-starved cell. A possible reason for this is that the preceding P starvation impairs the capacity of the cell to convert the newly absorbed Pi into a "safe" storage form of long-chain polyphosphate. We believe that the findings of this study can help to avoid sudden culture crashes, and they are also of potential significance for the development of algae-based technologies for the efficient bioremoval of P from P-rich waste streams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Lobakova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Pavel Scherbakov
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Svetlana Vasilieva
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Petr Zaytsev
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
| | - Karina Shibzukhova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Baulina
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexei Solovchenko
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1-12 Leninskie Gory, 119234 Moscow, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, Komsomolskaya Square 5, 392008 Tambov, Russia
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Cao TND, Mukhtar H, Le LT, Tran DPH, Ngo MTT, Pham MDT, Nguyen TB, Vo TKQ, Bui XT. Roles of microalgae-based biofertilizer in sustainability of green agriculture and food-water-energy security nexus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 870:161927. [PMID: 36736400 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
For years, agrochemical fertilizers have been used in agriculture for crop production. However, intensive utilization of chemical fertilizers is not an ecological and environmental choice since they are destroying soil health and causing an emerging threat to agricultural production on a global scale. Under the circumstances of the increasing utilization of chemical fertilizers, cultivating microalgae to produce biofertilizers would be a wise solution since desired environmental targets will be obtained including (1) replacing chemical fertilizer while improving crop yields and soil health; (2) reducing the harvest of non-renewable elements from limited natural resources for chemical fertilizers production, and (3) mitigating negative influences of climate change through CO2 capture through microalgae cultivation. Recent improvements in microalgae-derived-biofertilizer-applied agriculture will be summarized in this review article. At last, the recent challenges of applying biofertilizers will be discussed as well as the perspective regarding the concept of circular bio-economy and sustainable development goals (SDGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Ngoc-Dan Cao
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hussnain Mukhtar
- Department of Bioenvironmental Systems Engineering, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 10617, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Linh-Thy Le
- Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City (UMP), Ward 11, District 5, Ho Chi Minh city 72714, Viet Nam; Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Duyen Phuc-Hanh Tran
- Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan, ROC; Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - My Thi Tra Ngo
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Mai-Duy-Thong Pham
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUT.HCM), Linh Trung ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh-Binh Nguyen
- Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 81157, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Thi-Kim-Quyen Vo
- Faculty of Biology and Environment, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry (HUFI), 140 Le Trong Tan street, Tan Phu district, Ho Chi Minh city 700000, Viet Nam; Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology & Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (HCMUT), 268 Ly Thuong Kiet Street, District 10, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam; Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (VNUT.HCM), Linh Trung ward, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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Parmar P, Kumar R, Neha Y, Srivatsan V. Microalgae as next generation plant growth additives: Functions, applications, challenges and circular bioeconomy based solutions. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1073546. [PMID: 37063190 PMCID: PMC10101342 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1073546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture practices involve the application of environment-friendly plant growth promoters and additives that do not negatively impact the health of the ecosystem. Stringent regulatory frameworks restricting the use of synthetic agrochemicals and the increase in demand for organically grown crops have paved the way for the development of novel bio-based plant growth promoters. In this context, microalgae biomass and derived agrochemicals offer novel sources of plant growth promotors that enhance crop productivity and impart disease resistance. These beneficial effects could be attributed to the presence of wide range of biomolecules such as soluble amino acid (AA), micronutrients, polysaccharides, phytohormones and other signaling molecules in microalgae biomass. In addition, their phototrophic nature, high photosynthetic efficiency, and wide environmental adaptability make them an attractive source of biostimulants, biofertilizers and biopesticides. The present review aims to describe the various plant growth promoting metabolites produced by microalgae and their effects on plant growth and productivity. Further, the effects elicited by microalgae biostimulants with respect to different modes of applications such as seed treatments, foliar spray and soil/root drenching is reviewed in detail. In addition, the ability of microalgae metabolites to impart tolerance against various abiotic and biotic stressors along with the mechanism of action is discussed in this paper. Although the use of microalgae based biofertilizers and biostimulants is gaining popularity, the high nutrient and water requirements and energy intensive downstream processes makes microalgae based technology commercially unsustainable. Addressing this challenge, we propose a circular economy model of microalgae mediated bioremediation coupled with biorefinery approaches of generating high value metabolites along with biofertilizer applications. We discuss and review new trends in enhancing the sustainability of microalgae biomass production by co-cultivation of algae with hydroponics and utilization of agriculture effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyanka Parmar
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Raman Kumar
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Yograj Neha
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Vidyashankar Srivatsan
- Applied Phycology and Food Technology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)- Institute of Himalayan Bioresource Technology, Palampur, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Council of Scientific and Industrial Research -Human Resource Development Centre (CSIR-HRDC), Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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10
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Osorio-Reyes JG, Valenzuela-Amaro HM, Pizaña-Aranda JJP, Ramírez-Gamboa D, Meléndez-Sánchez ER, López-Arellanes ME, Castañeda-Antonio MD, Coronado-Apodaca KG, Gomes Araújo R, Sosa-Hernández JE, Melchor-Martínez EM, Iqbal HMN, Parra-Saldivar R, Martínez-Ruiz M. Microalgae-Based Biotechnology as Alternative Biofertilizers for Soil Enhancement and Carbon Footprint Reduction: Advantages and Implications. Mar Drugs 2023; 21:md21020093. [PMID: 36827134 PMCID: PMC9958754 DOI: 10.3390/md21020093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the constant growth of the human population and anthropological activity, it has become necessary to use sustainable and affordable technologies that satisfy the current and future demand for agricultural products. Since the nutrients available to plants in the soil are limited and the need to increase the yields of the crops is desirable, the use of chemical (inorganic or NPK) fertilizers has been widespread over the last decades, causing a nutrient shortage due to their misuse and exploitation, and because of the uncontrolled use of these products, there has been a latent environmental and health problem globally. For this reason, green biotechnology based on the use of microalgae biomass is proposed as a sustainable alternative for development and use as soil improvers for crop cultivation and phytoremediation. This review explores the long-term risks of using chemical fertilizers for both human health (cancer and hypoxia) and the environment (eutrophication and erosion), as well as the potential of microalgae biomass to substitute current fertilizer using different treatments on the biomass and their application methods for the implementation on the soil; additionally, the biomass can be a source of carbon mitigation and wastewater treatment in agro-industrial processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Diana Ramírez-Gamboa
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | | | | | - Ma. Dolores Castañeda-Antonio
- Centro de Investigaciones en Ciencias Microbiológicas del Instituto de Ciencias, Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Puebla 72490, Mexico
| | - Karina G. Coronado-Apodaca
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Rafael Gomes Araújo
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Juan Eduardo Sosa-Hernández
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Elda M. Melchor-Martínez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Hafiz M. N. Iqbal
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldivar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (M.M.-R.)
| | - Manuel Martínez-Ruiz
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Institute of Advanced Materials for Sustainable Manufacturing, Monterrey 64849, Mexico
- Correspondence: (R.P.-S.); (M.M.-R.)
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11
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Li T, Wang Z, Wang C, Huang J, Feng Y, Shen W, Zhou M, Yang L. Ammonia volatilization mitigation in crop farming: A review of fertilizer amendment technologies and mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 303:134944. [PMID: 35577135 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Good practices in controlling ammonia produced from the predominant agricultural contributor, crop farming, are the most direct yet effective approaches for mitigating ammonia emissions and further relieving air pollution. Of all the practices that have been investigated in recent decades, fertilizer amendment technologies are garnering increased attention as the low nitrogen use efficiency in most applied quick-acting fertilizers is the main cause of high ammonia emissions. This paper systematically reviews the fertilizer amendment technologies and associated mechanisms that have been developed for ammonia control, especially the technology development of inorganic additives-based complex fertilizers, coating-based enhanced efficiency fertilizers, organic waste-based resource fertilizers and microbial agent and algae-based biofertilizers, and their corresponding mechanisms in farmland properties shifting towards inhibiting ammonia volatilization and enhancing nitrogen use efficiency. The systematic analysis of the literature shows that both enhanced efficiency fertilizers technique and biofertilizers technique present outstanding ammonia inhibition performance with an average mitigation efficiency of 54% and 50.1%, respectively, which is mainly attributed to the slowing down in release and hydrolysis of nitrogen fertilizer, the enhancement in the adsorption and retention of NH4+/NH3 in soil, and the promotion in the microbial consumption of NH4+ in soil. Furthermore, a combined physical and chemical means, namely membrane/film-based mulching technology, for ammonia volatilization inhibition is also evaluated, which is capable of increasing the resistance of ammonia volatilization. Finally, the review addresses the challenges of mitigating agricultural ammonia emissions with the aim of providing an outlook for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianling Li
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, PR China; Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, 4222, Australia
| | - Zhengguo Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, PR China
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, PR China
| | - Jiayu Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, PR China
| | - Yanfang Feng
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
| | - Weishou Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210044, PR China
| | - Ming Zhou
- Centre for Clean Environment and Energy, Griffith University, Gold Coast campus, QLD, 4222, Australia.
| | - Linzhang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in Downstream of Yangtze Plain, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety-State Key Laboratory Cultivation Base, Ministry of Science and Technology, Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, 210014, PR China
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12
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Magalhães IB, Ferreira J, Castro JDS, Assis LRD, Calijuri ML. Agro-industrial wastewater-grown microalgae: A techno-environmental assessment of open and closed systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155282. [PMID: 35447175 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-based treatment can be applied to the bioremediation of agro-industrial wastewater, aiming at a circular economy approach. The present work compared the technical-environmental feasibility of operating a bubble column photobioreactor (PBR) and a high rate pond (HRP) for microalgae biomass production and wastewater treatment of a meat processing facility. The comparison was made regarding biomass productivity, phytoplankton composition, treatment efficiency, life cycle assessment, and energy balance. The daily yields of total biomass and the maximum specific growth rates were 483.33 mg L-1 d-1 and 0.23 d-1 for PBR and 95.00 mg L-1·d-1 and 0.193 d-1 for HRP, respectively, with a predominance of the species Scenedesmus acutus. The treatment efficiency of COD (~50%) and phosphorus (100%) were similar in the two reactors. However, the PBR showed greater assimilation of ammoniacal nitrogen (100% removal) due to the higher microalgal biomass productivity. Environmental impacts were assessed through the ReCiPe methodology for midpoint and endpoint levels. Results revealed that CO2 supply was the most impactful process for both systems (>60%), but HRP reached lower environmental burdens (-105.90 mPt) than PBR (60.74 mPt). Energy balance through the Net Energy Ratio also resulted in the HPR advantage over the PBR (NER = 14.23 and 1.09, respectively). Still, both reactors present advantages when applied to different valorization routes. At the same time, both present room for improvement in the light of bioeconomy and biorefineries, aiming at sustainable wastewater treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iara Barbosa Magalhães
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Jéssica Ferreira
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Letícia Rodrigues de Assis
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Federal University of Viçosa (Universidade Federal de Viçosa/UFV), Department of Civil Engineering, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais 36570-900, Brazil
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13
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Bolaños-Martínez OC, Mahendran G, Rosales-Mendoza S, Vimolmangkang S. Current Status and Perspective on the Use of Viral-Based Vectors in Eukaryotic Microalgae. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070434. [PMID: 35877728 PMCID: PMC9318342 DOI: 10.3390/md20070434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
During the last two decades, microalgae have attracted increasing interest, both commercially and scientifically. Commercial potential involves utilizing valuable natural compounds, including carotenoids, polysaccharides, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, which are widely applicable in food, biofuel, and pharmaceutical industries. Conversely, scientific potential focuses on bioreactors for producing recombinant proteins and developing viable technologies to significantly increase the yield and harvest periods. Here, viral-based vectors and transient expression strategies have significantly contributed to improving plant biotechnology. We present an updated outlook covering microalgal biotechnology for pharmaceutical application, transformation techniques for generating recombinant proteins, and genetic engineering tactics for viral-based vector construction. Challenges in industrial application are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omayra C. Bolaños-Martínez
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Ganesan Mahendran
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Sergio Rosales-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Biofarmacéuticos Recombinantes, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Dr. Manuel Nava 6, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico;
- Sección de Biotecnología, Centro de Investigación en Ciencias de la Salud y Biomedicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Av. Sierra Leona 550, Lomas 2a Sección, San Luis Potosí 78210, Mexico
| | - Sornkanok Vimolmangkang
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Pharmaceutical Botany, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (O.C.B.-M.); (G.M.)
- Center of Excellence in Plant-Produced Pharmaceuticals, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +662-218-8358
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14
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Sousa H, Sousa CA, Simões LC, Simões M. Microalgal-based removal of contaminants of emerging concern. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127153. [PMID: 34543999 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The presence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) in the environment has been recognized as a worldwide concern. In particular, water pollution by CECs is becoming a major global problem, which requires ongoing evaluation of water resources policies at all levels and the use of effective and innovative wastewaters treatment processes for their removal. Microalgae have been increasingly recognized as relevant for wastewater polishing, including CECs removal. These microorganisms are commonly cultivated in suspension. However, the use of planktonic microalgae for wastewater treatment has limitations in terms of microbiological contamination, process effectiveness and sustainability. The use of consortia of microalgae and bacteria represents a significant advance for sustainable wastewater polishing, particularly when the microorganisms are associated as biofilms. These immobilized mixed cultures can overcome the limitations of suspended-microalgae systems and improve the performance of the involved species for CECs removal. In addition, microalgae-bacteria based systems can offer a relevant combined effect for CECs removal and biomass production enhancement. This study reviews the advantages and advances on the use of microalgae for wastewater treatment, highlighting the potential on the use of microalgae-bacteria biofilms for CECs removal and the further biomass valorisation for third-generation biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henrique Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Cátia A Sousa
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Lúcia C Simões
- CEB, Centre of Biological Engineering, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Manuel Simões
- LEPABE - Laboratory for Process Engineering, Environment, Biotechnology and Energy, Faculty of Engineering, University of Porto, Rua Dr. Roberto Frias, 4200-465 Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Marella TK, Saxena A, Tiwari A, Datta A, Dixit S. Treating agricultural non-point source pollutants using periphyton biofilms and biomass volarization. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 301:113869. [PMID: 34619588 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Untreated domestic wastewater and agricultural runoff are emerging as a potent cause of non-point source (NPS) pollutants which are a major threat to aquatic ecosystems. Periphyton biofilm-based technologies due to their high growth rate, energy efficiency and low input costs offer promising solutions for controlling nutrient pollution in agricultural systems. In this study we employed periphyton floway to treat NPS pollution from the agricultural watershed. The process performance of outdoor single pass algae floway (AFW) was evaluated. Steady state average biomass concentration of 11.73 g m-2 d-1 and removal rate of nitrogen: 0.60 g m-2 d-1, phosphorus: 0.27 g m-2d-1, arsenic: 9.26 mg m-2 d-1, chromium: 255.3 mg m-2 d-1 and lead: 238.6 mg m-2 d-1 was achieved. In addition, the microalgae and their associated bacterial diversity and dynamics were analyzed. The results revealed a high diversity and rapid variations in the microbiome structure with diatom and cyanobacteria dominance combined with high N fixing and P solubilizing bacteria during most of the operational period. Elemental analysis of periphyton biomass was done for its safe use as slow-release fertilizer. Biofuel feedstock potential and nanoparticle generation potential of the biomass were analyzed. This work highlights the potential use of periphyton biofilms in remediation and recycling of NPS pollutants with simultaneous resource recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Kiran Marella
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Telangana State, India
| | - Abhishek Saxena
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201 313, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- Diatom Research Laboratory, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201 313, India.
| | - Aviraj Datta
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Telangana State, India
| | - Sreenath Dixit
- International Crop Research Institute for Semi-arid Tropics (ICRISAT), Patancheru, 502 324, Telangana State, India
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16
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Murata MM, Ito Morioka LR, Da Silva Marques JB, Bosso A, Suguimoto HH. What do patents tell us about microalgae in agriculture? AMB Express 2021; 11:154. [PMID: 34816320 PMCID: PMC8611135 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01315-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Microalgae have been used widely as a biological source for several industries, such as biofuel, pharmaceutical and food. Recently, the agricultural industry has also began using microalgae as an alternative source for sustainable products to replace agrochemicals. Due to the lack of scientific articles in this research area, the objective of this study was to search for applications of microalgae and to characterize its use in agriculture using the patent documents available in three patent databases, World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO), European Patent Office (EPO) and Brazilian Institute of Industrial Property (INPI). The search was carried out using the keyword “microalgae” and applying the filter for International Patent Classification (IPC) code “A01N” which corresponds to patents related to agriculture and cultivation of microalgae. Our patent database search returned 669 documents and 132 patents were selected for the study based on their abstracts. The first patent was registered in 1982 and described the use of microalgae Chlorella extract as a plant growth promoter. After that, no patent was registered for 15 years. From 2005 to 2014, only seven patents were found. However, the scenario changed from 2015 when the number of patents increased mainly in the United States, China and Europe. The patent analysis showed several applications for microalgae in the agricultural sector, such as plant growth promotion, biofertilization, plant disease control, weed management, and post-harvest quality. This review confirmed the increasing interest in microalgae-derived products in agriculture and the value of using patent documents to assess innovative areas.
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17
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Biologia Futura: potential of different forms of microalgae for soil improvement. Biol Futur 2021; 73:1-8. [PMID: 34735698 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00103-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Products derived from microalgae have great potential in diverse field. As a part of the enhancing agriculture application, various forms of microalgae applications have been developed so far. They are known to influence soil properties. The various forms of application may enhance soil in more or less similar manner. They can help improve soil health, nitrogen, and phosphorus content, and even carbon sequestration. Thus, overall, it can enhance fertility of the soil.
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18
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Magalhães IB, Ferreira J, de Siqueira Castro J, Assis LRD, Calijuri ML. Technologies for improving microalgae biomass production coupled to effluent treatment: A life cycle approach. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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19
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Abu-Ghosh S, Dubinsky Z, Verdelho V, Iluz D. Unconventional high-value products from microalgae: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2021; 329:124895. [PMID: 33713898 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.124895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae have gained significant importance in biotechnology development, providing valuable goods and services in multiple applications. Although there is a rising market for most of these applications, the incorporation and introduction of microalgae into new venues will extend in the near future. These advances are due to the vast biodiversity of microalgal species, recent genetic engineering tools, and culture techniques. There are three main possible approaches for novel algal compounds from: (1) recently isolated yet less known microalgae; (2) selectively stressed conditions; and (3) enzymatically adjusted compounds from conventional molecules. All these approaches can be combined in a specific manner. This review discusses the opportunities, potential and limitations of introducing novel microalgae-based products, and how the recent technologies can be deployed to make these products financially viable. To give an outlook to the future, an analysis of the developments and predicted future market that further enlarge the promise of cultivating microalgae for commercial purposes are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Said Abu-Ghosh
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel.
| | - Zvy Dubinsky
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Vitor Verdelho
- General Manager of the European Algae Biomass Association (EABA), Portugal
| | - David Iluz
- The Mina and Everard Goodman, Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan 5290002, Israel; Department of Environmental Sciences and Agriculture, Beit Berl Academic College, Israel; Talpiot academic College, Holon, Israel
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20
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Potential applications of algae in biochemical and bioenergy sector. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:296. [PMID: 34136333 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-021-02825-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Algae have gained substantial importance as the most promising potential green fuel source across the globe and is on growing demand due to their antioxidant, anticancer, antiviral, antihypertensive, cholesterol reducing and thickening properties. Therefore, it has vast range of application in medicines, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, paper and nutraceutical industries. In this work, the remarkable ability of algae to convert CO2 and other toxic compounds in atmosphere to potential biofuels, foods, feeds and high-value bioactive compounds is reviewed. Algae produce approximately 50% of the earth's oxygen using its photosynthetic activity, thus acting as a potent tool to mitigate the effects of air pollution. Further, the applicability of algae as a desirable energy source has also been discussed, as they have the potential to serve as an effective alternative to intermittent renewable energy; and also, to combustion-based fossil fuel energy, making them effective for advanced biofuel conversions. This work also evaluates the current applications of algae and the implications of it as a potential substrate for bioplastic, natural alternative to inks and for making paper besides high-value products. In addition, the scope for integrated biorefinery approach is also briefly explored in terms of economic aspects at the industrial scale, as such energy conversion mechanisms are directly linked with sustainability, thus providing a positive overall energy outlook.
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21
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Marangon BB, Calijuri ML, Castro JDS, Assemany PP. A life cycle assessment of energy recovery using briquette from wastewater grown microalgae biomass. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 285:112171. [PMID: 33609975 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae biomass (MB) is a promising source of renewable energy, especially when the cultivation is associated with wastewater treatment. However, microalgae wastewater technologies still have much to improve. Additionally, microalgae biomass valorization routes need to be optimized to be a sustainable and feasible source of green bioenergy. Thus, this paper aimed to evaluate the environmental impacts of the production of briquettes from MB, cultivated during domestic wastewater treatment. Also, it was evaluated how much the drying of the MB affected the life cycle and the environment. Improvements in the life cycle to mitigate the environmental impacts of this energy route were proposed. Cradle-to-gate modeling was applied to obtain a life cycle assessment (LCA) from cultivation to the valorization of MB, through its transformation into a solid biofuel. With LCA, it was possible to identify which technical aspect of the process needs to be optimized so that environmental sustainability can be achieved. Two scenarios were compared, one with the microalgae growth in a high-rate algal pond (HRAP) (scenario 1) and the other in a hybrid reactor, formed by a HRAP and a biofilm reactor (BR) (scenario 2). LCA highlighted the electric power mix, representing, on average, 60% of the total environmental impacts in both scenarios. The valorization of MB in briquettes needs to consume less energy to offset its yield. The environment suffered pressure in freshwater eutrophication, due to the release of 3.1E-05 and 3.9E-05 kg of phosphorus equivalent; in fossil resources scarcity, with the extraction of 1.4E-02 and 4.5E-02 kg of oil equivalent; and in climate change, by the emission of 1.0E-01 and 1.9E-01 kg of carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent, in scenarios 1 and 2, respectively. Scenario 1 was highly damaging to terrestrial ecotoxicity, with the release of 3.5E-01 kg of 1,4 Dichlorobenzene, coming from the CO2 used in MB growth. This category was the one that most negatively pressured the environment, differing from scenario 2, in which this input was not required. This was the only impact category in which scenario 2 had a better environmental performance when compared to scenario 1. Cotton, required in scenario 2, represented up to 87% of emissions in some of the evaluated categories. Despite the impacts that occurred in the two modeled scenarios, the environmental gains due to the use of wastewater for microalgae growth, replacing the synthetic cultivation medium, stood out. In the sensitivity analysis, two alternative scenarios were proposed: (i) electricity consumption for drying has been reduced, due to the natural decrease of MB humidity, and (ii) MB briquettes were considered a substitute for coal briquettes. Results indicated that pressures on climate change and fossil resource scarcity were eliminated in both scenarios and this also occurred for freshwater eutrophication in scenario 2. This paper contributes to the improvement and development of converting MB routes into more sustainable products, causing less pressure on the environment. Also, the study contributes to filling a gap in the literature, discussing methods and technologies to be improved, and consequently making microalgae biotechnology environmentally feasible and a potential renewable energy alternative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca Barros Marangon
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Av. Peter Henry Rolfs, S/n, Campus Universitário, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Paula Peixoto Assemany
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Lavras, Campus Universitario, 37200-000, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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22
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Ferreira J, de Assis LR, Oliveira APDS, Castro JDS, Calijuri ML. Innovative microalgae biomass harvesting methods: Technical feasibility and life cycle analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 746:140939. [PMID: 32763596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In order to ease one of the main challenges of biomass production in wastewater, the harvest stage, this study proposes as main innovations: the comparison of technical and environmental performance of different methods of harvesting biomass which have not been addressed in the literature and the projection of an optimal environmental scenario for biomass harvesting. For this, three harvesting methods were evaluated and compared, namely the gravitational sedimentation (GS) via settling tank, coagulation with tannin followed by gravitational sedimentation (TC/GS), and a biofilm reactor operated in parallel with a settling tank (BR/GS). TC/GS required less time to concentrate the biomass (121.13 g/day); however, the biomass had a higher moisture content (99.02%), which may compromise its direct application for production of most bioproducts and bioenergy, only a dewatering step is recommended. The harvesting methods interfered in biomass characterisation, mainly in carbohydrate content, which was higher in biomass concentrated over time (28-37%) than biomass concentrated in a single day by coagulation (13.8%). The results of the life cycle assessment revealed that in scenarios which included TC/GS methods and the BR/GS presented less environmental impact in relation to only GS. Additionally, the combination of these two methods comprises the best scenario and promises to optimise the harvest of biomass grown in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Ferreira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Letícia Rodrigues de Assis
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Paulo de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Jackeline de Siqueira Castro
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Advanced Environmental Research Group - nPA, Department of Civil Engineering, Av. PH Rolfs, s/n, 36570-900, Brazil
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23
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Valorization of Moroccan Crocus sativus L. By-products: Foliar Spraying of Aqueous Tepal Extract Stimulates Growth and Confers Antioxidant Properties in Eggplant Seedling under Greenhouse Conditions. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8812157. [PMID: 33204720 PMCID: PMC7661141 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8812157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The valorization of Crocus sativus L. by-products has become important given its interesting content of bioactive molecules. In the present study, aqueous tepal extract (ATE) studied eggplant seedling's growth and physiology under a plastic tunnel. ATE was foliage sprayed 3 times every 15 days, with various concentrations (1 mg/mL, 2 mg/mL, 3 mg/mL) in addition to a treatment containing 2 mg/mL of tepals and 0.6 mg/mL of stigmas (T+S). The concentration of 2 mg/L ATE significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased the plant's height, the chlorophyll content, and decreased antioxidant activity and MDA (malondialdehyde). However, the concentration 3 mg/mL inhibited the plant growth; increased the content of ascorbic acid and polyphenol; and resulted in lipid peroxidation and antioxidant activities increases, indicating oxidative stress (p ≤ 0.05). On the other hand, T+S significantly influenced some parameters analyzed. Our findings demonstrate that ATE can act as a biostimulant at 2 mg/mL to enhance eggplant growth in plastic tunnel production and used in plant stress situations.
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Solovchenko A, Gorelova O, Karpova O, Selyakh I, Semenova L, Chivkunova O, Baulina O, Vinogradova E, Pugacheva T, Scherbakov P, Vasilieva S, Lukyanov A, Lobakova E. Phosphorus Feast and Famine in Cyanobacteria: Is Luxury Uptake of the Nutrient Just a Consequence of Acclimation to Its Shortage? Cells 2020; 9:E1933. [PMID: 32825634 PMCID: PMC7564538 DOI: 10.3390/cells9091933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To cope with fluctuating phosphorus (P) availability, cyanobacteria developed diverse acclimations, including luxury P uptake (LPU)-taking up P in excess of the current metabolic demand. LPU is underexplored, despite its importance for nutrient-driven rearrangements in aquatic ecosystems. We studied the LPU after the refeeding of P-deprived cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. PCC 7118 with inorganic phosphate (Pi), including the kinetics of Pi uptake, turnover of polyphosphate, cell ultrastructure, and gene expression. The P-deprived cells deployed acclimations to P shortage (reduction of photosynthetic apparatus and mobilization of cell P reserves). The P-starved cells capable of LPU exhibited a biphasic kinetic of the Pi uptake and polyphosphate formation. The first (fast) phase (1-2 h after Pi refeeding) occurred independently of light and temperature. It was accompanied by a transient accumulation of polyphosphate, still upregulated genes encoding high-affinity Pi transporters, and an ATP-dependent polyphosphate kinase. During the second (slow) phase, recovery from P starvation was accompanied by the downregulation of these genes. Our study revealed no specific acclimation to ample P conditions in Nostoc sp. PCC 7118. We conclude that the observed LPU phenomenon does not likely result from the activation of a mechanism specific for ample P conditions. On the contrary, it stems from slow disengagement of the low-P responses after the abrupt transition from low-P to ample P conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Solovchenko
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
- Ecology Research Laboratory, Pskov State University, 180000 Pskov, Russia
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Derzhavin Tambov State University, 392000 Tambov, Russia
| | - Olga Gorelova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Olga Karpova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Irina Selyakh
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Larisa Semenova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Olga Chivkunova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Olga Baulina
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Elizaveta Vinogradova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Tatiana Pugacheva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Pavel Scherbakov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Svetlana Vasilieva
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Alexandr Lukyanov
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Elena Lobakova
- Faculty of Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234 Moscow, Russia; (O.G.); (O.K.); (I.S.); (L.S.); (O.C.); (O.B.); (E.V.); (T.P.); (P.S.); (S.V.); (A.L.)
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