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Bao Z, Zeng X, Zhou J, Yang F, Lu K, Zhai C, Li X, Feng M, Tan Q, Chen Y. Evolution of black carbon and brown carbon during summertime in Southwestern China: An assessment of control measures during the 2023 Chengdu Summer World University Games. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 357:124467. [PMID: 38950850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Revised: 06/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
The 31st FISU Summer World University Games (SWUG) was held in Chengdu, southwestern China, from July 22 to August 8, 2023. A series of control measures were carried out to ensure good air quality during the SWUG, providing an opportunity to investigate the atmospheric behaviors of light-absorbing aerosols under such a substantial disturbance caused by the control measures. To assess the impacts of emission controls on primary pollutants, a field campaign was conducted at a rural site in Chengdu to investigate the characterization of equivalent black carbon (eBC). The changes of eBC concentrations before, during, and after the SWUG were characterized. The sources of eBC were resolved, and the impacts of atmospheric processes on the absorption capacity were also investigated. During the SWUG, the eBC concentration decreased by 12.1 % and 25.3 % compared with those before and after the SWUG. A fossil fuel combustion (eBCff) and a biomass burning (eBCbb) originated eBC were resolved using the aethalometer model. Both eBCff and eBCbb decreased during the SWUG, indicating the effectiveness of control measures. After the SWUG, the influence of biomass burning emissions became more and more significant, and the contribution of brown carbon (BrC) to light absorption at 370-660 nm increased by 52, 19, 7, 6, and 17 % compared to those during the SWUG. As the biomass burning emitted aerosols aged, the absorption Ångström exponent and babs(BrC370nm) decreased gradually, which was mainly due to the photobleaching of the chromophores during the daytime. eBCff was mainly affected by strong wind, while high eBCbb concentration was mainly attributed to the gradual accumulation of biomass-burning emissions near the observation site. The results show the significant reduction of eBC with the implementation of the air pollution mitigation campaign, and provide insights on the impacts of atmospheric processes on BC optical properties during summertime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhier Bao
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Xiaoling Zeng
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Jiawei Zhou
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Keding Lu
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chongzhi Zhai
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Urban Atmospheric Environment Observation and Pollution Prevention, Chongqing, 401147, China
| | - Xin Li
- SKL-ESPC and BIC-ESAT, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Miao Feng
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Qinwen Tan
- Chengdu Academy of Environmental Sciences, Chengdu, 610072, China
| | - Yang Chen
- Research Center for Atmospheric Environment, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China.
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Gómez-Sánchez N, Galindo N, Alfosea-Simón M, Nicolás JF, Crespo J, Yubero E. Chemical composition of PM 10 at a rural site in the western Mediterranean and its relationship with the oxidative potential. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 363:142880. [PMID: 39019189 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization (water-soluble ions, organic and elemental carbon, water- and methanol-soluble organic carbon, levoglucosan, and major and trace metals) of PM10 samples collected in a rural area located in the southeast of the Iberian Peninsula was performed. Additionally, the oxidative potential of the samples, used as an indicator of aerosol toxicity, was determined by the ascorbic acid (OPAA) and dithiothreitol (OPDTT) assays. The average concentration of PM10 during the study period, spanning from late winter to early spring, was 20.2 ± 10.8 μg m-3. Nitrate, carbonate and calcium (accounting for 20% of the average PM10 mass concentration) and organic matter (with a contribution of 28%) were the main chemical components of PM10. Average concentrations of traffic tracers such as elemental carbon, copper and zinc (0.31 μg m-3, 3 ng m-3, and 9 ng m-3, respectively) were low compared with those obtained at an urban site in the same region, due to the almost total absence of traffic in the surrounding of the sampling site. Regarding levoglucosan and K+, which can be considered as tracers of biomass burning, their concentrations (0.12 μg m-3 and 55 ng m-3, respectively) were in the lower range of values reported for other rural areas in Europe, suggesting a moderate contribution form this source to PM10 levels. The results of the Pearson's correlation analysis showed that volume-normalised OPAA and OPDTT levels (average values of 0.11 and 0.32 nmol min-1 m-3, respectively) were sensitive to different PM10 chemical components. Whereas OPAA was not strongly correlated with any of the species measured, good correlation coefficients of OPDTT with water-soluble organic carbon (r = 0.81) and K+ (r = 0.73) were obtained, which points to biomass burning as an important driver of the DTT activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noelia Gómez-Sánchez
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Marina Alfosea-Simón
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Jose F Nicolás
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Javier Crespo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
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Dominutti PA, Mari X, Jaffrezo JL, Dinh VTN, Chifflet S, Guigue C, Guyomarc'h L, Vu CT, Darfeuil S, Ginot P, Elazzouzi R, Mhadhbi T, Voiron C, Martinot P, Uzu G. Disentangling fine particles (PM 2.5) composition in Hanoi, Vietnam: Emission sources and oxidative potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 923:171466. [PMID: 38447718 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
A comprehensive chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was conducted at an urban site in one of the most densely populated cities of Vietnam, Hanoi. Chemical analysis of a series of 57 daily PM2.5 samples obtained in 2019-2020 included the quantification of a detailed set of chemical tracers as well as the oxidative potential (OP), which estimates the ability of PM to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vivo as an initial step of health effects due to oxidative stress. The PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 8.3 to 148 μg m-3, with an annual average of 40.2 ± 26.3 μg m-3 (from September 2019 to December 2020). Our results obtained by applying the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) source-receptor apportionment model showed the contribution of nine PM2.5 sources. The main anthropogenic sources contributing to the PM mass concentrations were heavy fuel oil (HFO) combustion (25.3 %), biomass burning (20 %), primary traffic (7.6 %) and long-range transport aerosols (10.6 %). The OP activities were evaluated for the first time in an urban site in Vietnam. The average OPv levels obtained in our study were 3.9 ± 2.4 and 4.5 ± 3.2 nmol min-1 m-3 for OPDTT and OPAA, respectively. We assessed the contribution to OPDTT and OPAA of each PM2.5 source by applying multilinear regression models. It shows that the sources associated with human activities (HFO combustion, biomass burning and primary traffic) are the sources driving OP exposure, suggesting that they should be the first sources to be controlled in future mitigation strategies. This study gives for the first time an extensive and long-term chemical characterization of PM2.5, providing also a link between emission sources, ambient concentrations and exposure to air pollution at an urban site in Hanoi, Vietnam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela A Dominutti
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
| | - Xavier Mari
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Vy Thuy Ngoc Dinh
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Sandrine Chifflet
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Lea Guyomarc'h
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Cam Tu Vu
- Water-Environment-Oceanography (WEO) Department, University of Science and Technology of Hanoi (USTH), Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Sophie Darfeuil
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Patrick Ginot
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Rhabira Elazzouzi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Takoua Mhadhbi
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Céline Voiron
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Pauline Martinot
- Aix Marseille Univ, Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, Marseille, France
| | - Gaëlle Uzu
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, INRAE, IRD, G-INP, IGE (UMR 5001), 38000 Grenoble, France.
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Noblet C, Lestremau F, Collet S, Chatellier C, Beaumont J, Besombes JL, Albinet A. Aerosolomics based approach to discover source molecular markers: A case study for discriminating residential wood heating vs garden green waste burning emission sources. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141242. [PMID: 38280648 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a significant source of particulate matter (PM) in ambient air and its accurate source apportionment is a major concern for air quality. The discrimination between residential wood heating (RWH) and garden green waste burning (GWB) particulate matter (PM) is rarely achieved. The objective of this work was to evaluate the potential of non-targeted screening (NTS) analyses using HRMS (high resolution mass spectrometry) data to reveal discriminating potential molecular markers of both sources. Two residential wood combustion appliances (wood log stove and fireplace) were tested under different output conditions and wood moisture content. GWB experiments were carried out using two burning materials (fallen leaves and hedge trimming). PM samples were characterized using NTS approaches with both LC- and GC-HRMS (liquid and gas chromatography-HRMS). The analytical procedures were optimized to detect as many species as possible. Chemical fingerprints obtained were compared combining several multivariate statistical analyses (PCA, HCA and PLS-DA). Results showed a strong impact of the fuel nature and the combustion quality on the chemical fingerprints. 31 and 4 possible markers were discovered as characteristic of GWB and RWH, respectively. Complementary work was attempted to identify potential molecular formulas of the different potential marker candidates. The combination of HRMS NTS chemical characterization with multivariate statistical analyses shows promise for uncovering organic aerosol fingerprinting and discovering potential PM source markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM, Chambéry, 73000, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Hydrosciences Montpellier, Univ Montpellier, IMT Mines Alès, IRD, CNRS, 30100, Alès, France.
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Claudine Chatellier
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Jérôme Beaumont
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | | | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Favez O, Putaud JP, Eleftheriadis K, Fiebig M, Hopke PK, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Alados-Arboledas L, Bastian S, Chazeau B, María ÁC, Colombi C, Costabile F, Green DC, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Luoma K, Listrani S, Mihalopoulos N, Marchand N, Močnik G, Niemi JV, Ondráček J, Petit JE, Rattigan OV, Reche C, Timonen H, Titos G, Tremper AH, Vratolis S, Vodička P, Funes EY, Zíková N, Harrison RM, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. Recommendations for reporting equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations based on long-term pan-European in-situ observations. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2024; 185:108553. [PMID: 38460240 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2024.108553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
A reliable determination of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations derived from filter absorption photometers (FAPs) measurements depends on the appropriate quantification of the mass absorption cross-section (MAC) for converting the absorption coefficient (babs) to eBC. This study investigates the spatial-temporal variability of the MAC obtained from simultaneous elemental carbon (EC) and babs measurements performed at 22 sites. We compared different methodologies for retrieving eBC integrating different options for calculating MAC including: locally derived, median value calculated from 22 sites, and site-specific rolling MAC. The eBC concentrations that underwent correction using these methods were identified as LeBC (local MAC), MeBC (median MAC), and ReBC (Rolling MAC) respectively. Pronounced differences (up to more than 50 %) were observed between eBC as directly provided by FAPs (NeBC; Nominal instrumental MAC) and ReBC due to the differences observed between the experimental and nominal MAC values. The median MAC was 7.8 ± 3.4 m2 g-1 from 12 aethalometers at 880 nm, and 10.6 ± 4.7 m2 g-1 from 10 MAAPs at 637 nm. The experimental MAC showed significant site and seasonal dependencies, with heterogeneous patterns between summer and winter in different regions. In addition, long-term trend analysis revealed statistically significant (s.s.) decreasing trends in EC. Interestingly, we showed that the corresponding corrected eBC trends are not independent of the way eBC is calculated due to the variability of MAC. NeBC and EC decreasing trends were consistent at sites with no significant trend in experimental MAC. Conversely, where MAC showed s.s. trend, the NeBC and EC trends were not consistent while ReBC concentration followed the same pattern as EC. These results underscore the importance of accounting for MAC variations when deriving eBC measurements from FAPs and emphasize the necessity of incorporating EC observations to constrain the uncertainty associated with eBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Natural Resources & Environment, Industrial & TIC Engineering (EMIT-UPC), Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | | | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Technology for Atmospheric & Climate Impact Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Markus Fiebig
- Dept. Atmospheric and Climate Research, NILU-Norwegian Institute for Air Research, Kjeller, Norway
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA; Institute for a Sustainable Environment, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | | | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Álvaro Clemente María
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Krista Luoma
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Listrani
- ARPA Lazio, Regional Environmental Protection Agency, Rome, Italy
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Griša Močnik
- Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Nova Gorica, 5270, Slovenia; Jozef Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, 1000, Slovenia
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity & Aerosol Technology for Atmospheric & Climate Impact Lab, INRaSTES, NCSR "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Petr Vodička
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eduardo Yubero Funes
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
| | - Naděžda Zíková
- Laboratory of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojova, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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Targino AC, Moreno FL, Krecl P, Cardoso JV. Significant differences in black and brown carbon concentrations at urban and suburban sites. Heliyon 2023; 9:e18418. [PMID: 37520949 PMCID: PMC10374922 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e18418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Light-absorbing carbonaceous particles (LAC) may cause and/or exacerbate non-communicable diseases, interfere with the Earth's radiative balance, darken urban buildings and impair vistas. In this study, we explored the temporal behaviour of LAC concentrations measured at wavelengths of 370 nm (brown carbon, BrC) and 880 nm (black carbon, BC) at two sites of a mid-sized city in Brazil. We observed sharp changes in LAC concentrations at the city centre site in response to variations in traffic volume. The highest concentrations were observed when winds originated from both the city core and from the direction of the bus terminal. The suburban site exhibited a notably uniform diurnal pattern and consistently lower LAC concentrations throughout the day. Nevertheless, substantial increases during the evening led to mean BrC and BC concentrations (2.6 and 2.2 μg m-3, respectively) comparable to daytime peaks observed in the city centre (3 μg m-3 and 2.5 μg m-3). This phenomenon was attributed to the burning of residential waste and overgrown vegetation in nearby vacant lots. Moreover, the highest concentrations coincided with periods of low wind speeds, usually linked to non-buoyant plumes from point sources. BrC concentrations surpassed BC concentrations, even at the city centre site. Not only was the Ångström absorption exponent (Å370/880) larger at the suburban site compared to the city centre (95th percentiles of 1.73 and 1.38, respectively), but it also exhibited a wider span. Overall, the combined LAC and Å370/880 data indicated that i) biomass burning is a major source of LAC at the suburban site; ii) at the city centre, bare BC particles may become internally mixed with BrC from biomass or fossil fuel emissions and enhance absorption at lower wavelengths. The occurrence of LAC peaks outside the evening rush hours suggests that other sources but on-road vehicular emissions may contribute to the deterioration of the air quality in the urban core. Tackling air quality across the urban perimeter requires targeting other potential sources but traffic emissions.
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7
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Savadkoohi M, Pandolfi M, Reche C, Niemi JV, Mooibroek D, Titos G, Green DC, Tremper AH, Hueglin C, Liakakou E, Mihalopoulos N, Stavroulas I, Artiñano B, Coz E, Alados-Arboledas L, Beddows D, Riffault V, De Brito JF, Bastian S, Baudic A, Colombi C, Costabile F, Chazeau B, Marchand N, Gómez-Amo JL, Estellés V, Matos V, van der Gaag E, Gille G, Luoma K, Manninen HE, Norman M, Silvergren S, Petit JE, Putaud JP, Rattigan OV, Timonen H, Tuch T, Merkel M, Weinhold K, Vratolis S, Vasilescu J, Favez O, Harrison RM, Laj P, Wiedensohler A, Hopke PK, Petäjä T, Alastuey A, Querol X. The variability of mass concentrations and source apportionment analysis of equivalent black carbon across urban Europe. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 178:108081. [PMID: 37451041 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.108081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
This study analyzed the variability of equivalent black carbon (eBC) mass concentrations and their sources in urban Europe to provide insights into the use of eBC as an advanced air quality (AQ) parameter for AQ standards. This study compiled eBC mass concentration datasets covering the period between 2006 and 2022 from 50 measurement stations, including 23 urban background (UB), 18 traffic (TR), 7 suburban (SUB), and 2 regional background (RB) sites. The results highlighted the need for the harmonization of eBC measurements to allow for direct comparisons between eBC mass concentrations measured across urban Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited a decreasing trend as follows: TR > UB > SUB > RB. Furthermore, a clear decreasing trend in eBC concentrations was observed in the UB sites moving from Southern to Northern Europe. The eBC mass concentrations exhibited significant spatiotemporal heterogeneity, including marked differences in eBC mass concentration and variable contributions of pollution sources to bulk eBC between different cities. Seasonal patterns in eBC concentrations were also evident, with higher winter concentrations observed in a large proportion of cities, especially at UB and SUB sites. The contribution of eBC from fossil fuel combustion, mostly traffic (eBCT) was higher than that of residential and commercial sources (eBCRC) in all European sites studied. Nevertheless, eBCRC still had a substantial contribution to total eBC mass concentrations at a majority of the sites. eBC trend analysis revealed decreasing trends for eBCT over the last decade, while eBCRC remained relatively constant or even increased slightly in some cities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjan Savadkoohi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Mining, Industrial and ICT Engineering (EMIT), Manresa School of Engineering (EPSEM), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (UPC), 08242, Manresa, Spain.
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jarkko V Niemi
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), the Netherlands
| | - Gloria Titos
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK; NIHR HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Anja H Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Christoph Hueglin
- Laboratory for Air Pollution and Environmental Technology, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Eleni Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Nikos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research & Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Begoña Artiñano
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Esther Coz
- Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucas Alados-Arboledas
- Andalusian Institute for Earth System Research (IISTA-CEAMA), University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - David Beddows
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, Lille, France
| | - Susanne Bastian
- Saxon State Office for Environment, Agriculture and Geology/Saxon State Department for Agricultural and Environmental Operations, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alexia Baudic
- AIRPARIF (Ile de France Air Quality Monitoring network), Paris, France
| | - Cristina Colombi
- Arpa Lombardia, Settore Monitoraggi Ambientali, Unità Operativa Qualità dell'Aria, Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council, Rome, Italy
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - José Luis Gómez-Amo
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Víctor Estellés
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Violeta Matos
- Solar Radiation Group. Dept. Earth Physics and Thermodynamics, University of Valencia, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Ed van der Gaag
- DCMR Environmental Protection Agency, Department Air and Energy, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Grégory Gille
- AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Cote-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Krista Luoma
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna E Manninen
- Helsinki Region Environmental Services Authority (HSY), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Michael Norman
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, SLB-analysis, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Oliver V Rattigan
- Division of Air Resources, New York State Dept of Environmental Conservation, NY, USA
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Thomas Tuch
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Maik Merkel
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Kay Weinhold
- Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), Leipzig, Germany
| | - Stergios Vratolis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens, Greece
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, Magurele, Romania
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques (INERIS), Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Roy M Harrison
- Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management, School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, UK; Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Meteorology, Environment and Arid Land Agriculture, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paolo Laj
- Univ. Grenoble, CNRS, IRD, IGE, 38000 Grenoble, France; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine & Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics (INAR), Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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8
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Ivančič M, Rigler M, Alföldy B, Lavrič G, Ježek Brecelj I, Gregorič A. Highly Time-Resolved Apportionment of Carbonaceous Aerosols from Wildfire Using the TC-BC Method: Camp Fire 2018 Case Study. TOXICS 2023; 11:497. [PMID: 37368597 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11060497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The Camp Fire was one of California's deadliest and most destructive wildfires, and its widespread smoke threatened human health over a large area in Northern California in November 2018. To analyze the Camp Fire influence on air quality on a 200 km distant site in Berkeley, highly time-resolved total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), and organic carbon (OC) were measured using the Carbonaceous Aerosol Speciation System (CASS, Aerosol Magee Scientific), comprising two instruments, a Total Carbon Analyzer TCA08 in tandem with an Aethalometer AE33. During the period when the air quality was affected by wildfire smoke, the BC concentrations increased four times above the typical air pollution level presented in Berkeley before and after the event, and the OC increased approximately ten times. High-time-resolution measurements allow us to study the aging of OC and investigate how the characteristics of carbonaceous aerosols evolve over the course of the fire event. A higher fraction of secondary carbonaceous aerosols was observed in the later phase of the fire. At the same time, the amount of light-absorbing organic aerosol (brown carbon) declined with time.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Centre for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
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9
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De Haan DO, Hawkins LN, Wickremasinghe PD, Andretta AD, Dignum JR, De Haan AC, Welsh HG, Pennington EA, Cui T, Surratt JD, Cazaunau M, Pangui E, Doussin JF. Brown Carbon from Photo-Oxidation of Glyoxal and SO 2 in Aqueous Aerosol. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2023; 7:1131-1140. [PMID: 37223425 PMCID: PMC10201569 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.3c00035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Aqueous-phase dark reactions during the co-oxidation of glyoxal and S(IV) were recently identified as a potential source of brown carbon (BrC). Here, we explore the effects of sunlight and oxidants on aqueous solutions of glyoxal and S(IV), and on aqueous aerosol exposed to glyoxal and SO2. We find that BrC is able to form in sunlit, bulk-phase, sulfite-containing solutions, albeit more slowly than in the dark. In more atmospherically relevant chamber experiments where suspended aqueous aerosol particles are exposed to gas-phase glyoxal and SO2, the formation of detectable amounts of BrC requires an OH radical source and occurs most rapidly after a cloud event. From these observations we infer that this photobrowning is caused by radical-initiated reactions as evaporation concentrates aqueous-phase reactants and aerosol viscosity increases. Positive-mode electrospray ionization mass spectrometric analysis of aerosol-phase products reveals a large number of CxHyOz oligomers that are reduced rather than oxidized (relative to glyoxal), with the degree of reduction increasing in the presence of OH radicals. This again suggests a radical-initiated redox mechanism where photolytically produced aqueous radical species trigger S(IV)-O2 auto-oxidation chain reactions, and glyoxal-S(IV) redox reactions especially if aerosol-phase O2 is depleted. This process may contribute to daytime BrC production and aqueous-phase sulfur oxidation in the atmosphere. The BrC produced, however, is about an order of magnitude less light-absorbing than wood smoke BrC at 365 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- David O. De Haan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92117, United States
| | - Lelia N. Hawkins
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Praveen D. Wickremasinghe
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92117, United States
| | - Alyssa D. Andretta
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92117, United States
| | - Juliette R. Dignum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92117, United States
| | - Audrey C. De Haan
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of San Diego, 5998 Alcala Park, San Diego, California 92117, United States
| | - Hannah G. Welsh
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Elyse A. Pennington
- Department
of Chemistry, Harvey Mudd College, 301 Platt Blvd, Claremont, California 91711, United States
| | - Tianqu Cui
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jason D. Surratt
- Department
of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Gillings School of Global
Public Health, University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill, Chapel
Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, College of Arts and Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Mathieu Cazaunau
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA),
UMR7583, CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Créteil 94010, France
| | - Edouard Pangui
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA),
UMR7583, CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Créteil 94010, France
| | - Jean-François Doussin
- Laboratoire
Interuniversitaire des Systèmes Atmosphériques (LISA),
UMR7583, CNRS, Institut Pierre Simon Laplace (IPSL), Université Paris-Est-Créteil (UPEC) et Université
Paris Diderot (UPD), Créteil 94010, France
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10
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Paraskevopoulou D, Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Bikkina S, Tsagkaraki M, Vrettou IM, Tavernaraki K, Papoutsidaki K, Stavroulas I, Liakakou E, Bougiatioti A, Oikonomou K, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Brown carbon absorption and radiative effects under intense residential wood burning conditions in Southeastern Europe: New insights into the abundance and absorptivity of methanol-soluble organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160434. [PMID: 36427708 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning is a major source of Brown Carbon (BrC), strongly contributing to radiative forcing. In urban areas of the climate-sensitive Southeastern European region, where strong emissions from residential wood burning (RWB) are reported, radiative impacts of carbonaceous aerosols remain largely unknown. This study examines the absorption properties of water- and methanol-soluble organic carbon (WSOC, MeS_OC) in a city (Ioannina, Greece) heavily impacted by RWB. Measurements were performed during winter (December 2019 - February 2020) and summer (July - August 2019) periods, characterized by RWB and photochemical processing of organic aerosol (OA), respectively. PM2.5 filter extracts were analyzed spectrophotometrically for water- and methanol-soluble BrC (WS_BrC, MeS_BrC) absorption. WSOC concentrations were quantified using TOC analysis, while those of MeS_OC were determined using a newly developed direct quantification protocol, applied for the first time to an extended series of ambient samples. The direct method led to a mean MeS_OC/OC of 0.68 and a more accurate subsequent estimation of absorption efficiencies. The mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions at 365 nm were 13.9 Mm-1 and 21.9 Mm-1, respectively, suggesting an important fraction of water-insoluble OA. Mean winter WS_BrC and MeS_BrC absorptions were over 10 times those observed in summer. MeS_OC was more absorptive than WSOC in winter (mean mass absorption efficiencies - MAE365: 1.81 vs 1.15 m2 gC-1) and especially in summer (MAE: 1.12 vs 0.27 m2 gC-1) due to photo-dissociation and volatilization of BrC chromophores. The winter radiative forcing (RF) of WS_BrC and MeS_BrC relative to elemental carbon (EC) was estimated at 8.7 % and 16.7 %, respectively, in the 300-2500 nm band. However, those values increased to 48.5 % and 60.2 % at 300-400 nm, indicating that, under intense RWB, BrC forcing becomes comparable to that of soot. The results highlight the consideration of urban BrC emissions in radiative transfer models, as a considerable climate forcing factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Paraskevopoulou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece.
| | - D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - S Bikkina
- CSIR-National Institute of Oceanography, Dona Paula, Goa 403 004, India
| | - M Tsagkaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I M Vrettou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Tavernaraki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - K Papoutsidaki
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece; Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - K Oikonomou
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, P. Penteli, Athens 15236, Greece; Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 70013 Crete, Greece
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11
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Sun J, Li Y, Xu W, Zhou W, Du A, Li L, Du X, Huang F, Li Z, Zhang Z, Wang Z, Sun Y. Single-particle volatility and implications for brown carbon absorption in Beijing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 854:158874. [PMID: 36126710 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol volatility has a substantial impact on gas-particle partitioning, aging process and hence brown carbon (BrC) absorption. Here we analyzed single-particle volatility in winter in Beijing using a thermodenuder coupled with a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer along with a suite of collocated measurements. Our results showed that elemental carbon, metals, organic nitrogen (ON) were the dominant low-volatility components. The ON-containing particles accounting for 50 % of the total low-volatility particles comprised mainly ON-organic carbon (ON-OC) particles which were associated with biomass burning and significantly enhanced during polluted periods with high relative humidity and nitrogen oxides (NOx) levels. By analyzing the relationship between single-particle volatility and BrC, we found that semi-volatile particles related to fossil fuel combustion contributed dominantly to the light absorption of BrC (~50 %). Comparatively, the low-volatility and semi-volatile particles related to biomass burning contributed 21-35 % and 10-15 %, respectively to the BrC light absorption. Our results demonstrated that single particles from different sources with different volatility showed different impacts on BrC absorption. Although low-volatility organic aerosol accounted only for ~16 % of the total ambient organics, they can contribute as much as ~30-40 % to BrC light absorption in winter in Beijing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xubing Du
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for On-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Fugui Huang
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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12
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Ivančič M, Gregorič A, Lavrič G, Alföldy B, Ježek I, Hasheminassab S, Pakbin P, Ahangar F, Sowlat M, Boddeker S, Rigler M. Two-year-long high-time-resolution apportionment of primary and secondary carbonaceous aerosols in the Los Angeles Basin using an advanced total carbon-black carbon (TC-BC(λ)) method. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 848:157606. [PMID: 35896132 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, carbonaceous aerosols (CA) have been recognized as a significant contributor to the concentration of particles smaller than 2.5 μm (i.e., PM2.5), with a negative impact on public health and Earth's radiative balance. In this study, we present a method for CA apportionment based on high-time-resolution measurements of total carbon (TC), black carbon (BC), and spectral dependence of absorption coefficient using a recently developed Carbonaceous Aerosol Speciation System (CASS). Two-year-long CA measurements at two different locations within California's Los Angeles Basin are presented. CA was apportioned based on its optical absorption properties, organic or elemental carbon composition, and primary or secondary origin. We found that the secondary organic aerosols (SOA), on average, represent >50 % of CA in the study area, presumably resulting from the oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic components. Remarkable peaks of SOA in summer afternoons were observed, with a fractional contribution of up to 90 %. On the other hand, the peak of primary emitted CA, consisting of BC and primary organic aerosol (POA), contributed >80 % to the CA during morning rush hours on winter working days. The light absorption of BC dominated over the brown carbon (BrC), which contributed to 20 % and 10 % of optical absorption at the lower wavelength of 370 nm during winter nights and summer afternoons, respectively. The highest contribution of BrC, up to 50 %, was observed during the wildfire periods. Although the uncertainty levels can be high for some CA components (such as split between primary emitted and secondary formed BrC during winter nights), further research focused on the optical properties of CA at different locations may help to better constrain the parameters used in CA apportionment studies. We believe that the CASS system combined with the apportionment method presented in this study can offer simplified and cost-effective insights into the composition of carbonaceous aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matic Ivančič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Centre for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 13, SI-5000 Nova Gorica, Slovenia
| | - Gašper Lavrič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Bálint Alföldy
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Irena Ježek
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Payam Pakbin
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Faraz Ahangar
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Mohammad Sowlat
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Steven Boddeker
- South Coast Air Quality Management District, 21865 Copley Dr, Diamond Bar, CA 91765, USA
| | - Martin Rigler
- Aerosol d.o.o., Research & Development Department, Kamniška 39a, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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13
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Gu C, Cui S, Ge X, Wang Z, Chen M, Qian Z, Liu Z, Wang X, Zhang Y. Chemical composition, sources and optical properties of nitrated aromatic compounds in fine particulate matter during winter foggy days in Nanjing, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113255. [PMID: 35430278 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Functionalized aromatic compounds are one of the most important light-absorbing organic chromophores - so-called brown carbon (BrC) - in fine particulate matter (PM2.5). In this study, we conducted a wintertime field campaign to measure eight nitrated aromatic compounds (NACs) in PM2.5 with offline analysis techniques, including liquid chromatograph mass spectrometer (LC-MS) and aerodyne high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements, during foggy and nonfoggy days in suburban Nanjing in the Yangtze River Delta region, China. On average, 4-nitrophenol could be one of the most important light absorbing materials in the observed BrC, which accounted for over 40% of the mass concentration of identified chromophores. The mass concentration of 2-methyl-4-nitrophenol and 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol were evidently increased during foggy days, contribution of which to total NACs were increased by 10% and 5%, respectively. Positive matrix factorization analysis of combining LC-MS and AMS dataset was performed to identify the primary and secondary sources of NACs. Primary sources, e.g., traffic and solid-fuel combustion, accounted for 71% of the sum of 4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dimethyl-4-nitrophenol and 3-nitrosalicylic acid, suggesting important contribution of primary emissions to these NACs. The contribution of secondary sources, associated with two oxygenated organic aerosols, could contribute 66% to 4-nitrophenol, reflecting the link of such nitrated aromatic compounds to secondary organic aerosol source. Together with optical measurements, 4-nitrophenol presented a high contribution (>50%) to the identified BrC absorbance in the light range 250 and 550 nm was observed. This could highlight an important role of such NACs in ambient BrC light absorption, despite its mass contribution to total organic carbon was negligible. Our work could improve the understanding of the links between optical properties and chemical composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from nonfoggy days and foggy days under the typical polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjuan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Shijie Cui
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Zhiying Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Meijuan Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zihe Qian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhiyi Liu
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinfeng Wang
- Environmental Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
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14
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Li S, Chen C, Yang GL, Fang J, Sun Y, Tang L, Wang H, Xiang W, Zhang H, Croteau PL, Jayne JT, Liao H, Ge X, Favez O, Zhang Y. Sources and processes of organic aerosol in non-refractory PM 1 and PM 2.5 during foggy and haze episodes in an urban environment of the Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 212:113557. [PMID: 35640706 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 05/14/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) generally accounts for a large fraction of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) in the urban atmosphere. Despite significant advances in the understanding their emission sources, transformation processes and optical properties in the submicron aerosol fraction (PM1), larger size fractions - e.g., PM2.5 - still deserve complementary investigations. In this study, we conducted a comprehensive analysis on sources, formation process and optical properties of OA in PM1 and PM2.5 under haze and foggy environments in the Yangtze River Delta (eastern China), using two aerosol chemical speciation monitors, as well as a photoacoustic extinctiometer at 870 nm. Positive matrix factorization analysis - using multilinear engine (ME2) algorithm - was conducted on PM1 and PM2.5 organic mass spectra. Four OA factors were identified, including three primary OA (POA) factors, i.e., hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), and biomass burning OA (BBOA), and a secondary OA (SOA) factor, i.e., oxidized oxygenated OA (OOA). An enhanced PM1-2.5 COA concentration was clearly observed during cooking peak hours, suggesting important contribution of fresh cooking emissions on large-sized particles (i.e., PM1-2.5). The oxidation state and concentration of PM2.5 HOA were higher than that in PM1, suggesting that large-sized HOA particles might be linked to oxidized POA. High contribution (44%) of large-sized OOA to non-refractory PM2.5 mass was observed during haze episodes. During foggy episodes, PM1 and PM2.5 OOA concentrations increased as a positive relationship over time, along with an exponential increase in the PM2.5-OOA to PM1-OOA ratio. Meanwhile, OOA loadings increased with the aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) during foggy episodes. Random forest cross-validation analysis also supported the important influence of ALWC on OOA variations, supporting substantial impact of aqueous process on SOA formation during haze and/or foggy episodes. Obtained results also indicated high OOA contributions (21%-36%) and low POA contributions (6%-14%) to the PM2.5 scattering coefficient during haze and foggy episodes, respectively. Finally, we could illustrate that atmospheric vertical diffusion and horizontal transport have important but different effects on the concentrations of different primary and secondary OA factors in different particle size fractions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaiyi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Cheng Chen
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Guang-Li Yang
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China; Huaian Environmental Monitoring Center of Jiangsu Province, Huaian, China
| | - Jie Fang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Tang
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wentao Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Clinical and Medical Engineering, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Hongliang Zhang
- Nanjing Xindahanda Environmental Science and Technology Limited, Nanjing, China; Handix LLC, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | | | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
| | - Yunjiang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation and Prevention of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environment Sciences, Shanghai, China.
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15
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Chen G, Canonaco F, Tobler A, Aas W, Alastuey A, Allan J, Atabakhsh S, Aurela M, Baltensperger U, Bougiatioti A, De Brito JF, Ceburnis D, Chazeau B, Chebaicheb H, Daellenbach KR, Ehn M, El Haddad I, Eleftheriadis K, Favez O, Flentje H, Font A, Fossum K, Freney E, Gini M, Green DC, Heikkinen L, Herrmann H, Kalogridis AC, Keernik H, Lhotka R, Lin C, Lunder C, Maasikmets M, Manousakas MI, Marchand N, Marin C, Marmureanu L, Mihalopoulos N, Močnik G, Nęcki J, O'Dowd C, Ovadnevaite J, Peter T, Petit JE, Pikridas M, Matthew Platt S, Pokorná P, Poulain L, Priestman M, Riffault V, Rinaldi M, Różański K, Schwarz J, Sciare J, Simon L, Skiba A, Slowik JG, Sosedova Y, Stavroulas I, Styszko K, Teinemaa E, Timonen H, Tremper A, Vasilescu J, Via M, Vodička P, Wiedensohler A, Zografou O, Cruz Minguillón M, Prévôt ASH. European aerosol phenomenology - 8: Harmonised source apportionment of organic aerosol using 22 Year-long ACSM/AMS datasets. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 166:107325. [PMID: 35716508 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic aerosol (OA) is a key component of total submicron particulate matter (PM1), and comprehensive knowledge of OA sources across Europe is crucial to mitigate PM1 levels. Europe has a well-established air quality research infrastructure from which yearlong datasets using 21 aerosol chemical speciation monitors (ACSMs) and 1 aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) were gathered during 2013-2019. It includes 9 non-urban and 13 urban sites. This study developed a state-of-the-art source apportionment protocol to analyse long-term OA mass spectrum data by applying the most advanced source apportionment strategies (i.e., rolling PMF, ME-2, and bootstrap). This harmonised protocol was followed strictly for all 22 datasets, making the source apportionment results more comparable. In addition, it enables quantification of the most common OA components such as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), biomass burning OA (BBOA), cooking-like OA (COA), more oxidised-oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), and less oxidised-oxygenated OA (LO-OOA). Other components such as coal combustion OA (CCOA), solid fuel OA (SFOA: mainly mixture of coal and peat combustion), cigarette smoke OA (CSOA), sea salt (mostly inorganic but part of the OA mass spectrum), coffee OA, and ship industry OA could also be separated at a few specific sites. Oxygenated OA (OOA) components make up most of the submicron OA mass (average = 71.1%, range from 43.7 to 100%). Solid fuel combustion-related OA components (i.e., BBOA, CCOA, and SFOA) are still considerable with in total 16.0% yearly contribution to the OA, yet mainly during winter months (21.4%). Overall, this comprehensive protocol works effectively across all sites governed by different sources and generates robust and consistent source apportionment results. Our work presents a comprehensive overview of OA sources in Europe with a unique combination of high time resolution (30-240 min) and long-term data coverage (9-36 months), providing essential information to improve/validate air quality, health impact, and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Chen
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Anna Tobler
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Wenche Aas
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Andres Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - James Allan
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK; National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Samira Atabakhsh
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Minna Aurela
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Aikaterini Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Joel F De Brito
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Benjamin Chazeau
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Aix Marseille Univ., CNRS, LCE, Marseille, France; AtmoSud, Regional Network for Air Quality Monitoring of Provence-Alpes-Côte-d'Azur, Marseille, France
| | - Hasna Chebaicheb
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France; Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mikael Ehn
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Harald Flentje
- Deutscher Wetterdienst, Meteorologisches Observatorium Hohenpeißenberg, 82383 Hohenpeißenberg, Germany
| | - Anna Font
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Kirsten Fossum
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Evelyn Freney
- Laboratoire de Météorologie Physique, UMR6016, Université Clermont Auvergne-CNRS, Aubière, France
| | - Maria Gini
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - David C Green
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR)/Physics, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Athina-Cerise Kalogridis
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Hannes Keernik
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia; Department of Software Science, Tallinn University of Technology, 19086 Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Radek Lhotka
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Chunshui Lin
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Chris Lunder
- NILU - Norwegian Institute for Air Research, 2007 Kjeller, Norway
| | - Marek Maasikmets
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Manousos I Manousakas
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | | | - Cristina Marin
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania; Department of Physics, Politehnica University of Bucharest, Bucharest,Romania
| | - Luminita Marmureanu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Nikolaos Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - Griša Močnik
- Condensed Matter Physics Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Jaroslaw Nęcki
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of Physics, Ryan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway H91 CF50, Ireland
| | - Thomas Peter
- Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, ETH Zürich, Zürich, 8092, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Michael Pikridas
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | | | - Petra Pokorná
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Priestman
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Véronique Riffault
- IMT Nord Europe, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC), National Research Council (CNR), 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Kazimierz Różański
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jean Sciare
- Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Leïla Simon
- Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, Parc Technologique ALATA, 60550, Verneuil en Halatte, France; Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement, UMR 8212, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alicja Skiba
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Physics and Applied Computer Science, Department of Applied Nuclear Physics, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yulia Sosedova
- Datalystica Ltd., Park innovAARE, 5234 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Iasonas Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Climate & Atmosphere Research Centre (CARE-C), The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, 2121, Cyprus
| | - Katarzyna Styszko
- AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Energy and Fuels, Department of Coal Chemistry and Environmental Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Erik Teinemaa
- Air Quality and Climate Department, Estonian Environmental Research Centre (EERC), Marja 4D, Tallinn, Estonia
| | - Hilkka Timonen
- Atmospheric Composition Research, Finnish Meteorological Institute, P.O. Box 503, 00101 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anja Tremper
- MRC Centre for Environment and Health, Environmental Research Group, Imperial College London, 86 Wood Lane, London W12 0BZ, UK; HPRU in Environmental Exposures and Health, Imperial College London, UK
| | - Jeni Vasilescu
- National Institute of Research and Development for Optoelectronics INOE 2000, 77125 Magurele, Romania
| | - Marta Via
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain; Department of Applied Physics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Rozvojová 135/1, 16502 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alfred Wiedensohler
- Department of Chemistry of the Atmosphere Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoser Straße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Olga Zografou
- Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Barcelona, 08034, Spain.
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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16
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Price CL, Preston TC, Davies JF. Hygroscopic Growth, Phase Morphology, and Optical Properties of Model Aqueous Brown Carbon Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3941-3951. [PMID: 35312301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon aerosol in the atmosphere contain light-absorbing chromophores that influence the optical scattering properties of the particles. These chromophores may be hydrophobic, such as PAHs, or water soluble, such as nitroaromatics, imidazoles, and other conjugated oxygen-rich molecules. Water-soluble chromophores are expected to exist in aqueous solution in the presence of sufficient water and will exhibit physical properties (e.g., size, refractive index, and phase morphology) that depend on the environmental relative humidity (RH). In this work, we characterize the RH-dependent properties of 4-nitrocatechol (4-NC) and its mixtures with ammonium sulfate, utilizing a single-particle levitation platform coupled with Mie resonance spectroscopy to probe the size, real part of the complex refractive index (RI), and phase morphology of individual micron-sized particles. We measure the hygroscopic growth properties of pure 4-NC and apply mixing rules to characterize the growth of mixtures with ammonium sulfate. We report the RI at 589 nm for these samples as a function of RH and explore the wavelength dependence of the RI at non-absorbing wavelengths. The real part of the RI at 589 nm was found to vary in the range 1.54-1.59 for pure 4-NC from 92.5 to 75% RH, with an estimated pure component RI of 1.70. The real part of the RI was also measured for mixtures of AS and 4-NC and ranged from 1.39 to 1.51 depending on the component ratio and RH. We went on to characterize phase transitions in mixed particles, identifying the onset RH of liquid-liquid phase separation (LLPS) and efflorescence transitions. Mixtures showed LLPS in the range of 85-76% RH depending on the molar ratio, while efflorescence typically fell between 22 and 42% RH. Finally, we characterized the imaginary part of the complex RI using an effective oscillator model to capture the wavelength-dependent absorption properties of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea L Price
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Thomas C Preston
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Department of Chemistry, McGill University, 805 Sherbrooke Street West, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
| | - James F Davies
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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17
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Runa F, Islam MS, Jeba F, Salam A. Light absorption properties of brown carbon from biomass burning emissions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:21012-21022. [PMID: 34748174 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17220-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A laboratory-scale experiment was conducted to determine the light absorption properties of brown carbon (BrC) produced from the incomplete combustion of 14 different biomasses. Particulate matters (PM) emitted from biomass burning were collected on the quartz fiber filters with a low volume sampler. BrC from filter samples was extracted with two different solvents (methanol and water), and absorption characteristics of BrC were determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer. The absorption coefficient (babs-BrC), mass absorption efficiency (MAEBrC), absorption angstrom exponent (AAEBrC), and absorbing portion of refractive index (kabs-BrC) were calculated for each biomass from the absorbance of the extracted solution. Methanol-soluble BrC (MeS-BrC) showed higher absorbance than water-soluble BrC (WS-BrC) in all biomasses. MeS-BrC has higher babs-BrC than WS-BrC, suggesting that the rate of light absorption on BrC extracted in methanol was higher. The absorption coefficients (babs-BrC) were varied among biomasses-rain tree had the highest value of babs-BrC, whereas jute stick had the lowest. The mass absorption efficiency of BrC (MAEBrC) was evaluated in both water and methanol extracts, and it was found that the MAEBrC for MeS-BrC in the biomasses was greater than that of WS-BrC. The highest MAEBrC value (13.02 m2g-1) was identified in the jackfruit tree, whereas the lowest MAEBrC value (0.1 m2g-1) was observed in the jute stick. The absorption angstrom exponent (AAE) of both WS-BrC and MeS-BrC was determined which represents the light absorption capacity of the aerosol particles. The highest AAE value was found in cow dung, and the lowest was found in rain tree. The increasing pH of the WS-BrC solution increased its optical absorption. However, this study revealed that the light absorption properties of brown carbon emitted from commonly used biomasses were varied significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farzana Runa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Md Safiqul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh.
| | - Farah Jeba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Abdus Salam
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Dhaka, Dhaka, 1000, Bangladesh
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18
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Kaskaoutis DG, Grivas G, Stavroulas I, Bougiatioti A, Liakakou E, Dumka UC, Gerasopoulos E, Mihalopoulos N. Apportionment of black and brown carbon spectral absorption sources in the urban environment of Athens, Greece, during winter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 801:149739. [PMID: 34467915 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This study examines the spectral properties and source characteristics of absorbing aerosols (BC: Black Carbon; BrC: Brown Carbon, based on aethalometer measurements) in the urban background of Athens during December 2016-February 2017. Using common assumptions regarding the spectral dependence of absorption due to BC (AAEBC = 1) and biomass burning (AAEbb = 2), and calculating an optimal AAEff value for the dataset (1.18), the total spectral absorption was decomposed into five components, corresponding to absorption of BC and BrC from fossil-fuel (ff) combustion and biomass burning (bb), and to secondary BrC estimated using the BC-tracer minimum R-squared (MRS) method. Substantial differences in the contribution of various components to the total absorption were found between day and night, due to differences in emissions and meteorological dynamics, while BrC and biomass burning aerosols presented higher contributions at shorter wavelengths. At 370 nm, the absorption due to BCff contributed 36.3% on average, exhibiting a higher fraction (58.1%) during daytime, while the mean BCbb absorption was estimated at 18.4%. The mean absorption contributions due to BrCff, BrCbb and BrCsec were 6.7%, 32.3% and 4.9%, respectively. The AbsBCff,370 component maximized during the morning traffic hours and was strongly correlated with NOx (R2 = 0.76) and CO (R2 = 0.77), while a similar behavior was seen for the AbsBrCff,370 component. AbsBCbb and AbsBrCbb levels escalated during nighttime and were highly associated with nss-K+ and with the organic aerosol (OA) components related to fresh and fast-oxidized biomass burning (BBOA and SV-OOA) as obtained from ACSM measurements. Multiple linear regression was used to attribute BrC absorption to five OA components and to determine their absorption contributions and efficiencies, revealing maximum contributions of BBOA (33%) and SV-OOA (21%). Sensitivity analysis was performed in view of the methodological uncertainties and supported the reliability of the results, which can have important implications for radiative transfer models.
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Affiliation(s)
- D G Kaskaoutis
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India.
| | - G Grivas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece.
| | - I Stavroulas
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - A Bougiatioti
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - E Liakakou
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - U C Dumka
- Environmental Chemical Processes Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Crete, Greece
| | - E Gerasopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece
| | - N Mihalopoulos
- Institute for Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Palaia Penteli, 15236 Athens, Greece; Aryabhatta Research Institute of Observational Sciences (ARIES), Nainital 263 001, India
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19
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Noblet C, Besombes JL, Lemire M, Pin M, Jaffrezo JL, Favez O, Aujay-Plouzeau R, Dermigny A, Karoski N, Van Elsuve D, Dubois P, Collet S, Lestremau F, Albinet A. Emission factors and chemical characterization of particulate emissions from garden green waste burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149367. [PMID: 34375266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work provides an evaluation of the emission factors (EFs) of typical garden waste burning (fallen leaves and hedge trimming) in terms of particulate matter (PM), elemental and organic carbon (EC-OC) together with a detailed chemical characterization of 88 particle-bound organic species including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), levoglucosan and its isomers, lignin breakdown products (methoxyphenols), cholesterol, alkanes, polyols and sugars. Furthermore, wood-log based burning experiments have been performed to highlight key indicators or chemical patterns of both, green waste and wood burning (residential heating) sources, that may be used for PM source apportionment purposes. Two residential log wood combustion appliances, wood stove (RWS) and fireplace, under different output conditions (nominal and reduced) and wood log moisture content (mix of beech, oak and hornbeam), have been tested. Open wood burning experiments using wood logs were also performed. Green waste burning EFs obtained were comparable to the available literature data for open-air biomass burning. For PM and for most of the organic species studied, they were about 2 to 30 times higher than those observed for wood log combustion experiments. Though, poor performance wood combustions (open-air wood log burning, fireplace and RWS in reduced output) showed comparable EFs for levoglucosan and its isomers, methoxyphenols, polyols, PAHs and sugars. Toxic PAH equivalent benzo[a]pyrene EFs were even 3-10 times higher for the fireplace and open-air wood log burning. These results highlighted the impact of the nature of the fuel burnt and the combustion performances on the emissions. Different chemical fingerprints between both biomass burning sources were highlighted with notably a predominance of odd high-molecular weight n-alkanes (higher carbon preference index, CPI), lower levoglucosan/mannosan ratio and lower sinapylaldehyde abundance for green waste burning. However, the use of such indicators seems limited, especially if applied alone, for a clear discrimination of both sources in ambient air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Noblet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France; Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Besombes
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Marie Lemire
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Mathieu Pin
- Université Savoie Mont-Blanc, CNRS, EDYTEM (UMR5204), F-73000 Chambéry, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, IRD, INP-G, IGE (UMR 5001), F-38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Favez
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Robin Aujay-Plouzeau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Adrien Dermigny
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Nicolas Karoski
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Denis Van Elsuve
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Pascal Dubois
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Serge Collet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - François Lestremau
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France
| | - Alexandre Albinet
- Institut National de l'Environnement industriel et des RISques (Ineris), 60550 Verneuil en Halatte, France.
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20
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Li X, Hu M, Wang Y, Xu N, Fan H, Zong T, Wu Z, Guo S, Zhu W, Chen S, Dong H, Zeng L, Yu X, Tang X. Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon chromophores in different environments: Contributions and formation of functionalized aromatic compounds. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 786:147418. [PMID: 33975110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Links between the optical properties and chemical compositions of brown carbon (BrC) are poorly understood because of the complexity of BrC chromophores. We conducted field studies simultaneously at both vehicle-influenced site and biomass burning-affected site in China in polluted winter. The chemical compositions and light absorption values of functionalized aromatic compounds, including phenyl aldehyde, phenyl acid, and nitroaromatic compounds, were measured. P-phthalic acid, nitrophenols and nitrocatechols were dominant BrC species, accounting for over 50% of the concentration of identified chromophores. Nitrophenols and nitrocatechols contributed more than 50% of the identified BrC absorbance between 300 and 400 nm. Oxidation of biomass burning-related products (e.g., pyrocatechol and methylcatechols) and anthropogenic volatile organic compounds (e.g., benzene and toluene) generated similar BrC chromophores, implying that these functionalized aromatic compounds play an important role in both environments. Compared with the biomass burning-affected site (22%), functionalized aromatic compounds at vehicle-influenced site accounted for a higher percentage of BrC absorption (25%). This research improves our understanding of the links between optical properties and composition of BrC, and the difference between BrC chromophores from BB-influenced area and vehicle-affected area under polluted atmospheric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China; Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Sciences and Advanced Technology, Peking University, Beijing, China.
| | - Yujue Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Nan Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hanyun Fan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Taomou Zong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shiyi Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huabin Dong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuena Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaoyan Tang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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21
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Karanasiou A, Alastuey A, Amato F, Renzi M, Stafoggia M, Tobias A, Reche C, Forastiere F, Gumy S, Mudu P, Querol X. Short-term health effects from outdoor exposure to biomass burning emissions: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 781:146739. [PMID: 33798874 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomass burning (BB) including forest, bush, prescribed fires, agricultural fires, residential wood combustion, and power generation has long been known to affect climate, air quality and human health. With this work we supply a systematic review on the health effects of BB emissions in the framework of the WHO activities on air pollution. We performed a literature search of online databases (PubMed, ISI, and Scopus) from year 1980 up to 2020. A total of 81 papers were considered as relevant for mortality and morbidity effects. High risk of bias was related with poor estimation of BB exposure and lack of adjustment for important confounders. PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations originating from BB were associated with all-cause mortality: the meta-analytical estimate was equal to 1.31% (95% CI 0.71, 1.71) and 1.92% (95% CI -1.19, 5.03) increased mortality per each 10 μg m-3 increase of PM10 and PM2.5, respectively. Regarding cardiovascular mortality 8 studies reported quantitative estimates. For smoky days and for each 10 μg m-3 increase in PM2.5 concentrations, the risk of cardiovascular mortality increased by 4.45% (95% CI 0.96, 7.95) and by 3.30% (95% CI -1.97, 8.57), respectively. Fourteen studies evaluated whether respiratory morbidity was adversely related to PM2.5 (9 studies) or PM10 (5 studies) originating from BB. All found positive associations. The pooled effect estimates were 4.10% (95% CI 2.86, 5.34) and 4.83% (95% CI 0.06, 9.60) increased risk of total respiratory admissions/emergency visits, per 10 μg m-3 increases in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. Regarding cardiovascular morbidity, sixteen studies evaluated whether this was adversely related to PM2.5 (10 studies) or PM10 (6 studies) originating from BB. They found both positive and negative results, with summary estimates equal to 3.68% (95% CI -1.73, 9.09) and 0.93% (95% CI -0.18, 2.05) increased risk of total cardiovascular admissions/emergency visits, per 10 μg m-3 increases in PM2.5 and PM10, respectively. To conclude, a significant number of studies indicate that BB exposure is associated with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and respiratory morbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angeliki Karanasiou
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain.
| | - Andrés Alastuey
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Matteo Renzi
- Department of Epidemiology of the Lazio Region/ASL, Roma 1, Italy
| | | | - Aurelio Tobias
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Francesco Forastiere
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Sophie Gumy
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Pierpaolo Mudu
- Department of Public Health, Environmental and Social Determinants of Health, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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22
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Pani SK, Lin NH, Griffith SM, Chantara S, Lee CT, Thepnuan D, Tsai YI. Brown carbon light absorption over an urban environment in northern peninsular Southeast Asia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 276:116735. [PMID: 33611195 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Light-absorbing organic carbon (or brown carbon, BrC) has been recognized as a critical driver in regional-to-global climate change on account of its significant contribution to light absorption. BrC sources vary from primary combustion processes (burning of biomass, biofuel, and fossil fuel) to secondary formation in the atmosphere. This paper investigated the light-absorbing properties of BrC such as site-specific mass absorption cross-section (MACBrC), absorption Ångström exponent (AAEBrC), and the absorbing component of the refractive index (kBrC) by using light absorption measurements from a 7-wavelength aethalometer over an urban environment of Chiang Mai, Thailand in northern peninsular Southeast Asia (PSEA), from March to April 2016. The contribution of BrC to total aerosol absorption (mean ± SD) was 46 ± 9%, 29 ± 7%, 24 ± 6%, 20 ± 4%, and 15 ± 3% at 370, 470, 520, 590, and 660 nm, respectively, highlighting the significant influence of BrC absorption on the radiative imbalance over northern PSEA. Strong and significant associations between BrC light absorption and biomass-burning (BB) organic tracers highlighted the influence of primary BB emissions. The median MACBrC and kBrC values at 370 nm were 2.4 m2 g-1 and 0.12, respectively. The fractional contribution of solar radiation absorbed by BrC relative to BC (mean ± SD) in the 370-950 nm range was estimated to be 34 ± 7%, which can significantly influence the regional radiation budget and consequently atmospheric photochemistry. This study provides valuable information to understand BrC absorption over northern PSEA and can be used in model simulations to reassess the regional climatic impact with greater accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shantanu Kumar Pani
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Neng-Huei Lin
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan; Center for Environmental Monitoring and Technology, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan.
| | - Stephen M Griffith
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Somporn Chantara
- Environmental Science Research Center, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand; Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Chung-Te Lee
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan, 32001, Taiwan
| | - Duangduean Thepnuan
- Environmental Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, 50200, Thailand
| | - Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan, 71710, Taiwan
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23
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Assessment of the COVID-19 Lockdown Effects on Spectral Aerosol Scattering and Absorption Properties in Athens, Greece. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 is evolving into one of the worst pandemics in recent history, claiming a death toll of over 1.5 million as of December 2020. In an attempt to limit the expansion of the pandemic in its initial phase, nearly all countries imposed restriction measures, which resulted in an unprecedented reduction of air pollution. This study aims to assess the impact of the lockdown effects due to COVID-19 on in situ measured aerosol properties, namely spectral-scattering (bsca) and absorption (babs) coefficients, black carbon (BC) concentrations, single-scattering albedo (SSA), scattering and absorption Ångström exponents (SAE, AAE) in Athens, Greece. Moreover, a comparison is performed with the regional background site of Finokalia, Crete, for a better assessment of the urban impact on observed differences. The study examines pre-lockdown (1–22 March 2020), lockdown (23 March–3 May 2020) and post-lockdown (4–31 May 2020) periods, while the aerosol properties are also compared with a 3–4 year preceding period (2016/2017–2019). Comparison of meteorological parameters in Athens, between the lockdown period and respective days in previous years, showed only marginal variation, which is not deemed sufficient in order to justify the notable changes in aerosol concentrations and optical properties. The largest reduction during the lockdown period was observed for babs compared to the pre-lockdown (−39%) and to the same period in previous years (−36%). This was intensified during the morning traffic hours (−60%), reflecting the large decrease in vehicular emissions. Furthermore, AAE increased during the lockdown period due to reduced emissions from fossil-fuel combustion, while a smaller (−21%) decrease was observed for bsca along with slight increases (6%) in SAE and SSA values, indicating that scattering aerosol properties were less affected by the decrease in vehicular emissions, as they are more dependent on regional sources and atmospheric processing. Nighttime BC emissions related to residential wood-burning were slightly increased during the lockdown period, with respect to previous-year means. On the contrary, aerosol and pollution changes during the lockdown period at Finokalia were low and highly sensitive to natural sources and processes.
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24
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Overview of the French Operational Network for In Situ Observation of PM Chemical Composition and Sources in Urban Environments (CARA Program). ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12020207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The CARA program has been running since 2008 by the French reference laboratory for air quality monitoring (LCSQA) and the regional monitoring networks, to gain better knowledge—at a national level—on particulate matter (PM) chemistry and its diverse origins in urban environments. It results in strong collaborations with international-level academic partners for state-of-the-art, straightforward, and robust results and methodologies within operational air quality stakeholders (and subsequently, decision makers). Here, we illustrate some of the main outputs obtained over the last decade, thanks to this program, regarding methodological aspects (both in terms of measurement techniques and data treatment procedures) as well as acquired knowledge on the predominant PM sources. Offline and online methods are used following well-suited quality assurance and quality control procedures, notably including inter-laboratory comparison exercises. Source apportionment studies are conducted using various receptor modeling approaches. Overall, the results presented herewith underline the major influences of residential wood burning (during the cold period) and road transport emissions (exhaust and non-exhaust ones, all throughout the year), as well as substantial contributions of mineral dust and primary biogenic particles (mostly during the warm period). Long-range transport phenomena, e.g., advection of secondary inorganic aerosols from the European continental sector and of Saharan dust into the French West Indies, are also discussed in this paper. Finally, we briefly address the use of stable isotope measurements (δ15N) and of various organic molecular markers for a better understanding of the origins of ammonium and of the different organic aerosol fractions, respectively.
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