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Popovicheva O, Diapouli E, Chichaeva M, Kosheleva N, Kovach R, Bitukova V, Eleftheriadis K, Kasimov N. Aerosol characterization and peculiarities of source apportionment in Moscow, the largest and northernmost European megacity. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170315. [PMID: 38278235 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
High population and a wide range of activities in a megacity lead to large-scale ecological consequences which require the assessment with respect to distinct characteristics of climate, location, fuel consumption, and emission sources. In-depth study of aerosol characteristics was carried out in Moscow, the largest megacity in Europe, during the cold period (autumn and winter) and in spring. PM10 chemical speciation based on carbonaceous matter, water-soluble ions, and elements was carried out to reconstruct the PM mass and evaluate the primary and secondary aerosol contribution. For the whole study period organic matter, mineral dust, and secondary inorganic/organic accounted for 34, 24, and 16 % of PM10 mass, respectively. PM10, OC, and EC approached a maximum in spring and decreased in winter. Mineral dust seasonal fraction increased from spring (17 %) to autumn (32 %), and then decreased in winter (22 %). Secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA) in opposite showed the maximum 27 % in winter. K+ marked the residential biomass burning in the region surrounding a megacity in spring and autumn, agriculture fires in spring. In winter primary aerosol contribution dropped down 56 % while secondary approached practically equal 44 %. Source factors with the relative contributions are quantified, namely city dust (26 %), traffic (23 %), industrial (20 %), biomass burning (12 %), secondary (12 %), and de-icing salt (7 %); they were significantly varying between the cold heating period and springtime. The relevance of sources to meteorological parameters and mass transportation is investigated by using both bivariate polar plots and Lagrangian integrated trajectory (HYSPLIT) model. Trajectory clustering demonstrates regional sources being crucial contributors to PM10 pollution. Aerosol speciation and source apportion factors identify the differences of the Moscow urban background among large European and Asian cities due to northern climate conditions, fast construction, long-range transport from industrial-developing area surrounding a city, regional biomass burning preferably in spring and autumn, and winter road management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia.
| | - Evangelia Diapouli
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Marina Chichaeva
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Natalia Kosheleva
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Roman Kovach
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Viktoria Bitukova
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Athens 15310, Greece
| | - Nikolay Kasimov
- Faculty of Geography, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119991, Russia
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Zaręba Ł, Piszczatowska K, Dżaman K, Soroczynska K, Motamedi P, Szczepański MJ, Ludwig N. The Relationship between Fine Particle Matter (PM2.5) Exposure and Upper Respiratory Tract Diseases. J Pers Med 2024; 14:98. [PMID: 38248800 PMCID: PMC10817350 DOI: 10.3390/jpm14010098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/13/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
PM2.5 is one of the most harmful components of airborne pollution and includes particles with diameters of less than 2.5 μm. Almost 90% of the world's population lives in areas with poor air quality exceeding the norms established by the WHO. PM2.5 exposure affects various organs and systems of the human body including the upper respiratory tract which is one of the most prone to its adverse effects. PM2.5 can disrupt nasal epithelial cell metabolism, decrease the integrity of the epithelial barrier, affect mucociliary clearance, and alter the inflammatory process in the nasal mucosa. Those effects may increase the chance of developing upper respiratory tract diseases in areas with high PM2.5 pollution. PM2.5's contribution to allergic rhinitis (AR) and rhinosinusitis was recently thoroughly investigated. Numerous studies demonstrated various mechanisms that occur when subjects with AR or rhinosinusitis are exposed to PM2.5. Various immunological changes and alterations in the nasal and sinonasal epithelia were reported. These changes may contribute to the observations that exposure to higher PM2.5 concentrations may increase AR and rhinosinusitis symptoms in patients and the number of clinical visits. Thus, studying novel strategies against PM2.5 has recently become the focus of researchers' attention. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the effects of PM2.5 on healthy upper respiratory tract mucosa and PM2.5's contribution to AR and rhinosinusitis. Finally, we summarize the current advances in developing strategies against PM2.5 particles' effects on the upper respiratory tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Zaręba
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Katarzyna Piszczatowska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Karolina Dżaman
- Department of Otolaryngology, The Medical Centre of Postgraduate Education, 03-242 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Karolina Soroczynska
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Parham Motamedi
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Mirosław J. Szczepański
- Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (Ł.Z.); (K.P.); (K.S.); (P.M.)
| | - Nils Ludwig
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Pyrri I, Stamatelopoulou A, Pardali D, Maggos T. The air and dust invisible mycobiome of urban domestic environments. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166228. [PMID: 37591388 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Air and dust harbor a dynamic fungal biome that interacts with residential environment inhabitants usually with negative implications for human health. Fungal air and dust synthesis were investigated in houses across the Athens Metropolitan area. Active and passive culture dependent methods were employed to sample airborne and dustborne fungi for two sampling periods, one in winter and the other in summer. A core mycobiome was revealed both in air and dust constituted of the dominant Penicillium, Cladosporium, Aspergillus, Alternaria and yeasts and accompanied by several common and rare components. Penicillium and Aspergillus diversity included 22 cosmopolitan species, except the rarely found Penicillium citreonigrum, P. corylophilum, P. pagulum and Talaromyces albobiverticillius which are reported for the first time from Greece. Fungal concentrations were significantly higher during summer for both air and dust. Excessive levels of inhalable aerosol constituted mainly by certain Penicillium species were associated with indoor emission sources as these species are household molds related to food commodities rot. The ambient air fungal profile is a determinant factor of indoor fungal aerosol which subsequently shapes dustborne mycobiota. Indoor fungi can be useful bioindicators for indoor environment quality and at the same time provide insight to indoor fungal ecology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioanna Pyrri
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Biology, Section of Ecology and Systematics, Panepistimioupoli, 15784 Athens, Greece.
| | - Asimina Stamatelopoulou
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, Atmospheric Chemistry and Innovative Technology Laboratory, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitra Pardali
- National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Department of Physics, Section of Applied Physics, Panepistimioupoli, 15784 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences and Technology, Energy & Safety, Atmospheric Chemistry and Innovative Technology Laboratory, NCSR Demokritos, Athens, Greece
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Saraga DΕ, Querol X, Duarte RMBO, Aquilina NJ, Canha N, Alvarez EG, Jovasevic-Stojanovic M, Bekö G, Byčenkienė S, Kovacevic R, Plauškaitė K, Carslaw N. Source apportionment for indoor air pollution: Current challenges and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165744. [PMID: 37487894 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Source apportionment (SA) for indoor air pollution is challenging due to the multiplicity and high variability of indoor sources, the complex physical and chemical processes that act as primary sources, sinks and sources of precursors that lead to secondary formation, and the interconnection with the outdoor environment. While the major indoor sources have been recognized, there is still a need for understanding the contribution of indoor versus outdoor-generated pollutants penetrating indoors, and how SA is influenced by the complex processes that occur in indoor environments. This paper reviews our current understanding of SA, through reviewing information on the SA techniques used, the targeted pollutants that have been studied to date, and their source apportionment, along with limitations or knowledge gaps in this research field. The majority (78 %) of SA studies to date focused on PM chemical composition/size distribution, with fewer studies covering organic compounds such as ketones, carbonyls and aldehydes. Regarding the SA method used, the majority of studies have used Positive Matrix Factorization (31 %), Principal Component Analysis (26 %) and Chemical Mass Balance (7 %) receptor models. The indoor PM sources identified to date include building materials and furniture emissions, indoor combustion-related sources, cooking-related sources, resuspension, cleaning and consumer products emissions, secondary-generated pollutants indoors and other products and activity-related emissions. The outdoor environment contribution to the measured pollutant indoors varies considerably (<10 %- 90 %) among the studies. Future challenges for this research area include the need for optimization of indoor air quality monitoring and data selection as well as the incorporation of physical and chemical processes in indoor air into source apportionment methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dikaia Ε Saraga
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, NCSR Demokritos, Aghia Paraskevi, Athens 15310, Greece.
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Regina M B O Duarte
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Noel J Aquilina
- Department of Chemistry - Faculty of Science, Chemistry Building, University of Malta, Malta
| | - Nuno Canha
- Centro de Ciências e Tecnologias Nucleares (C(2)TN), Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Estrada Nacional 10, Km 139.7, 2695-066 Bobadela LRS, Portugal
| | - Elena Gómez Alvarez
- Department of Agronomy, University of Cordoba, Campus de Rabanales, 14071 Cordoba, Spain
| | - Milena Jovasevic-Stojanovic
- Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gabriel Bekö
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark; Healthy and Sustainable Built Environment Research Centre, Ajman University, Ajman, P.O. Box 346, United Arab Emirates
| | - Steigvilė Byčenkienė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | | | - Kristina Plauškaitė
- Department of Environmental Research, Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio ave. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Nicola Carslaw
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, UK
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Li X, Li Y, Yu B, Nima Q, Meng H, Shen M, Zhou Z, Liu S, Tian Y, Xing X, Yin L. Urban-rural differences in the association between long-term exposure to ambient particulate matter (PM) and malnutrition status among children under five years old: A cross-sectional study in China. J Glob Health 2023; 13:04112. [PMID: 37736866 PMCID: PMC10515095 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.04112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The evidence regarding the relationship between postnatal exposure of air pollution and child malnutrition indicators, as well as the corresponding urban-rural disparities, is limited, especially in low-pollution area of low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). Therefore, our aim was to contrast the effect estimates of varying ambient particulate matter (PM) on malnutrition indicators between urban and rural areas in Tibet, China. Methods Six malnutrition indicators were evaluated in this study, namely, Z-scores of height for age (HFA), Z-scores of weight for age (WFA), Z-scores of weight for height (WFH), stunting, underweight, and wasting. Exposure to particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 micron (μm) (PM2.5), particles with an aerodynamic diameter ≤10 μm (PM10) and particles with an aerodynamic diameter between 2.5 and 10 μm (PMc) was estimated using satellite-based random forest models. Linear regression and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between PM and the above malnutrition indicators. Furthermore, the effect estimates of different PM were contrasted between urban and rural areas. Results A total of 2511 children under five years old were included in this study. We found long-term exposure to PM2.5, PMc, and PM10 was associated with an increased risk of stunting and a decreased risk of underweight. Of these air pollutants, PMc had the strongest association for Z-scores of HFA and stunting, while PM2.5 had the strongest association for underweight. The results showed that the odds ratio (OR) for stunting were 1.36 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.06 to 1.75) per interquartile range (IQR) microgrammes per cubic metre (μg/m3) increase in PM2.5, 1.80 (95% CI = 1.30 to 2.50) per IQR μg/m3 increase in PMc and 1.55 (95% CI = 1.17 to 2.05) per IQR μg/m3 increase in PM10. The concentrations of PM were higher in urban areas, and the effects of PM on malnutrition indicators among urban children were higher than those of rural children. Conclusions Our results suggested that PM exposure might be an important trigger of child malnutrition. Further prospective researches are needed to provide important scientific literature for understanding child malnutrition risk concerning postnatal exposure of air pollutants and formulating synthetically social and environmental policies for malnutrition prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhi Li
- Meteorological Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University - Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Qucuo Nima
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, Tibet Autonomous Region, China
| | - Haorong Meng
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Meiying Shen
- Nursing department, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Zonglei Zhou
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shunjin Liu
- Meteorological Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Yunyun Tian
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
| | - Xiangyi Xing
- Meteorological Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
- Department of Pharmacy, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Li Yin
- Meteorological Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Clinical Medical Research Center, Panzhihua Central Hospital, Panzhihua, Sichuan Province, China
- Dali University, Dali, Yunnan Province, China
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Oh SH, Park K, Park M, Song M, Jang KS, Schauer JJ, Bae GN, Bae MS. Comparison of the sources and oxidative potential of PM 2.5 during winter time in large cities in China and South Korea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160369. [PMID: 36414057 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Regional air pollution is rising in Northeast Asia due to increasing energy consumption resulting from a growing population and intensifying industrialization. This study analyzes the sources of air pollution using fine particulate matter (PM2.5) sampling from the atmosphere over Korea and China. We then use this analysis to further investigate the relationship between organic compounds (source tracers) and the oxidative potential of PM2.5. The PM2.5 concentration during winter measured at a measurement stations in Korea showed no significant variation year-to-year. The PM2.5 concentrations measured during winter at a site near Beijing, China were 62.45 μg/m3 in 2018 and 33.07 μg/m3 in 2020. The sources, as determined from PMF, were analyzed at a site in Korea, the sources as secondary nitrate (34.10 %), secondary sulfate (20.20 %), coal combustion (4.01 %), vehicle emission (8.55 %), cooking and biomass burning (18.39 %), dust (8.45 %), and SOA (6.29 %) were identified. At a site in China, secondary nitrate (17.54 %), secondary sulfate (12.03 %), coal combustion (15.53 %), vehicle emission (12.43 %), cooking and biomass burning (9.25 %), dust (26.40 %), secondary organic aerosol (6.82 %) were identified. Our results show secondary organic carbon had a positive association with oxidative potential in Korea while primary organic carbon presented higher correlation with oxidative potential in China. Further, the ECMWF Reanalysis v5 (ERA5) wind field during the high PM2.5 events demonstrated airflow from the west coast of China resulting in high polar organic compounds at the Korean monitoring site. The results further support that aged PM2.5, which contains secondary products, leads to increased oxidative potential. The results presented explain the high concentrations of secondary products and the impact on the biological activities of PM2.5, supporting additional actions to address the impacts of long-range transport of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sea-Ho Oh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kihong Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Minhan Park
- School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoungki Song
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Center for Research Equipment, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - James J Schauer
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison 53705, USA
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for FRIEND Project, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Suk Bae
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan 58554, Republic of Korea.
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Tao J, Huang J, Bian G, Zhang L, Zhou Z, Zhang Z, Li J, Miao Y, Yuan Z, Sha Q, Xiao L, Wang B. Fine particulate pollution driven by nitrate in the moisture urban atmospheric environment in the Pearl River Delta region of south China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 326:116704. [PMID: 36356536 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
To identify potential sources of fine particles (PM2.5, with aerodynamic diameter (Da) ≤ 2.5 μm) in urban Dongguan of south China, a comprehensive campaign was carried out in the whole 2019. Hourly PM2.5 and its dominant chemical components including organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) and thirteen elements were measured using online instruments. Gaseous pollutants including NH3, HNO3, NO2, NO and O3 and meteorological parameters were also synchronously measured. PM2.5 was dominated by carbonaceous aerosols in summer and by WSIIs in the other seasons. PM2.5 and its dominant chemical components mostly peaked around noon (10:00-14:00 LST). Furthermore, high PM2.5 levels during the daytime were closely related with the increased NO3- levels. The high mass concentrations of NO3- in urban Dongguan during the daytime were likely related with regional transport of NO3- from suburban Dongguan, which was originated from the reaction between NO2 and O3 under the moisture condition during the nighttime. Seven major source factors for PM2.5 including secondary sulfate, ship emission, traffic emission, secondary nitrate, industrial processes, soil dust and coal combustion were identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis, which contributed 26 ± 14%, 16 ± 16%, 16 ± 10%, 14 ± 11%, 12 ± 11%, 8 ± 6% and 8 ± 6%, respectively, to annual PM2.5 mass concentration. Although secondary sulfate contributed much more than secondary nitrate to PM2.5 on annual basis, the latter exceeded the former source factor when daily PM2.5 mass concentration was higher than 60 μg m-3, indicating the critical role nitrate played in PM2.5 episode events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Tao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China; South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Junjun Huang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guojian Bian
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Air Quality Research Division, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Toronto, Canada
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Dongguan Sub-branch of Guangdong Ecological and Environmental Monitoring Center, Dongguan, China
| | - Zhisheng Zhang
- South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- RCE-TEA, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yucong Miao
- Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Yuan
- Sailbri Cooper Inc., Tigard, Oregon, United States
| | - Qinge Sha
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linhai Xiao
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Boguang Wang
- Institute for Environmental and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Ogrizek M, Gregorič A, Ivančič M, Contini D, Skube U, Vidović K, Bele M, Šala M, Gunde MK, Rigler M, Menart E, Kroflič A. Characterization of fresh PM deposits on calcareous stone surfaces: Seasonality, source apportionment and soiling potential. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159012. [PMID: 36162574 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is one of the major threats to cultural heritage outdoors. It has been recently implied that organic aerosols will prevail over inorganic carbon particulates in the future, changing the main mechanisms of damage caused by poor air quality to calcareous heritage in particular. We studied fresh particulate deposits on marble and limestone surfaces exposed to urban air in sheltered and unsheltered configurations. Due to different air pollution sources in different seasons, the amount and composition of surface deposits varied throughout the year. The main and most constant contributor to PM2.5 (particles smaller than 2.5 μm) were primary traffic emissions (30 %), followed by secondary formation of acidic inorganic aerosols, such as sulphate in summer and nitrate in winter (33 % altogether), and seasonal biomass-burning emissions (14 %). Although biomass burning is the major source of primary organic aerosols including the light-absorbing fraction that prevailed over black carbon (BC) in colder months (up to 60 % carbonaceous aerosol mass), we show that surface darkening causing the soiling effect is still governed by the minor BC fraction of atmospheric aerosols, which remained below 20 % of the carbonaceous aerosol mass throughout the year. This, however, can change in remote environments affected by biomass-burning emissions, such as winter resorts, or by rigorous BC mitigation measures in the future. In the short run, sheltered positions were less affected by different removal processes, but we show that surface deposits are not simply additive when considering longer periods of time. This must be taken into account when extrapolating surface accumulation to longer time scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Ogrizek
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova cesta 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Asta Gregorič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Atmospheric Research, University of Nova Gorica, Vipavska 11c, 5270 Ajdovščina, Slovenia
| | - Matic Ivančič
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Daniele Contini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (ISAC-CNR), Division of Lecce, Str. Prv. Lecce-Monteroni km 1.2, 73100, Lecce, Italy
| | - Urša Skube
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristijan Vidović
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Aquatic Systems, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marjan Bele
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Šala
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Marta Klanjšek Gunde
- Department of Materials Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Martin Rigler
- Aerosol d.o.o., Kamniška ulica 39a, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Menart
- National Museum of Slovenia, Muzejska ulica 1, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 30, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Kroflič
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Department of Catalysis and Chemical Reaction Engineering, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Mooibroek D, Sofowote UM, Hopke PK. Source apportionment of ambient PM 10 collected at three sites in an urban-industrial area with multi-time resolution factor analyses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:157981. [PMID: 35964756 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Chemical speciation data for PM10, collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, at three receptor sites in a highly industrialized area (IJmond) in the Netherlands were used in a multi-time resolution receptor model (ME-2) to identify the PM10 sources in this area. Despite the available data not being optimized for receptor modelling, five-factor solutions were obtained for all sites based on independent PMF analysis on PM10 data from the three sites (IJM, WAZ and BEV). Four factors were common to all three sites: nitrate-sulphate (average percentage contributions to PM10: IJM: 35.3 %, WAZ: 37.7 %, and BEV: 36.3 %); sea salt (20.2 %, 23.7 %, 15.2 %); industrial (8.1 %, 11.0 %, 18.1 %) and brake wear/traffic (31.4 %, 21.2 %, 20.6 %). At WAZ, a local/site-specific factor containing most of the PAH measurements was found (6.4 %) while a crustal matter factor was resolved at IJM (7.6 %) and BEV (9.8 %). Additionally, sludge-drying was a potential source of the marker species in the industrial factor at WAZ. Bootstrapping (BS) and factor displacement (DISP) were applied to the factor profiles in this work for error estimation. In general, the factor profiles at all three sites had very small intervals from both BS and DISP methods. To our knowledge, this is the first time DISP was applied in a complex model such as the multi-time resolution model. Most of the measured metal and PAH concentrations found in the IJmond area during the 2017-2019 period had local sources, with significant contributions from several processes related to the steel industry. This study shows that available detailed PM10 chemical speciation data, although primarily collected for annual trend analyses of health-relevant species, could also be used in receptor modelling by applying a multi-time framework. We propose general recommendations for the optimization of the measurement strategy for source apportionment of PM in areas with similar urban-industrial land use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Mooibroek
- Centre for Environmental Monitoring, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), A. van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
| | - Uwayemi M Sofowote
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, Toronto, Canada
| | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, USA
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10
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Yang S, Liang X, Dou Q, La Y, Cai J, Yang J, Laba C, Liu Q, Guo B, Yu W, Wang Q, Chen G, Hong F, Jia P, Zhao X. Ethnic disparities in the association between ambient air pollution and risk for cardiometabolic abnormalities in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 838:155940. [PMID: 35580681 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long-term exposure to ambient air pollution has been associated with cardiometabolic abnormalities (CAs), which, however, may be stronger in vulnerable populations, such as minorities. The variation of the association between ambient air pollution and CAs between the majority (Han) and minority populations in China have been poorly studied. OBJECTIVES We aimed to estimate and compare the Hans' and minorities' risks for CAs associated with long-term exposure to ambient air pollution in Southwest China. METHODS A cross-sectional study was conducted on the basis of the China Multi-Ethnic Cohort. CAs were defined by the presence of at least three pre-defined metabolic dysfunctions (central obesity, elevated triglycerides, reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated blood pressure, and elevated fasting glucose). The concentrations of ambient air pollutants, including particulate matters (PM1, PM2.5, and PM10) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), were generated from random forest models on the basis of multi-source data. One- and two-pollutant regression models were fit to assess associations between air pollutant exposure and CA risks. Sensitivity analyses were performed to examine the robustness of the associations. RESULTS The final sample included 51,037 Hans and 28,702 minority participants. The prevalence of CAs was 25.0%, slightly higher in the minorities (25.5%) than the Hans (24.4%). The higher risks for CAs in the overall population were associated with each 10 μg/m3 increase in the exposure to PM1 (OR = 1.07 [1.05-1.09]), PM2.5 (OR = 1.11 [1.06-1.17]), PM10 (OR = 1.04 [1.03-1.06]), and NO2 (OR = 1.04 [1.03-1.07]). Compared to the Hans, the higher risks for CAs were observed in the minorities for PM1 (OR = 1.35 [1.18-1.53]), PM2.5 (OR = 1.61 [1.34-1.93]), and PM10 (OR = 1.15 [1.07-1.23]). The associations of metabolic dysfunctions (CA components) with ambient air pollution also varied between the Han and minority populations. CONCLUSIONS The associations between exposure to ambient air pollution and CA risks were stronger in the minorities than Hans. Our findings provide a better understanding of ethnic disparities in CA risks when being exposed to ambient air pollution in China, which also have important implications for other low- and middle-income countries where less health resources (e.g., cohort populations) are available to conduct such studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China; International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xian Liang
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Qingyu Dou
- National Clinical Research Center of Geriatrics, Geriatric Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China; International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang La
- Tibet University, Lhasa, China
| | - Jiaojiao Cai
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Jun Yang
- Yunnan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Kunming, China
| | - Ciren Laba
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Lhasa, China
| | - Qiaolan Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Bing Guo
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Wanqi Yu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Qinjian Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Feng Hong
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China.
| | - Peng Jia
- International Institute of Spatial Lifecourse Health (ISLE), Wuhan University, Wuhan, China; School of Resource and Environmental Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
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11
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Seasonal, Weekly, and Diurnal Black Carbon in Moscow Megacity Background under Impact of Urban and Regional Sources. ATMOSPHERE 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos13040563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Moscow megacity has a big gap in assessment of air quality, resulting in severe aerosol pollution. Black carbon (BC) concentrations over different timescales, including weekly and diurnal, are studied during four seasons of 2019–2020 at urban background site. Seasonal BC varies from 0.9 to 25.5 μg/m3 with a mean of 1.7 ± 1.4 μg/m3. Maximum mean BC equal to 2.2 ± 1.8 μg/m3 was observed in spring. Diurnal trends of black carbon concentrations differ in spring/summer and autumn/winter periods, they exhibit morning and evening peaks corresponding to traffic combined with the boundary layer height effect. The weekly cycle of BC characterizes the highest amount of combustion-related pollution on working days and the characteristics of population migration from a city for weekend. Seasonal pollution roses show the direction of the highest BC contamination. For identification of BC sources relating to traffic, heat and power plants, and industry around the site, polar plots are used. The spectral dependence of the aerosol light attenuation provides the estimate for Absorption Angstrom Exponent (AAE). We use the AAE above 1.3 and high frequency of AAE observation above 1 in order to support the assessment for a contribution of biomass burning in the region around Moscow in autumn and winter as well as of agriculture fires and wildfires in warm seasons. Air masses arriving to a city from fire-affected regions in spring and summer impact urban air pollution.
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Wang M, Tian P, Wang L, Yu Z, Du T, Chen Q, Guan X, Guo Y, Zhang M, Tang C, Chang Y, Shi J, Liang J, Cao X, Zhang L. High contribution of vehicle emissions to fine particulate pollutions in Lanzhou, Northwest China based on high-resolution online data source appointment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149310. [PMID: 34340091 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The quantitative estimation of urban particulate matter (PM) sources is essential but limited because of various reasons. The hourly online data of PM2.5, organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), water-soluble ions, and elements from December 2019 to November 2020 was used to conduct PM source appointment, with an emphasis on the contribution of vehicle emissions to fine PM pollution in downtown Lanzhou, Northwest China. Vehicle emissions, secondary formation, mineral dust, and coal combustion were found to be the major PM sources using the positive matrix factorization model. The seasonal mean PM2.5 were estimated to be 72.8, 39.2, 24.3, and 43.6 μg·m-3 and vehicle emissions accounted for 35.7%, 25.8%, 30.0%, and 56.6% in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. Vehicle emissions were the largest source of PM considering the high PM pollution in winter and its significantly large contribution in autumn. Furthermore, the contribution of vehicle emissions increased with increasing PM in winter and autumn. Vehicle emissions were also the most important source of EC, accounting for 70.3%, 91.0%, 83.5%, and 93.7% of the total EC in winter, spring, summer, and autumn, respectively. With the reduction in industrial emissions and increase in vehicle numbers in China in recent years, vehicle emissions are going to be the largest source of urban PM pollution. To sustainably improve air quality in Lanzhou and other Chinese cities, efforts should be made to control vehicle emissions such as promoting clean-energy vehicles and encouraging public transportation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Pengfei Tian
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Ligong Wang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Zeren Yu
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Tao Du
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Qiang Chen
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xu Guan
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yumin Guo
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Min Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Chenguang Tang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yi Chang
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou 730020, China
| | - Jinsen Shi
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiening Liang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianjie Cao
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Semi-Arid Climate Change of the Ministry of Education, College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Degrendele C, Kanduč T, Kocman D, Lammel G, Cambelová A, Dos Santos SG, Horvat M, Kukučka P, Holubová Šmejkalová A, Mikeš O, Nuñez-Corcuera B, Přibylová P, Prokeš R, Saňka O, Maggos T, Sarigiannis D, Klánová J. NPAHs and OPAHs in the atmosphere of two central European cities: Seasonality, urban-to-background gradients, cancer risks and gas-to-particle partitioning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 793:148528. [PMID: 34328964 PMCID: PMC8434474 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Revised: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Derivatives of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as nitrated- and oxygenated-PAHs (NPAHs and OPAHs) could be even more toxic and harmful for the environment and humans than PAHs. We assessed the spatial and seasonal variations of NPAHs and OPAHs atmospheric levels, their cancer risks and their gas-to-particle partitioning. To this end, about 250 samples of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and 50 gaseous samples were collected in 2017 in central Europe in the cities of Brno and Ljubljana (two traffic and two urban background sites) as well as one rural site. The average particulate concentrations were ranging from below limit of quantification to 593 pg m-3 for Σ9NPAHs and from 1.64 to 4330 pg m-3 for Σ11OPAHs, with significantly higher concentrations in winter compared to summer. In winter, the particulate levels of NPAHs and OPAHs were higher at the traffic site compared to the urban background site in Brno while the opposite was found in Ljubljana. NPAHs and OPAHs particulate levels were influenced by the meteorological parameters and co-varied with several air pollutants. The significance of secondary formation on the occurrence of some NPAHs and OPAHs is indicated. In winter, 27-47% of samples collected at all sites were above the acceptable lifetime carcinogenic risk. The gas-particle partitioning of NPAHs and OPAHs was influenced by their physico-chemical properties, the season and the site-specific aerosol composition. Three NPAHs and five OPAHs had higher particulate mass fractions at the traffic site, suggesting they could be primarily emitted as particles from vehicle traffic and subsequently partitioning to the gas phase along air transport. This study underlines the importance of inclusion of the gas phase in addition to the particulate phase when assessing the atmospheric fate of polycyclic aromatic compounds and also when assessing the related health risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tjaša Kanduč
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - David Kocman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Saul Garcia Dos Santos
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Milena Horvat
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Slovenia
| | - Petr Kukučka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ondřej Mikeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Beatriz Nuñez-Corcuera
- Área de Contaminación Atmosférica, Centro Nacional de Sanidad Ambiental Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | | | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Saňka
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas Maggos
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, NCSR "Demokritos", Greece
| | - Denis Sarigiannis
- Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece; HERACLES Research Centre on the Exposome and Health, Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, Thessaloniki, Greece; University School of Advanced Study, Pavia, Italy
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX Centre, Masaryk University, Czech Republic
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14
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Liu M, Tang W, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li Y, Liu X, Xu S, Ao L, Wang Q, Wei J, Chen G, Li S, Guo Y, Yang S, Han D, Zhao X. Urban-rural differences in the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and obesity in China. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111597. [PMID: 34214564 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ambient air pollution might increase the risk of obesity; however, the evidence regarding the relationship between air pollution and obesity in comparable urban and rural areas is limited. Therefore, our aim was to contrast the effect estimates of varying air pollution particulate matter on obesity between urban and rural areas. METHODS Four obesity indicators were evaluated in this study, namely, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Exposure to ambient air pollution (e.g., particulate matter with aerodynamic diameters 1.0 μm [PM1], PM2.5, and PM10) was estimated using satellite-based random forest models. Linear regression and logistic regression models were used to assess the associations between air pollution particulate matter and obesity. Furthermore, the effect estimates of different air pollution particulates were contrasted between urban and rural areas. RESULTS A total of 36,998 participants in urban areas and 31, 256 in rural areas were included. We found positive associations between long-term exposure to PM1, PM2.5, and PM10 and obesity. Of these air pollutants, PM2.5 had the strongest association. The results showed that the odds ratios (ORs) for general obesity were 1.8 (95% CI, 1.64 to 1.98) per interquartile range (IQR) μg/m3 increase in PM1, 1.89 (95% CI, 1.71 to 2.1) per IQR μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, and 1.74 (95% CI, 1.58 to 1.9) per IQR μg/m3 increase in PM10. The concentrations of air pollutants were lower in rural areas, but the effects of air pollution on obesity of rural residents were higher than those of urban residents. CONCLUSION Long-term (3 years average) exposure to ambient air pollution was associated with an increased risk of obesity. We observed regional disparities in the effects of particulate matter exposure from air pollution on the risk of obesity, with higher effect estimates found in rural areas. Air quality interventions should be prioritized not only in urban areas but also in rural areas to reduce the risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meijing Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenge Tang
- Chongqing Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Zhang
- School of Public Health, The Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Yanjiao Wang
- School of Public Health, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yajie Li
- Tibet Center for Disease Control and Prevention CN, Lhasa, China
| | - Xiang Liu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shuaiming Xu
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Linjun Ao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qinjian Wang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Wei
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Iowa Technology Institute, Center for Global and Regional Environmental Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Gongbo Chen
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yumin Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shujuan Yang
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
| | - Delin Han
- Chengdu Center for Disease Control &Prevention, Chengdu, China.
| | - Xing Zhao
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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Vojtíšek-Lom M, Vaculík M, Pechout M, Hopan F, Arul Raj AF, Penumarti S, Horák JS, Popovicheva O, Ondráček J, Doušová B. Effects of braking conditions on nanoparticle emissions from passenger car friction brakes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 788:147779. [PMID: 34034186 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Automobile friction brakes generate, in addition to coarse particles generated by mechanical processes, highly variable amount of nanoparticles from high temperature processes. The effects of braking conditions - speed, deceleration rate, brake rotor temperatures - on nanoparticle production were investigated here, aiming to provide practical guidance for reducing emissions through driving style and traffic management. Typical brake pads and a rotor from a common passenger car were subjected, on a brake dynamometer, to three runs of the WLTP brake cycle developed for brake wear particle measurements. Additionally, four sets of common brake pads were subjected to those parts of standardized brake performance tests believed to be reasonably realistic for common driving. Particle size distributions (5.6-560 nm electric mobility diameter, without removal of volatiles) show a dominant peak at 10 nm commensurate to the severity of braking and a non-linear increase of the total particle number at higher braking powers and higher total energy dissipated. The average emissions for three runs of the WLTP brake cycle were 3.3 × 1010 particles/km, while the harshest deceleration, 175-100 km/h at 5.28 m·s-2, has produced 8.4 to 38 × 1013 particles, corresponding to 2.5-11.5 thousands of km of WLTP-like driving. While previous studies have correlated higher PN production with higher average brake rotor temperature, a more complex relationship between nanoparticle emissions and a combination of initial rotor temperature, total energy dissipated and braking power has been observed here. From a driver behavior and regulatory perspective, it appears limiting harsh braking and braking from high speeds, possibly through improved driving practices, road design and traffic management, may potentially reduce brake wear nanoparticles. From the measurement perspective, it appears that "off-cycle" braking, even if relatively infrequent, may be associated with exponentially higher emissions and non-negligible share of the total emissions, and therefore should not be neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Vojtíšek-Lom
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Miroslav Vaculík
- Nanotechnology Center, VSB - Technical University Ostrava, 17. listopadu 15/2172, Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Pechout
- Department of Vehicles and Ground Transport, Czech University of Life Sciences in Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 21 Praha 6, Czech Republic
| | - František Hopan
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Alden Fred Arul Raj
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Srinath Penumarti
- Center for Sustainable Mobility, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Technicka 4, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Smokeman Horák
- Energy Research Center, VSB - Technical University of Ostrava, 17. Listopadu 15/2172, 708 33 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic
| | - Olga Popovicheva
- Scobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the Czech Academy of Sciences, v.v.i, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02 Prague 6 - Suchdol, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Doušová
- University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technicka 5, 166 28 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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The Role of Fossil Fuel Combustion Metals in PM2.5 Air Pollution Health Associations. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12091086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we elucidate the central role played by fossil fuel combustion in the health-related effects that have been associated with inhalation of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5). We especially focus on individual properties and concentrations of metals commonly found in PM air pollution, as well as their sources and their adverse health effects, based on both epidemiologic and toxicological evidence. It is known that transition metals, such as Ni, V, Fe, and Cu, are highly capable of participating in redox reactions that produce oxidative stress. Therefore, particles that are enriched, per unit mass, in these metals, such as those from fossil fuel combustion, can have greater potential to produce health effects than other ambient particulate matter. Moreover, fossil fuel combustion particles also contain varying amounts of sulfur, and the acidic nature of the resulting sulfur compounds in particulate matter (e.g., as ammonium sulfate, ammonium bisulfate, or sulfuric acid) makes transition metals in particles more bioavailable, greatly enhancing the potential of fossil fuel combustion PM2.5 to cause oxidative stress and systemic health effects in the human body. In general, there is a need to further recognize particulate matter air pollution mass as a complex source-driven mixture, in order to more effectively quantify and regulate particle air pollution exposure health risks.
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Chen K, Metcalfe SE, Yu H, Xu J, Xu H, Ji D, Wang C, Xiao H, He J. Characteristics and source attribution of PM 2.5 during 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou: Efficacy of radical measures to reduce source emissions. J Environ Sci (China) 2021; 106:47-65. [PMID: 34210439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2021.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A field campaign was conducted to study the PM2.5 and atmospheric gases and aerosol's components to evaluate the efficacy of radical measures implemented by the Chinese government to improve air quality during the 2016 G20 Summit in Hangzhou China. The lower level of PM2.5 (32.48 ± 11.03 µg/m3) observed during the control period compared to pre-control and post-control periods showed that PM2.5 was alleviated by control policies. Based on the mass concentrations of particulate components, the emissions of PM2.5 from local sources including fossil fuel, coal combustion, industry and construction were effectively reduced, but non-exhaust emission was not reduced as effectively as expected. The accumulation of SNA (SO42-, NO3-, NH4+) was observed during the control period, due to the favourable synoptic weather conditions for photochemical reactions and heterogeneous hydrolysis. Because of transboundary transport during the control period, air masses from remote areas contributed significantly to local PM2.5. Although, secondary organic carbon (OCsec) exhibited more sensitivity than primary organic carbon (OCpri) to control measures, and the increased nitrogen oxidation ratio (NOR) implied the regional transport of aged secondary aerosols to the study area. Overall, the results from various approaches revealed that local pollution sources were kept under control, indicating that the implementation of mitigation measures were helpful in improving the air quality of Hangzhou during G20 summit. To reduce ambient levels of PM2.5 further in Hangzhou, regional control policies may have to be taken so as to reduce the impact of long-range transport of air masses from inland China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Chen
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Sarah E Metcalfe
- School of Geography, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
| | - Huan Yu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Jingsha Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Honghui Xu
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Zhejiang Institute of Metrological Sciences, Hangzhou, 310008, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Chengjun Wang
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, South-Central University for Nationalities, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Hang Xiao
- Centre for Excellence in Regional Atmos. Environ. Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China; Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang Province, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, Ningbo, 315100, China.
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