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Du H, Chen P, Lin X, Zheng J, Liu H, Wang X. Adsorption of metals on aged microplastics in intensive mariculture areas: Aggravating the potential ecological risks to marine organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:173964. [PMID: 38876355 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
Field determination of the metal adsorption capacity of microplastics (MPs) by using a passive sampler had been done in typical subtropical mariculture area in China. The adsorption of eight metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, As, Pb, Cr and Cd) by five types of MPs (low-density polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) was compared, including metal types, mariculture types (cage and longline culture), metal residue content in ambient environment, polymer types and particle sizes of MPs. The results showed that Cu, Zn, As, Cd, Pb and Cr in the mariculture environment were contaminated compared with the quality criteria. The concentrations of these six metals adsorbed on five MPs increased linearly with those in seawater. More enriched Cu and As in MPs in marine cage culture than in longline culture, due to the obvious endogenous pollution emissions for the artificial diets, fish medicine and disinfectants. Aged PVC with more cracks and pores showed higher metal adsorption capacity than any other polymers. MPs with a smaller size range of 50-74 μm tended to accumulate higher amounts of metals than those with a larger size range of 74-178 μm, consisting with the surface characteristics of MPs. The significant positive relationship between the concentrations of nutrients in seawater and the adsorption amounts of Cu, Zn and As on MPs implies that the eutrophication would promote their pollution. Based on the ecological risk assessment, the occurrence of MPs could aggravate the potential risk of metals to marine organisms in intensive mariculture areas. This is the first time to reveal the impacts of the adsorption of metals on aged MPs on the potential ecological risks of metals to organisms under the realistic environmental condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huihong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Pengyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center for Marine Bio-resources Sustainable Utilization, College of Oceanography, Hohai University, Nanjing 210024, China
| | - Xiaoping Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Jingyi Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Huatai Liu
- College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Xinhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China; College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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Rødland ES, Binda G, Spanu D, Carnati S, Bjerke LR, Nizzetto L. Are eco-friendly "green" tires also chemically green? Comparing metals, rubbers and selected organic compounds in green and conventional tires. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135042. [PMID: 38944996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 06/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
Tires are a major source of synthetic and natural rubber particles, metals and organic compounds, in which several compounds are linked to negative environmental impact. Recent advances in material technology, coupled with focus on sustainability, have introduced a new range of tires, sold as "green, sustainable, and eco-friendly". Although these "green" tires may have lower impact on the environment on a global scale, there is no current knowledge about the chemical composition of "green" tires, and whether they are more eco-friendly when considering the release of tire wear particles or tire-associated chemicals. Here we have investigated the chemical composition of nine "green" vehicle tires, one "green" bike tire and seven "conventional" vehicle tires. No significant difference was found between "green" and "conventional" tires tested in this study. For N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), the average concentration in "green" tires were higher (16 ± 7.8 µg/mg) compared to "conventional" tires (8.7 ± 4.5 µg/mg). The relationship between metals, selected organic compounds and rubbers demonstrated large variation across brands, and lower variability between tires grouped according to their seasonal use. This study indicates that more work is needed to understand how the shift towards sustainable tires might change the chemical composition of tires.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gilberto Binda
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Davide Spanu
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Stefano Carnati
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | | | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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3
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Wang C, Liu X, Ma Q, Xing S, Yuan L, Ma Y. Distribution and effects of microplastics as carriers of heavy metals in river surface sediments. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2024; 266:104396. [PMID: 39047425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2024.104396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2023] [Revised: 06/16/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
There are few studies on microplastics (MPs) in urban river sediments compared to oceans, soils, and even rivers. In this study, the seasonal abundance of MPs, as well as their influencing factors on heavy metal adsorption in river sediments of the Ancient Canal of Zhenjiang City, China, were investigated for the first time. Through on-site sampling, microscopic observation, Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and high-temperature digestion, the abundance, shape, color, particle size, type, and surface characteristics of MPs in Ancient Canal sediments in different seasons, as well as the influencing factors of MPs as heavy metal carriers in different seasons, were analyzed. The results showed that the average abundance of MPs is 2049.09 ± 883.78 and 2216.36 ± 826.21 items kg-1 dry sediments in summer and winter, respectively, and different sites change significantly. In addition, particle sizes, types, colors, and shapes of MPs exhibited seasonal variations. Four MPs shapes were mainly observed: fibers, fragments, particles, and films. Among them, MPs in summer sediments are mainly fiber, and MPs in winter sediments are mainly particles. In the sediment in summer and winter, transparent MPs and small-size (<0.5 mm) MPs are the main ones, where the abundance of MPs decreased with increasing MPs size. The main MPs species are polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polystyrene (PS), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polycarbonate (PC), and polyethylene (PE), with PP being the predominant MPs in the sediments in different seasons. Scanning electron microscopy-energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM-EDS) revealed that the surfaces of the MPs were characterized by rough, porous, cracked, and torn, with the attachment of various heavy metal elements, and all of the heavy metal elements accumulated to different degrees on the MPs. There was a significant positive correlation (p < 0.05) between the Mn content in the MPs and the Mn content in the sediments in winter, suggesting that the Mn in the MPs in winter may be derived from the sediments. In addition, the type, shape, size, and color of MPs affect the adsorption capacity of heavy metals. Most of the adsorption of MPs on Pb showed a significant negative correlation, and the adsorption of MPs on Cr, Zn, Cu, Cd, and Mn showed a significant positive correlation. MPs can be used as carriers of heavy metals, which will further enhance the hazards of living organisms and pose a potential threat to the safety of the urban river environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyuan Wang
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China; National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Luhe, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Xin Liu
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Qianqian Ma
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Shuyu Xing
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Lubin Yuan
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China
| | - Yan Ma
- School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China; Institute of Agricultural Resources and Environment, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province 210014, China; National Agricultural Experiment Station for Agricultural Environment, Luhe, Nanjing 210014, China.
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4
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Kong X, Liu Y, Duan Z, Lv J. Bayesian multivariate receptor model and convolutional neural network to identify quantitative sources and spatial distributions of potentially toxic elements in soils: A case study in Qingzhou City, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:135184. [PMID: 39024766 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2024] [Revised: 06/21/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Determining sources and spatial distributions of potentially toxic elements (PTEs) is a crucial issue of soil pollution survey. However, uncertainty estimation for source contributions remains lack, and accurate spatial prediction is still challenging. Robust Bayesian multivariate receptor model (RBMRM) was applied to the soil dataset of Qingzhou City (8 PTEs in 429 samples), to calculate source contributions with uncertainties. Multi-task convolutional neural network (MTCNN) was proposed to predict spatial distributions of soil PTEs. RBMRM afforded three sources, consistent with US-EPA positive matrix factorization. Natural source dominated As, Cr, Cu, and Ni contents (78.5 %∼86.1 %), and contributed 37.1 %, 61.0 %, and 65.9 % of Cd, Pb, and Zn, exhibiting low uncertainties with uncertainty index (UI) < 26.7 %. Industrial, traffic, and agricultural sources had significant influences on Cd, Pb, and Zn (30.2 %∼61.9 %), with UI < 39.3 %. Hg originated dominantly from atmosphere deposition (99.1 %), with relatively high uncertainties (UI=87.7 %). MTCNN acquired satisfactory accuracies, with R2 of 0.357-0.896 and nRMSE of 0.092-0.366. Spatial distributions of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn were influenced by parent materials. Cd, Hg, Pb, and Zn showed significant hotspot in urban area. This work conducted a new approach exploration, and practical implications for soil pollution regulation were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Kong
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Business School, University of Ji'nan, Ji'nan 250022, China
| | - Zongqi Duan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianshu Lv
- College of Geography and Environment, Shandong Normal University, Ji'nan 250014, China.
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Lu L, Tong J, Wang H, Che H, Li Y, Tian X. Discrimination and simultaneous quantification of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and poly(butylene terephthalate) microplastics in environmental samples via gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:388. [PMID: 38871955 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06464-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
A method has been developed to quantify PET and PBT microplastics (MPs) based on depolymerization and detection of depolymerization products by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) without a complex separation process from environmental samples. Under the optimal depolymerization conditions, PET and PBT were efficiently converted to ethylene glycol (78%) and 1,4-butanediol (87%), respectively. Subsequently, the linear curves were constructed between signal intensities of depolymerization products and polymer masses by GC-MS/MS, and the correlation coefficients of PET and PBT were 0.996 and 0.997, respectively. The spiking and recovery experiments of PET and PBT in the environmental samples showed that the recovery was stable in the range 89-100%, and the limit of detection was 4.95 μg and 1.39 μg of PET and PBT, respectively. The method has been proven to be capable of simultaneous identification and quantification of PBT and PET MPs in real environmental water samples without complex separation process, which provided a scheme for the determination of microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqiang Lu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Jiahui Tong
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Han Wang
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Huachao Che
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Yong Li
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China
| | - Xike Tian
- Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, PR China.
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6
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Mayer PM, Moran KD, Miller EL, Brander SM, Harper S, Garcia-Jaramillo M, Carrasco-Navarro V, Ho KT, Burgess RM, Thornton Hampton LM, Granek EF, McCauley M, McIntyre JK, Kolodziej EP, Hu X, Williams AJ, Beckingham BA, Jackson ME, Sanders-Smith RD, Fender CL, King GA, Bollman M, Kaushal SS, Cunningham BE, Hutton SJ, Lang J, Goss HV, Siddiqui S, Sutton R, Lin D, Mendez M. Where the rubber meets the road: Emerging environmental impacts of tire wear particles and their chemical cocktails. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171153. [PMID: 38460683 PMCID: PMC11214769 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
About 3 billion new tires are produced each year and about 800 million tires become waste annually. Global dependence upon tires produced from natural rubber and petroleum-based compounds represents a persistent and complex environmental problem with only partial and often-times, ineffective solutions. Tire emissions may be in the form of whole tires, tire particles, and chemical compounds, each of which is transported through various atmospheric, terrestrial, and aquatic routes in the natural and built environments. Production and use of tires generates multiple heavy metals, plastics, PAH's, and other compounds that can be toxic alone or as chemical cocktails. Used tires require storage space, are energy intensive to recycle, and generally have few post-wear uses that are not also potential sources of pollutants (e.g., crumb rubber, pavements, burning). Tire particles emitted during use are a major component of microplastics in urban runoff and a source of unique and highly potent toxic substances. Thus, tires represent a ubiquitous and complex pollutant that requires a comprehensive examination to develop effective management and remediation. We approach the issue of tire pollution holistically by examining the life cycle of tires across production, emissions, recycling, and disposal. In this paper, we synthesize recent research and data about the environmental and human health risks associated with the production, use, and disposal of tires and discuss gaps in our knowledge about fate and transport, as well as the toxicology of tire particles and chemical leachates. We examine potential management and remediation approaches for addressing exposure risks across the life cycle of tires. We consider tires as pollutants across three levels: tires in their whole state, as particulates, and as a mixture of chemical cocktails. Finally, we discuss information gaps in our understanding of tires as a pollutant and outline key questions to improve our knowledge and ability to manage and remediate tire pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Mayer
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Kelly D Moran
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Ezra L Miller
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Susanne M Brander
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Stacey Harper
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, School of Chemical, Biological and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Manuel Garcia-Jaramillo
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Victor Carrasco-Navarro
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, Yliopistonranta 1 E, 70211 Kuopio, Finland.
| | - Kay T Ho
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- US Environmental Protection Agency, ORD/CEMM Atlantic Coastal Environmental Sciences Division, Narragansett, RI 02882, United States of America.
| | - Leah M Thornton Hampton
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project, 3535 Harbor Blvd, Suite 110, Costa Mesa, CA 92626, United States of America.
| | - Elise F Granek
- Environmental Science & Management, Portland State University, Portland, OR 97201, United States of America.
| | - Margaret McCauley
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10, Seattle, WA 98101, United States of America.
| | - Jenifer K McIntyre
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Puyallup Research & Extension Center, Washington Stormwater Center, 2606 W Pioneer Ave, Puyallup, WA 98371, United States of America.
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences (UW Tacoma), Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), Center for Urban Waters, University of Washington, Tacoma, WA 98402, United States of America.
| | - Ximin Hu
- Civil and Environmental Engineering (UW Seattle), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, United States of America.
| | - Antony J Williams
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Chemical Characterization and Exposure Division, Computational Chemistry & Cheminformatics Branch, 109 T.W. Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States of America.
| | - Barbara A Beckingham
- Department of Geology & Environmental Geosciences, College of Charleston, Charleston, SC, 66 George Street Charleston, SC 29424, United States of America.
| | - Miranda E Jackson
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rhea D Sanders-Smith
- Washington State Department of Ecology, 300 Desmond Drive SE, Lacey, WA 98503, United States of America.
| | - Chloe L Fender
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - George A King
- CSS, Inc., 200 SW 35th St, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Michael Bollman
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Pacific Ecological Systems Division, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sujay S Kaushal
- Department of Geology and Earth System Science Interdisciplinary Center, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20740, United States of America.
| | - Brittany E Cunningham
- Department of Environmental and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97333, United States of America.
| | - Sara J Hutton
- GSI Environmental, Inc., Olympia, Washington 98502, USA.
| | - Jackelyn Lang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, Department of Medicine and Epidemiology and the Karen C. Drayer Wildlife Health Center, University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine, Davis, CA 95616, United States of America.
| | - Heather V Goss
- US Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Water, Office of Wastewater Management, Washington, DC 20004, United States of America.
| | - Samreen Siddiqui
- Department of Fisheries, Wildlife, and Conservation Sciences, Coastal Oregon Marine Experiment Station, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, United States of America.
| | - Rebecca Sutton
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Diana Lin
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
| | - Miguel Mendez
- San Francisco Estuary Institute, 4911 Central Ave, Richmond, CA 94804, United States of America.
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Rodrigues JP, Rivera-Hernández JR, Bernárdez P, Rocha-Santos T, Duarte AC, Santos-Echeandía J. Metal(oid)s in plastic debris, with distinct features, from Spanish Mediterranean beaches with different anthropogenic pressure: Are these particles potential monitors for metal pollution? MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 193:115107. [PMID: 37327722 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metal(oid)s concentrations have been quantified in plastic pieces collected from four beaches located in the Mediterranean coast of Spain with different characteristics (i.e. anthropogenic pressure, zone). Metal(oid)s content was also related to selected plastic criteria (i.e. color, degradation status, polymer). The selected elements were quantified with mean concentrations in the sampled plastics with the following order: Fe > Mg > Zn > Mn > Pb > Sr > As > Cu > Cr > Ni > Cd > Co. Moreover, black, brown, PUR, PS, and coastal line plastics concentrated the higher metal(oid)s levels. Local of sampling (influence of mining exploitation) and severe degradation were key factors for uptake of metal(oid)s from water by plastics as modification of surfaces strengths their adsorption capacity. Determined high levels of Fe, Pb and Zn in plastics reflected the pollution degree of the marine areas. Therefore, this study is a contribution for the potential use of plastics as pollution monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joana Patrício Rodrigues
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - José Roberto Rivera-Hernández
- Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad Académica Mazatlán, Joel Montes Camarena s/n Cerro del Vigía, 82047 Mazatlán, Sinaloa, Mexico
| | - Patricia Bernárdez
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Teresa Rocha-Santos
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Armando Costa Duarte
- Department of Chemistry & CESAM, University of Aveiro, Campus de Santiago, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Juan Santos-Echeandía
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo (IEO, CSIC), Subida a Radio Faro 50, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
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8
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Binda G, Carnati S, Spanu D, Bellasi A, Hurley R, Bettinetti R, Monticelli D, Pozzi A, Nizzetto L. Selection of the optimal extraction protocol to investigate the interaction between trace elements and environmental plastic. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 452:131330. [PMID: 37004438 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The interaction between environmental plastic and trace elements is an issue of concern. Understanding their interaction mechanisms is key to evaluate the potential threats for the environment. To this regard, consolidating confidence in extraction protocols can help in understanding the amount of different species present on plastic surface, as well as the potential mobility of trace elements present inside the plastic matrix (e.g., additives). Here we tested the efficacy of different reagents to mimic the elemental phases bonded to meso- and microplastic in the environment, in relation to the grade of ageing and the polymer composition. Results showed that a relatively high portion of trace elements is bonded in a weak phase and that other phases abundant in other matrices (e.g., oxides and bonded to organic matter) are only present to a limited degree in the plastic samples. The comparison of different sample types highlighted the important role of plastic ageing in governing interactions with trace elements, while the polymer composition has a limited influence on this process. Finally, the future steps toward a tailored extraction scheme for environmental plastic are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Binda
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Stefano Carnati
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Davide Spanu
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Arianna Bellasi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Rachel Hurley
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Roberta Bettinetti
- Department of Human and Innovation for the Territory, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Damiano Monticelli
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Pozzi
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Via Valleggio 11, 22100 Como, Italy
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Økernveien 94, 0579 Oslo, Norway; RECETOX, Masarik University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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9
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Battulga B, Atarashi-Andoh M, Koarashi J, Oyuntsetseg B, Kawahigashi M. Plastic-associated metal(loid)s in the urban river environments of Mongolia. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 261:115100. [PMID: 37285671 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The widespread distribution of plastic debris in riverine environment is one of the major concerns of environmental pollution because of its potential impact on the aquatic ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the accumulation of metal(loid)s on polystyrene foam (PSF) plastics collected from the floodplain of the Tuul River of Mongolia. The metal(loid)s sorbed on plastics were extracted from the collected PSF via sonication after peroxide oxidation. The size-dependent association of metal(loid)s with plastics indicates that PSFs act as vectors for pollutants in the urban river environment. The mean concentrations of metal(loid)s (i.e., B, Cr, Cu, Na, and Pb) indicate a higher accumulation of the metal(loid)s on meso-sized PSFs compared with macro- and micro-sized PSFs. In addition, the images from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicated not only the degraded surface of plastics showing fractures, holes, and pits but also the adhered mineral particles and microorganisms on the PSFs. The interaction of metal(loid)s with plastics was probably facilitated by the physical and chemical properties of altered surface of plastics through photodegradation, followed by an increase in surface area by size reduction and/or biofilm development in the aquatic environment. The enrichment ratio (ER) of metals on PSF samples suggested the continuous accumulation of heavy metals on plastics. Our results demonstrate that the widespread plastic debris could be a carrier of hazardous chemicals in the environment. Considering that the negative impacts of plastic debris on environmental health are major concerns to be addressed, the fate and behavior of the plastics especially their interaction with pollutants in aquatic environments should be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Batdulam Battulga
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan; Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan.
| | - Mariko Atarashi-Andoh
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Jun Koarashi
- Nuclear Science and Engineering Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Bolormaa Oyuntsetseg
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
| | - Masayuki Kawahigashi
- Department of Geography, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0397, Japan
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10
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Peng G, Pu Z, Chen F, Xu H, Cao X, Chun Chen C, Wang J, Liao Y, Zhu X, Pan K. Metal leaching from plastics in the marine environment: An ignored role of biofilm. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 177:107988. [PMID: 37267729 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A large quantity of metal compounds in plastics are released into the marine environment every year. However, our understanding of the extent and mechanism by which polymer-bound metals leach into seawater is still limited. In this study, a comprehensive survey was conducted to measure the metal concentrations in commonly used plastics and evaluate the effects of environmental factors (temperature, radiation, and salinity) and the physiochemical properties (surface roughness, specific surface area, hydrophobicity, and crystallinity) of the plastics on their metal leaching into seawater. In particular, we observed the metal loss from six plastics submerged in coastal seawater for eight months and studied the role of biofilm in controlling the leaching of Sb, Sn, Pb, Ba, and Cr. Our results indicate that increased temperature enhanced the release of these metals, while exposure to ultraviolet radiation significantly increased the leaching of Sn from polylactide (PLA). High salinity facilitated the leaching of Sn from PLA and Pb from polyvinylchloride ball, however inhibited the leaching of Ba from PE wrap. The leaching rate was primarily determined by the inherent property of crystallinity. Metal loss from the plastics in the field was apparent during the first three weeks, but then was hindered by the development of biofilm. Our study provides the mechanisms underlying metal leaching from physical, chemical, and biological perspectives, which is useful for understanding the environmental risk of the plastic-containing metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guogan Peng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Zhengshijian Pu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Fengyuan Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Huo Xu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xue Cao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ciara Chun Chen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Jingzhen Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Change and Disaster in Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Yongyan Liao
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Beibu Gulf Marine Biodiversity Conservation, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou 535011, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zhu
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Microbiome Engineering, Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China.
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11
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Kristanti RA, Hadibarata T, Wulandari NF, Sibero MT, Darmayati Y, Hatmanti A. Overview of microplastics in the environment: type, source, potential effects and removal strategies. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2023; 46:429-441. [PMID: 36149484 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-022-02784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The introduction of plastic sectors has resulted in the presence of microplastics (MPs) in water systems, which has become a global issue that has attracted scientific and community awareness. MPs can be detected in a variety of sources such as beauty products, manufacturing effluent, or fishing activities. This study examined the repercussions posed by MPs' prevalence on land and marine environments and human health issues. Henceforth, remediation technologies must be introduced to shift out MPs from the water supplies in order to sustain the environmental quality for future generations, the benefits and drawbacks of the technology applied. This study also portrays difficulties encountered in MP research as the hurdles must be mastered in order to properly comprehend the MPs. The cooperation between nations is the most critical aspect in fully tackling MP issues as it can be easily carried by wind or water and its damage can be larger than predicted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risky Ayu Kristanti
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia.
| | - Tony Hadibarata
- Environmental Engineering Program, Faculty of Engineering and Science, Curtin University, Malaysia, CDT 250, 98009, Miri, Malaysia
| | - Nilam Fadmaulidha Wulandari
- Research Center for Biosystematic and Evolution, Research Organization of Life Sciences and Environment, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jl. Raya Jakarta-Bogor KM 46, Cibinong, 16911, Indonesia
| | - Mada Triandala Sibero
- Department of Marine Science, Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Yeti Darmayati
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
| | - Ariani Hatmanti
- Research Center for Oceanography, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, 14430, Indonesia
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12
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Velimirovic M, Teunkens B, Ghorbanfekr H, Buelens B, Hermans T, Van Damme S, Tirez K, Vanhaecke F. What can we learn from studying plastic debris in the Sea Scheldt estuary? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158226. [PMID: 35998716 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 08/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The Sea Scheldt estuary has been suggested to be a significant pathway for transfer of plastic debris to the North Sea. We have studied 12,801 plastic items that were collected in the Sea Scheldt estuary (Belgium) during 3 sampling campaigns (in spring, summer, and autumn) using a technique called anchor netting. The investigation results indicated that the abundance of plastic debris in the Scheldt River was on average 1.6 × 10-3 items per m3 with an average weight of 0.38 × 10-3 g per m3. Foils were the most abundant form, accounting for >88 % of the samples, followed by fragments for 11 % of the samples and filaments, making up for <1 % of the plastic debris. FTIR spectroscopy of 7 % of the total number of plastic debris items collected in the Sea Scheldt estuary (n = 883) revealed that polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polystyrene (PS) originating from disposable packaging materials were the most abundant types of polymers. A limited number of plastic debris items (n = 100) were selected for non-destructive screening of their mineral element composition using micro-X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (μXRF). The corresponding results revealed that S, Ca, Si, P, Al, and Fe were the predominant mineral elements. These elements originate from flame retardants, mineral fillers, and commonly used catalysts for plastic production. Finally, machine learning algorithms were deployed to test a new concept for forensic identification of the different plastic entities based on the most important elements present using a limited subset of PP (n = 36) and PE (n = 35) plastic entities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milica Velimirovic
- Atomic & Mass Spectrometry-A&MS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bert Teunkens
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Hossein Ghorbanfekr
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Bart Buelens
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Tom Hermans
- Faculty of Technology, UC Leuven-Limburg, Campus Diepenbeek, Agoralaan, gebouw B/1, 3590 Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Stefan Van Damme
- Ecosystem Management Research Group, Department of Biology, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Kristof Tirez
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Frank Vanhaecke
- Atomic & Mass Spectrometry-A&MS Research Group, Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Campus Sterre, Krijgslaan 281-S12, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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13
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Campanale C, Savino I, Massarelli C, Uricchio VF. Assessment of metals associated with virgin pre-production and freshwater microplastics collected by an Italian river. NANOIMPACT 2022; 28:100438. [PMID: 36372349 DOI: 10.1016/j.impact.2022.100438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, microplastics (MPs) have been detected in almost all environmental matrices (water, soil, air, biota). Their presence is of concern due to high environmental persistence and their ability to release or bind pollutants. In light of this, the present work aimed to quantify a poorly studied pollutant category associated with MPs: metals. This analysis was conducted on virgin MPs, used as raw materials in the plastics' production process and on environmental MPs taken from the Ofanto river in Southern Italy. The MP samples were initially grouped for colour, shape and ageing and following mineralised by a microwave digestor. The metals and metalloids Pb, Ba, Sb, Sn, Cd, Mo, Se, Zn, Cu, Ni, Co, Cr, Fe, Mn, Ti, Al, V, Ca, K, Mg, Na were subsequently quantified with ICP-MS. All the analysed elements were found on both types of samples (virgin and environmental MPs), with higher concentrations detected on environmental samples (above 14,400 μg/g-1) rather than on pristine ones (above 5000 μg/g-1). Many of these inorganic compounds are probably adsorbed by the surrounding environment, and others are intentionally added during the plastic production process to improve their properties (e.g. additives). Noticeable differences were detected concerning the metal's distribution and amount observed in the two types of MP particles analysed. Moreover, trace element concentrations were also linked to the colour and shape of the environmental particles analysed. Most abundant levels of metals were quantified on aged black fragments, followed by coloured and transparent fragments and black pellets. Our concluding remarks underline the role of MPs as a vehicle for the transport of metals, with significant differences between the high abundance of these pollutants examined in our particles collected in a freshwater environment and the significantly lower concentrations revealed previously in marine MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Campanale
- Italian National Council of Research - Water Research Institute, Bari, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Savino
- Italian National Council of Research - Water Research Institute, Bari, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine Massarelli
- Italian National Council of Research - Water Research Institute, Bari, Italy
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14
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Wang T, Jiao Y, He M, Ouyang W, Lin C, Liu X, Xie H. Deep insight into the Sb(III) and Sb(V) removal mechanism by Fe-Cu-chitosan material. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 303:119160. [PMID: 35304178 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Currently, alleviating antimony (Sb) contamination in aqueous solutions is crucial for restoring and recovering ecological and environmental health. Due to its toxicity, bioaccumulation and mobile characteristics, developing an efficient technique for antimony decontamination is imperative. Herein, we prepared a Fe-Cu-chitosan (FCC) composite by a one-step coprecipitation method, in which nanoscale Fe/Cu acts as the active sites and the whole structure is exhibited as porous microscale particles. A Fe/Cu proportion of 2/1 (FCC-2/1) was determined to be the optimum proportion for antimony adsorption, specifically 34.5 mg g-1 for Sb(III) and 26.8 mg g-1 for Sb(V) (initial concentration: 5.0 mg L-1). Spectral characterization, batch experiments and density functional theory (DFT) simulations were applied to determine the adsorption mechanism, in which surface hydroxyls (-OH) were responsible for antimony complexion and Fe-Cu coupling was a major contributor to adsorption enhancement. According to kinetic analysis, Cu provided an electrostatic attraction during the adsorption process, which facilitated the transportation of antimony molecules to the material interface. In the meantime, the FCC electronic structure was modified due to the optimization of the Fe-Cu interface coupling. Based on the Mullikan net charge, the intrinsic Fe-O-Cu bond might favor interfacial electronic redistribution. When the antimony molecule contacted the adsorption interface, the electrons transferred swiftly as Fe/Cu 3d and O 2p orbital hybridization occurred, thus inducing a stabilizing effect. This work may offer a new perspective for binary oxide construction and its adsorption mechanism analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianning Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yonghong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Mengchang He
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19 Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Haijiao Xie
- Hangzhou Yanqu Information Technology Co., Ltd., No. 712 Wen'er West Road, Xihu District, Hangzhou, 310003, China
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15
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Wagner S, Klöckner P, Reemtsma T. Aging of tire and road wear particles in terrestrial and freshwater environments - A review on processes, testing, analysis and impact. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 288:132467. [PMID: 34624341 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental fate of tire and road wear particles (TRWPs) receives increasing attention due to the per capita emission volumes of 0.2-5.5 kg/(cap year) and recent reports on the environmental hazard of TRWP constituents. It is expected that aging impacts TRWPs fate in the environment but detailed knowledge is quite limited, yet. Making use of information on tire aging, the available knowledge on environmental aging processes such as thermooxidation, photooxidation, ozonolysis, shear stress, biodegradation and leaching is reviewed here. Experimental techniques to simulate aging are addressed as are analytical techniques to determine aging induced changes of TRWPs, covering physical and chemical properties. The suitability of various tire wear test materials is discussed. Findings and methods from tire aging can be partially applied to study aging of TRWPs in the environment. There is a complex interplay between aging processes in the environment that needs to be considered in future aging studies. In addition to existing basic qualitative understanding of the aging processes, quantitative understanding of TRWP aging is largely lacking. Aging in the environment needs to consider the TRWPs as well as chemicals released. Next steps for filling the gaps in knowledge on aging of TRWPs in the environment are elaborated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Wagner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Hochschule für Angewandte Wissenschaften Hof, Institut für Wasser und Energiemanagement, Alfons-Goppel-Platz 1, 95028, Hof, Germany.
| | - Philipp Klöckner
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; Umweltbundesamt, Wörlitzer Platz 1, 06844, Dessau-Roßlau, Germany
| | - Thorsten Reemtsma
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany; University of Leipzig, Institute for Analytical Chemistry, Linnéstrasse 3, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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16
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Ivleva NP. Chemical Analysis of Microplastics and Nanoplastics: Challenges, Advanced Methods, and Perspectives. Chem Rev 2021; 121:11886-11936. [PMID: 34436873 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microplastics and nanoplastics have become emerging particulate anthropogenic pollutants and rapidly turned into a field of growing scientific and public interest. These tiny plastic particles are found in the environment all around the globe as well as in drinking water and food, raising concerns about their impacts on the environment and human health. To adequately address these issues, reliable information on the ambient concentrations of microplastics and nanoplastics is needed. However, micro- and nanoplastic particles are extremely complex and diverse in terms of their size, shape, density, polymer type, surface properties, etc. While the particle concentrations in different media can vary by up to 10 orders of magnitude, analysis of such complex samples may resemble searching for a needle in a haystack. This highlights the critical importance of appropriate methods for the chemical identification, quantification, and characterization of microplastics and nanoplastics. The present article reviews advanced methods for the representative mass-based and particle-based analysis of microplastics, with a focus on the sensitivity and lower-size limit for detection. The advantages and limitations of the methods, and their complementarity for the comprehensive characterization of microplastics are discussed. A special attention is paid to the approaches for reliable analysis of nanoplastics. Finally, an outlook for establishing harmonized and standardized methods to analyze these challenging contaminants is presented, and perspectives within and beyond this research field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia P Ivleva
- Institute of Hydrochemistry, Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Elisabeth-Winterhalter-Weg 6, 81377 Munich, Germany
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