1
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Wang XM, Su T, Chai Y. Recovery of Metal Ions (Cd 2+, Co 2+, and Ni 2+) from Nitrate and Sulfate on Laser-Induced Graphene Film Using Applied Voltage and Its Application. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2965. [PMID: 38930334 PMCID: PMC11205473 DOI: 10.3390/ma17122965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 06/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The urgent removal of Cd, Co, and Ni from nitrate and sulfate is essential to mitigate the potential risk of chemical pollution from large volumes of industrial wastewater. In this study, these metal ions were rapidly recovered through applying voltage on nitrate and sulfate, utilizing laser-induced graphene/polyimide (LIG/PI) film as the electrode. Following the application of external voltage, both the pH value and conductivity of the solution undergo changes. Compared to Co2+ and Ni2+, Cd2+ exhibits a lower standard electrode potential and stronger reducibility. Consequently, in both nitrate and sulfate solutions, the reaction sequence follows the order of Cd2+ > Co2+ > Ni2+, with the corresponding electrode adsorption quantities in the order of Cd2+ > Co2+ ~ Ni2+. Additionally, using the recovered Co(OH)2 as the raw material, a LiCoO2 composite was prepared. The assembled battery with this composite exhibited a specific capacity of 122.8 mAh g-1, meeting practical application requirements. This research has significance for fostering green development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu-man Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Mountain Bridge and Tunnel Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
- School of Civil Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing 400074, China
| | - Tong Su
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (T.S.); (Y.C.)
| | - Yujun Chai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hebei Normal University, Shijiazhuang 050024, China; (T.S.); (Y.C.)
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2
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Brião GDV, da Costa TB, Antonelli R, Costa JM. Electrochemical processes for the treatment of contaminant-rich wastewater: A comprehensive review. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 355:141884. [PMID: 38575083 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Global water demand and environmental concerns related to climate change require industries to develop high-efficiency wastewater treatment methods to remove pollutants. Likewise, toxic pollutants present in wastewater negatively affect the environment and human health, requiring effective treatment. Although conventional treatment processes remove carbon and nutrients, they are insufficient to remove pharmaceuticals, pesticides, and plasticizers. Electrochemical processes effectively remove pollutants from wastewater through the mineralization of non-biodegradable pollutants with consequent conversion into biodegradable compounds. Its advantages include easy operation, versatility, and short reaction time. In this way, this review initially provides a global water scenario with a view to the future. It comprises global demand, treatment methods, and pollution of water resources, addressing various contaminants such as heavy metals, nutrients, organic compounds, and emerging contaminants. Subsequently, the fundamentals of electrochemical treatments are presented as well as electrochemical treatments, highlighting the latest studies involving electrocoagulation, electroflocculation, electroflotation, capacitive deionization and its derivatives, eletrodeionization, and electrochemical advanced oxidation process. Finally, the challenges and perspectives were discussed. In this context, electrochemical processes have proven promising and effective for the treatment of water and wastewater, allowing safe reuse practices and purification with high contaminant removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giani de Vargas Brião
- Center of Research on Science and Technology of BioResources, São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Trabalhador São Carlense Ave, 400, São Carlos 13566-590, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Raissa Antonelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of São Paulo, Prof. Luciano Gualberto Ave, tr. 3, 380, São Paulo 05508-010, SP, Brazil
| | - Josiel Martins Costa
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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3
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He X, Fan X, Cao M, Zhang Y, Shi S, He L, Zhou J. Iron-electrolysis assisted anammox/denitrification system for intensified nitrate removal and phosphorus recovery in low-strength wastewater treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 253:121312. [PMID: 38367383 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Two iron-electrolysis assisted anammox/denitrification (EAD) systems, including the suspended sludge reactor (ESR) and biofilm reactor (EMR) were constructed for mainstream wastewater treatment, achieving 84.51±4.38 % and 87.23±3.31 % of TN removal efficiencies, respectively. Sludge extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) analysis, cell apoptosis detection and microbial analysis demonstrated that the strengthened cell lysate/apoptosis and EPS production acted as supplemental carbon sources to provide new ecological niches for heterotrophic bacteria. Therefore, NO3--N accumulated intrinsically during anammox reaction was reduced. The rising cell lysis and apoptosis in the ESR induced the decline of anammox and enzyme activities. In contrast, this inhibition was scavenged in EMR because of the more favorable environment and the significant increase in EPS. Moreover, ESR and EMR achieved efficient phosphorus removal (96.98±5.24 % and 96.98±4.35 %) due to the continued release of Fe2+ by the in-situ corrosion of iron anodes. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicated that vivianite was the dominant P recovery product in EAD systems. The anaerobic microenvironment and the abundant EPS in the biofilm system showed essential benefits in the mineralization of vivianite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejie He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Meng Cao
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Shuohui Shi
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Lei He
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China
| | - Jian Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400045, China.
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4
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Sun W, Li J, Chen Z, Wang S, Lichtfouse E, Liu H. Decomposition of metal-organic complexes and metal recovery in wastewater: A systematic review and meta-synthesis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 914:169582. [PMID: 38154646 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Metals are rarely found as free ions in natural and anthropogenic environments, but they are often associated with organic matter and minerals. Under the context of circular economy, metals should be recycled, yet they are difficult to extract for their complex forms in real situations. Based on the protocols of review methodology and the analysis of VOS viewer, there are few reviews on the properties of metal-organic complexes, decomplexation methods, the effect of coexisting ions, the pH influence, and metal recovery methods for the increasingly complicated metal-organic complexes wastewater. Conventional treatment methods such as flocculation, adsorption, biological degradation, and ion exchange fail to decompose metal-organic complexes completely without causing secondary pollution in wastewater. To enhance comprehension of the behavior and morphology exhibited by metal-organic complexes within aqueous solutions, we presented the molecular structure and properties of metal-organic complexes, the decomplexation mechanisms that encompassed both radical and non-radical oxidizing species, including hydroxyl radical (OH), sulfate radical (SO˙4-), superoxide radical (O˙2-), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ozone (O3), and singlet oxygen (1O2). More importantly, we reviewed novel aspects that have not been covered by previous reviews considering the impact of operational parameters and coexisting ions. Finally, the potential avenues and challenges were proposed for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Jiao Li
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Ziang Chen
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Shuwen Wang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Eric Lichtfouse
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710049, China
| | - Hongbo Liu
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China.
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5
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Gunarathne V, Phillips AJ, Zanoletti A, Rajapaksha AU, Vithanage M, Di Maria F, Pivato A, Korzeniewska E, Bontempi E. Environmental pitfalls and associated human health risks and ecological impacts from landfill leachate contaminants: Current evidence, recommended interventions and future directions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169026. [PMID: 38056656 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
The improper management of solid waste, particularly the dumping of untreated municipal solid waste, poses a growing global challenge in both developed and developing nations. The generation of leachate is one of the significant issues that arise from this practice, and it can have harmful impacts on both the environment and public health. This paper presents an overview of the primary waste types that generate landfill leachate and their characteristics. This includes examining the distribution of waste types in landfills globally and how they have changed over time, which can provide valuable insights into potential pollutants in a given area and their trends. With a lack of specific regulations and growing concerns regarding environmental and health impacts, the paper also focuses on emerging contaminants. Furthermore, the environmental and ecological impacts of leachate, along with associated health risks, are analyzed. The potential applications of landfill leachate, suggested interventions and future directions are also discussed in the manuscript. Finally, this work addresses future research directions in landfill leachate studies, with attention, for the first time to the potentialities that artificial intelligence can offer for landfill leachate management, studies, and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viraj Gunarathne
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka; University of Wuppertal, School of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Institute of Foundation Engineering, Water- and Waste-Management, Laboratory of Soil- and Groundwater-Management, Pauluskirchstraße 7, 42285 Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Ankur J Phillips
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Sciences and Humanities, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, 263145, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Alessandra Zanoletti
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Anushka Upamali Rajapaksha
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka; Instrument Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Centre, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, CO 10250, Sri Lanka
| | - Francesco Di Maria
- LAR5 Laboratory, Dipartimento di Ingegneria, University of Perugia, via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Alberto Pivato
- DICEA - Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Ewa Korzeniewska
- Department of Water Protection Engineering and Environmental Microbiology, The Faculty of Geoengineering, University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn, Prawocheńskiego 1 Str., 10-719 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Brescia, Via Branze, 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
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Hofmann AH, Liesegang SL, Keuter V, Eticha D, Steinmetz H, Katayama VT. Nutrient recovery from wastewater for hydroponic systems: A comparative analysis of fertilizer demand, recovery products, and supply potential of WWTPs. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 352:119960. [PMID: 38198838 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Nutrient recovery from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for hydroponic cultivation holds promise for closing the nutrient loop and meeting rising food demands. However, most studies focus on solid products for soil-based agriculture, thus raising questions about their suitability for hydroponics. In this study, we address these questions by performing the first in-depth assessment of the extent to which state-of-the-art nutrient recovery processes can generate useful products for hydroponic application. Our results indicate that less than 11.5% of the required nutrients for crops grown hydroponically can currently be recovered. Potassium nitrate (KNO3), calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2), and magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), constituting over 75% of the total nutrient demand for hydroponics, cannot be recovered in appropriate form due to their high solubility, hindering their separated recovery from wastewater. To overcome this challenge, we outline a novel nutrient recovery approach that emphasizes the generation of multi-nutrient concentrates specifically designed to meet the requirements of hydroponic cultivation. Based on a theoretical assessment of nutrient and contaminant flows in a typical municipal WWTP, utilizing a steady-state model, we estimated that this novel approach could potentially supply up to 56% of the nutrient requirements of hydroponic systems. Finally, we outline fundamental design requirements for nutrient recovery systems based on this new approach. Achieving these nutrient recovery potentials could be technically feasible through a combination of activated sludge processes for nitrification, membrane-based desalination processes, and selective removal of interfering NaCl. However, given the limited investigation into such treatment trains, further research is essential to explore viable system designs for effective nutrient recovery for hydroponics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hendrike Hofmann
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, Environment and Resources, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Sica Louise Liesegang
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Resource Efficient Wastewater Technology, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Volkmar Keuter
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, Environment and Resources, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany.
| | - Dejene Eticha
- Yara International, Research Center Hanninghof, 48249, Duelmen, Germany.
| | - Heidrun Steinmetz
- University of Kaiserslautern-Landau (RPTU), Resource Efficient Wastewater Technology, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany.
| | - Victor Takazi Katayama
- Fraunhofer Institute for Environmental, Safety and Energy Technologies UMSICHT, Environment and Resources, Osterfelder Str. 3, 46047, Oberhausen, Germany.
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7
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Katare AK, Tabassum A, Sharma AK, Sharma S. Treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater through activated sludge process-a critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1466. [PMID: 37957309 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-11967-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pharmaceutical compounds in water is a rising issue in the environment. These drugs in the waste may be toxic to aquatic organisms and humans as they disrupt the endocrine system, cause genotoxicity, etc. Several techniques were used for the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater, such as physical, chemical, physiochemical, and biological processes like adsorption, chemical coagulation, and activated sludge processes, but these techniques possess several merits and demerits, such as higher installation and operation costs. This technique is used to remove color and turbidity; reduce biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and total suspended solids (TSS) to permissible limits for reuse of effluent; and prevent diseases caused by pharmaceutical wastewater. This review focuses on the treatment of pharmaceutical wastewater containing drugs like antibiotics, depressants, and hormones, with the activated sludge process having several advantages like good quality effluent and low installation costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anil Kumar Katare
- Quality Management and Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, J&K, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
| | - Aliya Tabassum
- Quality Management and Instrumentation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, 180001, J&K, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, 456001, India
| | - Sarita Sharma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ujjain Engineering College, Ujjain, Madhya Pradesh, 456001, India
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8
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Zhang X, Zhou M. Electro-Fenton water treatment technology for selective pollutant degradation and resourcization. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2023; 68:2151-2154. [PMID: 37634990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2023.08.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiuwu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Minghua Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China; Tianjin Advanced Water Treatment Technology International Joint Research Center, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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9
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Zhang J, Yu C, Xu L, Zhao Z, Wu D. Electro-enhanced metal-free peroxymonosulfate activator coupled with membrane-assisted process for simultaneous Ni-EDTA decomplexation and Ni ions recovery. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 338:139447. [PMID: 37423408 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
Electro-enhanced metal-free boron/peroxymonosulfate (B/PMS) system has demonstrated potential for efficient metal-organic complexes degradation in an eco-friendly way. However, the efficiency and durability of the boron activator are limited by associated passivation effect. Additionally, the lack of suitable methods utilizing in-situ recovery of metal ions liberated from decomplexation causes huge resource waste. In this study, B/PMS coupled with a customized flow electrolysis membrane (FEM) system is proposed to address above challenges with Ni-EDTA used as the model contaminant. Electrolysis is confirmed to remarkably promote the activation performance of boron towards PMS to efficiently generate •OH which dominated Ni-EDTA decomplexation in the anode chamber. It is revealed that the acidification near the anode electrode improves the stability of boron by inhibiting passivation layer growth. Under optimal parameters (10 mM PMS, 0.5 g/L boron, initial pH = 2.3, current density = 68.87 A/m2), 91.8% of Ni-EDTA could be degraded in 40 min, with a kobs of 6.25 × 10-2 min-1. As the decomplexation proceeds, nickel ions are recovered in the cathode chamber with little interference from the concentration of co-existing cations. These findings provide a promising and sustainable strategy for simultaneous metal-organic complexes removal and metal resources recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Chao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Longqian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Zhenyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
| | - Deli Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science & Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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10
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Miller DM, Abels K, Guo J, Williams KS, Liu MJ, Tarpeh WA. Electrochemical Wastewater Refining: A Vision for Circular Chemical Manufacturing. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:19422-19439. [PMID: 37642501 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater is an underleveraged resource; it contains pollutants that can be transformed into valuable high-purity products. Innovations in chemistry and chemical engineering will play critical roles in valorizing wastewater to remediate environmental pollution, provide equitable access to chemical resources and services, and secure critical materials from diminishing feedstock availability. This perspective envisions electrochemical wastewater refining─the use of electrochemical processes to tune and recover specific products from wastewaters─as the necessary framework to accelerate wastewater-based electrochemistry to widespread practice. We define and prescribe a use-informed approach that simultaneously serves specific wastewater-pollutant-product triads and uncovers a mechanistic understanding generalizable to broad use cases. We use this approach to evaluate research needs in specific case studies of electrocatalysis, stoichiometric electrochemical conversions, and electrochemical separations. Finally, we provide rationale and guidance for intentionally expanding the electrochemical wastewater refining product portfolio. Wastewater refining will require a coordinated effort from multiple expertise areas to meet the urgent need of extracting maximal value from complex, variable, diverse, and abundant wastewater resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dean M Miller
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kristen Abels
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Jinyu Guo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kindle S Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Matthew J Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - William A Tarpeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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11
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Kazi OA, Chen W, Eatman JG, Gao F, Liu Y, Wang Y, Xia Z, Darling SB. Material Design Strategies for Recovery of Critical Resources from Water. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2300913. [PMID: 37000538 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202300913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Population growth, urbanization, and decarbonization efforts are collectively straining the supply of limited resources that are necessary to produce batteries, electronics, chemicals, fertilizers, and other important products. Securing the supply chains of these critical resources via the development of separation technologies for their recovery represents a major global challenge to ensure stability and security. Surface water, groundwater, and wastewater are emerging as potential new sources to bolster these supply chains. Recently, a variety of material-based technologies have been developed and employed for separations and resource recovery in water. Judicious selection and design of these materials to tune their properties for targeting specific solutes is central to realizing the potential of water as a source for critical resources. Here, the materials that are developed for membranes, sorbents, catalysts, electrodes, and interfacial solar steam generators that demonstrate promise for applications in critical resource recovery are reviewed. In addition, a critical perspective is offered on the grand challenges and key research directions that need to be addressed to improve their practical viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A Kazi
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Wen Chen
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Jamila G Eatman
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Feng Gao
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Yining Liu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Zijing Xia
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
| | - Seth B Darling
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, 60637, USA
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12
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Yakamercan E, Bhatt P, Aygun A, Adesope AW, Simsek H. Comprehensive understanding of electrochemical treatment systems combined with biological processes for wastewater remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 330:121680. [PMID: 37149253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The presence of toxic pollutants in wastewater discharge can affect the environment negatively due to presence of the organic and inorganic contaminants. The application of the electrochemical process in wastewater treatment is promising, specifically in treating these harmful pollutants from the aquatic environment. This review focused on recent applications of the electrochemical process for the remediation of such harmful pollutants from aquatic environments. Furthermore, the process conditions that affect the electrochemical process performance are evaluated, and the appropriate treatment processes are suggested according to the presence of organic and inorganic contaminants. Electrocoagulation, electrooxidation, and electro-Fenton applications in wastewater have shown effective performance with high removal rates. The disadvantages of these processes are the formation of toxic intermediate metabolites, high energy consumption, and sludge generation. To overcome such disadvantages combined ecotechnologies can be applied in large-scale wastewater pollutants removal. The combination of electrochemical and biological treatment has gained importance, increased removal performance remarkably, and decreased operational costs. The critical discussion with depth information in this review could be beneficial for wastewater treatment plant operators throughout the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Yakamercan
- Department Environmental Engineering Department, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkiye
| | - Pankaj Bhatt
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Ahmet Aygun
- Department Environmental Engineering Department, Bursa Technical University, Bursa, Turkiye
| | - Adedolapo W Adesope
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA
| | - Halis Simsek
- Department of Agricultural & Biological Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47906, USA.
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13
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Mohanty SS, Vyas S, Koul Y, Prajapati P, Varjani S, Chang JS, Bilal M, Moustakas K, Show PL, Vithanage M. Tricks and tracks in waste management with a special focus on municipal landfill leachate: Leads and obstacles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160377. [PMID: 36414054 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Landfilling is the most widely used disposal method for municipal solid waste around the world. The main disadvantage of this strategy is formation of leachate, among other aspects. Landfill leachate contains highly toxic and bio-refractory substances that are detrimental to the environment and human health. Hence, the risk(s) of discharging potentially harmful landfill leachate into the environment need to be assessed and measured in order to make effective choices about landfill leachate management and treatment. In view of this, the present review aims to investigate (a) how landfill leachate is perceived as an emerging concern, and (b) the stakeholders' mid- to long-term policy priorities for implementing technological and integrative solutions to reduce the harmful effects of landfill leachate. Because traditional methods alone have been reported ineffective, and in response to emerging contaminants and stringent regulations, new effective and integrated leachate treatments have been developed. This study gives a forward-thinking of the accomplishments and challenges in landfill leachate treatment during the last decade. It also provides a comprehensive compilation of the formation and characterization of landfill leachate, the geo-environmental challenges that it raises, as well as the resource recovery and industrial linkage associated with it in order to provide an insight into its sustainable management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swayansu Sabyasachi Mohanty
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Shaili Vyas
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382015, India
| | - Yamini Koul
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar 382030, Gujarat, India
| | - Priya Prajapati
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India; Kadi Sarva Vishwavidyalaya, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382015, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar 382 010, Gujarat, India.
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng-Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- Institute of Chemical Technology and Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Poznan University of Technology, Berdychowo 4, PL-60695 Poznan, Poland
| | - Konstantinos Moustakas
- School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Unit of Environmental Science & Technology, 9 Heroon Polytechniou Street, Zographou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham Malaysia, Jalan Broga, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan 43500, Malaysia
| | - Meththika Vithanage
- Ecosphere Resilience Research Center, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka; Sustainability Cluster, School of Engineering, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
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14
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Sabir AS, Pervaiz E, Khosa R, Sohail U. An inclusive review and perspective on Cu-based materials for electrochemical water splitting. RSC Adv 2023; 13:4963-4993. [PMID: 36793292 PMCID: PMC9924225 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07901a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a resurgence of interest in developing green and renewable alternate energy sources as a solution to the energy and environmental problems produced by conventional fossil fuel use. As a very effective energy transporter, hydrogen (H2) is a possible candidate for the future energy supply. Hydrogen production by water splitting is a promising new energy option. Strong, efficient, and abundant catalysts are required for increasing the efficiency of the water splitting process. Cu-based materials as an electrocatalyst have shown promising results for application in the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction (HER) and Oxygen Evolution Reaction (OER) in water splitting. In this review, our aim is to cover the latest developments in the synthesis, characterisation, and electrochemical behaviour of Cu-based materials as a HER, and OER electrocatalyst, highlighting the impact that these advances have had on the field. It is intended that this review article will serve as a roadmap for developing novel, cost-effective electrocatalysts for electrochemical water splitting based on nanostructured materials with particular emphasis on Cu-based materials for electrocatalytic water splitting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Shakoor Sabir
- Heterogeneous Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Erum Pervaiz
- Heterogeneous Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Rafiq Khosa
- Heterogeneous Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
| | - Umair Sohail
- Heterogeneous Catalysis Lab, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical and Materials Engineering (SCME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST) Islamabad 44000 Pakistan
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15
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Du J, Waite TD, Biesheuvel PM, Tang W. Recent advances and prospects in electrochemical coupling technologies for metal recovery from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:130023. [PMID: 36155294 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the development of our society, the desire to recover valuable metal resources from metal-containing wastewaters or natural water bodies is becoming increasingly stronger nowadays. To overcome the limitations of single techniques, coupling technologies with synergistic effects are attracting increasing attention regarding metal resource recovery from water with particular interest in electrochemical coupling technologies in view of the advantages of electrochemical methods. This state-of-the-art review comprehensively presented the mechanisms and performance of electrochemical coupling systems for metal recovery from water. To give a clear overview of current research trends, technologies coupled with electrochemical processes can be categorized into six main types: electrochemical techniques, membrane modules, adsorption/extraction techniques, sonication technologies, energy supply techniques and others. The electrochemical coupling system has shown synergistic advantages (e.g., improving metal recovery efficiency, reducing energy consumption) over single technologies. We then discuss the remaining challenges, present corresponding solutions, and put forward future directions for current electrochemical coupled systems towards metal recovery. This review is conducive to broadening the potential applications of electrochemical coupling processes for metal recovery and sustainable water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Du
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - P M Biesheuvel
- Wetsus, European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, the Netherlands
| | - Wangwang Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China.
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16
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Integrating divided electrolysis-microfiltration process for energy-efficient phosphorus recovery in the form of calcium phosphate. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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17
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Investigation of Different Water-Related Innovation Aspects within the Past Three Decades: A Case Study of Kazakhstan and Neighboring Countries. ECONOMIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/economies10080190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The advancement of water sustainability and reliance is highly dependent on the innovative ideas implemented in the sector. However, despite water being a vital resource, the water sector still faces many challenges in terms of innovations in comparison to other sectors. This study investigated different aspects of innovation activities in the water sector in the case of Kazakhstan and neighboring countries. The potential water-related issues calling for more innovation activities in the field are also expounded. Moreover, the potential effect of the COVID-19 global pandemic is also highlighted, based on a questionnaire survey conducted among different water-related firms. The innovation datasets were divided into three different decades to investigate the potential influence of a 10-year period on the characteristics of the innovation activities in the water sector; whereby, a p-value of approximately 0.014 was retrieved from the analysis of variance (less than the significance threshold of 0.05). As a result of our findings, it can be stated that there were statistically significant differences in terms of innovation during the three decades investigated in this study. Moreover, a relatively high correlation was observed between wastewater handling tariffs and the number of patented innovations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.868; however, there was a weak correlation between water supply tariffs and patented innovations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.333. Based on the questionnaire survey, it was observed that the innovation disruption caused by COVID-19 in terms of the motivation in water-related innovations has impacted more of the large-scale water firms than the small-scale firms. Therefore, the results derived in this study further reveal that there is a significant need to invest more towards innovation in the water sector, especially regarding large-scale firms.
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18
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Zhao Z, Zhang J, Yao J, You S. Electrochemical removal of 4-chlorophenol in water using a porous Magnéli-phase (Ti 4O 7) electrode. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:113004. [PMID: 35218709 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electro-oxidation is a promising technology for removal of refractory organic pollutants. While the appeal of this technology lies in its chemical-free nature, commercially scale-up application may be limited by the availability of electrode materials and mass transport. Here we report the development of a flow-through electro-oxidation system for removal of chlorophenols in water using Magnéli-phase (Ti4O7) tubular anode and a 304 stainless steel (SS) tubular cathode. The key to this system was the porous and conductive Magnéli-phase Ti4O7 anode, the structure and composition of which was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. System efficacy was evaluated by using 4-chlorophenol (4-CP) as a typical refractory contaminant and model chlorophenol. Under optimized conditions, a complete removal of 4-CP could be obtained within 120 min in 0.04 mol L-1 Na2SO4 solution. Electro-produced HO• and direct electron transfer were both shown to contribute to the 4-CP electro-oxidation process due to the high selectivity and oxygen evolution potential of the Ti4O7 anode. The intermediates of 4-CP degradation were identified and a pathway for its electro-oxidation was proposed. When challenged with industrial wastewater containing 4-CP, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and total organic carbon removal efficiencies of 67.5% and 63.1% respectively could be obtained, accounting for energy consumption of 85.1 kWh·kg COD-1 for degradation of 1 kg of COD in industrial wastewater. This study provides an effective and robust solution for the removal of refractory emerging contaminants from industrial wastewaters using a continuous-flow electro-oxidation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jinna Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Jie Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Shijie You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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19
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Nabgan W, Saeed M, Jalil AA, Nabgan B, Gambo Y, Ali MW, Ikram M, Fauzi AA, Owgi AHK, Hussain I, Thahe AA, Hu X, Hassan NS, Sherryna A, Kadier A, Mohamud MY. A state of the art review on electrochemical technique for the remediation of pharmaceuticals containing wastewater. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 210:112975. [PMID: 35196501 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical wastewater is a frequent kind of wastewater with high quantities of organic pollutants, although little research has been done in the area. Pharmaceutical wastewaters containing antibiotics and high salinity may impair traditional biological treatment, resulting in the propagation of antibiotic resistance genes. The potential for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) to break down hazardous substances instead of present techniques that essentially transfer contaminants from wastewater to sludge, a membrane filter, or an adsorbent has attracted interest. Among a variety of AOPs, electrochemical systems are a feasible choice for treating pharmaceutical wastewater. Many electrochemical approaches exist now to remediate rivers polluted by refractory organic contaminants, like pharmaceutical micro-pollutants, which have become a severe environmental problem. The first part of this investigation provides the bibliometric analysis of the title search from 1970 to 2021 for keywords such as wastewater and electrochemical. We have provided information on relations between keywords, countries, and journals based on three fields plot, inter-country co-authorship network analysis, and co-occurrence network visualization. The second part introduces electrochemical water treatment approaches customized to these very distinct discarded flows, containing how processes, electrode materials, and operating conditions influence the results (with selective highlighting cathode reduction and anodic oxidation). This section looks at how electrochemistry may be utilized with typical treatment approaches to improve the integrated system's overall efficiency. We discuss how electrochemical cells might be beneficial and what compromises to consider when putting them into practice. We wrap up our analysis with a discussion of known technical obstacles and suggestions for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Nabgan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - M Saeed
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38000, Pakistan
| | - A A Jalil
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.
| | - B Nabgan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Y Gambo
- Chemical Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, Dhahran, 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - M W Ali
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - M Ikram
- Solar Cell Applications Research Lab, Department of Physics, Government College University Lahore, 54000, Punjab, Pakistan.
| | - A A Fauzi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A H K Owgi
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - I Hussain
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321004, People's Republic of China
| | - Asad A Thahe
- Department of X- Ray and Sonar, Faculty Of Medical Technology, AL-Kitab University, Iraq
| | - Xun Hu
- School of Material Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, 250022, PR China
| | - N S Hassan
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - A Sherryna
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Abudukeremu Kadier
- Laboratory of Environmental Science and Technology, The Xinjiang Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Devices for Special Environments, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Urumqi, 830011, China.
| | - M Y Mohamud
- School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia; Centre of Hydrogen Energy, Institute of Future Energy, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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20
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Recovery of Nutrients from Residual Streams Using Ion-Exchange Membranes: Current State, Bottlenecks, Fundamentals and Innovations. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:membranes12050497. [PMID: 35629823 PMCID: PMC9145069 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12050497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The review describes the place of membrane methods in solving the problem of the recovery and re-use of biogenic elements (nutrients), primarily trivalent nitrogen NIII and pentavalent phosphorus PV, to provide the sustainable development of mankind. Methods for the recovery of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphates from natural sources and waste products of humans and animals, as well as industrial streams, are classified. Particular attention is paid to the possibilities of using membrane processes for the transition to a circular economy in the field of nutrients. The possibilities of different methods, already developed or under development, are evaluated, primarily those that use ion-exchange membranes. Electromembrane methods take a special place including capacitive deionization and electrodialysis applied for recovery, separation, concentration, and reagent-free pH shift of solutions. This review is distinguished by the fact that it summarizes not only the successes, but also the “bottlenecks” of ion-exchange membrane-based processes. Modern views on the mechanisms of NH4+ − NH3 and phosphate transport in ion-exchange membranes in the presence and in the absence of an electric field are discussed. The innovations to enhance the performance of electromembrane separation processes for phosphate and ammonium recovery are considered.
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21
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Apollon W, Rusyn I, González-Gamboa N, Kuleshova T, Luna-Maldonado AI, Vidales-Contreras JA, Kamaraj SK. Improvement of zero waste sustainable recovery using microbial energy generation systems: A comprehensive review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153055. [PMID: 35032528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Microbial energy generation systems, i.e., bioelectrochemical systems (BESs) are promising sustainable technologies that have been used in different fields of application such as biofuel production, biosensor, nutrient recovery, wastewater treatment, and heavy metals removal. However, BESs face great challenges such as large-scale application in real time, low power performance, and suitable materials for their configuration. This review paper aimed to discuss the use of BES systems such as conventional microbial fuel cells (MFCs), as well as plant microbial fuel cell (P-MFC), sediment microbial fuel cell (S-MFC), constructed wetland microbial fuel cell (CW-MFC), osmotic microbial fuel cell (OsMFC), photo-bioelectrochemical fuel cell (PBFC), and MFC-Fenton systems in the zero waste sustainable recovery process. Firstly, the configuration and electrode materials used in BESs as the main sources to improve the performance of these technologies are discussed. Additionally, zero waste recovery process from solid and wastewater feedstock, i.e., energy recovery: electricity generation (from 12 to 26,680 mW m-2) and fuel generation, i.e., H2 (170 ± 2.7 L-1 L-1 d-1) and CH4 (107.6 ± 3.2 mL-1 g-1), nutrient recovery of 100% (PO43-P), and 13-99% (NH4+-N), heavy metal removal/recovery: water recovery, nitrate (100%), sulfate (53-99%), and sulfide recovery/removal (99%), antibiotic, dye removal, and other product recovery are critically analyzed in this review paper. Finally, the perspective and challenges, and future outlook are highlighted. There is no doubt that BES technologies are an economical option for the simultaneous zero waste elimination and energy recovery. However, more research is required to carry out the large-scale application of BES, as well as their commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilgince Apollon
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Francisco Villa S/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66050, Mexico.
| | - Iryna Rusyn
- Department of Ecology and Sustainaible Environmental Management, Viacheslav Chornovil Institute of Sustainable Development, Lviv Polytechnic National University, Stepan Bandera st., 12, Lviv 79013, Ukraine
| | - Nancy González-Gamboa
- Renewable Energy Unit, Yucatan Center for Scientist Research, Carretera Sierra Papacal-Chuburná Puerto Km 5, CP 97302 Sierra Papacal, Yucatan, Mexico
| | - Tatiana Kuleshova
- Agrophysical Research Institute, Department of Plant Lightphysiology and Agroecosystem Bioproductivity, 195220 Saint-Petersburg 14, Grazhdanskiy pr., Russia
| | - Alejandro Isabel Luna-Maldonado
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Francisco Villa S/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66050, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Vidales-Contreras
- Department of Agricultural and Food Engineering, Faculty of Agronomy, Autonomous University of Nuevo León, Francisco Villa S/N, Ex-Hacienda El Canadá, General Escobedo, Nuevo León 66050, Mexico
| | - Sathish-Kumar Kamaraj
- TecNM-Instituto Tecnológico El Llano Aguascalientes (ITEL), Laboratorio de Medio Ambiente Sostenible, Km.18 Carretera Aguascalientes-San Luis Potosí, El Llano Ags. C.P. 20330, Mexico.
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22
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Koul Y, Devda V, Varjani S, Guo W, Ngo HH, Taherzadeh MJ, Chang JS, Wong JWC, Bilal M, Kim SH, Bui XT, Parra-Saldívar R. Microbial electrolysis: a promising approach for treatment and resource recovery from industrial wastewater. Bioengineered 2022; 13:8115-8134. [PMID: 35297316 PMCID: PMC9161901 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2051842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Wastewater is one of the most common by-products of almost every industrial process. Treatment of wastewater alone, before disposal, necessitates an excess of energy. Environmental concerns over the use of fossil fuels as a source of energy have prompted a surge in demand for alternative energy sources and the development of sophisticated procedures to extract energy from unconventional sources. Treatment of municipal and industrial wastewater alone accounts for about 3% of global electricity use while the amount of energy embedded in the waste is at least 2–4 times greater than the energy required to treat the same effluent. The microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) is one of the most efficient technologies for waste-to-product conversion that uses electrochemically active bacteria to convert organic matter into hydrogen or a variety of by-products without polluting the environment. This paper highlights existing obstacles and future potential in the integration of Microbial Electrolysis Cell with other processes like anaerobic digestion coupled system, anaerobic membrane bioreactor and thermoelectric micro converter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yamini Koul
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, India.,School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Viralkunvar Devda
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, India.,School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, India
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Jonathan W C Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hksar, Hong Kong
| | - Muhammad Bilal
- School of Life Science and Food Engineering, Huaiyin Institute of Technology, Huaian, China
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Xuan-Thanh Bui
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology (Hcmut), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Key Laboratory of Advanced Waste Treatment Technology, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh (Vnu-hcm), Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Roberto Parra-Saldívar
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias- Centro de Biotecnología-FEMSA, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Mexico
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23
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Wang L, Gu K, Zhang Y, Sun J, Gu Z, Zhao B, Hu C. Enhanced struvite generation and separation by magnesium anode electrolysis coupled with cathode electrodeposition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150101. [PMID: 34517320 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Adding magnesium ions (Mg2+) to produce struvite is an important method to recover nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater. Both the Mg2+ source and subsequent separation of struvite are key factors for the utilization of struvite. In this study, we developed an efficient method to recover nutrient salts from wastewater using sacrificial Mg anodes to generate struvite, with its simultaneous separation through cathode electrodeposition. The anode-released Mg2+ reacted with NH4+-N and PO43--P in bulk solution to form struvite, which was more intense on the cathode surface due to the relatively higher pH environment from hydrogen evolution, resulting in most of the struvite being deposited on the cathode surface and simultaneously separated out of the bulk solution. Using a cathode with a higher solution-cathode interface area and relatively low current density facilitated struvite deposition. Results showed that under optimal electrolysis condition (5.76 A/m2, pH 8.5, 180 min, and 1.2:1.0 Mg:P), 91% of the undissolved substances as the phosphate precipitation were deposited on the graphite cathode surface, and the proportion of struvite in the deposition reached 41.52%. This study provides a novel electrochemical method for struvite synthesis and separation for the recovery of nitrogen and phosphorus from wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Kanghui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yuhan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingqiu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhenao Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China.
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Lu Y, Yang F, Chen S, Shi W, Qi C, Peng G. Decomplexation of Ni(II)-citrate and recovery of nickel from chelated nickel containing electroplating wastewater by peroxymonosulfate with nickel. Sep Purif Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.120142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Devda V, Chaudhary K, Varjani S, Pathak B, Patel AK, Singhania RR, Taherzadeh MJ, Ngo HH, Wong JWC, Guo W, Chaturvedi P. Recovery of resources from industrial wastewater employing electrochemical technologies: status, advancements and perspectives. Bioengineered 2021; 12:4697-4718. [PMID: 34334104 PMCID: PMC8806852 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2021.1946631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last two decades, water use has increased at twice the rate of population growth. The freshwater resources are getting polluted by contaminants like heavy metals, pesticides, hydrocarbons, organic waste, pathogens, fertilizers, and emerging pollutants. Globally more than 80% of the wastewater is released into the environment without proper treatment. Rapid industrialization has a dramatic effect on developing countries leading to significant losses to economic and health well-being in terms of toxicological impacts on humans and the environment through air, water, and soil pollution. This article provides an overview of physical, chemical, and biological processes to remove wastewater contaminants. A physical and/or chemical technique alone appears ineffective for recovering useful resources from wastewater containing complex components. There is a requirement for more processes or processes combined with membrane and biological processes to enhance operational efficiency and quality. More processes or those that are combined with biological and membrane-based processes are required to enhance operational efficiencies and quality. This paper intends to provide an exhaustive review of electrochemical technologies including microbial electrochemical technologies. It provides comprehensive information for the recovery of metals, nutrients, sulfur, hydrogen, and heat from industrial effluents. This article aims to give detailed information into the advancements in electrochemical processes to energy use, improve restoration performance, and achieve commercialization. It also covers bottlenecks and perspectives of this research area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viralkunvar Devda
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Kashika Chaudhary
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Sunita Varjani
- Paryavaran Bhavan, Gujarat Pollution Control Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhawana Pathak
- School of Environment and Sustainable Development, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Anil Kumar Patel
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Reeta Rani Singhania
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | | | - Huu Hao Ngo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Jonathan W. C. Wong
- Institute of Bioresource and Agriculture and Department of Biology, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, HKSAR
| | - Wenshan Guo
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Preeti Chaturvedi
- Environmental Toxicology Group, Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Wang Z, Hartline CJ, Zhang F, He Z. Enhanced microalgae cultivation using wastewater nutrients extracted by a microbial electrochemical system. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 206:117722. [PMID: 34637970 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cultivating algae using wastewater nutrients is a potential approach to realize resource recovery that can contribute to circular economy. However, growing algae directly in a wastewater has problems such as bacterial contamination and a low biomass density. To address those problems, we investigated microalgal cultivation in a photobioreactor (PBR) fed with the nutrients extracted from wastewater by a microbial nutrient recovery cell (MNRC). With an external voltage of 0.3 V, the MNRC-PBR system removed 96% of COD and recovered 44% of NH4+-N and 39% of PO43--P at a hydraulic retention time of 7.2 h. Microalgae cultivated in the nutrient recovery medium from the MNRC had 8.3-fold biomass density and 1.4-fold lipid contents, versus that cultivated in a food wastewater containing more nutrients. More significantly, 90% of biomass yielded from the MNRC-PBR system was microalgae, much higher than ∼30% in the food wastewater. A liquid exchange ratio of 30% achieved the highest microalgal density of 0.61 ± 0.06 g L-1, comparable to that in a standard BG11 medium. There was a tradeoff between recycling PBR medium and microalgal growth. The accumulated salinity was observed in the extended operation of the MNRC-PBR system treating an actual food wastewater. The results of this study have demonstrated an effective approach to extract nutrients from wastewater for enhanced microalgal growth and improved biomass quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zixuan Wang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Christopher J Hartline
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Fuzhong Zhang
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA
| | - Zhen He
- Department of Energy, Environmental & Chemical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, 63130, USA.
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Rybalkina OA, Solonchenko KV, Nikonenko VV, Pismenskaya ND. Investigation of Causes of Low Current Efficiency in Electrodialysis of Phosphate-Containing Solutions. MEMBRANES AND MEMBRANE TECHNOLOGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2517751621040065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Suresh R, Rajendran S, Kumar PS, Vo DVN, Cornejo-Ponce L. Recent advancements of spinel ferrite based binary nanocomposite photocatalysts in wastewater treatment. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129734. [PMID: 33548641 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A lot of studies on spinel ferrites (MFe2O4, M = divalent metal ion) and their binary nanocomposites as photocatalysts in the decontamination of wastewater have been performed, because MFe2O4 nanoparticles are relatively stable, biocompatible and low-cost efficient photocatalyst. The separation of MFe2O4 photocatalyst is easy owing to its excellent magnetic behavior. With this background, the recent developments on photocatalytic performances of MFe2O4 based binary nanocomposites were comprehensively reviewed. Especially, a focus on MFe2O4/metal oxides, MFe2O4/carbon based materials, MFe2O4/polymers, MFe2O4/metal nanoparticles and MFe2O4/other compounds for the photocatalytic degradation of dyes, emerging contaminants and inorganic pollutants has been thoroughly given. The advantages of MFe2O4 based nanocomposites as photocatalysts were also discussed. In addition, the possible pathway of active free radical generation by these photocatalysts under visible and ultraviolet irradiation has been explained. A comparison of photocatalytic activities of MFe2O4 based binary nanocomposites with recent reports has been carried out. This review concludes that MFe2O4 based binary nanocomposites have potential capacity in water purification technology. Nevertheless, their practical utilization in water treatment plants still needs to be further studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Suresh
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Lorena Cornejo-Ponce
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez, 1775, Arica, Chile
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Second-Generation Phosphorus: Recovery from Wastes towards the Sustainability of Production Chains. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13115919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Phosphorus (P) is essential for life and has a fundamental role in industry and the world food production system. The present work describes different technologies adopted for what is called the second-generation P recovery framework, that encompass the P obtained from residues and wastes. The second-generation P has a high potential to substitute the first-generation P comprising that originally mined from rock phosphates for agricultural production. Several physical, chemical, and biological processes are available for use in second-generation P recovery. They include both concentrating and recovery technologies: (1) chemical extraction using magnesium and calcium precipitating compounds yielding struvite, newberyite and calcium phosphates; (2) thermal treatments like combustion, hydrothermal carbonization, and pyrolysis; (3) nanofiltration and ion exchange methods; (4) electrochemical processes; and (5) biological processes such as composting, algae uptake, and phosphate accumulating microorganisms (PAOs). However, the best technology to use depends on the characteristic of the waste, the purpose of the process, the cost, and the availability of land. The exhaustion of deposits (economic problem) and the accumulation of P (environmental problem) are the main drivers to incentivize the P’s recovery from various wastes. Besides promoting the resource’s safety, the recovery of P introduces the residues as raw materials, closing the productive systems loop and reducing their environmental damage.
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