1
|
Singh PP, Pandey G, Murti Y, Gairola J, Mahajan S, Kandhari H, Tivari S, Srivastava V. Light-driven photocatalysis as an effective tool for degradation of antibiotics. RSC Adv 2024; 14:20492-20515. [PMID: 38946773 PMCID: PMC11208907 DOI: 10.1039/d4ra03431g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic contamination has become a severe issue and a dangerous concern to the environment because of large release of antibiotic effluent into terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. To try and solve these issues, a plethora of research on antibiotic withdrawal has been carried out. Recently photocatalysis has received tremendous attention due to its ability to remove antibiotics from aqueous solutions in a cost-effective and environmentally friendly manner with few drawbacks compared to traditional photocatalysts. Considerable attention has been focused on developing advanced visible light-driven photocatalysts in order to address these problems. This review provides an overview of recent developments in the field of photocatalytic degradation of antibiotics, including the doping of metals and non-metals into ultraviolet light-driven photocatalysts, the formation of new semiconductor photocatalysts, the advancement of heterojunction photocatalysts, and the building of surface plasmon resonance-enhanced photocatalytic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Praveen P Singh
- Department of Chemistry, United College of Engineering & Research Prayagraj U.P.-211010 India
| | - Geetika Pandey
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, United University Prayagraj-211012 India
| | - Yogesh Murti
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University Mathura-281406 India
| | - Jagriti Gairola
- School of Pharmacy, Graphic Era Hill University Clement Town Dehradun 248002 Uttarakhand India
- Department of Allied Sciences, Graphic Era (Deemed to be University) Clement Town Dehradun 248002 Uttarakhand India
| | - Shriya Mahajan
- Centre of Research Impact and Outcome, Chitkara University Rajpura-140417 Punjab India
| | - Harsimrat Kandhari
- Chitkara Centre for Research and Development, Chitkara University Himachal Pradesh-174103 India
| | - Shraddha Tivari
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj U.P.-211002 India
| | - Vishal Srivastava
- Department of Chemistry, CMP Degree College, University of Allahabad Prayagraj U.P.-211002 India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Madej-Knysak D, Adamek E, Baran W. Biodegradation of Photocatalytic Degradation Products of Sulfonamides: Kinetics and Identification of Intermediates. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6688. [PMID: 38928394 PMCID: PMC11203959 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25126688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Sulfonamides can be effectively removed from wastewater through a photocatalytic process. However, the mineralization achieved by this method is a long-term and expensive process. The effect of shortening the photocatalytic process is the partial degradation and formation of intermediates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and transformation of photocatalytic reaction intermediates in aerobic biological processes. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole solutions were used in the study, which were irradiated in the presence of a TiO2-P25 catalyst. The resulting solutions were then aerated after the addition of river water or activated sludge suspension from a commercial wastewater treatment plant. The reaction kinetics were determined and fifteen products of photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides were identified. Most of these products were further transformed in the presence of activated sludge suspension or in water taken from the river. They may have been decomposed into other organic and inorganic compounds. The formation of biologically inactive acyl derivatives was observed in the biological process. However, compounds that are more toxic to aquatic organisms than the initial drugs can also be formed. After 28 days, the sulfamethoxazole concentration in the presence of activated sludge was reduced by 66 ± 7%. Sulfadiazine was practically non-biodegradable under the conditions used. The presented results confirm the advisability of using photocatalysis as a process preceding biodegradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wojciech Baran
- Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland; (D.M.-K.); (E.A.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Cai S, Wen Y, Zhang Q, Zeng Q, Yang Q, Gao B, Tang G, Zeng Q. Four-in-one multifunctional self-driven photoelectrocatalytic system for water purification: Organics degradation, U(VI) reduction, electricity generation and disinfection against bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172353. [PMID: 38614351 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
This study addresses the energy-intensive nature of conventional wastewater treatment processes and proposes a solution through the development of a green, low-energy, and multifunctional wastewater treatment technology. The research focuses on a multifunctional self-driven photoelectrocatalytic (PEC) system, exploring its four-in-one applications in eliminating organic pollutants, reducing U(VI), generating electrical energy, and disinfecting pathogenic microorganisms. A TiO2-decorated carbon felt (CF@TiO2) cathode is synthesized to enhance interfacial charge transfer, with TiO2 coating improving surface binding sites (edge TiO and adsorbed -OH) for UO22+ adsorption and reduction. The self-driven PEC system, illuminated solely with simulated sunlight, exhibits remarkable efficiency in removing nearly 100 % of uranium within 0.5 h and simultaneously degrading 99.9 % of sulfamethoxazole (SMX) within 1.5 h, all while generating a maximum power output density (Pmax) of approximately 1065 μW·cm-2. The system demonstrates significant anti-interference properties across a wide pH range and coexisting ions. Moreover, 49.4 % of the fixed uranium on the cathode is reduced into U(IV) species, limiting its migration. The self-driven PEC system also excels in detoxifying various toxic organic compounds, including tetracycline, chlortetracycline, and oxytetracycline, and exhibits exceptional sterilization ability by disinfecting nearly 100 % of Escherichia coli within 0.5 h. This work presents an energy-saving, sustainable, and easily recyclable wastewater purification system with four-in-one capabilities, relying solely on sunlight for operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sixuan Cai
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Yanjun Wen
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Qingyan Zhang
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Qingming Zeng
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Qingqing Yang
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Beibei Gao
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Guolong Tang
- School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China
| | - Qingyi Zeng
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China; School of Resources & Environment and Safety Engineering, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pham HAL, Nguyen VH, Lee T, Nguyen VC, Nguyen TD. Construction of BiOCl/bismuth-based halide perovskite heterojunctions derived from the metal-organic framework CAU-17 for effective photocatalytic degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142114. [PMID: 38663679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/30/2024]
Abstract
The designed synthesis of an S-scheme heterojunction has possessed a great potential for improving photocatalytic wastewater treatment by demonstrating increased the photoredox capacity and improved the charge separation efficiency. Here, we introduce the fabrication of a heterojunction-based photocatalyst comprising bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) and bismuth-based halide perovskite (BHP) nanosheets, derived from metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Our composite photocatalyst is synthesized through a one-pot solvothermal strategy, where a halogenation process is applied to a bismuth-based metal-organic framework (CAU-17) as the precursor for bismuth sourcing. As a result, the rod-like structure of CAU-17 transforms into well-defined plate and nanosheet architectures after 4 and 8 h of solvothermal treatment, respectively. The modulation of the solvothermal reaction time facilitates the establishment of an S-scheme heterojunction, resulting in an increase in the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of rhodamine B (RhB) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX). The optimized BiOCl/BHP composite exhibits superior RhB and SMX degradation rates, achieving 99.8% degradation of RhB in 60 min and 75.1% degradation of SMX in 300 min. Also, the optimized BiOCl/BHP composite (CAU-17-st-8h sample) exhibited the highest rate constant (k = 3.48 × 10-3 min-1), nearly 6 times higher than that of the bare BHP in the photocatalytic degradation process of SMX. The enhanced photocatalytic efficiency can be endorsed to various factors: (i) the in-situ formation of two-components BiOCl/BHP photocatalyst, derived from CAU-17, effectively suppresses the aggregation of pristine BHP and BiOCl particles; (ii) the S-scheme heterostructure establishes a closely-knit interfacial connection, thereby facilitating efficient pathways for charge separation/transfer; and (iii) the BiOCl/BHP heterostructure enhances its capacity to absorb visible light. Our investigation establishes an effective strategy for constructing heterostructured photocatalysts, offering significant potential for application in photocatalytic wastewater treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hoang Ai Le Pham
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Vinh Huu Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Taeyoon Lee
- Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Environmental and Marine, Pukyong National University, 45Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Van Cuong Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Industrial University of Ho Chi Minh City, No. 12 Nguyen Van Bao, Ward 4, Go Vap District, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Trinh Duy Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Madonia E, Di Vincenzo A, Pettignano A, Scaffaro R, Gulino EF, Conte P, Meo PL. Composite RGO/Ag/Nanosponge Materials for the Photodegradation of Emerging Pollutants from Wastewaters. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 17:2319. [PMID: 38793386 PMCID: PMC11123357 DOI: 10.3390/ma17102319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Some composite materials have been prepared, constituted by a cyclodextrin-bis-urethane-based nanosponge matrix in which a reduced graphene oxide/silver nanoparticles photocatalyst has been dispersed. Different chain extenders were employed for designing the nanosponge supports, in such a way as to decorate their hyper-cross-linked structure with diverse functionalities. Moreover, two different strategies were explored to accomplish the silver loading. The obtained systems were successfully tested as catalysts for the photodegradation of emerging pollutants such as model dyes and drugs. Enhancement of the photoactive species performance (up to nine times), due to the synergistic local concentration effect exerted by the nanosponge, could be assessed. Overall, the best performances were shown by polyamine-decorated materials, which were able to promote the degradation of some particularly resistant drugs. Some methodological issues pertaining to data collection are also addressed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ettore Madonia
- Department of Food, Agriculture, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Antonella Di Vincenzo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 17 “S. Cannizzaro”, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Alberto Pettignano
- Department of Physics and Chemistry “E. Segrè”, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 17 “S. Cannizzaro”, 90128 Palermo, Italy;
| | - Roberto Scaffaro
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.S.); (E.F.G.)
| | - Emmanuel Fortunato Gulino
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 6, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (R.S.); (E.F.G.)
| | - Pellegrino Conte
- Department of Food, Agriculture, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 4, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (E.M.); (P.C.)
| | - Paolo Lo Meo
- Department of Biological, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technologies, University of Palermo, V.le delle Scienze ed. 17 “S. Cannizzaro”, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Katsina AU, Cursaru DL, Matei D, Mihai S. Effect of Morphology Modification of BiFeO 3 on Photocatalytic Efficacy of P-g-C 3N 4/BiFeO 3 Composites. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4948. [PMID: 38732166 PMCID: PMC11084511 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25094948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This current study assessed the impacts of morphology adjustment of perovskite BiFeO3 (BFO) on the construction and photocatalytic activity of P-infused g-C3N4/U-BiFeO3 (U-BFO/PCN) heterostructured composite photocatalysts. Favorable formation of U-BFO/PCN composites was attained via urea-aided morphology-controlled hydrothermal synthesis of BFO followed by solvosonication-mediated fusion with already synthesized P-g-C3N4 to form U-BFO/PCN composites. The prepared bare and composite photocatalysts' morphological, textural, structural, optical, and photocatalytic performance were meticulously examined through various analytical characterization techniques and photodegradation of aqueous rhodamine B (RhB). Ellipsoids and flakes morphological structures were obtained for U-BFO and BFO, and their effects on the successful fabrication of the heterojunctions were also established. The U-BFO/PCN composite exhibits 99.2% efficiency within 20 min of visible-light irradiation, surpassing BFO/PCN (88.5%), PCN (66.8%), and U-BFO (26.1%). The pseudo-first-order kinetics of U-BFO/PCN composites is 2.41 × 10-1 min-1, equivalent to 2.2 times, 57 times, and 4.3 times of BFO/PCN (1.08 × 10-1 min-1), U-BFO, (4.20 × 10-3 min-1), and PCN, (5.60 × 10-2 min-1), respectively. The recyclability test demonstrates an outstanding photostability for U-BFO/PCN after four cyclic runs. This improved photocatalytic activity exhibited by the composites can be attributed to enhanced visible-light utilization and additional accessible active sites due to surface and electronic band modification of CN via P-doping and effective charge separation achieved via successful composites formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Usman Katsina
- Faculty of Petroleum Technology and Petrochemistry, Petroleum—Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (A.U.K.); (D.-L.C.); (D.M.)
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Bayero University, Kano PMB 3011, Nigeria
| | - Diana-Luciana Cursaru
- Faculty of Petroleum Technology and Petrochemistry, Petroleum—Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (A.U.K.); (D.-L.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Dănuţa Matei
- Faculty of Petroleum Technology and Petrochemistry, Petroleum—Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (A.U.K.); (D.-L.C.); (D.M.)
| | - Sonia Mihai
- Faculty of Petroleum Technology and Petrochemistry, Petroleum—Gas University of Ploiesti, 100680 Ploiesti, Romania; (A.U.K.); (D.-L.C.); (D.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Chaúque BJM, Jank L, Benetti AD, Rott MB. Preliminary insights on the development of a continuous-flow solar system for the photocatalytic degradation of contaminants of emerging concern in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:26984-26996. [PMID: 38499929 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32879-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
The ubiquity and impact of pharmaceuticals and pesticides, as well as their residues in environmental compartments, particularly in water, have raised human and environmental health concerns. This emphasizes the need of developing sustainable methods for their removal. Solar-driven photocatalytic degradation has emerged as a promising approach for the chemical decontamination of water, sparking intensive scientific research in this field. Advancements in photocatalytic materials have driven the need for solar reactors that efficiently integrate photocatalysts for real-world water treatment. This study reports preliminary results from the development and evaluation of a solar system for TiO2-based photocatalytic degradation of intermittently flowing water contaminated with doxycycline (DXC), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), dexamethasone (DXM), and carbendazim (CBZ). The system consisted of a Fresnel-type UV solar concentrator that focused on the opening and focal point of a parabolic trough concentrator, within which tubular quartz glass reactors were fixed. Concentric springs coated with TiO2, arranged one inside the other, were fixed inside the quartz reactors. The reactors are connected to a raw water tank at the inlet and a check valve at the outlet. Rotating wheels at the collector base enable solar tracking in two axes. The substances (SMX, DXC, and CBZ) were dissolved in dechlorinated tap water at a concentration of 1.0 mg/L, except DXM (0.8 mg/L). The water underwent sequential batch (~ 3 L each, without recirculation) processing with retention times of 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min. After 15 min, the degradation rates were as follows: DXC 87%, SMX 35.5%, DXM 32%, and CBZ 31.8%. The system processed 101 L of water daily, simultaneously removing 870, 355, 256, and 318 µg/L of DXC, SMX, DXM, and CBZ, respectively, showcasing its potential for real-world chemical water decontamination application. Further enhancements that enable continuous-flow operation and integrate highly effective adsorbents and photocatalytic materials can significantly enhance system performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beni Jequicene Mussengue Chaúque
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite Street, N 500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil
- Postgraduate Program in Biological Sciences: Pharmacology and Therapeutics, UFRGS, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
- Center of Studies in Science and Technology (NECET), Biology Course, Universidade Rovuma, Niassa Branch, Lichinga, Mozambique
| | - Louise Jank
- Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA), Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - Marilise Brittes Rott
- Laboratory of Protozoology, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Parasitology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Sarmento Leite Street, N 500, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, 90050-170, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tanos F, Razzouk A, Lesage G, Cretin M, Bechelany M. A Comprehensive Review on Modification of Titanium Dioxide-Based Catalysts in Advanced Oxidation Processes for Water Treatment. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301139. [PMID: 37987138 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023]
Abstract
It has become necessary to develop effective strategies to prevent and reduce water pollution as a result of the increase in dangerous pollutants in water reservoirs. Consequently, there is a need to design new catalyst materials to promote the efficiency of advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) in the field of wastewater treatment plant to ensure the mineralization of trace organic contaminants. A notable approach gaining attention involves the coupling of sulfate radicals-based AOPs to photocatalysis or electrocatalysis processes, aiming to achieve the complete removal of refractory contaminants into water and carbon dioxide. Titanium dioxide as metal oxide has received great attention for its catalytic application in water purification. TiO2 catalysts offer a multitude of advantages in AOPs. They are characterized by their high photocatalytic activity under both ultraviolet and visible light, making them environmentally friendly due to the absence of toxic byproducts during oxidation. Their versatility is remarkable, finding utility in various AOPs, from photocatalysis to photo-Fenton processes. TiO2's durability ensures long-lasting catalytic activity, which is crucial for continuous treatment processes, and their cost-effectiveness is particularly advantageous. Furthermore, their chemical stability allows it to withstand varying pH conditions. However, the large band gap energy and low electrical conductivity hinder the catalytic reaction effectiveness. This review aims to examine various approaches to enhance the catalytic performance of titanium dioxide, with the objective of enabling more efficient water purification methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fida Tanos
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Antonio Razzouk
- Laboratoire d'Analyses Chimiques, Faculty of Sciences, LAC-Lebanese University, Jdeidet, 90656, Lebanon
| | - Geoffroy Lesage
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Marc Cretin
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
| | - Mikhael Bechelany
- Institut Européen des Membranes, IEM, UMR 5635, Univ Montpellier, ENSCM, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095, Montpellier, France
- Gulf University for Science and Technology, GUST, 32093, Hawally, Kuwait
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Dehghani A, Baradaran S, Movahedirad S. Synergistic degradation of Congo Red by hybrid advanced oxidation via ultraviolet light, persulfate, and hydrodynamic cavitation. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116042. [PMID: 38310821 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
In the present study, hybrid activation of sodium peroxydisulfate (PS) by hydrodynamic cavitation and ultraviolet radiation was investigated for Congo Red (CR) degradation. Experiments were conducted using the Box-Benken design on inlet pressure (2-6 bar), PS concentration (0-50 mg. L-1) and UV radiation power (0-32 W). According to the results, at the optimum point where the pressure, PS concentration and UV radiation power were equal to 4.5 bar, 30 mg. L-1 and 16 W respectively, 92.01% of decolorization was achieved. Among the investigated processes, HC/UV/PS was the best process with the rate constant and synergetic coefficient of 38.6 × 10-3 min-1 and 2.76, respectively. At the optimum conditions, increasing the pollutant concentration from 20 mg. L-1 to 80 mg. L-1 decrease degradation rate from 92.01 to 45.21. Presence of natural organic mater (NOM) in all concentrations inhibited the CR degradation. Quenching experiments revealed that in the HC/UV/PS hybrid AOP free radicals accounted for 63.4% of the CR degradation, while the contribution of sulfate (SRs) and hydroxyl radicals (HRs) was 53.1% and 46.9%, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abolfazl Dehghani
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| | - Soroush Baradaran
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran.
| | - Salman Movahedirad
- School of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Zango ZU, Lawal MA, Usman F, Sulieman A, Akhdar H, Eisa MH, Aldaghri O, Ibnaouf KH, Lim JW, Khoo KS, Cheng YW. Promoting the suitability of graphitic carbon nitride and metal oxide nanoparticles: A review of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 351:141218. [PMID: 38266876 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The widespread consumption of pharmaceutical drugs and their incomplete breakdown in organisms has led to their extensive presence in aquatic environments. The indiscriminate use of antibiotics, such as sulfonamides, has contributed to the development of drug-resistant bacteria and the persistent pollution of water bodies, posing a threat to human health and the safety of the environment. Thus, it is paramount to explore remediation technologies aimed at decomposing and complete elimination of the toxic contaminants from pharmaceutical wastewater. The review aims to explore the utilization of metal-oxide nanoparticles (MONPs) and graphitic carbon nitrides (g-C3N4) in photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides from wastewater. Recent advances in oxidation techniques such as photocatalytic degradation are being exploited in the elimination of the sulfonamides from wastewater. MONP and g-C3N4 are commonly evolved nano substances with intrinsic properties. They possessed nano-scale structure, considerable porosity semi-conducting properties, responsible for decomposing wide range of water pollutants. They are widely applied for photocatalytic degradation of organic and inorganic substances which continue to evolve due to the low-cost, efficiency, less toxicity, and more environmentally friendliness of the materials. The review focuses on the current advances in the application of these materials, their efficiencies, degradation mechanisms, and recyclability in the context of sulfonamides photocatalytic degradation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Engineering Unit, Department of Mathematics, Connecticut State Community College Norwalk, Connecticut State Colleges and Universities (CSCU), United States
| | - Abdelmoneim Sulieman
- Department of Radiology and Medical Imaging, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, PO Box 422, Alkharj, 11942, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Akhdar
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia.
| | - M H Eisa
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Osamah Aldaghri
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Hassan Ibnaouf
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University (IMSIU), Riyadh, 13318, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610, Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia; Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha University, Chennai, India.
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Centre for Herbal Pharmacology and Environmental Sustainability, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Chettinad Academy of Research and Education, Kelambakkam, 603103, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - Yoke Wang Cheng
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore, Singapore; Energy and Environmental Sustainability Solutions for Megacities (E2S2), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), 138602, Singapore, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Zamani W, Rastgar S, Hedayati A, Tajari M, Ghiasvand Z. Solvent-thermal approach of MIL-100(Fe)/Cygnea/Fe 3O 4/TiO 2 nanocomposite for the treatment of lead from oil refinery wastewater (ORW) under UVA light. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4476. [PMID: 38396129 PMCID: PMC10891111 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54897-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The main purpose of this research endeavor is to reduce lead concentrations in the wastewater of an oil refinery through the utilization of a material composed of oyster shell waste (MIL-100(Fe)/Cygnea/Fe3O4/TiO2. Initially, iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4) were synthesized via solvent-thermal synthesis. It was subsequently coated layer by layer with the organic-metallic framework MIL-100 (Fe) using the core-shell method. Additionally, the solvent-thermal method was utilized to integrate TiO2 nanoparticles into the magnetic organic-metallic framework's structure. Varieties of analytical analysis were utilized to investigate the physical and chemical properties of the synthetic final photocatalyst. Nitrogen adsorption and desorption technique (BET), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), scanning electron diffraction pattern (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Following the characterization of the final photocatalyst, the physical and chemical properties of the nanoparticles synthesized in each step, several primary factors that significantly affect the removal efficiency in the advanced oxidation system (AOPs) were examined. These variables consist of pH, photocatalyst dosage, lead concentration, and reaction temperature. The synthetic photocatalyst showed optimal performance in the removal of lead from petroleum wastewater under the following conditions: 35 °C temperature, pH of 3, 0.04 g/l photocatalyst dosage, and 100 mg/l wastewater concentration. Additionally, the photocatalyst maintained a significant level of reusability after undergoing five cycles. The findings of the study revealed that the photocatalyst dosage and pH were the most influential factors in the effectiveness of lead removal. According to optimal conditions, lead removal reached a maximum of 96%. The results of this investigation showed that the synthetic photocatalyst, when exposed to UVA light, exhibited an extraordinary capacity for lead removal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wahid Zamani
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Natural Resources, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, 15175-66177, Iran.
| | - Saeedeh Rastgar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgān, 49189-43464, Iran.
| | - Aliakbar Hedayati
- Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgān, 49189-43464, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tajari
- Department of Fisheries, Bandargaz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Bandargaz, 48731-97179, Iran
| | - Zahra Ghiasvand
- Department of Animal Science and Aquaculture, Faculty of Agriculture, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Ntelane TS, Feleni U, Mthombeni NH, Kuvarega AT. CuFeS 2 supported on dendritic mesoporous silica-titania for persulfate-assisted degradation of sulfamethoxazole under visible light. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 654:660-676. [PMID: 37864871 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.10.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a prevalent sulfonamide antibiotic found in the environment, and it has a variety of detrimental effects on environmental sustainability and water safety. Recently, the combination of photocatalysis and sulfate radical-based advanced oxidation processes (SR-AOPs) has attracted a lot of interest as a viable technique for degradation of refractory pollutants. In this study, a visible light active CuFeS2 supported on dendritic mesoporous silica-titania (CuFeS2-DMST) photocatalyst was synthesized to improve the ability of TiO2 to activate persulfate (PS) by introducing CuFeS2 (Fe2+/Fe3+, Cu+/Cu2+ redox cycles). The CuFeS2-DMST/PS/Vis system demonstrated superior SMX degradation efficiency (88.9%, 0.0146 min-1) than TiO2 because of reduced e-/h+ recombination, excellent charge separation and mobility, and a greater surface area than TiO2. Furthermore, after four consecutive photocatalytic cycles, the system demonstrated moderate stability. From chemical quenching tests, O2●-, h+, 1O2, SO4●- and ●OH were found to be the main reactive oxidizing species. The formed intermediates during the degradation process were identified, and degradation mechanisms were proposed. This study proposes a viable technique for activating PS using a low-cost, stable, and high-surface-area TiO2-based photocatalyst, and this concept can be applied to design photocatalysts for water treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tau S Ntelane
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Usisipho Feleni
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Nomcebo H Mthombeni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710, Johannesburg, South Africa; Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, Durban University of Technology, P.O. Box 1334, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Alex T Kuvarega
- Institute for Nanotechnology and Water Sustainability, College of Science, Engineering and Technology, University of South Africa, Florida, 1710 Johannesburg, South Africa.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Jabbar ZH, Graimed BH, Ammar SH, Alsunbuli MM, Hamood SA, Hamzah Najm H, Taher AG. Design and construction of a robust ternary Bi 5O 7I/Cd 0.5Zn 0.5S/CuO photocatalytic system for boosted photodegradation of antibiotics via dual-S-scheme mechanisms: Environmental factors and degradation intermediates. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 234:116554. [PMID: 37423353 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
The detection of efficacious and environment-friendly nanomaterials with prominent photocatalytic performance is crucial for the detoxification of antibiotics in wastewater. Herein, a dual-S-scheme Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO semiconductor was designed and fabricated via a simple approach to degrade tetracycline (TC) and other types of antibiotics under LED illumination. However, Cd0.5Zn0.5S and CuO nanoparticles were decorated on the surface of the Bi5O7I microsphere to create a dual-S-scheme system that stimulates visible-light utilization and facilitates the dissolution of excited photo-curriers. Therefore, the Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO system offers strong redox ability, which reflects reinforced photocatalytic activity and robust stability. The ternary heterojunction discloses enhanced TC detoxification efficiency of 92% in 60 min with TC destruction rate constant of 0.04034 min-1, outperforming pure Bi5O7I, Cd0.5Zn0.5S, and CuO by 4.27, 3.20, and 4.80 folds, respectively. Besides, Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO manifests outstanding photo-activity against a series of antibiotics like norfloxacin, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, and levofloxacin under the same operational conditions. The active species detection, TC destruction pathways, catalyst stability, and photoreaction mechanisms of Bi5O7I/Cd0.5Zn0.5S/CuO were accurately explained in detail. Summarily, this work introduces a new class of dual-S-scheme system with strengthened catalytic properties to effectively eliminate the antibiotics in wastewater under visible-light illumination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zaid H Jabbar
- Building and Construction Techniques Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Babylon, Iraq.
| | - Bassim H Graimed
- Environmental Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Saad H Ammar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, Al-Nahrain University, Jadriya, Baghdad, Iraq; College of Engineering, University of Warith Al-Anbiyaa, Karbala, Iraq
| | - Maye M Alsunbuli
- Architecture Engineering Department, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Sarah A Hamood
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Esraa University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | | | - Athraa G Taher
- Ministry of Oil, Oil Pipelines Company, Daura, Baghdad, Iraq
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Slimani Y, Almessiere MA, Mohamed MJS, Hannachi E, Caliskan S, Akhtar S, Baykal A, Gondal MA. Synthesis of Ce and Sm Co-Doped TiO2 Nanoparticles with Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity for Rhodamine B Dye Degradation. Catalysts 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/catal13040668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major concerns that receive global attention is the presence of organic pollutants (dyes, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, phenolic compounds, heavy metals, and so on), originating from various industries, in wastewater and water resources. Rhodamine B is widely used in the dyeing of paints, plastics, textiles, and other fabrics, as well as biological products. It is highly persistent, toxic, and carcinogenic to organisms and humans when directly released into the water supply. To avoid this hazard, several studies have been conducted in an attempt to remove Rhodamine B from wastewater. Metal oxide semiconducting materials have gained great interest because of their ability to decompose organic pollutants from wastewater. TiO2 is one of the most effective photocatalysts with a broad range of applications. Several attempts have been made to improve its photocatalytic activity. Accordingly, we have prepared in this work a series of cerium (Ce) and samarium (Sm) co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles (x = 0.00, 0.25, 0.50, 1.00, and 2.00%) using a sol–gel auto-combustion approach. The influence of Ce–Sm concentrations on the structural, morphology, electronic, and optical properties, as well as the photocatalytic activity, was investigated. Structure and elemental mapping analyses proved the presence of Ce and Sm in the compositions as well as the development of the TiO2 anatase phase with a tetragonal structure and crystallite size of 15.1–17.8 nm. Morphological observations confirmed the creation of spherical nanoparticles (NPs). The examination of the electronic structure properties using density functional theory (DFT) calculations and of the optical properties using a UV/Vis diffuse spectrophotometer showed a reduction in the bandgap energy upon Ce–Sm co-doping. The photocatalytic activity of the synthesized products was assessed on the degradation of Rhodamine B dye, and it was found that all Ce–Sm co-doped TiO2 nanoparticles have better photocatalytic activities than pristine TiO2 nanoparticles. Among all of the prepared nanoparticles, the sample with x = 0.50% demonstrated the best photocatalytic activity, with a degradation efficiency of 98% within 30 min and a reaction rate constant of about 0.0616 min−1. h+ and •O2− were determined to be the most important active species in the photocatalytic degradation process. Besides the high photocatalytic degradation efficiency, these photocatalysts are highly stable and could be easily recovered and reused, which indicates their potential for practical applications in the future.
Collapse
|
15
|
Gaggero E, López-Muñoz MJ, Paganini MC, Arencibia A, Bertinetti S, Fernández de Paz N, Calza P. Mercury and Organic Pollutants Removal from Aqueous Solutions by Heterogeneous Photocatalysis with ZnO-Based Materials. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062650. [PMID: 36985622 PMCID: PMC10051193 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The removal of four Contaminants of Emerging Concern, namely bisphenol A, sulfamethoxazole, diclofenac and benzotriazole; two odorous compounds, geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol, frequently detected in recirculating aquaculture systems; and Hg(II) was investigated using ZnO-based materials doped or co-doped with Ce and Cu under simulated solar radiation. Photocatalysts were synthetized via a hydrothermal route and their efficiency was assessed by changing some operational parameters in different water matrices of increasing complexity. The mixture of contaminants was successfully degraded in just 1 h, while the complete mineralization was achieved in a few hours; experiments performed in an actual aquaculture water confirmed the efficiency and broad versatility of the synthesized materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Gaggero
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (P.C.)
| | - María José López-Muñoz
- Departamento de Tecnología Química y Ambiental, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Amaya Arencibia
- Departamento de Tecnología Química, Energética y Mecánica, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, 28933 Móstoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefano Bertinetti
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | | | - Paola Calza
- Department of Chemistry, Università degli Studi di Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
- Correspondence: (E.G.); (P.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Advanced Polymeric Nanocomposite Membranes for Water and Wastewater Treatment: A Comprehensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15030540. [PMID: 36771842 PMCID: PMC9920371 DOI: 10.3390/polym15030540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 01/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomaterials have been extensively used in polymer nanocomposite membranes due to the inclusion of unique features that enhance water and wastewater treatment performance. Compared to the pristine membranes, the incorporation of nanomodifiers not only improves membrane performance (water permeability, salt rejection, contaminant removal, selectivity), but also the intrinsic properties (hydrophilicity, porosity, antifouling properties, antimicrobial properties, mechanical, thermal, and chemical stability) of these membranes. This review focuses on applications of different types of nanomaterials: zero-dimensional (metal/metal oxide nanoparticles), one-dimensional (carbon nanotubes), two-dimensional (graphene and associated structures), and three-dimensional (zeolites and associated frameworks) nanomaterials combined with polymers towards novel polymeric nanocomposites for water and wastewater treatment applications. This review will show that combinations of nanomaterials and polymers impart enhanced features into the pristine membrane; however, the underlying issues associated with the modification processes and environmental impact of these membranes are less obvious. This review also highlights the utility of computational methods toward understanding the structural and functional properties of the membranes. Here, we highlight the fabrication methods, advantages, challenges, environmental impact, and future scope of these advanced polymeric nanocomposite membrane based systems for water and wastewater treatment applications.
Collapse
|
17
|
Mbarek WB, Escoda L, Saurina J, Pineda E, Alminderej FM, Khitouni M, Suñol JJ. Nanomaterials as a Sustainable Choice for Treating Wastewater: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 15:8576. [PMID: 36500069 PMCID: PMC9737022 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The removal of dyes from textile effluents utilizing advanced wastewater treatment methods with high efficiency and low cost has received substantial attention due to the rise in pollutants in water. The purpose of this work is to give a comprehensive analysis of the different treatments for removing chemical dyes from textile effluents. The capability and potential of conventional treatments for the degradation of dyeing compounds in aqueous media, as well as the influence of multiple parameters, such as the pH solution, initial dye concentration, and adsorbent dose, are presented in this study. This study is an overview of the scientific research literature on this topic, including nanoreductive and nanophotocatalyst processes, as well as nanoadsorbents and nanomembranes. For the purpose of treating sewage, the special properties of nanoparticles are currently being carefully researched. The ability of nanomaterials to remove organic matter, fungus, and viruses from wastewater is another benefit. Nanomaterials are employed in advanced oxidation techniques to clean wastewater. Additionally, because of their small dimensions, nanoparticles have a wide effective area of contact. Due to this, nanoparticles' adsorption and reactivity are powerful. The improvement of nanomaterial technology will be beneficial for the treatment of wastewater. This report also offers a thorough review of the distinctive properties of nanomaterials used in wastewater treatment, as well as their appropriate application and future possibilities. Since only a few types of nanomaterials have been produced, it is also important to focus on their technological feasibility in addition to their economic feasibility. According to this study, nanoparticles (NPs) have a significant adsorption area, efficient chemical reactions, and electrical conductivity that help treat wastewater effectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wael Ben Mbarek
- Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Lluisa Escoda
- Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Joan Saurina
- Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Eloi Pineda
- Department of Physics, Institute of Energy Technologies, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fahad M. Alminderej
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Khitouni
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraidah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joan-Josep Suñol
- Department of Physics, Campus Montilivi s/n, University of Girona, 17003 Girona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|