1
|
Charou D, Rogdakis T, Latorrata A, Valcarcel M, Papadogiannis V, Athanasiou C, Tsengenes A, Papadopoulou MA, Lypitkas D, Lavigne MD, Katsila T, Wade RC, Cader MZ, Calogeropoulou T, Gravanis A, Charalampopoulos I. Comprehensive characterization of the neurogenic and neuroprotective action of a novel TrkB agonist using mouse and human stem cell models of Alzheimer's disease. Stem Cell Res Ther 2024; 15:200. [PMID: 38971770 PMCID: PMC11227723 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-024-03818-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain decreases to minimal levels postnatally. Nevertheless, neurogenic niches persist in the adult cortex and hippocampus in rodents, primates and humans, with adult NSC differentiation sharing key regulatory mechanisms with development. Adult neurogenesis impairments have been linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Addressing these impairments by using neurotrophic factors is a promising new avenue for therapeutic intervention based on neurogenesis. However, this possibility has been hindered by technical difficulties of using in-vivo models to conduct screens, including working with scarce NSCs in the adult brain and differences between human and mouse models or ethical limitations. METHODS Here, we use a combination of mouse and human stem cell models for comprehensive in-vitro characterization of a novel neurogenic compound, focusing on the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) pathway. The ability of ENT-A011, a steroidal dehydroepiandrosterone derivative, to activate the tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) receptor was tested through western blotting in NIH-3T3 cells and its neurogenic and neuroprotective action were assessed through proliferation, cell death and Amyloid-β (Aβ) toxicity assays in mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs, mouse embryonic cortical NSCs and neural progenitor cells (NPCs) differentiated from three human induced pluripotent stem cell lines from healthy and AD donors. RNA-seq profiling was used to assess if the compound acts through the same gene network as BDNF in human NPCs. RESULTS ENT-A011 was able to increase proliferation of mouse primary adult hippocampal NSCs and embryonic cortical NSCs, in the absence of EGF/FGF, while reducing Aβ-induced cell death, acting selectively through TrkB activation. The compound was able to increase astrocytic gene markers involved in NSC maintenance, protect hippocampal neurons from Αβ toxicity and prevent synapse loss after Aβ treatment. ENT-A011 successfully induces proliferation and prevents cell death after Aβ toxicity in human NPCs, acting through a core gene network shared with BDNF as shown through RNA-seq. CONCLUSIONS Our work characterizes a novel BDNF mimetic with preferable pharmacological properties and neurogenic and neuroprotective actions in Alzheimer's disease via stem cell-based screening, demonstrating the promise of stem cell systems for short-listing competitive candidates for further testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Despoina Charou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Thanasis Rogdakis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alessia Latorrata
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Valcarcel
- Innovative Technologies in Biological Systems SL (INNOPROT), 48160, Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Vasileios Papadogiannis
- Hellenic Centre for Marine Research (HCMR), Institute of Marine Biology Biotechnology and Aquaculture (IMBBC), Heraklion, Crete, Greece
| | - Christina Athanasiou
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Alexandros Tsengenes
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg Biosciences International Graduate School, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maria Anna Papadopoulou
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lypitkas
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Matthieu D Lavigne
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Theodora Katsila
- Institute of Chemical Biology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 11635, Athens, Greece
| | - Rebecca C Wade
- Molecular and Cellular Modeling Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies (HITS), 69118, Heidelberg, Germany
- Faculty of Biosciences, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Center for Molecular Biology (ZMBH), DKFZ-ZMBH Alliance, Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg University, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M Zameel Cader
- Translational Molecular Neuroscience Group, Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin Building, Kavli Institute for Nanoscience, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Achille Gravanis
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Ioannis Charalampopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Crete, 71003, Heraklion, Greece.
- Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas (IMBB-FORTH), Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xie L, He M, Ying C, Chu H. Mechanisms of inflammation after ischemic stroke in brain-peripheral crosstalk. Front Mol Neurosci 2024; 17:1400808. [PMID: 38932932 PMCID: PMC11199882 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2024.1400808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a devastating disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality, among which ischemic stroke is more common. However, there is still a lack of effective methods to improve the prognosis and reduce the incidence of its complications. At present, there is evidence that peripheral organs are involved in the inflammatory response after stroke. Moreover, the interaction between central and peripheral inflammation includes the activation of resident and peripheral immune cells, as well as the activation of inflammation-related signaling pathways, which all play an important role in the pathophysiology of stroke. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of inflammatory response after ischemic stroke, as well as the interactions through circulatory pathways between peripheral organs (such as the gut, heart, lung and spleen) and the brain to mediate and regulate inflammation after ischemic stroke. We also propose the potential role of meningeal lymphatic vessels (MLVs)-cervical lymph nodes (CLNs) as a brain-peripheral crosstalk lymphatic pathway in ischemic stroke. In addition, we also summarize the mechanisms of anti-inflammatory drugs in the treatment of ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Xie
- Department of Critical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming He
- Department of Critical Medicine, First People's Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| | - Caidi Ying
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Ningbo, Ningbo, China
| | - Haifeng Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital of Linping District, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Chang J, Li Y, Shan X, Chen X, Yan X, Liu J, Zhao L. Neural stem cells promote neuroplasticity: a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:619-628. [PMID: 37721293 PMCID: PMC10581561 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that neuroplasticity, such as synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis, exists throughout the normal lifespan but declines with age and is significantly impaired in individuals with Alzheimer's disease. Hence, promoting neuroplasticity may represent an effective strategy with which Alzheimer's disease can be alleviated. Due to their significant ability to self-renew, differentiate, and migrate, neural stem cells play an essential role in reversing synaptic and neuronal damage, reducing the pathology of Alzheimer's disease, including amyloid-β, tau protein, and neuroinflammation, and secreting neurotrophic factors and growth factors that are related to plasticity. These events can promote synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis to repair the microenvironment of the mammalian brain. Consequently, neural stem cells are considered to represent a potential regenerative therapy with which to improve Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss how neural stem cells regulate neuroplasticity and optimize their effects to enhance their potential for treating Alzheimer's disease in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Yujiao Li
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaoqian Shan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Chen
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Xuhe Yan
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianwei Liu
- Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lan Zhao
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Chinese Medicine Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Yin J, Yan H, Yan L, Li Y, Zhang C, Li Y, Liu B, Lin J, Zhang L, Hu X, Song C. Correlations between omega-3 fatty acids and inflammatory/glial abnormalities: the involvement of the membrane and neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1163764. [PMID: 37937262 PMCID: PMC10626455 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1163764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Macrophages or T-lymphocytes triggered inflammation and, consequently, activated glial cells may contribute to neuroinflammation and neurotransmitter dysfunction in schizophrenia (SZ), while omega(n)-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) can attenuate some SZ symptoms through anti-inflammatory effects. However, the correlations between macrophage/T-lymphocyte-produced cytokines and glia phenotypes, between inflammatory status and PUFAs composition, between cytokines and neurotransmitter function, and between n-3 PUFAs and neurotransmitter abnormality in SZ are unclear. Methods Changes in T-helper (h) patterns, peripheral macrophage/glial markers, PUFAs profile, membrane fluidity, and neurotransmitter functions were evaluated in SZ patients (n = 50) and healthy controls (n = 30) using ELISA, gas chromatography, fluorescence anisotropy techniques, and HPLC, respectively. Results Compared to the control, blood lymphocyte proliferation, the concentration of macrophage/microglia phenotype M1 markers, including cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α (Th1) and IL-6 (Th2), and astrocyte phenotype A1 marker S100β was significantly increased, while IL-17 and n-3 PUFAs contents, n-3/n-6 ratio, and membrane fluidity (FLU) were significantly decreased in SZ. Moreover, increased DA and HVA, decreased 5-HT and NE, and their metabolites appeared in SZ. Moreover, negative correlations between IL-6 and A2 marker Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) or n-3 PUFAs EPA and between IL-1β and FLU or 5HIAA, while positive correlations between EPA and 5-HIAA and between FLU and DHA were found in SZ. Discussion These findings showed (1) no clear Th pattern, but pro-inflammatory-dominant immunity occurred; (2) the pro-inflammatory pattern may result in the activated microglia M1 and astrocyte A1 phenotype; and (3) increased pro-inflammatory cytokines were related to decreased n-3 PUFA and decreased membrane fluidity and dysfunctional neurotransmitter systems in SZ.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongping Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Marine Medicine Research and Development Center of Shenzhen Institutes of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Jingwen Yin
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Haifeng Yan
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Ling Yan
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yuyu Li
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Cai Zhang
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Yajuan Li
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Baiping Liu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Juda Lin
- Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang, China
| | | | - Xueqiong Hu
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| | - Cai Song
- Research Institute for Marine Drugs and Nutrition, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
- Marine Medicine Research and Development Center of Shenzhen Institutes of Guangdong Ocean University, Shenzhen, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Aquatic Product Processing and Safety, College of Food Science and Technology, Guangdong Ocean University, Zhanjiang, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Winkelman MA, Dai G. Bioengineered perfused human brain microvascular networks enhance neural progenitor cell survival, neurogenesis, and maturation. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eaaz9499. [PMID: 37163593 PMCID: PMC10171804 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz9499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Neural progenitor cells (NPCs) have the capability to self-renew and differentiate into neurons and glial cells. In the adult brain, NPCs are found near brain microvascular networks (BMVNs) in specialized microenvironments called the neurovascular niche (NVN). Although several in vitro NVN models have been previously reported, most do not properly recapitulate the intimate cellular interactions between NPCs and perfused brain microvessels. Here, we developed perfused BMVNs composed of primary human brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes within microfluidic devices. When induced pluripotent stem cell-derived NPCs were introduced into BMVNs, we found that NPC survival, neurogenesis, and maturation were enhanced. The application of flow during BMVN coculture was also beneficial for neuron differentiation. Collectively, our work highlighted the important role of BMVNs and flow in NPC self-renewal and neurogenesis, as well as demonstrated our model's potential to study the biological and physical interactions of human NVN in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Max A. Winkelman
- Department of Bioengineering, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ko SH, Kang JS, Kim SM, Lee EH, Park CH. Reduced Cytotoxicity by Repetitive mRNA Transfection in Differentiated Neurons. Int J Stem Cells 2022; 16:117-122. [PMID: 36581368 PMCID: PMC9978836 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc22125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives mRNA-based protein expression technology has been used to express functional proteins. We have previously generated dopamine neurons from rat-embryo derived neural precursor cells (NPCs) through repeated transfection of synthetic transcription factor mRNA encoding dopamine-inducible genes. However, NPCs began to die approximately 10 d post-transfection. In this study, we examined a long-term transfection protocol that did not affect cell viability. Methods and Results Experiments were performed in eight groups sorted according to the start date of mRNA transfection. mRNA was transfected into NPCs daily for 21 d and live cell images of each group were recorded. NPCs which were differentiated for more than five days showed sustained gene expression and appreciable viability despite daily mRNA transfection for 21 d. Conclusions Repeated mRNA transfection requires cells with a sufficient differentiation period.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Ko
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Sun Kang
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sang-Mi Kim
- Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun-Hye Lee
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Chang-Hwan Park
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea,Hanyang Biomedical Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea,Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea,Correspondence to Chang-Hwan Park, Graduate School of Biomedical Science & Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seongdong-gu, Seoul 04763, Korea, Tel: +82-2-2220-0646, Fax: +82-2-2220-2422, E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Hashimoto M, Takeichi K, Murata K, Kozakai A, Yagi A, Ishikawa K, Suzuki-Nakagawa C, Kasuya Y, Fukamizu A, Nakagawa T. Regulation of neural stem cell proliferation and survival by protein arginine methyltransferase 1. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:948517. [DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.948517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein arginine methyltransferase 1 (PRMT1), a major type I arginine methyltransferase in mammals, methylates histone and non-histone proteins to regulate various cellular functions, such as transcription, DNA damage response, and signal transduction. PRMT1 is highly expressed in neural stem cells (NSCs) and embryonic brains, suggesting that PRMT1 is essential for early brain development. Although our previous reports have shown that PRMT1 positively regulates oligodendrocyte development, it has not been studied whether PRMT1 regulates NSC proliferation and its survival during development. To examine the role of PRMT1 in NSC activity, we cultured NSCs prepared from embryonic mouse forebrains deficient in PRMT1 specific for NSCs and performed neurosphere assays. We found that the primary neurospheres of PRMT1-deficient NSCs were small and the number of spheres was decreased, compared to those of control NSCs. Primary neurospheres deficient in PRMT1 expressed an increased level of cleaved caspase-3, suggesting that PRMT1 deficiency-induced apoptosis. Furthermore, p53 protein was significantly accumulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. In parallel, p53-responsive pro-apoptotic genes including Pmaip1 and Perp were upregulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. p53-target p21 mRNA and its protein levels were shown to be upregulated in PRMT1-deficient NSCs. Moreover, the 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation assay showed that the loss of PRMT1 led to cell cycle defects in the embryonic NSCs. In contrast to the above in vitro observations, NSCs normally proliferated and survived in the fetal brains of NSC-specific PRMT1-deficient mice. We also found that Lama1, which encodes the laminin subunit α1, was significantly upregulated in the embryonic brains of PRMT1-deficient mice. These data implicate that extracellular factors provided by neighboring cells in the microenvironment gave a trophic support to NSCs in the PRMT1-deficient brain and recovered NSC activity to maintain brain homeostasis. Our study implies that PRMT1 plays a cell-autonomous role in the survival and proliferation of embryonic NSCs.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim M, Moon S, Jeon HS, Kim S, Koh SH, Chang MS, Kim YM, Choi YK. Dual Effects of Korean Red Ginseng on Astrocytes and Neural Stem Cells in Traumatic Brain Injury: The HO-1–Tom20 Axis as a Putative Target for Mitochondrial Function. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050892. [PMID: 35269514 PMCID: PMC8909112 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes display regenerative potential in pathophysiologic conditions. In our previous study, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) promoted astrocytic mitochondrial functions in mice via the peroxisome-proliferator-activating receptor-γ coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) pathway on administering Korean red ginseng extract (KRGE) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, KRGE promoted astrocytic mitochondrial functions, assessed with oxygen consumption and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production, which could be regulated by the translocase of the outer membrane of mitochondria 20 (Tom20) pathway with a PGC-1α-independent pathway. The HO-1–Tom20 axis induced an increase in mitochondrial functions, detected with cytochrome c oxidase subunit 2 and cytochrome c. HO-1 crosstalk with nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase was concomitant with the upregulated nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD)/NADH ratio, thereby upregulating NAD-dependent class I sirtuins. In adult neural stem cells (NSCs), KRGE-treated, astrocyte-conditioned media increased oxygen consumption and Tom20 levels through astrocyte-derived HO-1. HO inactivation by Sn(IV) protoporphyrin IX dichloride in TBI mice administered KRGE decreased neuronal markers, together with Tom20. Thus, astrocytic HO-1 induced astrocytic mitochondrial functions. HO-1-related, astrocyte-derived factors may also induce neuronal differentiation and mitochondrial functions of adult NSCs after TBI. KRGE-mediated astrocytic HO-1 induction may have a key role in repairing neurovascular function post-TBI in peri-injured regions by boosting astrocytic and NSC mitochondrial functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minsu Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.K.); (S.M.); (H.S.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Sunhong Moon
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.K.); (S.M.); (H.S.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Hui Su Jeon
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.K.); (S.M.); (H.S.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Sueun Kim
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.K.); (S.M.); (H.S.J.); (S.K.)
| | - Seong-Ho Koh
- Department of Neurology, Hanyang University Guri Hospital, Guri 11923, Korea;
| | - Mi-Sook Chang
- Department of Oral Anatomy, Seoul National University School of Dentistry, Seoul 03080, Korea;
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea;
| | - Yoon Kyung Choi
- Bio/Molecular Informatics Center, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (M.K.); (S.M.); (H.S.J.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-0558
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Regulating Endogenous Neural Stem Cell Activation to Promote Spinal Cord Injury Repair. Cells 2022; 11:cells11050846. [PMID: 35269466 PMCID: PMC8909806 DOI: 10.3390/cells11050846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) affects millions of individuals worldwide. Currently, there is no cure, and treatment options to promote neural recovery are limited. An innovative approach to improve outcomes following SCI involves the recruitment of endogenous populations of neural stem cells (NSCs). NSCs can be isolated from the neuroaxis of the central nervous system (CNS), with brain and spinal cord populations sharing common characteristics (as well as regionally distinct phenotypes). Within the spinal cord, a number of NSC sub-populations have been identified which display unique protein expression profiles and proliferation kinetics. Collectively, the potential for NSCs to impact regenerative medicine strategies hinges on their cardinal properties, including self-renewal and multipotency (the ability to generate de novo neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes). Accordingly, endogenous NSCs could be harnessed to replace lost cells and promote structural repair following SCI. While studies exploring the efficacy of this approach continue to suggest its potential, many questions remain including those related to heterogeneity within the NSC pool, the interaction of NSCs with their environment, and the identification of factors that can enhance their response. We discuss the current state of knowledge regarding populations of endogenous spinal cord NSCs, their niche, and the factors that regulate their behavior. In an attempt to move towards the goal of enhancing neural repair, we highlight approaches that promote NSC activation following injury including the modulation of the microenvironment and parenchymal cells, pharmaceuticals, and applied electrical stimulation.
Collapse
|
10
|
Domínguez-Rivas E, Ávila-Muñoz E, Schwarzacher SW, Zepeda A. Adult hippocampal neurogenesis in the context of lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation: A molecular, cellular and behavioral review. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 97:286-302. [PMID: 34174334 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous generation of new neurons occurs in at least two well-defined niches in the adult rodent brain. One of these areas is the subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus (DG) in the hippocampus. While the DG is associated with contextual and spatial learning and memory, hippocampal neurogenesis is necessary for pattern separation. Hippocampal neurogenesis begins with the activation of neural stem cells and culminates with the maturation and functional integration of a portion of the newly generated glutamatergic neurons into the hippocampal circuits. The neurogenic process is continuously modulated by intrinsic factors, one of which is neuroinflammation. The administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) has been widely used as a model of neuroinflammation and has yielded a body of evidence for unveiling the detrimental impact of inflammation upon the neurogenic process. This work aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge on the effects of the systemic and central administration of LPS upon the different stages of neurogenesis and discuss their effects at the molecular, cellular, and behavioral levels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Domínguez-Rivas
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Evangelina Ávila-Muñoz
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Stephan W Schwarzacher
- Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Angélica Zepeda
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico; Institute of Clinical Neuroanatomy, Neuroscience Center, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chiareli RA, Carvalho GA, Marques BL, Mota LS, Oliveira-Lima OC, Gomes RM, Birbrair A, Gomez RS, Simão F, Klempin F, Leist M, Pinto MCX. The Role of Astrocytes in the Neurorepair Process. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:665795. [PMID: 34113618 PMCID: PMC8186445 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.665795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are highly specialized glial cells responsible for trophic and metabolic support of neurons. They are associated to ionic homeostasis, the regulation of cerebral blood flow and metabolism, the modulation of synaptic activity by capturing and recycle of neurotransmitters and maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. During injuries and infections, astrocytes act in cerebral defense through heterogeneous and progressive changes in their gene expression, morphology, proliferative capacity, and function, which is known as reactive astrocytes. Thus, reactive astrocytes release several signaling molecules that modulates and contributes to the defense against injuries and infection in the central nervous system. Therefore, deciphering the complex signaling pathways of reactive astrocytes after brain damage can contribute to the neuroinflammation control and reveal new molecular targets to stimulate neurorepair process. In this review, we present the current knowledge about the role of astrocytes in brain damage and repair, highlighting the cellular and molecular bases involved in synaptogenesis and neurogenesis. In addition, we present new approaches to modulate the astrocytic activity and potentiates the neurorepair process after brain damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lennia Soares Mota
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Goias, Goiânia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alexander Birbrair
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Renato Santiago Gomez
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Simão
- Research Division, Vascular Cell Biology, Joslin Diabetes Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | | | - Marcel Leist
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Jung S, Harris N, Niyonshuti II, Jenkins SV, Hayar AM, Watanabe F, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Chen J, Borrelli MJ, Griffin RJ. Photothermal Response Induced by Nanocage-Coated Artificial Extracellular Matrix Promotes Neural Stem Cell Differentiation. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051216. [PMID: 34064443 PMCID: PMC8147862 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Strategies to increase the proportion of neural stem cells that differentiate into neurons are vital for therapy of neurodegenerative disorders. In vitro, the extracellular matrix composition and topography have been found to be important factors in stem cell differentiation. We have developed a novel artificial extracellular matrix (aECM) formed by attaching gold nanocages (AuNCs) to glass coverslips. After culturing rat neural stem cells (rNSCs) on these gold nanocage-coated surfaces (AuNC-aECMs), we observed that 44.6% of rNSCs differentiated into neurons compared to only 27.9% for cells grown on laminin-coated glass coverslips. We applied laser irradiation to the AuNC-aECMs to introduce precise amounts of photothermally induced heat shock in cells. Our results showed that laser-induced thermal stimulation of AuNC-aECMs further enhanced neuronal differentiation (56%) depending on the laser intensity used. Response to these photothermal effects increased the expression of heat shock protein 27, 70, and 90α in rNSCs. Analysis of dendritic complexity showed that this thermal stimulation promoted neuronal maturation by increasing dendrite length as thermal dose was increased. In addition, we found that cells growing on AuNC-aECMs post laser irradiation exhibited action potentials and increased the expression of voltage-gated Na+ channels compared to laminin-coated glass coverslips. These results indicate that the photothermal response induced in cells growing on AuNC-aECMs can be used to produce large quantities of functional neurons, with improved electrochemical properties, that can potentially be transplanted into a damaged central nervous system to provide replacement neurons and restore lost function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Jung
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.J.); (M.J.B.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Nathaniel Harris
- Mechanical Engineering, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA;
| | - Isabelle I. Niyonshuti
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (I.I.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Samir V. Jenkins
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Abdallah M. Hayar
- Department of Neurobiology and Developmental Sciences, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Fumiya Watanabe
- Center for Integrative Nanotechnology Sciences, University of Arkansas, Little Rock, AR 72204, USA;
| | - Azemat Jamshidi-Parsian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
| | - Jingyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, USA; (I.I.N.); (J.C.)
| | - Michael J. Borrelli
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.J.); (M.J.B.)
- Department of Radiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Robert J. Griffin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (S.V.J.); (A.J.-P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-501-526-7873
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao HH, Zhang MB, Xu JT, Deng Y, Li N, Gao P, Li Y, Kong L, Li WY, Chen JC, Li HY, Shan GS, Tai H, Yang JX. Icarisid II promotes proliferation and neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells via activating Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Phytother Res 2021; 35:2773-2784. [PMID: 33455039 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.7022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2020] [Revised: 12/31/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Adult neurogenesis plays a vital role in maintaining cognitive functions in mammals and human beings. Mobilization of hippocampal neurogenesis has been regarded as a promising therapeutic approach to restore injured neurons in neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Icarisid II (ICS II), an active ingredient derived from Epimedii Folium, has been reported to exhibit multiple neuroprotective effects. In the present study, we investigated the effects of ICS II on the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) and amyloid precusor protein (APP)-overexpressing NSCs (APP-NSCs) in vitro. Our results demonstrated that ICS II dose-dependently suppressed apoptosis and elevated viability of APP-NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) potently promoted proliferation and neuronal differentiation of NSCs and APP-NSCs. ICS II (1 μM) significantly upregulated Wnt-3a expression, increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase-3β and enhanced the nuclear transfer of β-catenin. Moreover, ICS II also promoted astrocytes to secrete Wnt-3a, which positively modulates Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that ICS II promotes NSCs proliferation and neuronal differentiation partly by activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-He Xiao
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ming-Bo Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Jun-Ting Xu
- Psychiatry department, Dalian Seventh People' s Hospital, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Deng
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ning Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Visera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China
| | - Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Liang Kong
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Wan-Yi Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Ji-Cong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Hong-Yan Li
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - Guo-Shun Shan
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| | - He Tai
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Traditional Chinese Medicine Visera-State Theory and Application, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, China
| | - Jing-Xian Yang
- School of Pharmacy, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Dalian, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wen SJ, Zheng XM, Liu LF, Li NN, Mao HA, Huang L, Yuan QL. Effects of primary microglia and astrocytes on neural stem cells in in vitro and in vivo models of ischemic stroke. Neural Regen Res 2021; 16:1677-1685. [PMID: 33510055 PMCID: PMC8328755 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.306093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Transplantation of neural stem cells (NSCs) can protect neurons in animal stroke models; however, their low rates of survival and neuronal differentiation limit their clinical application. Glial niches, an important location of neural stem cells, regulate survival, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells. However, the effects of activated glial cells on neural stem cells remain unclear. In the present study, we explored the effects of activated astrocytes and microglia on neural stem cells in vitro stroke models. We also investigated the effects of combined transplantation of neural stem cells and glial cells after stroke in rats. In a Transwell co-culture system, primary cultured astrocytes, microglia or mixed glial cells were exposed to glutamate or H2O2 and then seeded in the upper inserts, while primary neural stem cells were seeded in the lower uncoated wells and cultured for 7 days. Our results showed that microglia were conducive to neurosphere formation and had no effects on apoptosis within neurospheres, while astrocytes and mixed glial cells were conducive to neurosphere differentiation and reduced apoptosis within neurospheres, regardless of their pretreatment. In contrast, microglia and astrocytes induced neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells in differentiation medium, regardless of their pretreatment, with an exception of astrocytes pretreated with H2O2. Rat models of ischemic stroke were established by occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. Three days later, 5 × 105 neural stem cells with microglia or astrocytes were injected into the right lateral ventricle. Neural stem cell/astrocyte-treated rats displayed better improvement of neurological deficits than neural stem cell only-treated rats at 4 days after cell transplantation. Moreover, neural stem cell/microglia-, and neural stem cell/astrocyte-treated rats showed a significant decrease in ischemic volume compared with neural stem cell-treated rats. These findings indicate that microglia and astrocytes exert different effects on neural stem cells, and that co-transplantation of neural stem cells and astrocytes is more conducive to the recovery of neurological impairment in rats with ischemic stroke. The study was approved by the Animal Ethics Committee of Tongji University School of Medicine, China (approval No. 2010-TJAA08220401) in 2010.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Jun Wen
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xi-Min Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Li-Fen Liu
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Na-Na Li
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai-An Mao
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Huang
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiong-Lan Yuan
- Department of Neurology, Shanghai Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Lee S, Kim S, Kang HY, Lim HR, Kwon Y, Jo M, Jeon YM, Kim SR, Kim K, Ha CM, Lee S, Kim HJ. The overexpression of TDP-43 in astrocytes causes neurodegeneration via a PTP1B-mediated inflammatory response. J Neuroinflammation 2020; 17:299. [PMID: 33054766 PMCID: PMC7556969 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-020-01963-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cytoplasmic inclusions of transactive response DNA binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) in neurons and astrocytes are a feature of some neurodegenerative diseases, such as frontotemporal lobar degeneration with TDP-43 (FTLD-TDP) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). However, the role of TDP-43 in astrocyte pathology remains largely unknown. METHODS To investigate whether TDP-43 overexpression in primary astrocytes could induce inflammation, we transfected primary astrocytes with plasmids encoding Gfp or TDP-43-Gfp. The inflammatory response and upregulation of PTP1B in transfected cells were examined using quantitative RT-PCR and immunoblot analysis. Neurotoxicity was analysed in a transwell coculture system of primary cortical neurons with astrocytes and cultured neurons treated with astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM). We also examined the lifespan, performed climbing assays and analysed immunohistochemical data in pan-glial TDP-43-expressing flies in the presence or absence of a Ptp61f RNAi transgene. RESULTS PTP1B inhibition suppressed TDP-43-induced secretion of inflammatory cytokines (interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)) in primary astrocytes. Using a neuron-astrocyte coculture system and astrocyte-conditioned media treatment, we demonstrated that PTP1B inhibition attenuated neuronal death and mitochondrial dysfunction caused by overexpression of TDP-43 in astrocytes. In addition, neuromuscular junction (NMJ) defects, a shortened lifespan, inflammation and climbing defects caused by pan-glial overexpression of TDP-43 were significantly rescued by downregulation of ptp61f (the Drosophila homologue of PTP1B) in flies. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that PTP1B inhibition mitigates the neuronal toxicity caused by TDP-43-induced inflammation in mammalian astrocytes and Drosophila glial cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shinrye Lee
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Seyeon Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Ha-Young Kang
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju, 61886, South Korea
| | - Hye Ryeong Lim
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Younghwi Kwon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, DGIST, Daegu, 42988, South Korea
| | - Myungjin Jo
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Yu-Mi Jeon
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Sang Ryong Kim
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Institute of Life Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41566, South Korea
- Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, 41944, South Korea
| | - Kiyoung Kim
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, 31538, South Korea
| | - Chang Man Ha
- Research Division and Brain Research Core Facilities, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea
| | - Seongsoo Lee
- Gwangju Center, Korea Basic Science Institute (KBSI), Gwangju, 61886, South Korea.
| | - Hyung-Jun Kim
- Dementia Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute (KBRI), Daegu, 41062, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zheng Y, Han Z, Zhao H, Luo Y. MAPK: A Key Player in the Development and Progression of Stroke. CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS-DRUG TARGETS 2020; 19:248-256. [PMID: 32533818 DOI: 10.2174/1871527319666200613223018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conclusion:
Stroke is a complex disease caused by genetic and environmental factors, and its etiological
mechanism has not been fully clarified yet, which brings great challenges to its effective prevention
and treatment. MAPK signaling pathway regulates gene expression of eukaryotic cells and basic cellular
processes such as cell proliferation, differentiation, migration, metabolism and apoptosis, which are
considered as therapeutic targets for many diseases. Up to now, mounting evidence has shown that
MAPK signaling pathway is involved in the pathogenesis and development of ischemic stroke. However,
the upstream kinase and downstream kinase of MAPK signaling pathway are complex and the
influencing factors are numerous, the exact role of MAPK signaling pathway in the pathogenesis of
ischemic stroke has not been fully elucidated. MAPK signaling molecules in different cell types in the
brain respond variously after stroke injury, therefore, the present review article is committed to summarizing
the pathological process of different cell types participating in stroke, discussed the mechanism
of MAPK participating in stroke. We further elucidated that MAPK signaling pathway molecules
can be used as therapeutic targets for stroke, thus promoting the prevention and treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yangmin Zheng
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziping Han
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiping Zhao
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yumin Luo
- Institute of Cerebrovascular Disease Research and Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Liu X, Fan B, Chopp M, Zhang Z. Epigenetic Mechanisms Underlying Adult Post Stroke Neurogenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6179. [PMID: 32867041 PMCID: PMC7504398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains the leading cause of adult disability. Post-stroke neurogenesis contributes to functional recovery. As an intrinsic neurorestorative process, it is important to elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying stroke-induced neurogenesis and to develop therapies designed specifically to augment neurogenesis. Epigenetic mechanisms include DNA methylation, histone modification and its mediation by microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs. In this review, we highlight how epigenetic factors including DNA methylation, histone modification, microRNAs and long-non-coding RNAs mediate stroke-induced neurogenesis including neural stem cell self-renewal and cell fate determination. We also summarize therapies targeting these mechanisms in the treatment of stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xianshuang Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Baoyan Fan
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
- Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA
| | - Zhenggang Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (B.F.); (M.C.); (Z.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Atkinson SP. A Preview of Selected Articles. Stem Cells Transl Med 2019. [PMCID: PMC6877768 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.19-0384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
|
19
|
Dai Y, Sun F, Zhu H, Liu Q, Xu X, Gong P, Jiang R, Jin G, Qin J, Chen J, Zhang X, Shi W. Effects and Mechanism of Action of Neonatal Versus Adult Astrocytes on Neural Stem Cell Proliferation After Traumatic Brain Injury. Stem Cells 2019; 37:1344-1356. [PMID: 31287930 DOI: 10.1002/stem.3060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the limited capacity of brain tissue to self-regenerate after traumatic brain injury (TBI), the mobilization of endogenous neural stem cells (NSCs) is a popular research topic. In the clinic, the neurogenic abilities of adults versus neonates vary greatly, which is likely related to functional differences in NSCs. Recent studies have demonstrated that the molecules secreted from astrocytes play important roles in NSC fate determination. In this study, conditioned media (CM) derived from neonatal or adult rat astrocytes, which were unstimulated or stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), were prepared to treat NSCs. Our results revealed that neonatal rat astrocytes can significantly promote the proliferation of NSCs, compared with adult rat astrocytes, regardless of whether or not they were stimulated by LPS. Furthermore, we used mass spectrometry to detect the constituents of the CM from each group. We analyzed and screened for a protein, Tenascin-C (TNC), which was highly expressed in the neonatal group but poorly expressed in the adult group. We found that TNC can bind to the NSC surface epidermal growth factor receptor and promote proliferation through the PI3K-AKT pathway in vitro. Additionally, we confirmed in vivo that TNC can promote damage repair in a rat model of TBI, through enhancing the proliferation of endogenous NSCs. We believe that these findings provide a mechanistic understanding of why neonates show better neuroregenerative abilities than adults. This also provides a potential future therapeutic target, TNC, for injury repair after TBI. Stem Cells 2019;37:1344-1356.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yong Dai
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China.,Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feifan Sun
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Liu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xide Xu
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peipei Gong
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Jiang
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Guohua Jin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianbing Qin
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Chen
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghua Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Shi
- Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Centre of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Parenchymal and non-parenchymal immune cells in the brain: A critical role in regulating CNS functions. Int J Dev Neurosci 2019; 77:26-38. [PMID: 31026497 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijdevneu.2019.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The presence of immune cells in the central nervous system has long been the subject of research to find out their role. For a long time it was believed that the CNS was a privileged area from an immunological point of view, due to the presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as circulating immune cells were unable to penetrate the brain parenchyma, at least until the integrity of the BBB was preserved. For this reason the study of the CNS immune system has focused on the functions of microglia, the immunocompetent resident element of the brain parenchyma that retain the ability to divide and self-renew during lifespan without any significant contribution from circulating blood cells. More recently, the presence of lymphatic vessels in the dural sinuses has been demonstrated with accompanying lymphocytes, monocytes and other immune cells. Moreover, meningeal macrophages, that is macrophages along the blood vessels and in the choroid plexus (CP), are also present. These non-parenchymal immune cells, together with microglia, can affect multiple CNS functions. Here, we discuss the functional role of parenchymal and non-parenchymal immune cells and their contribution to the regulation of neurogenesis.
Collapse
|
21
|
Mai HN, Nguyen LTT, Shin EJ, Kim DJ, Jeong JH, Chung YH, Lei XG, Sharma N, Jang CG, Nabeshima T, Kim HC. Astrocytic mobilization of glutathione peroxidase-1 contributes to the protective potential against cocaine kindling behaviors in mice via activation of JAK2/STAT3 signaling. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 131:408-431. [PMID: 30592974 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2018.12.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Compelling evidence indicates that oxidative stress contributes to cocaine neurotoxicity. The present study was performed to elucidate the role of the glutathione peroxidase-1 (GPx-1) in cocaine-induced kindling (convulsive) behaviors in mice. Cocaine-induced convulsive behaviors significantly increased GPx-1, p-IkB, and p-JAK2/STAT3 expression, and oxidative burdens in the hippocampus of mice. There was no significant difference in cocaine-induced p-IkB expression between non-transgenic (non-TG) and GPx-1 overexpressing transgenic (GPx-1 TG) mice, but significant differences were observed in cocaine-induced p-JAK2/STAT3 expression and oxidative stress between non-TG and GPx-1 TG mice. Cocaine-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-labeled astrocytic level was significantly higher in the hippocampus of GPx-1 TG mice. Triple-labeling immunocytochemistry indicated that GPx-1-, p-STAT3-, and GFAP-immunoreactivities were co-localized in the same cells. AG490, a JAK2/STAT3 inhibitor, but not pyrrolidone dithiocarbamate, an NFκB inhibitor, significantly counteracted GPx-1-mediated protective potentials (i.e., anticonvulsant-, antioxidant-, antiapoptotic-effects). Genetic overexpression of GPx-1 significantly attenuated proliferation of Iba-1-labeled microglia induced by cocaine in mice. However, AG490 or astrocytic inhibition (by GFAP antisense oligonucleotide and α-aminoadipate) significantly increased Iba-1-labeled microglial activity and M1 phenotype microglial mRNA levels, reflecting that proinflammatory potentials were mediated by AG490 or astrocytic inhibition. This microglial activation was less pronounced in GPx-1 TG than in non-TG mice. Furthermore, either AG490 or astrocytic inhibition significantly counteracted GPx-1-mediated protective potentials. Therefore, our results suggest that astrocytic modulation between GPx-1 and JAK2/STAT3 might be one of the underlying mechanisms for protecting against convulsive neurotoxicity induced by cocaine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huynh Nhu Mai
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Lan Thuy Ty Nguyen
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Joo Shin
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dae-Joong Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Hee Chung
- Department of Anatomy, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Xin Gen Lei
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Naveen Sharma
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Choon-Gon Jang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Toshitaka Nabeshima
- Advanced Diagnostic System Research Laboratory, Fujita Health University Graduate School of Health Science, Aichi 470-1192, Japan; Aino University, Ibaraki 576-0012, Japan; Japanese Drug Organization of Appropriate and Research, Nagoya 468-0069, Japan
| | - Hyoung-Chun Kim
- Neuropsychopharmacology and Toxicology Program, College of Pharmacy, Kangwon National University, Chunchon 24341, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Leung JWH, Lau BWM, Chan VSF, Lau CS, So KF. Abnormal increase of neuronal precursor cells and exacerbated neuroinflammation in the corpus callosum in murine model of systemic lupus erythematosus. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2018; 34:443-53. [PMID: 27163251 PMCID: PMC4927870 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-160638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease which is characterised by elevated levels of autoantibodies and cytokines in the body. Via alteration of the regulation of inflammation, damage to different organ systems, including the central nervous system (CNS), was found in SLE patients. Patients diagnosed with SLE were reported to suffer from different kinds of psychiatric signs and symptoms. As neurogenesis has been suggested to be a potential key player of psychiatric symptoms and emotional behavior disturbances, this study aims to investigate whether neurogenesis is altered in an animal model of SLE. Also, neuroinflammation was studied. Methods: Female NZB/W F1 mice were used as an animal model of SLE. Animals were divided into two groups: 1. pre-diseased mice (lupus-prone NZB/W F1 female mice, age 10–15 weeks, negative for proteinuria and with basal levels of serum anti-dsDNA autoantibodies) and 2. diseased mice (NZB/W F1 female mice, > 25 weeks of age, with elevated serum levels of anti-dsDNA autoantibodies and with persistent proteinuria of > 3 mg/ml for more than 2 weeks). Comparisons of the levels of neurogenesis and neuroinflammtion between two groups of mice were studied by the immunohistochemistry. Results: After the onset of SLE symptoms, a reduction of neurogenesis in the hippocampus was found, while there was a dramatic increase of doublecortin (DCX+) neuronal precursor cells in the corpus callosum (CC) and in the subventricular zone (SVZ). Meanwhile, exacerbated inflammation was present in the corpus callosum of the diseased mice, which was suggested by the increased number of GFAP+ cells and IBA-1+ cells. Conclusions: To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study showing an increase of neuronal precursor cells in the corpus callosum of the female NZB/W F1 mice. The present study suggests a coincidence but not a causal relationship between neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. The present results have also provided new insight showing that the altered neurogenesis and neuroinflammation may be a potential neurological mechanism for the cognitive and mood disturbance found in the SLE patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Wai-Hin Leung
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Benson Wui-Man Lau
- Rehabilitation Sciences, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Vera Sau-Fong Chan
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Chak-Sing Lau
- Department of Medicine, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Kwok-Fai So
- Department of Ophthalmology, LKS Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Science, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.,GHM Institute of CNS Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Jiangsu, China.,Ministry of Education CNS Regeneration International Collaborative Joint Laboratory, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Farrell K, Borazjani A, Damaser M, Kothapalli CR. Differential regulation of NSC phenotype and genotype by chronically activated microglia within cocultures. Integr Biol (Camb) 2017; 8:1145-1157. [PMID: 27722366 DOI: 10.1039/c6ib00126b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Under disease or injury conditions in the central nervous system (CNS), activated microglia release cytokines and chemokines to modulate the microenvironment and influence tissue remodeling. To exploit the full potential of neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation approaches, a permissive microenvironment needs to be created for their survival, homing and differentiation. To investigate the role of chronically activated microglia in the fate of NSCs, spontaneously immortalized murine microglial cells (SIM-A9) were cocultured with embryonic murine cortical NSCs on 2D substrates or within 3D gels. Standalone NSC cultures served as controls. Cytokines and chemokines released by NSCs and SIM-A9 cells in standalone and cocultures were quantified. Coculturing with SIM-A9 cells suppressed NSC viability, neurite outgrowth, neural differentiation and TUJ1 gene expression, and promoted glia formation in both 2D and 3D cultures, over a 10-day period. The seven most-abundantly released analytes by microglia (MCP-1, MIP2, G-CSF, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, IL-6) were tested for their individual effects on NSCs, to investigate if the outcomes in cocultures were due to the synergistic effects of analytes or the influence of any individual analyte. All the seven analytes significantly suppressed cell survival compared to controls, but exposure to MIP-1β, IL-6, or MCP-1 enhanced neurite outgrowth and neural lineage commitment. Results attest to (i) the strong role of activated microglia in regulating NSC fate, (ii) the utility of selective analytes released by activated microglia in promoting neurogenesis and neuritogenesis, and (iii) the need to protect transplanted NSCs from the host inflammatory microenvironment to ensure their survival and functionality in treating neurological disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kurt Farrell
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., SH 460, Cleveland, OH 44141, USA.
| | - Ali Borazjani
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., SH 460, Cleveland, OH 44141, USA. and Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Margot Damaser
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Chandrasekhar R Kothapalli
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Cleveland State University, 2121 Euclid Ave., SH 460, Cleveland, OH 44141, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Seth B, Yadav A, Agarwal S, Tiwari SK, Chaturvedi RK. Inhibition of the transforming growth factor-β/SMAD cascade mitigates the anti-neurogenic effects of the carbamate pesticide carbofuran. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:19423-19440. [PMID: 28982980 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.798074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely used carbamate pesticide carbofuran causes neurophysiological and neurobehavioral deficits in rodents and humans and therefore poses serious health hazards around the world. Previously, we reported that gestational carbofuran exposure has detrimental effects on hippocampal neurogenesis, the generation of new neurons from neural stem cells (NSC), in offspring. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms for carbofuran-impaired neurogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we observed that chronic carbofuran exposure from gestational day 7 to postnatal day 21 altered expression of genes and transcription factors and levels of proteins involved in neurogenesis and the TGF-β pathway (i.e. TGF-β; SMAD-2, -3, and -7; and SMURF-2) in the rat hippocampus. We found that carbofuran increases TGF-β signaling (i.e. increased phosphorylated SMAD-2/3 and reduced SMAD-7 expression) in the hippocampus, which reduced NSC proliferation because of increased p21 levels and reduced cyclin D1 levels. Moreover, the carbofuran-altered TGF-β signaling impaired neuronal differentiation (BrdU/DCX+ and BrdU/NeuN+ cells) and increased apoptosis and neurodegeneration in the hippocampus. Blockade of the TGF-β pathway with the specific inhibitor SB431542 and via SMAD-3 siRNA prevented carbofuran-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis in both hippocampal NSC cultures and the hippocampus, suggesting the specific involvement of this pathway. Of note, both in vitro and in vivo studies indicated that TGF-β pathway attenuation reverses carbofuran's inhibitory effects on neurogenesis and associated learning and memory deficits. These results suggest that carbofuran inhibits NSC proliferation and neuronal differentiation by altering TGF-β signaling. Therefore, we conclude that TGF-β may represent a potential therapeutic target against carbofuran-mediated neurotoxicity and neurogenesis disruption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brashket Seth
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, and
| | - Shashi Kant Tiwari
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India.,the Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- From the Developmental Toxicology Laboratory, Systems Toxicology and Health Risk Assessment Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), Vishvigyan Bhavan, 31, Mahatma Gandhi Marg, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India, .,the Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-IITR Lucknow Campus, Lucknow 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Hendriksen E, van Bergeijk D, Oosting RS, Redegeld FA. Mast cells in neuroinflammation and brain disorders. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 79:119-133. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/01/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
|
26
|
Shi W, Huang C, Xu X, Jin G, Huang R, Huang J, Chen Y, Ju S, Wang Y, Shi Y, Qin J, Zhang Y, Liu Q, Wang X, Zhang X, Chen J. Transplantation of RADA16-BDNF peptide scaffold with human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells forced with CXCR4 and activated astrocytes for repair of traumatic brain injury. Acta Biomater 2016; 45:247-261. [PMID: 27592818 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 09/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to the poor self-regeneration of brain tissue, stem cell transplantation therapy is purported to enable the replacement of lost neurons after traumatic brain injury (TBI). The main challenge of brain regeneration is whether the transplanted cells can survive and carry out neuronal functions in the lesion area. The brain is a complex neuronal network consisting of various types of cells that significantly influence on each other, and the survival of the implanted stem cells in brain is critically influenced by the surrounding cells. Although stem cell-based therapy is developing rapidly, most previous studies just focus on apply single type of stem cells as cell source. Here, we found that co-culturing human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC-MSCs) directly with the activated astrocytes benefited to the proliferation and neuron differentiation of hUC-MSCs in vitro. In this study, hUC-MSCs and the activated astrocytes were seeded in RADA16-BDNF peptide scaffold (R-B-SPH scaffold), a specifical self-assembling peptide hydrogel, in which the environment promoted the differentiation of typical neuron-like cells with neurites extending in three-dimensional directions. Moreover, the results showed co-culture of hUC-MSCs and activated astrocytes promoted more BDNF secretion which may benefit to both neural differentiation of ectogenic hUC-MSCs and endogenic neurogenesis. In order to promote migration of the transplanted hUC-MSCs to the host brain, the hUC-MSCs were forced with CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4). We found that the moderate-sized lesion cavity, but not the large cavity caused by TBI was repaired via the transplantation of hUC-MSCsCXCR4 and activated astrocytes embedded in R-B-SPH scaffolds. The functional neural repair for TBI demonstrated in this study is mainly due to the transplantation system of double cells, hUC-MSCs and activated astrocytes. We believe that this novel cell transplantation system offers a promising treatment option for cell replacement therapy for TBI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE In this reach, we specifically linked RGIDKRHWNSQ, a functional peptide derived from BDNF, to the C-terminal of RADARADARADARADA (RADA16) to structure a functional self-assembling peptide hydrogel scaffold, RADA16-BDNF (R-B-SPH scaffold) for the better transplantation of the double cell unit. Also, the novel scaffold was used as cell-carrier for transplantation double cell unit (hUC-MSCs/astrocyte) for treating traumatic brain injury. The results of this study showing that R-B-SPH scaffold was pliancy and flexibility to fit the brain lesion cavity and promotes the outgrowth of axons and dendrites of the neurons derived from hUC-MSCs in vitro and in vivo, indicating the 3D R-B-SPH scaffold provided a suitable microenvironment for hUC-MSC survival, proliferation and differentiation. Also, our results showing the double-cells transplantation system (hUC-MSCs/astrocyte) may be a novel cell-based therapeutic strategy for neuroregeneration after TBI with potential value for clinical application.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mao S, Li X, Wang J, Ding X, Zhang C, Li L. miR-17-92 facilitates neuronal differentiation of transplanted neural stem/precursor cells under neuroinflammatory conditions. J Neuroinflammation 2016; 13:208. [PMID: 27567678 PMCID: PMC5002215 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-016-0685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Neural stem/precursor cells (NSCs) are of particular interest because of their potential application in cell therapy for brain damage. However, most brain injury cases are followed with neuroinflammatory stress, which affects the lineage selection of grafted NSCs by promoting astrocytogenesis, thus hampering the potential for neural replacement. The present study investigated the role of miR-17-92 in protecting against detrimental effects of neuroinflammation on NSC differentiation in cell therapy. Methods NSCs were treated with conditioned medium from lesioned astrocytes with/without neutralizing antibodies of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) or/and ciliary neurotrophic factor (CNTF), respectively. Afterward, the levels of p-STAT3 and p-JAK2 were determined by western blotting while expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and β-tubulin III was assessed by immunostaining. The activation of JAK-STAT pathway and cell differentiation were also evaluated after we overexpressed miR-17-92 in NSCs under different neuroinflammatory conditions. After the transplantation of miR-17-92-overexpressing NSCs into injured mouse cortex, PH3, nestin, GFAP, and NeuN were analyzed by immunostaining. In addition, motor coordination of mice was evaluated by rotarod test. Results Conditioned medium from lesioned astrocytes activated JAK-STAT pathway and facilitated astrocytic differentiation in NSCs while neutralizing antibodies of LIF and CNTF remarkably attenuated such effects. miR-17-92 cluster repressed the expression of multiple proteins including GP130, CNTFR, JAK2, and STAT3 in JAK-STAT pathway. Overexpression of miR-17-92 in NSCs systematically blocked the activation of JAK-STAT pathway mediated by LIF and CNTF, which facilitated neuronal differentiation in vitro. Furthermore, miR-17-92 increased neuronal generation of grafted NSCs and reduced astrogliosis, which resulted in the improvement of motor coordination of brain-injured mice. Conclusions Our results suggest that miR-17-92 promotes neuronal differentiation of grafted NSCs under neuroinflammatory condition via inhibition of multiple proteins in JAK-STAT pathway. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0685-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susu Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, China
| | - Xiuhua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Xin Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China
| | - Liang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for MicroRNA Biology and Biotechnology, NJU Advanced Institute for Life Sciences (NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Road, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210023, China.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Liu Z, Chopp M. Astrocytes, therapeutic targets for neuroprotection and neurorestoration in ischemic stroke. Prog Neurobiol 2015; 144:103-20. [PMID: 26455456 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Revised: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are the most abundant cell type within the central nervous system. They play essential roles in maintaining normal brain function, as they are a critical structural and functional part of the tripartite synapses and the neurovascular unit, and communicate with neurons, oligodendrocytes and endothelial cells. After an ischemic stroke, astrocytes perform multiple functions both detrimental and beneficial, for neuronal survival during the acute phase. Aspects of the astrocytic inflammatory response to stroke may aggravate the ischemic lesion, but astrocytes also provide benefit for neuroprotection, by limiting lesion extension via anti-excitotoxicity effects and releasing neurotrophins. Similarly, during the late recovery phase after stroke, the glial scar may obstruct axonal regeneration and subsequently reduce the functional outcome; however, astrocytes also contribute to angiogenesis, neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, and axonal remodeling, and thereby promote neurological recovery. Thus, the pivotal involvement of astrocytes in normal brain function and responses to an ischemic lesion designates them as excellent therapeutic targets to improve functional outcome following stroke. In this review, we will focus on functions of astrocytes and astrocyte-mediated events during stroke and recovery. We will provide an overview of approaches on how to reduce the detrimental effects and amplify the beneficial effects of astrocytes on neuroprotection and on neurorestoration post stroke, which may lead to novel and clinically relevant therapies for stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwu Liu
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Michael Chopp
- Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, MI, USA; Department of Physics, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Pringproa K, Rungsiwiwut R, Tantilertcharoen R, Praphet R, Pruksananonda K, Baumgärtner W, Thanawongnuwech R. Tropism and Induction of Cytokines in Human Embryonic-Stem Cells-Derived Neural Progenitors upon Inoculation with Highly- Pathogenic Avian H5N1 Influenza Virus. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0135850. [PMID: 26274828 PMCID: PMC4537284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0135850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 07/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Central nervous system (CNS) dysfunction caused by neurovirulent influenza viruses is a dreaded complication of infection, and may play a role in some neurodegenerative conditions, such as Parkinson-like diseases and encephalitis lethargica. Although CNS infection by highly pathogenic H5N1 virus has been demonstrated, it is unknown whether H5N1 infects neural progenitor cells, nor whether such infection plays a role in the neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. To pursue this question, we infected human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) differentiated from human embryonic stem cells in vitro with H5N1 virus, and studied the resulting cytopathology, cytokine expression, and genes involved in the differentiation. Human embryonic stem cells (BG01) were maintained and differentiated into the neural progenitors, and then infected by H5N1 virus (A/Chicken/Thailand/CUK2/04) at a multiplicity of infection of 1. At 6, 24, 48, and 72 hours post-infection (hpi), cytopathic effects were observed. Then cells were characterized by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy, supernatants quantified for virus titers, and sampled cells studied for candidate genes.The hNPCs were susceptible to H5N1 virus infection as determined by morphological observation and immunofluorescence. The infection was characterized by a significant up-regulation of TNF-α gene expression, while expressions of IFN-α2, IFN-β1, IFN-γ and IL-6 remained unchanged compared to mock-infected controls. Moreover, H5N1 infection did not appear to alter expression of neuronal and astrocytic markers of hNPCs, such as β-III tubulin and GFAP, respectively. The results indicate that hNPCs support H5N1 virus infection and may play a role in the neuroinflammation during acute viral encephalitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kidsadagon Pringproa
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- * E-mail:
| | - Ruttachuk Rungsiwiwut
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Rachod Tantilertcharoen
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Reunkeaw Praphet
- Institute Product Quality and Standardization, Maejo University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Kamthorn Pruksananonda
- Human Embryonic Stem Cell Research Center, Reproductive Medicine Unit, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University and King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wolfgang Baumgärtner
- Department of Pathology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Roongroje Thanawongnuwech
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wang B, Jin K. Current perspectives on the link between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis. Metab Brain Dis 2015; 30:355-65. [PMID: 24623361 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-014-9523-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The link between neuroinflammation and neurogenesis is an area of intensive research in contemporary neuroscience. The burgeoning amount of evidence accumulated over the past decade has been incredible, and now there remains the figuring out of minutia to give us a more complete picture of what individual, synergistic, and antagonistic events are occurring between neurogenesis and neuroinflammation. An intricate study of the inflammatory microenvironment influenced by the presence of the various inflammatory components like cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells is essential for: 1) understanding how neurogenesis can be affected in such a specialized niche and 2) applying the knowledge gained for the treatment of cognitive and/or motor deficits arising from inflammation-associated diseases like stroke, traumatic brain injury, Alzheimer's disease, and Parkinson's disease. This review is written to provide the reader with up-to-date information explaining how these inflammatory components are effecting changes on neurogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Neuroscience, University of North Texas Health Science Center, 3500 Camp Bowie Boulevard, Fort Worth, TX, 76107, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gu G, Zhang W, Li M, Ni J, Wang P. Transplantation of NSC-derived cholinergic neuron-like cells improves cognitive function in APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Neuroscience 2015; 291:81-92. [PMID: 25681520 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The ability to selectively control the differentiation of neural stem cells (NSCs) into cholinergic neurons in vivo would be an important step toward cell replacement therapy. First, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-NSCs were induced to differentiate into cholinergic neuron-like cells (CNLs) with retinoic acid (RA) pre-induction followed by nerve growth factor (NGF) induction. Then, these CNLs were transplanted into bilateral hippocampus of APP/PS1 transgenic mice. Behavioral parameters showed by Morris water maze (MWM) tests and the percentages of GFP-labeled cholinergic neurons of CNL transplanted mice were compared with those of controls. Brain levels of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) mRNA and proteins were analyzed by quantitative real-time PCR and Western blotting, ChAT activity and acetylcholine (ACh) concentration were also evaluated by ChAT activity and ACh concentration assay kits. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that 80.3±1.5% NSCs differentiated into CNLs after RA pre-induction followed by NGF induction in vitro. Three months after transplantation, 82.4±6.3% CNLs differentiated into cholinergic neurons in vivo. APP/PS1 mice transplanted with CNLs showed a significant improvement in learning and memory ability compared with control groups at different time points. Furthermore, CNLs transplantation dramatically increased in the expressions of ChAT mRNA and protein, as well ChAT activity and ACh concentration in APP/PS1 mice. Our findings support the prospect of using NSC-derived CNLs in developing therapies for Alzheimer's disease (AD).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Gu
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - M Li
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - J Ni
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - P Wang
- Department of Medical Imaging, Tongji Hospital, Medical School of Tongji University, Shanghai 200065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ekthuwapranee K, Sotthibundhu A, Tocharus C, Govitrapong P. Melatonin ameliorates dexamethasone-induced inhibitory effects on the proliferation of cultured progenitor cells obtained from adult rat hippocampus. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2015; 145:38-48. [PMID: 25305353 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids, hormones that are released in response to stress, induce neuronal cell damage. The hippocampus is a primary target of glucocorticoids in the brain, the effects of which include the suppression of cell proliferation and diminished neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Our previous study found that melatonin, synthesized primarily in the pineal, pretreatment prevented the negative effects of dexamethasone, the glucocorticoid receptor agonist, on behavior and neurogenesis in rat hippocampus. In the present study, we attempted to investigate the interrelationship between melatonin and dexamethasone on the underlying mechanism of neural stem cell proliferation. Addition of dexamethasone to hippocampal progenitor cells from eight-week old rats resulted in a decrease in the number of neurospheres; pretreatment with melatonin precluded these effects. The immunocytochemical analyses indicated a reduction of Ki67 and nestin-positive cells in the dexamethasone-treated group, which was minimized by melatonin pretreatment. A reduction of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1 and 2 (ERK1/2) phosphorylation and G1-S phase cell cycle regulators cyclin E and CDK2 in dexamethasone-treated progenitor cells were prevented by pretreatment of melatonin. Moreover, luzindole, a melatonin receptor antagonist blocked the positive effect of melatonin whereas RU48, the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist blocked the negative effect of dexamethasone on the number of neurospheres. Moreover, we also found that dexamethasone increased the glucocorticoid receptor protein but decreased the level of MT1 melatonin receptor, whereas melatonin increased the level of MT1 melatonin receptor but decreased the glucocorticoid receptor protein. These suggest the crosstalk and cross regulation between the melatonin receptor and the glucocorticoid receptor on hippocampal progenitor cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kasima Ekthuwapranee
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Thailand
| | | | | | - Piyarat Govitrapong
- Research Center for Neuroscience, Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Thailand; Center for Neuroscience and Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Thailand.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Tiwari SK, Agarwal S, Seth B, Yadav A, Ray RS, Mishra VN, Chaturvedi RK. Inhibitory Effects of Bisphenol-A on Neural Stem Cells Proliferation and Differentiation in the Rat Brain Are Dependent on Wnt/β-Catenin Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 52:1735-1757. [PMID: 25381574 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-8940-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenesis, a process of generation of new neurons, occurs throughout the life in the hippocampus and sub-ventricular zone (SVZ). Bisphenol-A (BPA), an endocrine disrupter used as surface coating for packaged food cans, injures the developing and adult brain. However, the effects of BPA on neurogenesis and underlying cellular and molecular mechanism(s) are still unknown. Herein, we studied the effect(s) of prenatal and early postnatal exposure of low dose BPA on Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway that controls different steps of neurogenesis such as neural stem cell (NSC) proliferation and neuronal differentiation. Pregnant rats were treated with 4, 40, and 400 μg BPA/kg body weight orally daily from gestational day 6 to postnatal day 21. Both in vivo and in vitro studies showed that BPA alters NSC proliferation and differentiation. BPA impaired NSC proliferation (5'-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU(+)) and nestin(+) cells) and neuronal differentiation (BrdU/doublecortin(+) and BrdU/neuronal nuclei (NeuN(+)) cells) in the hippocampus and SVZ as compared to control. It significantly altered expression/protein levels of neurogenic genes and the Wnt pathway genes in the hippocampus. BPA reduced cellular β-catenin and p-GSK-3β levels and decreased β-catenin nuclear translocation, and cyclin-D1 and TCF/LEF promoter luciferase activity. Specific activation and blockage of the Wnt pathway suggested involvement of this pathway in BPA-mediated inhibition of neurogenesis. Further, blockage of GSK-3β activity by SB415286 and GSK-3β small interfering RNA (siRNA) attenuated BPA-induced downregulation of neurogenesis. Overall, these results suggest significant inhibitory effects of BPA on NSC proliferation and differentiation in the rat via the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shashi Kant Tiwari
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Agarwal
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Brashket Seth
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India.,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India
| | - Ratan Singh Ray
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.,Photobiology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Nath Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Rajnish Kumar Chaturvedi
- Developmental Toxicology Division, Systems Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research (CSIR-IITR), 80-MG Marg, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India. .,Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), New Delhi, India.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zizkova M, Sucha R, Tyleckova J, Jarkovska K, Mairychova K, Kotrcova E, Marsala M, Gadher SJ, Kovarova H. Proteome-wide analysis of neural stem cell differentiation to facilitate transition to cell replacement therapies. Expert Rev Proteomics 2014; 12:83-95. [PMID: 25363140 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.977381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are devastating disorders and the demands on their treatment are set to rise in connection with higher disease incidence. Knowledge of the spatiotemporal profile of cellular protein expression during neural differentiation and definition of a set of markers highly specific for targeted neural populations is a key challenge. Intracellular proteins may be utilized as a readout for follow-up transplantation and cell surface proteins may facilitate isolation of the cell subpopulations, while secreted proteins could help unravel intercellular communication and immunomodulation. This review summarizes the potential of proteomics in revealing molecular mechanisms underlying neural differentiation of stem cells and presents novel candidate proteins of neural subpopulations, where understanding of their functionality may accelerate transition to cell replacement therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Zizkova
- Laboratory of Applied Proteome Analyses, Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, AS CR, v.v.i., Libechov, Czech Republic
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) enhances neurogenesis and neurite outgrowth of immature neurons in adult mice by up-regulating brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). PLoS One 2014; 9:e109977. [PMID: 25299676 PMCID: PMC4192587 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0109977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Scorpion venom heat-resistant peptide (SVHRP) is a component purified from Buthus martensii Karsch scorpion venom. Although scorpions and their venom have been used in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) to treat chronic neurological disorders, the underlying mechanisms of these treatments remain unknown. We applied SVHRP in vitro and in vivo to understand its effects on the neurogenesis and maturation of adult immature neurons and explore associated molecular mechanisms. SVHRP administration increased the number of 5-bromo-2’-dexoxyuridine (BrdU)-positive cells, BrdU- positive/neuron-specific nuclear protein (NeuN)-positive neurons, and polysialylated-neural cell adhesion molecule (PSA-NCAM)-positive immature neurons in the subventricular zone (SVZ) and subgranular zone (SGZ) of hippocampus. Furthermore immature neurons incubated with SVHRP-pretreated astrocyte-conditioned medium exhibited significantly increased neurite length compared with those incubated with normal astrocyte-conditioned medium. This neurotrophic effect was further confirmed in vivo by detecting an increased average single area and whole area of immature neurons in the SGZ, SVZ and olfactory bulb (OB) in the adult mouse brain. In contrast to normal astrocyte-conditioned medium, higher concentrations of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) but not nerve growth factor (NGF) or glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) was detected in the conditioned medium of SVHRP-pretreated astrocytes, and blocking BDNF using anti-BDNF antibodies eliminated these SVHRP-dependent neurotrophic effects. In SVHRP treated mouse brain, more glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-positive cells were detected. Furthermore, immunohistochemistry revealed increased numbers of GFAP/BDNF double-positive cells, which agrees with the observed changes in the culture system. This paper describes novel effects of scorpion venom-originated peptide on the stem cells and suggests the potential therapeutic values of SVHRP.
Collapse
|
36
|
Qin Y, Zhang W, Yang P. Current states of endogenous stem cells in adult spinal cord. J Neurosci Res 2014; 93:391-8. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Cadet Brigade, Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yang
- Department of Neurobiology; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurobiology; Third Military Medical University; Chongqing People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Motor Neuron Differentiation from Pluripotent Stem Cells and Other Intermediate Proliferative Precursors that can be Discriminated by Lineage Specific Reporters. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2014; 11:194-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-014-9541-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
|
38
|
Chew GS, Myers S, Shu-Chien AC, Muhammad TST. Interleukin-6 inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha expression is mediated by JAK2- and PI3K-induced STAT1/3 in HepG2 hepatocyte cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2013; 388:25-37. [PMID: 24242046 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-013-1896-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 11/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is the major activator of the acute phase response (APR). One important regulator of IL-6-activated APR is peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Currently, there is a growing interest in determining the role of PPARα in regulating APR; however, studies on the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways implicated in mediating the effects of IL-6 on the expression of PPARα are limited. We previously revealed that IL-6 inhibits PPARα gene expression through CAAT/enhancer-binding protein transcription factors in hepatocytes. In this study, we determined that STAT1/3 was the direct downstream molecules that mediated the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) and phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathways in IL-6-induced repression of PPARα. Treatment of cells with pharmacological inhibitors of JAK2, PI3K, AKT, and mTOR attenuated the inhibitory effect of IL-6 on PPARα protein in a dose-dependent manner. These inhibitors also decreased the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα mRNA expression and promoter activity. Overexpression of STAT1 and STAT3 in HepG2 cells cotransfected with a reporter vector containing this PPARα promoter region revealed that both the expression plasmids inhibited the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα promoter activity. In the presence of inhibitors of JAK2 and mTOR (AG490 and rapamycin, respectively), IL-6-regulated protein expression and DNA binding of STAT1 and STAT3 were either completely or partially inhibited simultaneously, and the IL-6-induced repression of PPARα protein and mRNA was also inhibited. This study has unraveled novel pathways by which IL-6 inhibits PPARα gene transcription, involving the modulation of JAK2/STAT1-3 and PI3K/AKT/mTOR by inducing the binding of STAT1 and STAT3 to STAT-binding sites on the PPARα promoter. Together, these findings represent a new model of IL-6-induced suppression of PPARα expression by inducing STAT1 and STAT3 phosphorylation and subsequent down-regulation of PPARα mRNA expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guat-Siew Chew
- School of Biological Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800, Penang, Malaysia,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Zou L, Li H, Jin G, Tian M, Qin J, Zhao H. Fimbria-fornix (FF)-transected hippocampal extracts induce the activation of astrocytes in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2013; 50:174-82. [PMID: 24203634 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-013-9709-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Hippocampus is one of the neurogenesis areas in adult mammals, but the function of astrocytes in this area is still less known. In our previous study, the fimbria-fornix (FF)-transected hippocampal extracts promoted the proliferation and neuronal differentiation of radial glial cells in vitro. To explore the effects of hippocampal extracts on gliogenesis, the hippocampal astrocytes were treated by normal or ff-transected hippocampal extracts in vitro. The cells were immunostained by brain lipid-binding protein (BLBP), nestin, and SOX2 to assess their state of activation. The effects of astrocyte-conditioned medium on the neuronal differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells (NSCs) were also investigated. After treatment of FF-transected hippocampal extracts, the number of BLBP, nestin, and Sox-positive cells were obviously more than the cells which treated by normal hippocampal extracts, these cells maintained a state of activation and the activated astrocyte-conditioned medium also promoted the differentiation of NSCs into more neurons. These findings suggest that the astrocytes can be activated by FF-transected hippocampal extracts and these activated cells also can promote the neuronal differentiation of hippocampal NSCs in vitro.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Linqing Zou
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histoembryology, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Audet MC, Anisman H. Interplay between pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in depressive illnesses. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:68. [PMID: 23675319 PMCID: PMC3650474 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of depressive disorders had long been attributed to monoamine variations, and pharmacological treatment strategies likewise focused on methods of altering monoamine availability. However, the limited success achieved by treatments that altered these processes spurred the search for alternative mechanisms and treatments. Here we provide a brief overview concerning a possible role for pro-inflammatory cytokines and growth factors in major depression, as well as the possibility of targeting these factors in treating this disorder. The data suggest that focusing on one or another cytokine or growth factor might be counterproductive, especially as these factors may act sequentially or in parallel in affecting depressive disorders. It is also suggested that cytokines and growth factors might be useful biomarkers for individualized treatments of depressive illnesses.
Collapse
|
41
|
GDNF facilitates differentiation of the adult dentate gyrus-derived neural precursor cells into astrocytes via STAT3. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 434:779-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
42
|
Chan YH, Gao M, Wu W. Are newborn rat-derived neural stem cells more sensitive to lead neurotoxicity? Neural Regen Res 2013; 8:581-92. [PMID: 25206702 PMCID: PMC4145982 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2012] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead ion (Pb2+) has been proven to be a neurotoxin due to its neurotoxicity on mammalian nervous system, especially for the developing brains of juveniles. However, many reported studies involved the negative effects of Pb2+ on adult neural cells of humans or other mammals, only few of which have examined the effects of Pb2+ on neural stem cells. The purpose of this study was to reveal the biological effects of Pb2+ from lead acetate [Pb (CH3COO)2] on viability, proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells derived from the hippocampus of newborn rats aged 7 days and adult rats aged 90 days, respectively. This study was carried out in three parts. In the first part, 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay (MTT viability assay) was used to detect the effects of Pb2+ on the cell viability of passage 2 hippocampal neural stem cells after 48-hour exposure to 0–200 μM Pb2+. In the second part, 10 μM bromodeoxyuridine was added into the culture medium of passage 2 hippocampal neural stem cells after 48-hour exposure to 0–200 μM Pb2+, followed by immunocytochemical staining with anti-bromodeoxyuridine to demonstrate the effects of Pb2+ on cell proliferation. In the last part, passage 2 hippocampal neural stem cells were allowed to grow in the differentiation medium with 0–200 μM Pb2+. Immunocytochemical staining with anti-microtubule-associated protein 2 (a neuron marker), anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (an astrocyte marker), and anti-RIP (an oligodendrocyte marker) was performed to detect the differentiation commitment of affected neural stem cells after 6 days. The data showed that Pb2+ inhibited not only the viability and proliferation of rat hippocampal neural stem cells, but also their neuronal and oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro. Moreover, increased activity of astrocyte differentiation of hippocampal neural stem cells from both newborn and adult rats was observed after exposure to high concentration of lead ion in vitro. These findings suggest that hippocampal neural stem cells of newborn rats were more sensitive than those from adult rats to Pb2+ cytotoxicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Ho Chan
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Mingyong Gao
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China ; Department of Spine Surgery, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430000, Hubei Province, China
| | - Wutian Wu
- Department of Anatomy, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong SAR, China ; State Key Laboratory of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; Research Center of Reproduction, Development and Growth, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China ; GHM Institute of Central Nervous System Regeneration, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510630, Guangdong Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Protoplasmic astrocytes enhance the ability of neural stem cells to differentiate into neurons in vitro. PLoS One 2012; 7:e38243. [PMID: 22693605 PMCID: PMC3365019 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0038243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Protoplasmic astrocytes have been reported to exhibit neuroprotective effects on neurons, but there has been no direct evidence for a functional relationship between protoplasmic astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs). In this study, we examined neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by protoplasmic astrocytes in a co-culture model. Protoplasmic astrocytes were isolated from new-born and NSCs from the E13-15 cortex of rats respectively. The differentiated cells labeled with neuron-specific marker β-tubulin III, were dramatically increased at 7 days in the co-culture condition. Blocking the effects of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) with an anti-BDNF antibody reduced the number of neurons differentiated from NSCs when co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes. In fact, the content of BDNF in the supernatant obtained from protoplasmic astrocytes and NSCs co-culture media was significantly greater than that from control media conditions. These results indicate that protoplasmic astrocytes promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs, which is driven, at least in part, by BDNF.
Collapse
|
44
|
Liu Y, Liu RR, Wang L, Zeng L, Long ZY, Wu YM. The effects of different phenotype astrocytes on neural stem cells differentiation in co-culture. Neurosci Lett 2011; 508:61-6. [PMID: 22206833 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2011] [Revised: 12/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes were reported to show neuroprotective effects on neurons, but there was no direct evidence for a functional relationship between astrocytes and neural stem cells (NSCs). In this experiments, we examined neuronal differentiation of NSCs induced by protoplasmic and fibrous astrocytes in a co-culture model respectively. Two types of astrocytes and NSCs were isolated from E13 to 15 cortex of rats. The neuronal differentiation of NSCs was examined after co-culture with two kinds of astrocytes. There were more neuronal marker β-tublin III positive cells from NSCs co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes. However the differentiated neurons, whether co-cultured with protoplasmic astrocytes or fibrous astrocytes, both expressed glutamate AMPA receptor subunit GluR2 protein and exhibited biological electrical reactivity after stimulated by glutamine. Therefore, these findings indicated that two types of astrocytes could induce the differentiation of NSCs and also possibly induce functional maturation of differentiated neurons, among which protoplasmic astrocytes have the ability to promote neuronal differentiation of NSCs compared with fibrous astrocytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- 3rd Department of Research Institute of Surgery, Daping Hospital, The Third Military Medical University, State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burns and Combined Injury, Chongqing 400042, China
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|