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Zanetti A, Tomanin R. Targeting Neurological Aspects of Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: Enzyme Replacement Therapy and Beyond. BioDrugs 2024; 38:639-655. [PMID: 39177874 PMCID: PMC11358193 DOI: 10.1007/s40259-024-00675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II) is a rare, pediatric, neurometabolic disorder due to the lack of activity of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulfatase (IDS), normally degrading heparan sulfate and dermatan sulfate within cell lysosomes. The deficit of activity is caused by mutations affecting the IDS gene, leading to the pathological accumulation of both glycosaminoglycans in the lysosomal compartment and in the extracellular matrix of most body districts. Although a continuum of clinical phenotypes is described, two main forms are commonly recognized-attenuated and severe-the latter being characterized by an earlier and faster clinical progression and by a progressive impairment of central nervous system (CNS) functions. However, attenuated forms have also been recently described as presenting some neurological involvement, although less deep, such as deficits of attention and hearing loss. The main treatment for the disease is represented by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), applied in several countries since 2006, which, albeit showing partial efficacy on some peripheral organs, exhibited a very poor efficacy on bones and heart, and a total inefficacy on CNS impairment, due to the inability of the recombinant enzyme to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Together with ERT, whose design enhancements, performed in the last few years, allowed a possible brain penetration of the drug through the BBB, other therapeutic approaches aimed at targeting CNS involvement in MPS II were proposed and evaluated in the last decades, such as intrathecal ERT, intracerebroventricular ERT, ex vivo gene therapy, or adeno-associated viral vector (AAV) gene therapy. The aim of this review is to summarize the main clinical aspects of MPS II in addition to current therapeutic options, with particular emphasis on the neurological ones and on the main CNS-targeted therapeutic approaches explored through the years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Zanetti
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health SDB, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128, Padua, Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127, Padua, Italy
| | - Rosella Tomanin
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women's and Children's Health SDB, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani, 3, 35128, Padua, Italy.
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica Città della Speranza, 35127, Padua, Italy.
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Chen TY, Lin SP, Huang DF, Huang HS, Tsai FC, Lee LJ, Lin HY, Huang HP. Mature neurons from iPSCs unveil neurodegeneration-related pathways in mucopolysaccharidosis type II: GSK-3β inhibition for therapeutic potential. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:302. [PMID: 38684682 PMCID: PMC11058230 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06692-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) type II is caused by a deficiency of iduronate-2-sulfatase and is characterized by the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). Without effective therapy, the severe form of MPS II causes progressive neurodegeneration and death. This study generated multiple clones of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and their isogenic controls (ISO) from four patients with MPS II neurodegeneration. MPS II-iPSCs were successfully differentiated into cortical neurons with characteristic biochemical and cellular phenotypes, including axonal beadings positive for phosphorylated tau, and unique electrophysiological abnormalities, which were mostly rescued in ISO-iPSC-derived neurons. RNA sequencing analysis uncovered dysregulation in three major signaling pathways, including Wnt/β-catenin, p38 MAP kinase, and calcium pathways, in mature MPS II neurons. Further mechanistic characterization indicated that the dysregulation in calcium signaling led to an elevated intracellular calcium level, which might be linked to compromised survival of neurons. Based on these dysregulated pathways, several related chemicals and drugs were tested using this mature MPS II neuron-based platform and a small-molecule glycogen synthase kinase-3β inhibitor was found to significantly rescue neuronal survival, neurite morphology, and electrophysiological abnormalities in MPS II neurons. Our results underscore that the MPS II-iPSC-based platform significantly contributes to unraveling the mechanisms underlying the degeneration and death of MPS II neurons and assessing potential drug candidates. Furthermore, the study revealed that targeting the specific dysregulation of signaling pathways downstream of GAG accumulation in MPS II neurons with a well-characterized drug could potentially ameliorate neuronal degeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tzu-Yu Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shuan-Pei Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - De-Fong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsien-Sung Huang
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Feng-Chiao Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Jen Lee
- Graduate Institute of Brain and Mind Sciences, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan
- Neurobiology and Cognitive Science Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Yu Lin
- Department of Medicine, MacKay Medical College, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Pediatrics, MacKay Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiang-Po Huang
- Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Placci M, Giannotti MI, Muro S. Polymer-based drug delivery systems under investigation for enzyme replacement and other therapies of lysosomal storage disorders. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2023; 197:114683. [PMID: 36657645 PMCID: PMC10629597 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2022.114683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes play a central role in cellular homeostasis and alterations in this compartment associate with many diseases. The most studied example is that of lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a group of 60 + maladies due to genetic mutations affecting lysosomal components, mostly enzymes. This leads to aberrant intracellular storage of macromolecules, altering normal cell function and causing multiorgan syndromes, often fatal within the first years of life. Several treatment modalities are available for a dozen LSDs, mostly consisting of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) strategies. Yet, poor biodistribution to main targets such as the central nervous system, musculoskeletal tissue, and others, as well as generation of blocking antibodies and adverse effects hinder effective LSD treatment. Drug delivery systems are being studied to surmount these obstacles, including polymeric constructs and nanoparticles that constitute the focus of this article. We provide an overview of the formulations being tested, the diseases they aim to treat, and the results observed from respective in vitro and in vivo studies. We also discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these strategies, the remaining gaps of knowledge regarding their performance, and important items to consider for their clinical translation. Overall, polymeric nanoconstructs hold considerable promise to advance treatment for LSDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Placci
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Marina I Giannotti
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; CIBER-BBN, ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Materials Science and Physical Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona 08028, Spain
| | - Silvia Muro
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), Barcelona Institute for Science and Technology (BIST), Barcelona 08028, Spain; Institute of Catalonia for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain; Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
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Carvalho S, Santos JI, Moreira L, Gonçalves M, David H, Matos L, Encarnação M, Alves S, Coutinho MF. Neurological Disease Modeling Using Pluripotent and Multipotent Stem Cells: A Key Step towards Understanding and Treating Mucopolysaccharidoses. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041234. [PMID: 37189853 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive research, the links between the accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and the clinical features seen in patients suffering from various forms of mucopolysaccharidoses (MPSs) have yet to be further elucidated. This is particularly true for the neuropathology of these disorders; the neurological symptoms are currently incurable, even in the cases where a disease-specific therapeutic approach does exist. One of the best ways to get insights on the molecular mechanisms driving that pathogenesis is the analysis of patient-derived cells. Yet, not every patient-derived cell recapitulates relevant disease features. For the neuronopathic forms of MPSs, for example, this is particularly evident because of the obvious inability to access live neurons. This scenario changed significantly with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technologies. From then on, a series of differentiation protocols to generate neurons from iPSC was developed and extensively used for disease modeling. Currently, human iPSC and iPSC-derived cell models have been generated for several MPSs and numerous lessons were learnt from their analysis. Here we review most of those studies, not only listing the currently available MPS iPSC lines and their derived models, but also summarizing how they were generated and the major information different groups have gathered from their analyses. Finally, and taking into account that iPSC generation is a laborious/expensive protocol that holds significant limitations, we also hypothesize on a tempting alternative to establish MPS patient-derived neuronal cells in a much more expedite way, by taking advantage of the existence of a population of multipotent stem cells in human dental pulp to establish mixed neuronal and glial cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Carvalho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Coimbra, Polo das Ciências da Saúde, Azinhaga de SantaComba, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Juliana Inês Santos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luciana Moreira
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Mariana Gonçalves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Inov4Agro, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Hugo David
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, 4169-007 Porto, Portugal
| | - Liliana Matos
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Marisa Encarnação
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra Alves
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Maria Francisca Coutinho
- Research and Development Unit, Department of Human Genetics, National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge, INSA I.P., Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055 Porto, Portugal
- Center for the Study of Animal Science-Instituto de Ciências, Tecnologias e Agroambiente da Universidade do Porto, CECA-ICETA, University of Porto, Praça Gomes Teixeira, Apartado 55142, 4051-401 Porto, Portugal
- Associate Laboratory for Animal and Veterinary Sciences, AL4AnimalS, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal
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Hong J, Cheng YS, Yang S, Swaroop M, Xu M, Beers J, Zou J, Huang W, Marugan JJ, Cai X, Zheng W. iPS-derived neural stem cells for disease modeling and evaluation of therapeutics for mucopolysaccharidosis type II. Exp Cell Res 2022; 412:113007. [PMID: 34990619 PMCID: PMC8810712 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2021.113007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II), also known as Hunter syndrome, is a rare, lysosomal disorder caused by mutations in a gene encoding iduronate-2-sulfatase (IDS). IDS deficiency results in an accumulation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and secondary accumulations of other lipids in lysosomes. Symptoms of MPS II include a variety of soft and hard tissue problems, developmental delay, and deterioration of multiple organs. Enzyme replacement therapy is an approved treatment for MPS II, but fails to improve neuronal symptoms. Cell-based neuronal models of MPS II disease are needed for compound screening and drug development for the treatment of the neuronal symptoms in MPS II. In this study, three induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) lines were generated from three MPS II patient-derived dermal fibroblast cell lines that were differentiated into neural stem cells and neurons. The disease phenotypes were measured using immunofluorescence staining and Nile red dye staining. In addition, the therapeutic effects of recombinant human IDS enzyme, delta-tocopherol (DT), and hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (HPBCD) were determined in the MPS II disease cells. Finally, the neural stem cells from two of the MPS II iPSC lines exhibited typical disease features including a deficiency of IDS activity, abnormal glycosaminoglycan storage, and secondary lipid accumulation. Enzyme replacement therapy partially rescued the disease phenotypes in these cells. DT showed a significant effect in reducing the secondary accumulation of lipids in the MPS II neural stem cells. In contrast, HPBCD displayed limited or no effect in these cells. Our data indicate that these MPS II cells can be used as a cell-based disease model to study disease pathogenesis, evaluate drug efficacy, and screen compounds for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Hong
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Shan Cheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shu Yang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Manju Swaroop
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jeanette Beers
- iPSC Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Jizhong Zou
- iPSC Core Facility, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenwei Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Juan J Marugan
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiujun Cai
- Key Laboratory of Laparoscopic Technology of Zhejiang Province, Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Lehmann RJ, Jolly LA, Johnson BV, Lord MS, Kim HN, Saville JT, Fuller M, Byers S, Derrick-Roberts AL. Impaired neural differentiation of MPS IIIA patient induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural progenitor cells. Mol Genet Metab Rep 2021; 29:100811. [PMID: 34712574 PMCID: PMC8531667 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgmr.2021.100811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA (MPS IIIA) is characterised by a progressive neurological decline leading to early death. It is caused by bi-allelic loss-of-function mutations in SGSH encoding sulphamidase, a lysosomal enzyme required for heparan sulphate glycosaminoglycan (HS GAG) degradation, that results in the progressive build-up of HS GAGs in multiple tissues most notably the central nervous system (CNS). Skin fibroblasts from two MPS IIIA patients who presented with an intermediate and a severe clinical phenotype, respectively, were reprogrammed into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). The intermediate MPS IIIA iPSCs were then differentiated into neural progenitor cells (NPCs) and subsequently neurons. The patient derived fibroblasts, iPSCs, NPCs and neurons all displayed hallmark biochemical characteristics of MPS IIIA including reduced sulphamidase activity and increased accumulation of an MPS IIIA HS GAG biomarker. Proliferation of MPS IIIA iPSC-derived NPCs was reduced compared to control, but could be partially rescued by reintroducing functional sulphamidase enzyme, or by doubling the concentration of the mitogen fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2). Whilst both control heparin, and MPS IIIA HS GAGs had a similar binding affinity for FGF2, only the latter inhibited FGF signalling, suggesting accumulated MPS IIIA HS GAGs disrupt the FGF2:FGF2 receptor:HS signalling complex. Neuronal differentiation of MPS IIIA iPSC-derived NPCs was associated with a reduction in the expression of neuronal cell marker genes βIII-TUBULIN, NF-H and NSE, revealing reduced neurogenesis compared to control. A similar result was achieved by adding MPS IIIA HS GAGs to the culture medium during neuronal differentiation of control iPSC-derived NPCs. This study demonstrates the generation of MPS IIIA iPSCs, and NPCs, the latter of which display reduced proliferation and neurogenic capacity. Reduced NPC proliferation can be explained by a model in which soluble MPS IIIA HS GAGs compete with cell surface HS for FGF2 binding. The mechanism driving reduced neurogenesis remains to be determined but appears downstream of MPS IIIA HS GAG accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J. Lehmann
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (at the Women's and Children's Hospital), 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Lachlan A. Jolly
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Brett V. Johnson
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Megan S. Lord
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Ha Na Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, UNSW, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Jennifer T. Saville
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (at the Women's and Children's Hospital), 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
| | - Maria Fuller
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (at the Women's and Children's Hospital), 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Robinson Research Institute, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Sharon Byers
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (at the Women's and Children's Hospital), 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Ainslie L.K. Derrick-Roberts
- Genetics and Molecular Pathology, SA Pathology (at the Women's and Children's Hospital), 72 King William Rd, North Adelaide, SA 5006, Australia
- Adelaide Medical School, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
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Golgi requires a new casting in the screenplay of mucopolysaccharidosis II cytopathology. Biol Futur 2021; 73:31-42. [PMID: 34837645 DOI: 10.1007/s42977-021-00107-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Lysosome (L), a hydrolytic compartment of the endo-lysosomal system (ELS), plays a central role in the metabolic regulation of eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, it has a central role in the cytopathology of several diseases, primarily in lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs). Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II, Hunter disease) is a rare LSD caused by idunorate-2-sulphatase (IDS) enzyme deficiency. To provide a new platform for drug development and clarifying the background of the clinically observed cytopathology, we established a human in vitro model, which recapitulates all cellular hallmarks of the disease. Some of our results query the traditional concept by which the storage vacuoles originate from the endosomal system and suggest a new concept, in which endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) and RAB2/LAMP positive Golgi (G) vesicles play an initiative role in the vesicle formation. In this hypothesis, Golgi is not only an indirectly affected organelle but enforced to be the main support of vacuole formation. The purposes of this minireview are to give a simple guide for understanding the main relationships in ELS, to present the storage vacuoles and their relation to ELS compartments, to recommend an alternative model for vacuole formation, and to place the Golgi in spotlight of MPS II cytopathology.
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Ray A, Joshi JM, Sundaravadivelu PK, Raina K, Lenka N, Kaveeshwar V, Thummer RP. An Overview on Promising Somatic Cell Sources Utilized for the Efficient Generation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2021; 17:1954-1974. [PMID: 34100193 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-021-10200-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Human induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) have enormous potential in understanding developmental biology, disease modeling, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine. The initial human iPSC studies used fibroblasts as a starting cell source to reprogram them; however, it has been identified to be a less appealing somatic cell source by numerous studies due to various reasons. One of the important criteria to achieve efficient reprogramming is determining an appropriate starting somatic cell type to induce pluripotency since the cellular source has a major influence on the reprogramming efficiency, kinetics, and quality of iPSCs. Therefore, numerous groups have explored various somatic cell sources to identify the promising sources for reprogramming into iPSCs with different reprogramming factor combinations. This review provides an overview of promising easily accessible somatic cell sources isolated in non-invasive or minimally invasive manner such as keratinocytes, urine cells, and peripheral blood mononuclear cells used for the generation of human iPSCs derived from healthy and diseased subjects. Notably, iPSCs generated from one of these cell types derived from the patient will offer ethical and clinical advantages. In addition, these promising somatic cell sources have the potential to efficiently generate bona fide iPSCs with improved reprogramming efficiency and faster kinetics. This knowledge will help in establishing strategies for safe and efficient reprogramming and the generation of patient-specific iPSCs from these cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnab Ray
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Jahnavy Madhukar Joshi
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep Kumar Sundaravadivelu
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Khyati Raina
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India
| | - Nibedita Lenka
- National Centre for Cell Science, S. P. Pune University Campus, Pune - 411007, Ganeshkhind, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vishwas Kaveeshwar
- Central Research Laboratory, SDM College of Medical Sciences and Hospital, Shri Dharmasthala Manjunatheshwara University, Dharwad, 580009, Karnataka, India.
| | - Rajkumar P Thummer
- Laboratory for Stem Cell Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, 781039, Assam, India.
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9
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Santos HS, Poletto E, Schuh R, Matte U, Baldo G. Genome editing in mucopolysaccharidoses and mucolipidoses. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2021; 182:327-351. [PMID: 34175047 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2021.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidoses (MPS) and mucolipidoses (ML) are disorders that alter lysosome function. While MPS are caused by mutation in enzymes that degrade glycosaminoglycans, the ML are disorders characterized by reduced function in the phosphotransferase enzyme. Multiple clinical features are associated with these diseases and the exact mechanisms that could explain such different clinical manifestations in patients are still unknown. Furthermore, there are no curative treatment for any of MPS and ML conditions so far. Gene editing holds promise as a tool for the creation of cell and animal models to help explain disease pathogenesis, as well as a platform for gene therapy. In this chapter, we discuss the main studies involving genome editing for MPS and the prospect applications for ML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hallana Souza Santos
- Laboratório Células, Tecidos e Genes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Edina Poletto
- Laboratório Células, Tecidos e Genes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Roselena Schuh
- Laboratório Células, Tecidos e Genes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Ursula Matte
- Laboratório Células, Tecidos e Genes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Guilherme Baldo
- Laboratório Células, Tecidos e Genes do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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10
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Kido J, Nakamura K, Era T. Role of induced pluripotent stem cells in lysosomal storage diseases. Mol Cell Neurosci 2020; 108:103540. [PMID: 32828964 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Revised: 08/11/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysosomal storage diseases (LSDs) are a group of metabolism inborn errors caused by defective enzymes in the lysosome, resulting in the accumulation of undegraded substrates. Many characteristic cell features have been revealed in LSDs, including abnormal autophagy and mitochondrial dysfunction. The development of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) dramatically boosted research on LSDs, particularly regarding novel opportunities to clarify the disease etiology based on the storage of macromolecules, such as sphingolipids in lysosomes. iPSCs made from LSD patients (LSD-iPSCs) have been differentiated into neurons, endothelial cells, cardiomyocytes, hepatocytes, and macrophages, with each cell type closely resembling the primary disease phenotypes, providing new tools to probe the disease pathogenesis and to test therapeutic strategies. Abnormally accumulated substrates impaired autophagy and mitochondrial and synapse functions in LSD-iPSC-derived neurons. Reducing the accumulation with the treatment of drug candidates improved LSD-iPSC-derived neuron functions. Additionally, iPSC technology can help probe the gene expressions, proteomics, and metabolomics of LSDs. Further, gene repair and the generation of new mutations in causative genes in LSD-iPSCs can be used to understand both the specific roles of causative genes and the contributions of other genetic factors to these phenotypes. Moreover, the development of iPSC-derived organoids as disease models has bridged the gap between studies using cell lines and in vivo animal models. There are some reproducibility issues in iPSC research, however, including genetic and epigenetic abnormalities, such as chromosomal abnormalities, DNA mutations, and gene modifications via methylation. In this review, we present the disease and treatment concepts gathered using selected LSD-iPSCs, discuss iPSC research limitations, and set our future research visions. Such studies are expected to further inform and generate insights into LSDs and are important in research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Kido
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
| | - Kimitoshi Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takumi Era
- Department of Cell Modulation, Institute of Molecular Embryology and Genetics, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan.
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11
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D’Avanzo F, Rigon L, Zanetti A, Tomanin R. Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II: One Hundred Years of Research, Diagnosis, and Treatment. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E1258. [PMID: 32070051 PMCID: PMC7072947 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis type II (MPS II, Hunter syndrome) was first described by Dr. Charles Hunter in 1917. Since then, about one hundred years have passed and Hunter syndrome, although at first neglected for a few decades and afterwards mistaken for a long time for the similar disorder Hurler syndrome, has been clearly distinguished as a specific disease since 1978, when the distinct genetic causes of the two disorders were finally identified. MPS II is a rare genetic disorder, recently described as presenting an incidence rate ranging from 0.38 to 1.09 per 100,000 live male births, and it is the only X-linked-inherited mucopolysaccharidosis. The complex disease is due to a deficit of the lysosomal hydrolase iduronate 2-sulphatase, which is a crucial enzyme in the stepwise degradation of heparan and dermatan sulphate. This contributes to a heavy clinical phenotype involving most organ-systems, including the brain, in at least two-thirds of cases. In this review, we will summarize the history of the disease during this century through clinical and laboratory evaluations that allowed its definition, its correct diagnosis, a partial comprehension of its pathogenesis, and the proposition of therapeutic protocols. We will also highlight the main open issues related to the possible inclusion of MPS II in newborn screenings, the comprehension of brain pathogenesis, and treatment of the neurological compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca D’Avanzo
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children ‘s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.D.); (A.Z.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy;
| | - Laura Rigon
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy;
- Molecular Developmental Biology, Life & Medical Science Institute (LIMES), University of Bonn, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Alessandra Zanetti
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children ‘s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.D.); (A.Z.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy;
| | - Rosella Tomanin
- Laboratory of Diagnosis and Therapy of Lysosomal Disorders, Department of Women’s and Children ‘s Health, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy; (F.D.); (A.Z.)
- Fondazione Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica “Città della Speranza”, Corso Stati Uniti 4, 35127 Padova, Italy;
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12
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Kobolák J, Molnár K, Varga E, Bock I, Jezsó B, Téglási A, Zhou S, Lo Giudice M, Hoogeveen-Westerveld M, Pijnappel WP, Phanthong P, Varga N, Kitiyanant N, Freude K, Nakanishi H, László L, Hyttel P, Dinnyés A. Modelling the neuropathology of lysosomal storage disorders through disease-specific human induced pluripotent stem cells. Exp Cell Res 2019; 380:216-233. [PMID: 31039347 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Mucopolysaccharidosis II (MPS II) is a lysosomal storage disorder (LSD), caused by iduronate 2-sulphatase (IDS) enzyme dysfunction. The neuropathology of the disease is not well understood, although the neural symptoms are currently incurable. MPS II-patient derived iPSC lines were established and differentiated to neuronal lineage. The disease phenotype was confirmed by IDS enzyme and glycosaminoglycan assay. MPS II neuronal precursor cells (NPCs) showed significantly decreased self-renewal capacity, while their cortical neuronal differentiation potential was not affected. Major structural alterations in the ER and Golgi complex, accumulation of storage vacuoles, and increased apoptosis were observed both at protein expression and ultrastructural level in the MPS II neuronal cells, which was more pronounced in GFAP + astrocytes, with increased LAMP2 expression but unchanged in their RAB7 compartment. Based on these finding we hypothesize that lysosomal membrane protein (LMP) carrier vesicles have an initiating role in the formation of storage vacuoles leading to impaired lysosomal function. In conclusion, a novel human MPS II disease model was established for the first time which recapitulates the in vitro neuropathology of the disorder, providing novel information on the disease mechanism which allows better understanding of further lysosomal storage disorders and facilitates drug testing and gene therapy approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kinga Molnár
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | | | | | - Bálint Jezsó
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | | | - Shuling Zhou
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary; Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | | | - Wwm Pim Pijnappel
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3015 CN, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Phetcharat Phanthong
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary; Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Norbert Varga
- Department of Metabolic Diseases, Heim Pál Children's Hospital, Budapest, 1089, Hungary
| | - Narisorn Kitiyanant
- Institute of Molecular Biosciences, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 73170, Thailand
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hideyuki Nakanishi
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
| | - Lajos László
- Department of Anatomy, Cell and Developmental Biology, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, 1117, Hungary
| | - Poul Hyttel
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 1870, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - András Dinnyés
- BioTalentum Ltd., Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary; Molecular Animal Biotechnology Laboratory, Szent István University, Gödöllő, 2101, Hungary.
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Borger DK, McMahon B, Roshan Lal T, Serra-Vinardell J, Aflaki E, Sidransky E. Induced pluripotent stem cell models of lysosomal storage disorders. Dis Model Mech 2018; 10:691-704. [PMID: 28592657 PMCID: PMC5483008 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.029009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have provided new opportunities to explore the cell biology and pathophysiology of human diseases, and the lysosomal storage disorder research community has been quick to adopt this technology. Patient-derived iPSC models have been generated for a number of lysosomal storage disorders, including Gaucher disease, Pompe disease, Fabry disease, metachromatic leukodystrophy, the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, Niemann-Pick types A and C1, and several of the mucopolysaccharidoses. Here, we review the strategies employed for reprogramming and differentiation, as well as insights into disease etiology gleaned from the currently available models. Examples are provided to illustrate how iPSC-derived models can be employed to develop new therapeutic strategies for these disorders. We also discuss how models of these rare diseases could contribute to an enhanced understanding of more common neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson’s disease, and discuss key challenges and opportunities in this area of research. Summary: This Review discusses how induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) provide new opportunities to explore the biology and pathophysiology of lysosomal storage diseases, and how iPSCs have illuminated the role of lysosomes in more common disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel K Borger
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Benjamin McMahon
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Tamanna Roshan Lal
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jenny Serra-Vinardell
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Elma Aflaki
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ellen Sidransky
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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