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Zhang F, Guo J, Yu S, Zheng Y, Duan M, Zhao L, Wang Y, Yang Z, Jiang X. Cellular senescence and metabolic reprogramming: Unraveling the intricate crosstalk in the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Cancer Commun (Lond) 2024. [PMID: 38997794 DOI: 10.1002/cac2.12591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The intrinsic oncogenic mechanisms and properties of the tumor microenvironment (TME) have been extensively investigated. Primary features of the TME include metabolic reprogramming, hypoxia, chronic inflammation, and tumor immunosuppression. Previous studies suggest that senescence-associated secretory phenotypes that mediate intercellular information exchange play a role in the dynamic evolution of the TME. Specifically, hypoxic adaptation, metabolic dysregulation, and phenotypic shifts in immune cells regulated by cellular senescence synergistically contribute to the development of an immunosuppressive microenvironment and chronic inflammation, thereby promoting the progression of tumor events. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the processes by which cellular senescence regulates the dynamic evolution of the tumor-adapted TME, with focus on the complex mechanisms underlying the relationship between senescence and changes in the biological functions of tumor cells. The available findings suggest that components of the TME collectively contribute to the progression of tumor events. The potential applications and challenges of targeted cellular senescence-based and combination therapies in clinical settings are further discussed within the context of advancing cellular senescence-related research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fusheng Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Junchen Guo
- Department of Radiology, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Shengmiao Yu
- Outpatient Department, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Youwei Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Meiqi Duan
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zhao
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yihan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Zhi Yang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Jiang
- Department of General Surgery, The Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, P. R. China
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2
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Manni W, Min W. Signaling pathways in the regulation of cancer stem cells and associated targeted therapy. MedComm (Beijing) 2022; 3:e176. [PMID: 36226253 PMCID: PMC9534377 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are defined as a subpopulation of malignant tumor cells with selective capacities for tumor initiation, self-renewal, metastasis, and unlimited growth into bulks, which are believed as a major cause of progressive tumor phenotypes, including recurrence, metastasis, and treatment failure. A number of signaling pathways are involved in the maintenance of stem cell properties and survival of CSCs, including well-established intrinsic pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt, and Hedgehog signaling, and extrinsic pathways, such as the vascular microenvironment and tumor-associated immune cells. There is also intricate crosstalk between these signal cascades and other oncogenic pathways. Thus, targeting pathway molecules that regulate CSCs provides a new option for the treatment of therapy-resistant or -refractory tumors. These treatments include small molecule inhibitors, monoclonal antibodies that target key signaling in CSCs, as well as CSC-directed immunotherapies that harness the immune systems to target CSCs. This review aims to provide an overview of the regulating networks and their immune interactions involved in CSC development. We also address the update on the development of CSC-directed therapeutics, with a special focus on those with application approval or under clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang Manni
- Department of Biotherapy, Cancer Center, West China HospitalSichuan UniversityChengduP. R. China
| | - Wu Min
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine and Health SciencesUniversity of North DakotaGrand ForksNorth DakotaUSA
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3
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Yang L, Yang J, Jacobson B, Gilbertsen A, Smith K, Higgins L, Guerrero C, Xia H, Henke CA, Lin J. SFPQ Promotes Lung Cancer Malignancy via Regulation of CD44 v6 Expression. Front Oncol 2022; 12:862250. [PMID: 35707369 PMCID: PMC9190464 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.862250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) contribute to tumor pathogenesis and elicit antitumor immune responses in tumor microenvironments. Nuclear proteins might be the main players in these processes. In the current study, combining spatial proteomics with ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) in lung non-small cell (NSC) cancer MSCs, we identify a key nuclear protein regulator, SFPQ (Splicing Factor Proline and Glutamine Rich), which is overexpressed in lung cancer MSCs and functions to promote MSCs proliferation, chemical resistance, and invasion. Mechanistically, the knockdown of SFPQ reduces CD44v6 expression to inhibit lung cancer MSCs stemness, proliferation in vitro, and metastasis in vivo. The data indicates that SFPQ may be a potential therapeutic target for limiting growth, chemotherapy resistance, and metastasis of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libang Yang
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jianbo Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN, United States.,The Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China
| | - Blake Jacobson
- Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Adam Gilbertsen
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Karen Smith
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - LeeAnn Higgins
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Candace Guerrero
- Center for Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, United States
| | - Hong Xia
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Craig A Henke
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
| | - Jizhen Lin
- The Cancer Center, Fujian Medical University Union Hospital, Fuzhou, China.,The Immunotherapy Research Laboratory, Department of Otolaryngology, Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, United States
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4
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Tong Y, He Q, Zhu J, Ding E, Song K. Multi‐omics Differential Gene Regulatory Network Inference for Lung Adenocarcinoma Tumor Progression Biomarker Discovery. AIChE J 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aic.17574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi‐Fan Tong
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Qi‐En He
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Jun‐Xuan Zhu
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - En‐Ci Ding
- Nuclear Medicine Department Tianjin First Central Hospital Tianjin China
| | - Kai Song
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin China
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5
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Pancaldi V. Chromatin Network Analyses: Towards Structure-Function Relationships in Epigenomics. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:742216. [PMID: 36303769 PMCID: PMC9581029 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.742216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent technological advances have allowed us to map chromatin conformation and uncover the genome's spatial organization of the genome inside the nucleus. These experiments have revealed the complexities of genome folding, characterized by the presence of loops and domains at different scales, which can change across development and in different cell types. There is strong evidence for a relationship between the topological properties of chromatin contacts and cellular phenotype. Chromatin can be represented as a network, in which genomic fragments are the nodes and connections represent experimentally observed spatial proximity of two genomically distant regions in a specific cell type or biological condition. With this approach we can consider a variety of chromatin features in association with the 3D structure, investigating how nuclear chromatin organization can be related to gene regulation, replication, malignancy, phenotypic variability and plasticity. We briefly review the results obtained on genome architecture through network theoretic approaches. As previously observed in protein-protein interaction networks and many types of non-biological networks, external conditions could shape network topology through a yet unidentified structure-function relationship. Similar to scientists studying the brain, we are confronted with a duality between a spatially embedded network of physical contacts, a related network of correlation in the dynamics of network nodes and, finally, an abstract definition of function of this network, related to phenotype. We summarise major developments in the study of networks in other fields, which we think can suggest a path towards better understanding how 3D genome configuration can impact biological function and adaptation to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Pancaldi
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (Inserm) U1037, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) U5071, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
- Barcelona Supercomputing Center, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Yoshida GJ, Saya H. Molecular pathology underlying the robustness of cancer stem cells. Regen Ther 2021; 17:38-50. [PMID: 33869685 PMCID: PMC8024885 DOI: 10.1016/j.reth.2021.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Intratumoral heterogeneity is tightly associated with the failure of anticancer treatment modalities including conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and molecularly targeted therapy. Such heterogeneity is generated in an evolutionary manner not only as a result of genetic alterations but also by the presence of cancer stem cells (CSCs). CSCs are proposed to exist at the top of a tumor cell hierarchy and are undifferentiated tumor cells that manifest enhanced tumorigenic and metastatic potential, self-renewal capacity, and therapeutic resistance. Properties that contribute to the robustness of CSCs include the abilities to withstand redox stress, to rapidly repair damaged DNA, to adapt to a hyperinflammatory or hyponutritious tumor microenvironment, and to expel anticancer drugs by the action of ATP-binding cassette transporters as well as plasticity with regard to the transition between dormant CSC and transit-amplifying progenitor cell phenotypes. In addition, CSCs manifest the phenomenon of metabolic reprogramming, which is essential for maintenance of their self-renewal potential and their ability to adapt to changes in the tumor microenvironment. Elucidation of the molecular underpinnings of these biological features of CSCs is key to the development of novel anticancer therapies. In this review, we highlight the pathological relevance of CSCs in terms of their hallmarks and identification, the properties of their niche—both in primary tumors and at potential sites of metastasis—and their resistance to oxidative stress dependent on system xc (−). Intratumoral heterogeneity driven by CSCs is responsible for therapeutic resistance. CTCs survive in the distant organs and achieve colonization, causing metastasis. E/M hybrid cancer cells due to partial EMT exhibit the highest metastatic potential. The CSC niche regulates stemness in metastatic disease as well as in primary tumor. Activation of system xc(-) by CD44 variant in CSCs is a promising therapeutic target.
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Key Words
- ABC, ATP-binding cassette
- ALDH, Aldehyde dehydrogenase
- BMP, Bone morphogenetic protein
- CAF, Cancer-associated fibroblast
- CD44 variant
- CD44v, CD44 variant
- CSC, Cancer stem cell
- CTC, Circulating tumor cell
- CagA, Cytotoxin-associated gene A
- Cancer stem cell
- DTC, Disseminated tumor cell
- E/M, Epithelial/mesenchymal
- ECM, Extracellular matrix
- EGF, Epidermal growth factor
- EMT, Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition
- EpCAM, Epithelial cell adhesion moleculeE
- Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT)
- GSC, Glioma stem cell
- GSH, reduced glutathione
- HGF, Hepatocyte growth factor
- HNSCC, Head and neck squamous cell cancer
- IL, Interleukin
- Intratumoral heterogeneity
- MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase
- MET, mesenchymal-to-epithelial transition
- NSCLC, non–small cell lung cancer
- Niche
- Nrf2, nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- OXPHOS, Oxidative phosphorylation
- Plasticity
- Prrx1, Paired-related homeodomain transcription factor 1
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SRP1, Epithelial splicing regulatory protein 1
- TGF-β, Transforming growth factor–β
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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Cyclopamine sensitizes glioblastoma cells to temozolomide treatment through Sonic hedgehog pathway. Life Sci 2020; 257:118027. [PMID: 32622951 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM Glioblastoma is an extremely aggressive glioma, resistant to radio and chemotherapy usually performed with temozolomide. One of the main reasons for glioblastoma resistance to conventional therapies is due to the presence of cancer stem-like cells. These cells could recapitulate some signaling pathways important for embryonic development, such as Sonic hedgehog. Here, we investigated if the inhibitor of the Sonic hedgehog pathway, cyclopamine, could potentiate the temozolomide effect in cancer stem-like cells and glioblastoma cell lines in vitro. MAIN METHODS The viability of glioblastoma cells exposed to cyclopamine and temozolomide treatment was evaluated by using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay while the induction of apoptosis was assessed by western blot. The stemness properties of glioma cells were verified by clonogenic and differentiation assay and the expression of stem cell markers were measured by fluorescence microscopy and western blot. KEY FINDINGS The glioblastoma viability was reduced by cyclopamine treatment. Cyclopamine potentiated temozolomide treatment in glioblastoma cell lines by inducing apoptosis through activation of caspase-3 cleaved. Conversely, the combined treatment of cyclopamine and temozolomide potentiated the stemness properties of glioblastoma cells by inducing the expression of SOX-2 and OCT-4. SIGNIFICANCE Cyclopamine plays an effect on glioblastoma cell lines but also sensibilize them to temozolomide treatment. Thus, first-line treatment with Sonic hedgehog inhibitor followed by temozolomide could be used as a new therapeutic strategy for glioblastoma patients.
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8
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Capp JP, Thomas F. A Similar Speciation Process Relying on Cellular Stochasticity in Microbial and Cancer Cell Populations. iScience 2020; 23:101531. [PMID: 33083761 PMCID: PMC7502340 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Similarities between microbial and cancer cells were noticed in recent years and serve as a basis for an atavism theory of cancer. Cancer cells would rely on the reactivation of an ancestral "genetic program" that would have been repressed in metazoan cells. Here we argue that cancer cells resemble unicellular organisms mainly in their similar way to exploit cellular stochasticity to produce cell specialization and maximize proliferation. Indeed, the relationship between low stochasticity, specialization, and quiescence found in normal differentiated metazoan cells is lost in cancer. On the contrary, low stochasticity and specialization are associated with high proliferation among cancer cells, as it is observed for the "specialist" cells in microbial populations that fully exploit nutritional resources to maximize proliferation. Thus, we propose a model where the appearance of cancer phenotypes can be solely due to an adaptation and a speciation process based on initial increase in cellular stochasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Pascal Capp
- Toulouse Biotechnology Institute, University of Toulouse, INSA, CNRS, INRAE, 31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Frédéric Thomas
- CREEC, UMR IRD 224, CNRS 5290, University of Montpellier, 34394 Montpellier, France
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9
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Abstract
MOTIVATION The structure of chromatin impacts gene expression. Its alteration has been shown to coincide with the occurrence of cancer. A key challenge is in understanding the role of chromatin structure (CS) in cellular processes and its implications in diseases. RESULTS We propose a comparative pipeline to analyze CSs and apply it to study chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). We model the chromatin of the affected and control cells as networks and analyze the network topology by state-of-the-art methods. Our results show that CSs are a rich source of new biological and functional information about DNA elements and cells that can complement protein-protein and co-expression data. Importantly, we show the existence of structural markers of cancer-related DNA elements in the chromatin. Surprisingly, CLL driver genes are characterized by specific local wiring patterns not only in the CS network of CLL cells, but also of healthy cells. This allows us to successfully predict new CLL-related DNA elements. Importantly, this shows that we can identify cancer-related DNA elements in other cancer types by investigating the CS network of the healthy cell of origin, a key new insight paving the road to new therapeutic strategies. This gives us an opportunity to exploit chromosome conformation data in healthy cells to predict new drivers. AVAILABILITY AND IMPLEMENTATION Our predicted CLL genes and RNAs are provided as a free resource to the community at https://life.bsc.es/iconbi/chromatin/index.html. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Malod-Dognin
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - V Pancaldi
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Centre de Recherches en Cancérologie de Toulouse (CRCT), Toulouse 31037, France
- University Paul Sabatier III, Toulouse 31330, France
| | - A Valencia
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Coordination Node, Spanish National Bioinformatics Institute, ELIXIR-Spain (INB, ELIXIR-ES), Madrid 28029, Spain
| | - N Pržulj
- Department of Life Sciences, Barcelona Supercomputing Center (BSC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
- Department of Computer Science, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
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10
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Takamatsu Y, Ho G, Hashimoto M. Amyloid Evolvability and Cancer. Trends Cancer 2020; 6:624-627. [PMID: 32386876 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2020.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
p53 and γ-synuclein are two major regulators of cancer pathogenesis that have the propensity to form amyloid-like fibrils reminiscent of those in neurodegenerative diseases. Here we propose that fibril formation by these amyloidogenic molecules reflects evolvability, an acquired epigenetic inheritance that may be involved in cancer proliferation, drug resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Takamatsu
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Gilbert Ho
- Pacific Center for Neurological Disease (PCND) Neuroscience Research Institute, Poway, CA, USA
| | - Makoto Hashimoto
- Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo, Japan.
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11
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Najafi M, Farhood B, Mortezaee K, Kharazinejad E, Majidpoor J, Ahadi R. Hypoxia in solid tumors: a key promoter of cancer stem cell (CSC) resistance. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 146:19-31. [PMID: 31734836 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-03080-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are highly tumorigenic cell types that reside within specific areas of tumor microenvironment (TME), and are endowed with self-renewal and resistance properties. Here, we aimed to discuss mechanisms involved in hypoxia-derived CSC resistance and targeting for effective cancer therapy. RESULTS Preferential localization within hypoxic niches would help CSCs develop adaptive mechanisms, mediated through the modification of responses to various stressors and, as a result, show a more aggressive behavior. CONCLUSION Hypoxia, in fact, serves as a multi-tasking strategy to nurture CSCs with this adaptive capacity, complexing targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Najafi
- Radiology and Nuclear Medicine Department, School of Paramedical Sciences, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Bagher Farhood
- Departments of Medical Physics and Radiology, Faculty of Paramedical Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Keywan Mortezaee
- Cancer and Immunology Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran. .,Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
| | - Ebrahim Kharazinejad
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran
| | - Jamal Majidpoor
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Ahadi
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Jahanafrooz Z, Mosafer J, Akbari M, Hashemzaei M, Mokhtarzadeh A, Baradaran B. Colon cancer therapy by focusing on colon cancer stem cells and their tumor microenvironment. J Cell Physiol 2019; 235:4153-4166. [PMID: 31647128 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.29337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Despite many advances and optimization in colon cancer treatment, tumor recurrence and metastases make the development of new therapies necessary. Colon cancer stem cells (CCSCs) are considered as the main triggering factor of cancer progression, recurrence, and metastasis. CCSCs as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations and also complex interconnection with the tumor microenvironment (TME) can evolve and convert to full malignant cells. Mounting evidence suggests that in cancer therapy both CCSCs and non-CCSCs in TME have to be regarded to break through the limitation of current therapies. In this regard, stem cell capabilities of some non-CCSCs may arise inside the TME condition. Therefore, a deep knowledge of regulatory mechanisms, heterogeneity, specific markers, and signaling pathways of CCSCs and their interconnection with TME components is needed to improve the treatment of colorectal cancer and the patient's life quality. In this review, we address current different targeted therapeutic options that target cell surface markers and signaling pathways of CCSCs and other components of TME. Current challenges and future perspectives of colon cancer personalized therapy are also provided here. Taken together, based on the deep understanding of biology of CCSCs and using three-dimensional culture technologies, it can be possible to reach successful colon cancer eradication and improvise combination targeted therapies against CCSCs and TME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Jahanafrooz
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, School of Biology, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jaffar Mosafer
- Research Center of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Torbat Heydariyeh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat Heydariyeh, Iran
| | - Morteza Akbari
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Hashemzaei
- Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Zabol University of Medical Sciences, Zabol, Iran
| | - Ahad Mokhtarzadeh
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Biotechnology, Higher Education Institute of Rab-Rashid, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Behzad Baradaran
- Immunology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Combination of Anti-Cancer Drugs with Molecular Chaperone Inhibitors. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20215284. [PMID: 31652993 PMCID: PMC6862641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20215284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Most molecular chaperones belonging to heat shock protein (HSP) families are known to protect cancer cells from pathologic, environmental and pharmacological stress factors and thereby can hamper anti-cancer therapies. In this review, we present data on inhibitors of the heat shock response (particularly mediated by the chaperones HSP90, HSP70, and HSP27) either as a single treatment or in combination with currently available anti-cancer therapeutic approaches. An overview of the current literature reveals that the co-administration of chaperone inhibitors and targeting drugs results in proteotoxic stress and violates the tumor cell physiology. An optimal drug combination should simultaneously target cytoprotective mechanisms and trigger the imbalance of the tumor cell physiology.
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14
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Asghari F, Khademi R, Esmaeili Ranjbar F, Veisi Malekshahi Z, Faridi Majidi R. Application of Nanotechnology in Targeting of Cancer Stem Cells: A Review. Int J Stem Cells 2019; 12:227-239. [PMID: 31242721 PMCID: PMC6657943 DOI: 10.15283/ijsc19006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is increasingly apparent as a systems-level, network happening. The central tendency of malignant alteration can be described as a two-phase procedure, where an initial increase of network plasticity is followed by reducing plasticity at late stages of tumor improvement. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are cancer cells that take characteristics associated with normal stem cells. Cancer therapy has been based on the concept that most of the cancer cells have a similar ability to separate metastasise and kill the host. In this review, we addressed the use of nanotechnology in the treatment of cancer stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Asghari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rahele Khademi
- International affairs, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Faezeh Esmaeili Ranjbar
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ziba Veisi Malekshahi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Faridi Majidi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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15
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Araldi RP, Sant’Ana TA, Módolo DG, de Melo TC, Spadacci-Morena DD, de Cassia Stocco R, Cerutti JM, de Souza EB. The human papillomavirus (HPV)-related cancer biology: An overview. Biomed Pharmacother 2018; 106:1537-1556. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2018.06.149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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16
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Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Transformation: The Mechanism of Radioresistant Gastric Cancer. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2018; 2018:5801209. [PMID: 29770167 PMCID: PMC5892229 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5801209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Radioresistance is one of the primary causes responsible for therapeutic failure and recurrence of cancer. It is well documented that reactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the initiation and development of gastric cancer (GC), and the levels of ROS are significantly increased in patients with GC accompanied with abnormal expressions of multiple inflammatory factors. It is also well documented that ROS can activate cancer cells and inflammatory cells, stimulating the release of a variety of inflammatory cytokines, which subsequently mediates the tumor microenvironment (TME) and promotes cancer stem cell (CSC) maintenance as well as renewal and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), ultimately resulting in radioresistance and recurrence of GC.
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17
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Ren D, Zhu X, Kong R, Zhao Z, Sheng J, Wang J, Xu X, Liu J, Cui K, Zhang XHF, Zhao H, Wong STC. Targeting Brain-Adaptive Cancer Stem Cells Prohibits Brain Metastatic Colonization of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res 2018; 78:2052-2064. [PMID: 29567857 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) exhibits more traits possessed by cancer stem cells (CSC) than other breast cancer subtypes and is more likely to develop brain metastases. TNBC patients usually have shorter survival time after diagnosis of brain metastasis, suggesting an innate ability of TNBC tumor cells in adapting to the brain. In this study, we establish novel animal models to investigate early tumor adaptation in brain metastases by introducing both patient-derived and cell line-derived CSC-enriched brain metastasis tumorsphere cells into mice. We discovered astrocyte-involved tumor activation of protocadherin 7 (PCDH7)-PLCβ-Ca2+-CaMKII/S100A4 signaling as a mediator of brain metastatic tumor outgrowth. We further identified and evaluated the efficacy of a known drug, the selective PLC inhibitor edelfosine, in suppressing the PCDH7 signaling pathway to prohibit brain metastases in the animal models. The results of this study reveal a novel signaling pathway for brain metastases in TNBC and indicate a promising strategy of metastatic breast cancer prevention and treatment by targeting organ-adaptive cancer stem cells.Significance: These findings identify a compound to block adaptive signaling between cancer stem cells and brain astrocytes. Cancer Res; 78(8); 2052-64. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding Ren
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Outpatient Center, PLA NO.85 Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoping Zhu
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ren Kong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Institute of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, Medical School of Southeast University, Nanjing, P.R. China
| | - Jianting Sheng
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiang Wang
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyun Xu
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jiyong Liu
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Department of Pharmacy, Changhai Hospital, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Kemi Cui
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiang H-F Zhang
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Hong Zhao
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas.
| | - Stephen T C Wong
- Department of Systems Medicine and Bioengineering, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, Houston, Texas. .,Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas.,Houston Methodist Cancer Center, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas
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18
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Lee CJ, Hsu LS, Yue CH, Lin H, Chiu YW, Lin YY, Huang CY, Hung MC, Liu JY. MZF-1/Elk-1 interaction domain as therapeutic target for protein kinase Cα-based triple-negative breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 7:59845-59859. [PMID: 27542222 PMCID: PMC5312353 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent reports demonstrate that the expression of protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) correlates with decreased survival outcomes. However, off-target effects of targeting PKCα and limited understanding of the signaling mechanisms upstream of PKCα have hampered previous efforts to manipulate this ubiquitous gene. This study shows that the expression of both myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) correlates with PKCα expression in TNBC. We found that the acidic domain of MZF-1 and the heparin-binding domain of Elk-1 facilitate the heterodimeric interaction between the two genes before the complex formation binds to the PKCα promoter. Blocking the formation of the heterodimer by transfection of MZF-160-72 or Elk-1145-157 peptide fragments at the MZF-1 / Elk-1 interface decreases DNA-binding activity of the MZF-1 / Elk-1 complex at the PKCα promoter. Subsequently, PKCα expression, migration, tumorigenicity, and the epithelial-mesenchymal transition potential of TNBC cells decrease. These subsequent effects are reversed by transfection with full-length PKCα, confirming that the MZF-1/Elk-1 heterodimer is a mediator of PKCα in TNBC cells. These data suggest that the next therapeutic strategy in treating PKCα-related cancer will be developed from blocking MZF-1/Elk-1 interaction through their binding domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Jen Lee
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung 40201, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40201, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Herng Yue
- Department of Surgery, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Ho Lin
- Department of Life Science, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Wei Chiu
- Emergency Department and Center of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy, Tungs' Taichung Metro Harbor Hospital, Taichung 435, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Yu Lin
- Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Huang
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Health and Nutrition Biotechnology, Asia University, Taichung 41354, Taiwan
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
| | - Jer-Yuh Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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19
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McDowell G, Rajadurai S, Levin M. From cytoskeletal dynamics to organ asymmetry: a nonlinear, regulative pathway underlies left-right patterning. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0409. [PMID: 27821521 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Consistent left-right (LR) asymmetry is a fundamental aspect of the bodyplan across phyla, and errors of laterality form an important class of human birth defects. Its molecular underpinning was first discovered as a sequential pathway of left- and right-sided gene expression that controlled positioning of the heart and visceral organs. Recent data have revised this picture in two important ways. First, the physical origin of chirality has been identified; cytoskeletal dynamics underlie the asymmetry of single-cell behaviour and patterning of the LR axis. Second, the pathway is not linear: early disruptions that alter the normal sidedness of upstream asymmetric genes do not necessarily induce defects in the laterality of the downstream genes or in organ situs Thus, the LR pathway is a unique example of two fascinating aspects of biology: the interplay of physics and genetics in establishing large-scale anatomy, and regulative (shape-homeostatic) pathways that correct molecular and anatomical errors over time. Here, we review aspects of asymmetry from its intracellular, cytoplasmic origins to the recently uncovered ability of the LR control circuitry to achieve correct gene expression and morphology despite reversals of key 'determinant' genes. We provide novel functional data, in Xenopus laevis, on conserved elements of the cytoskeleton that drive asymmetry, and comparatively analyse it together with previously published results in the field. Our new observations and meta-analysis demonstrate that despite aberrant expression of upstream regulatory genes, embryos can progressively normalize transcriptional cascades and anatomical outcomes. LR patterning can thus serve as a paradigm of how subcellular physics and gene expression cooperate to achieve developmental robustness of a body axis.This article is part of the themed issue 'Provocative questions in left-right asymmetry'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gary McDowell
- Biology Department, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA.,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Suvithan Rajadurai
- Biology Department, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA.,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA .,Allen Discovery Center, Tufts University, 200 Boston Avenue, Suite 4600, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA
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20
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Ye JC, Hsu LS, Tsai JH, Yang HL, Hsiao MW, Hwang JM, Lee CJ, Liu JY. MZF-1/Elk-1/PKCα is Associated with Poor Prognosis in Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. J Cancer 2017; 8:3028-3036. [PMID: 28928894 PMCID: PMC5604454 DOI: 10.7150/jca.20467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Protein kinase C alpha (PKCα) is a key signaling molecule in human cancer development. As a therapeutic strategy, targeting PKCα is difficult because the molecule is ubiquitously expressed in non-malignant cells. PKCα is regulated by the cooperative interaction of the transcription factors myeloid zinc finger 1 (MZF-1) and Ets-like protein-1 (Elk-1) in human cancer cells. Methods: By conducting tissue array analysis, herein, we determined the protein expression of MZF-1/Elk-1/PKCα in various cancers. Results: The data show that the expression of MZF-1/Elk-1 is correlated with that of PKCα in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but not in bladder and lung cancers. In addition, the PKCα down-regulation by shRNA Elk-1 was only observed in the HCC SK-Hep-1 cells. Blocking the interaction between MZF-1 and Elk-1 through the transfection of their binding domain MZF-160-72 decreased PKCα expression. This step ultimately depressed the epithelial-mesenchymal transition potential of the HCC cells. Conclusion: These findings could be used to develop an alternative therapeutic strategy against patients with the PKCα-derived HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Je-Chiuan Ye
- Bachelor Program of Senior Services, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Li-Sung Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical College, Chung-Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Clinical Laboratory, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jen-Hsiang Tsai
- Department Physical Therapy, School of Medical and Health Sciences, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Ling Yang
- Institute of Nutrition, College of Biopharmaceutical and Food Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Meen-Woon Hsiao
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jin-Ming Hwang
- Department of Medical Applied Chemistry, College of Health Care and Management, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jen Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Tungs' Taichung MetroHarbor Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jer-Yuh Liu
- Center for Molecular Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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21
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Zenil H, Kiani NA, Tegnér J. Low-algorithmic-complexity entropy-deceiving graphs. Phys Rev E 2017; 96:012308. [PMID: 29347130 DOI: 10.1103/physreve.96.012308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In estimating the complexity of objects, in particular, of graphs, it is common practice to rely on graph- and information-theoretic measures. Here, using integer sequences with properties such as Borel normality, we explain how these measures are not independent of the way in which an object, such as a graph, can be described or observed. From observations that can reconstruct the same graph and are therefore essentially translations of the same description, we see that when applying a computable measure such as the Shannon entropy, not only is it necessary to preselect a feature of interest where there is one, and to make an arbitrary selection where there is not, but also more general properties, such as the causal likelihood of a graph as a measure (opposed to randomness), can be largely misrepresented by computable measures such as the entropy and entropy rate. We introduce recursive and nonrecursive (uncomputable) graphs and graph constructions based on these integer sequences, whose different lossless descriptions have disparate entropy values, thereby enabling the study and exploration of a measure's range of applications and demonstrating the weaknesses of computable measures of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hector Zenil
- Information Dynamics Lab, Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, SciLifeLab, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden; Department of Computer Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QD, United Kingdom; and Algorithmic Nature Group, LABoRES, Paris 75006, France
| | - Narsis A Kiani
- Information Dynamics Lab, Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, SciLifeLab, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden and Algorithmic Nature Group, LABoRES, Paris 75006, France
| | - Jesper Tegnér
- Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering Division, Computer, Electrical and Mathematical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955 - 6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia and Unit of Computational Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, SciLifeLab, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm 171 76, Sweden
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22
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Aponte PM, Caicedo A. Stemness in Cancer: Stem Cells, Cancer Stem Cells, and Their Microenvironment. Stem Cells Int 2017; 2017:5619472. [PMID: 28473858 PMCID: PMC5394399 DOI: 10.1155/2017/5619472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 232] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 02/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stemness combines the ability of a cell to perpetuate its lineage, to give rise to differentiated cells, and to interact with its environment to maintain a balance between quiescence, proliferation, and regeneration. While adult Stem Cells display these properties when participating in tissue homeostasis, Cancer Stem Cells (CSCs) behave as their malignant equivalents. CSCs display stemness in various circumstances, including the sustaining of cancer progression, and the interaction with their environment in search for key survival factors. As a result, CSCs can recurrently persist after therapy. In order to understand how the concept of stemness applies to cancer, this review will explore properties shared between normal and malignant Stem Cells. First, we provide an overview of properties of normal adult Stem Cells. We thereafter elaborate on how these features operate in CSCs. We then review the organization of microenvironment components, which enables CSCs hosting. We subsequently discuss Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs), which, although their stemness properties are limited, represent essential components of the Stem Cell niche and tumor microenvironment. We next provide insights of the therapeutic strategies targeting Stem Cell properties in tumors and the use of state-of-the-art techniques in future research. Increasing our knowledge of the CSCs microenvironment is key to identifying new therapeutic solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M. Aponte
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Andrés Caicedo
- Mito-Act Research Consortium, Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias de la Salud, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
- Colegio de Ciencias Biológicas y Ambientales, Instituto de Microbiología, Universidad San Francisco de Quito (USFQ), 170901 Quito, Ecuador
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23
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cancer stem cells (CSCs) have been hypothesized to initiate and drive tumor growth and recurrence due to their self-renewal ability. If correct, this hypothesis implies that successful therapy must focus primarily on eradication of this CSC fraction. However, recent evidence suggests stemness is niche dependent and may represent one of many phenotypic states that can be accessed by many cancer genotypes when presented with specific environmental cues. A better understanding of the relationship of stemness to niche-related phenotypic plasticity could lead to alternative treatment strategies. METHODS Here, we investigate the role of environmental context in the expression of stem-like cell properties through in-silico simulation of ductal carcinoma. We develop a two-dimensional hybrid discrete-continuum cellular automata model to describe the single-cell scale dynamics of multicellular tissue formation. Through a suite of simulations, we investigate interactions between a phenotypically heterogeneous cancer cell population and a dynamic environment. RESULTS We generate homeostatic ductal structures that consist of a mixture of stem and differentiated cells governed by both intracellular and environmental dynamics. We demonstrate that a wide spectrum of tumor-like histologies can result from these structures by varying microenvironmental parameters. CONCLUSION Niche driven phenotypic plasticity offers a simple first-principle explanation for the diverse ductal structures observed in histological sections from breast cancer. SIGNIFICANCE Conventional models of carcinogenesis largely focus on mutational events. We demonstrate that variations in the environmental niche can produce intraductal cancers independent of genetic changes in the resident cells. Therapies targeting the microenvironmental niche may offer an alternative cancer prevention strategy.
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24
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Adami HO, Csermely P, Veres DV, Emilsson L, Løberg M, Bretthauer M, Kalager M. Are rapidly growing cancers more lethal? Eur J Cancer 2017; 72:210-214. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2016.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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25
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Park Y, Lim S, Nam JW, Kim S. Measuring intratumor heterogeneity by network entropy using RNA-seq data. Sci Rep 2016; 6:37767. [PMID: 27883053 PMCID: PMC5121893 DOI: 10.1038/srep37767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Intratumor heterogeneity (ITH) is observed at different stages of tumor progression, metastasis and reouccurence, which can be important for clinical applications. We used RNA-sequencing data from tumor samples, and measured the level of ITH in terms of biological network states. To model complex relationships among genes, we used a protein interaction network to consider gene-gene dependency. ITH was measured by using an entropy-based distance metric between two networks, nJSD, with Jensen-Shannon Divergence (JSD). With nJSD, we defined transcriptome-based ITH (tITH). The effectiveness of tITH was extensively tested for the issues related with ITH using real biological data sets. Human cancer cell line data and single-cell sequencing data were investigated to verify our approach. Then, we analyzed TCGA pan-cancer 6,320 patients. Our result was in agreement with widely used genome-based ITH inference methods, while showed better performance at survival analysis. Analysis of mouse clonal evolution data further confirmed that our transcriptome-based ITH was consistent with genetic heterogeneity at different clonal evolution stages. Additionally, we found that cell cycle related pathways have significant contribution to increasing heterogeneity on the network during clonal evolution. We believe that the proposed transcriptome-based ITH is useful to characterize heterogeneity of a tumor sample at RNA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youngjune Park
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Sangsoo Lim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
| | - Jin-Wu Nam
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
- Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-791, Korea
| | - Sun Kim
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
- Bioinformatics Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Korea
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26
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Csermely P, Korcsmáros T, Nussinov R. Intracellular and intercellular signaling networks in cancer initiation, development and precision anti-cancer therapy: RAS acts as contextual signaling hub. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 58:55-9. [PMID: 27395026 PMCID: PMC5028272 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cancer initiation and development are increasingly perceived as systems-level phenomena, where intra- and inter-cellular signaling networks of the ecosystem of cancer and stromal cells offer efficient methodologies for outcome prediction and intervention design. Within this framework, RAS emerges as a 'contextual signaling hub', i.e. the final result of RAS activation or inhibition is determined by the signaling network context. Current therapies often 'train' cancer cells shifting them to a novel attractor, which has increased metastatic potential and drug resistance. The few therapy-surviving cancer cells are surrounded by massive cell death triggering a primordial adaptive and reparative general wound healing response. Overall, dynamic analysis of patient- and disease-stage specific intracellular and intercellular signaling networks may open new areas of anticancer therapy using multitarget drugs, drugs combinations, edgetic drugs, as well as help design 'gentler', differentiation and maintenance therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 2, H-1428 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Tamás Korcsmáros
- Gut Health and Food Safety Programme, Institute of Food Research, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UA, UK; Earlham Institute/TGAC, The Genome Analysis Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Ruth Nussinov
- Cancer and Inflammation Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Cheng F, Liu C, Shen B, Zhao Z. Investigating cellular network heterogeneity and modularity in cancer: a network entropy and unbalanced motif approach. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2016; 10 Suppl 3:65. [PMID: 27585651 PMCID: PMC5009528 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-016-0309-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer is increasingly recognized as a cellular system phenomenon that is attributed to the accumulation of genetic or epigenetic alterations leading to the perturbation of the molecular network architecture. Elucidation of network properties that can characterize tumor initiation and progression, or pinpoint the molecular targets related to the drug sensitivity or resistance, is therefore of critical importance for providing systems-level insights into tumorigenesis and clinical outcome in the molecularly targeted cancer therapy. RESULTS In this study, we developed a network-based framework to quantitatively examine cellular network heterogeneity and modularity in cancer. Specifically, we constructed gene co-expressed protein interaction networks derived from large-scale RNA-Seq data across 8 cancer types generated in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) project. We performed gene network entropy and balanced versus unbalanced motif analysis to investigate cellular network heterogeneity and modularity in tumor versus normal tissues, different stages of progression, and drug resistant versus sensitive cancer cell lines. We found that tumorigenesis could be characterized by a significant increase of gene network entropy in all of the 8 cancer types. The ratio of the balanced motifs in normal tissues is higher than that of tumors, while the ratio of unbalanced motifs in tumors is higher than that of normal tissues in all of the 8 cancer types. Furthermore, we showed that network entropy could be used to characterize tumor progression and anticancer drug responses. For example, we found that kinase inhibitor resistant cancer cell lines had higher entropy compared to that of sensitive cell lines using the integrative analysis of microarray gene expression and drug pharmacological data collected from the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer database. In addition, we provided potential network-level evidence that smoking might increase cancer cellular network heterogeneity and further contribute to tyrosine kinase inhibitor (e.g., gefitinib) resistance. CONCLUSION In summary, we demonstrated that network properties such as network entropy and unbalanced motifs associated with tumor initiation, progression, and anticancer drug responses, suggesting new potential network-based prognostic and predictive measure in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feixiong Cheng
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Chuang Liu
- Alibaba Research Center for Complexity Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Zhongming Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Department of Psychiatry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA. .,Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
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28
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Bredell MG, Ernst J, El-Kochairi I, Dahlem Y, Ikenberg K, Schumann DM. Current relevance of hypoxia in head and neck cancer. Oncotarget 2016; 7:50781-50804. [PMID: 27434126 PMCID: PMC5226620 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Head and Neck cancer (HNC) is a complex mix of cancers and one of the more common cancers with a relatively poor prognosis. One of the factors that may assist us in predicting survival and allow us to adjust our treatment strategies is the presence of tumor hypoxia. In this overview we aim to evaluate the current evidence and potential clinical relevance of tumor hypoxia in head and neck cancer according to an extensive search of current literature.An abundance of evidence and often contradictory evidence is found in the literature. Even the contradictory evidence and comparisons are difficult to judge as criteria and methodologies differ greatly, furthermore few prospective observational studies exist for verification of the pre-clinical studies. Despite these discrepancies there is clear evidence of associations between prognosis and poor tumor oxygenation biomarkers such as HIF-1α, GLUT-1 and lactate, though these associations are not exclusive. The use of genetic markers is expanding and will probably lead to significantly more and complex evidence. The lack of oxygenation in head and neck tumors is of paramount importance for the prediction of treatment outcomes and prognosis. Despite the wide array of conflicting evidence, the drive towards non-invasive prediction of tumor hypoxia should continue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marius G. Bredell
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jutta Ernst
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Ilhem El-Kochairi
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Yuliya Dahlem
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristian Ikenberg
- Department of Pathology, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Desiree M. Schumann
- Department of Cranio-, Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery, University Hospital Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Isolation, Characterization, Cryopreservation of Human Amniotic Stem Cells and Differentiation to Osteogenic and Adipogenic Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0158281. [PMID: 27434028 PMCID: PMC4951121 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0158281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Human stem cells and progenitor cells can be used to treat cancer and replace dysfunctional cells within a tissue or organ. The objective of this study was to identify the appropriate cells type in regenerative medicine and targeted therapy. As an alternative to embryonic and bone marrow stem cells, we examined human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFSCs), one of the potential source of multipotent stem cells isolated from both cell pellet (using single-stage method), and supernatant of human amniotic fluid. Source of isolation and unique property of the cells emphasize that these cells are one of the promising new tools in therapeutic field. Double sources for isolation and availability of the left over samples in diagnostic laboratory at the same time have less legal and ethical concerns compared with embryonic stem cell studies. Cells were isolated, cultured for 18th passage for 6 months and characterized using qPCR and flow cytometry. Cells showed good proliferative ability in culture condition. The cells successfully differentiated into the adipogenic and osteogenic lineages. Based on these findings, amniotic fluid can be considered as an appropriate and convenient source of human amniotic fluid stem cells. These cells provide potential tools for therapeutic applications in the field of regenerative medicine. To get a better understanding of crosstalk between Oct4/NANOG with osteogenesis and adipogenesis, we used network analysis based on Common Targets algorithm and Common Regulators algorithm as well as subnetwork discovery based on gene set enrichment. Network analysis highlighted the possible role of MIR 302A and MIR let-7g. We demonstrated the high expression of MIR 302A and low expression of MIR let7g in hAFSCs by qPCR.
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Ullah N, Liaqat S, Fatima S, Zehra F, Anwer M, Sadiq M. Stem cells and cancer: A review. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF TROPICAL DISEASE 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/s2222-1808(15)61057-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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31
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Dynamics inside the cancer cell attractor reveal cell heterogeneity, limits of stability, and escape. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:2672-7. [PMID: 26929366 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1519210113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The observed intercellular heterogeneity within a clonal cell population can be mapped as dynamical states clustered around an attractor point in gene expression space, owing to a balance between homeostatic forces and stochastic fluctuations. These dynamics have led to the cancer cell attractor conceptual model, with implications for both carcinogenesis and new therapeutic concepts. Immortalized and malignant EBV-carrying B-cell lines were used to explore this model and characterize the detailed structure of cell attractors. Any subpopulation selected from a population of cells repopulated the whole original basin of attraction within days to weeks. Cells at the basin edges were unstable and prone to apoptosis. Cells continuously changed states within their own attractor, thus driving the repopulation, as shown by fluorescent dye tracing. Perturbations of key regulatory genes induced a jump to a nearby attractor. Using the Fokker-Planck equation, this cell population behavior could be described as two virtual, opposing influences on the cells: one attracting toward the center and the other promoting diffusion in state space (noise). Transcriptome analysis suggests that these forces result from high-dimensional dynamics of the gene regulatory network. We propose that they can be generalized to all cancer cell populations and represent intrinsic behaviors of tumors, offering a previously unidentified characteristic for studying cancer.
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Chang TS, Chen CL, Wu YC, Liu JJ, Kuo YC, Lee KF, Lin SY, Lin SE, Tung SY, Kuo LM, Tsai YH, Huang YH. Inflammation Promotes Expression of Stemness-Related Properties in HBV-Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0149897. [PMID: 26919045 PMCID: PMC4769282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0149897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of cancer stemness is believed to reduce the efficacy of current therapies against hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Understanding of the stemness-regulating signaling pathways incurred by a specific etiology can facilitate the development of novel targets for individualized therapy against HCC. Niche environments, such as virus-induced inflammation, may play a crucial role. However, the mechanisms linking inflammation and stemness expression in HCC remain unclear. Here we demonstrated the distinct role of inflammatory mediators in expressions of stemness-related properties involving the pluripotent octamer-binding transcription factor 4 (OCT4) in cell migration and drug resistance of hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HBV-HCC). We observed positive immunorecognition for macrophage chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)/CD68 and OCT4/NANOG in HBV-HCC tissues. The inflammation-conditioned medium (inflamed-CM) generated by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated U937 human leukemia cells significantly increased the mRNA and protein levels of OCT4/NANOG preferentially in HBV-active (HBV+HBsAg+) HCC cells. The inflamed-CM also increased the side population (SP) cell percentage, green fluorescent protein (GFP)-positive cell population, and luciferase activity of OCT4 promoter-GFP/luciferase in HBV-active HCC cells. Furthermore, the inflamed-CM upregulated the expressions of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I)/IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) and activated IGF-IR/Akt signaling in HBV-HCC. The IGF-IR phosphorylation inhibitor picropodophyllin (PPP) suppressed inflamed-CM-induced OCT4 and NANOG levels in HBV+HBsAg+ Hep3B cells. Forced expression of OCT4 significantly increased the secondary sphere formation and cell migration, and reduced susceptibility of HBV-HCC cells to cisplatin, bleomycin, and doxorubicin. Taking together, our results show that niche inflammatory mediators play critical roles in inducing the expression of stemness-related properties involving IGF-IR activation, and the upregulation of OCT4 contributes to cancer migration and drug resistance of HBV-HCC cells. Findings in this paper would provide potential targets for a therapeutic strategy targeting on inflammatory environment for HBV-HCC.
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MESH Headings
- Antigens, CD/biosynthesis
- Antigens, CD/genetics
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/biosynthesis
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/virology
- Cell Movement
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Chemokine CCL2/biosynthesis
- Chemokine CCL2/genetics
- Hep G2 Cells
- Hepatitis B virus/pathogenicity
- Hepatitis B, Chronic/complications
- Homeodomain Proteins/biosynthesis
- Homeodomain Proteins/genetics
- Humans
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/biosynthesis
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/virology
- Nanog Homeobox Protein
- Neoplastic Stem Cells/pathology
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/biosynthesis
- Octamer Transcription Factor-3/genetics
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Podophyllotoxin/analogs & derivatives
- Podophyllotoxin/pharmacology
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/biosynthesis
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Spheroids, Cellular
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Te-Sheng Chang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Long Chen
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chih Wu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jun-Jen Liu
- School of Medical Laboratory Sciences and Biotechnology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung Che Kuo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kam-Fai Lee
- Department of Pathology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Sin-Yi Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sey-En Lin
- Department of Pathology, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shui-Yi Tung
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Liang-Mou Kuo
- Department of General Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- TMU Center for Cell Therapy and Regeneration Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Comprehensive Cancer Center of Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Leclerc C, Haeich J, Aulestia FJ, Kilhoffer MC, Miller AL, Néant I, Webb SE, Schaeffer E, Junier MP, Chneiweiss H, Moreau M. Calcium signaling orchestrates glioblastoma development: Facts and conjunctures. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1863:1447-59. [PMID: 26826650 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While it is a relatively rare disease, glioblastoma multiform (GBM) is one of the more deadly adult cancers. Following current interventions, the tumor is never eliminated whatever the treatment performed; whether it is radiotherapy, chemotherapy, or surgery. One hypothesis to explain this poor outcome is the "cancer stem cell" hypothesis. This concept proposes that a minority of cells within the tumor mass share many of the properties of adult neural stem cells and it is these that are responsible for the growth of the tumor and its resistance to existing therapies. Accumulating evidence suggests that Ca(2+) might also be an important positive regulator of tumorigenesis in GBM, in processes involving quiescence, maintenance, proliferation, or migration. Glioblastoma tumors are generally thought to develop by co-opting pathways that are involved in the formation of an organ. We propose that the cells initiating the tumor, and subsequently the cells of the tumor mass, must hijack the different checkpoints that evolution has selected in order to prevent the pathological development of an organ. In this article, two main points are discussed. (i) The first is the establishment of a so-called "cellular society," which is required to create a favorable microenvironment. (ii) The second is that GBM can be considered to be an organism, which fights to survive and develop. Since GBM evolves in a limited space, its only chance of development is to overcome the evolutionary checkpoints. For example, the deregulation of the normal Ca(2+) signaling elements contributes to the progression of the disease. Thus, by manipulating the Ca(2+) signaling, the GBM cells might not be killed, but might be reprogrammed toward a new fate that is either easy to cure or that has no aberrant functioning. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Calcium and Cell Fate. Guest Editors: Jacques Haiech, Claus Heizmann, Joachim Krebs, Thierry Capiod and Olivier Mignen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Leclerc
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France.
| | - Jacques Haeich
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, UMR 7200 Université de Strasbourg / CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Francisco J Aulestia
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France
| | - Marie-Claude Kilhoffer
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, Laboratoire d'Excellence Médalis, UMR 7200 Université de Strasbourg / CNRS, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Andrew L Miller
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Isabelle Néant
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France
| | - Sarah E Webb
- Division of Life Science and State Key Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, HKUST, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Etienne Schaeffer
- IREBS UMR7242 ESBS, Pôle API, Parc d'Innovation d'Illkirch, 67412 Illkirch cedex, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Glial Plasticity, 7/9 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), UMR8246, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Medicale (INSERM), U1130, Institut de Biologie Paris Seine (IBPS), Neuroscience Paris Seine (NPS), Team Glial Plasticity, 7/9 Quai St Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Marc Moreau
- Centre de Biologie du Développement, Université Toulouse 3, 118 route de Narbonne, F31062 Toulouse, Cedex 04, France; CNRS UMR5547, Toulouse F31062, France
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34
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Yoshida GJ, Saya H. Therapeutic strategies targeting cancer stem cells. Cancer Sci 2015; 107:5-11. [PMID: 26362755 PMCID: PMC4724810 DOI: 10.1111/cas.12817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are undifferentiated cancer cells with a high tumorigenic activity, the ability to undergo self-renewal, and a multilineage differentiation potential. Cancer stem cells are responsible for the development of tumor cell heterogeneity, a key feature for resistance to anticancer treatments including conventional chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and molecularly targeted therapy. Furthermore, minimal residual disease, the major cause of cancer recurrence and metastasis, is enriched in CSCs. Cancer stem cells also possess the property of "robustness", which encompasses several characteristics including a slow cell cycle, the ability to detoxify or mediate the efflux of cytotoxic agents, resistance to oxidative stress, and a rapid response to DNA damage, all of which contribute to the development of therapeutic resistance. The identification of mechanisms underlying such characteristics and the development of novel approaches to target them will be required for the therapeutic elimination of CSCs and the complete eradication of tumors. In this review, we focus on two prospective therapeutic approaches that target CSCs with the aim of disrupting their quiescence or redox defense capability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Go J Yoshida
- Department of Pathological Cell Biology, Medical Research Institute, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Japan Society for the Promotion of Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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35
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Abstract
Glioblastoma is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor, containing self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. In this review, Lathia et al. discuss how the integration of genetics, epigenetics, and metabolism has shaped our understanding of how CSCs function to drive GBM growth. Tissues with defined cellular hierarchies in development and homeostasis give rise to tumors with cellular hierarchies, suggesting that tumors recapitulate specific tissues and mimic their origins. Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and malignant primary brain tumor and contains self-renewing, tumorigenic cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute to tumor initiation and therapeutic resistance. As normal stem and progenitor cells participate in tissue development and repair, these developmental programs re-emerge in CSCs to support the development and progressive growth of tumors. Elucidation of the molecular mechanisms that govern CSCs has informed the development of novel targeted therapeutics for GBM and other brain cancers. CSCs are not self-autonomous units; rather, they function within an ecological system, both actively remodeling the microenvironment and receiving critical maintenance cues from their niches. To fulfill the future goal of developing novel therapies to collapse CSC dynamics, drawing parallels to other normal and pathological states that are highly interactive with their microenvironments and that use developmental signaling pathways will be beneficial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Lathia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Stephen C Mack
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Erin E Mulkearns-Hubert
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Claudia L L Valentim
- Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
| | - Jeremy N Rich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic, Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA; Department of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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36
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Jolly MK, Boareto M, Huang B, Jia D, Lu M, Ben-Jacob E, Onuchic JN, Levine H. Implications of the Hybrid Epithelial/Mesenchymal Phenotype in Metastasis. Front Oncol 2015; 5:155. [PMID: 26258068 PMCID: PMC4507461 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2015.00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 480] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transitions between epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes – the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its reverse the mesenchymal to epithelial transition (MET) – are hallmarks of cancer metastasis. While transitioning between the epithelial and mesenchymal phenotypes, cells can also attain a hybrid epithelial/mesenchymal (E/M) (i.e., partial or intermediate EMT) phenotype. Cells in this phenotype have mixed epithelial (e.g., adhesion) and mesenchymal (e.g., migration) properties, thereby allowing them to move collectively as clusters. If these clusters reach the bloodstream intact, they can give rise to clusters of circulating tumor cells (CTCs), as have often been seen experimentally. Here, we review the operating principles of the core regulatory network for EMT/MET that acts as a “three-way” switch giving rise to three distinct phenotypes – E, M and hybrid E/M – and present a theoretical framework that can elucidate the role of many other players in regulating epithelial plasticity. Furthermore, we highlight recent studies on partial EMT and its association with drug resistance and tumor-initiating potential; and discuss how cell–cell communication between cells in a partial EMT phenotype can enable the formation of clusters of CTCs. These clusters can be more apoptosis-resistant and have more tumor-initiating potential than singly moving CTCs with a wholly mesenchymal (complete EMT) phenotype. Also, more such clusters can be formed under inflammatory conditions that are often generated by various therapies. Finally, we discuss the multiple advantages that the partial EMT or hybrid E/M phenotype have as compared to a complete EMT phenotype and argue that these collectively migrating cells are the primary “bad actors” of metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohit Kumar Jolly
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Marcelo Boareto
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Institute of Physics, University of São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Bin Huang
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Dongya Jia
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Graduate Program in Systems, Synthetic and Physical Biology, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Mingyang Lu
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Eshel Ben-Jacob
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; School of Physics and Astronomy, and The Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University , Tel-Aviv , Israel ; Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - José N Onuchic
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Chemistry, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
| | - Herbert Levine
- Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Bioengineering, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA ; Department of Biosciences, Rice University , Houston, TX , USA
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Raposo TP, Beirão BCB, Pang LY, Queiroga FL, Argyle DJ. Inflammation and cancer: till death tears them apart. Vet J 2015; 205:161-74. [PMID: 25981934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Advances in biotechnology have enabled the collection of an immeasurable amount of information from genomic, transcriptomic, metabolomic and proteomic studies of tumours within their microenvironments. The dissection of cytokine and chemokine networks has provided new clues to the interactions between cancer cells and their surrounding inflammatory landscape. To bridge the gap between chronic inflammation and cancer, dynamic participants in the tumour microenvironment have been identified, including tumour-associated macrophages (TAMs) and regulatory T cells (Tregs). Both of these cell types are notable for their ability to cause immunosuppressive conditions and support the evasion of tumour immune surveillance. It is clear now that the tumour-promoting inflammatory environment has to be included as one of the major cancer hallmarks. This review explores the recent advances in the understanding of cancer-related inflammation and how this is being applied to comparative oncology studies in humans and domestic species, such as the dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- T P Raposo
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom; Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - B C B Beirão
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - L Y Pang
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - F L Queiroga
- Center for Research and Technology of Agro-Environment and Biological Sciences (CITAB), University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro, 5000-801 Vila Real, Portugal
| | - D J Argyle
- The Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies and The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, United Kingdom.
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38
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Rabajante JF, Babierra AL. Branching and oscillations in the epigenetic landscape of cell-fate determination. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2015; 117:240-249. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2015.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Revised: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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39
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Masoudi-Nejad A, Wang E. Cancer modeling and network biology: Accelerating toward personalized medicine. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 30:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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40
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Mirzaei A, Tavoosidana G, Modarressi MH, Rad AA, Fazeli MS, Shirkoohi R, Tavakoli-Yaraki M, Madjd Z. Upregulation of circulating cancer stem cell marker, DCLK1 but not Lgr5, in chemoradiotherapy-treated colorectal cancer patients. Tumour Biol 2015; 36:4801-10. [PMID: 25631749 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3132-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cell (CSC) markers have attracted considerable attention in tumor diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic implications. Detection of cancer stem cells in circulating blood using cancer stem cell markers has received remarkable attention recently. In this study, we aimed to investigate the messenger RNA (mRNA) expression level of Lgr5 and DCLK1 as most proposed colorectal CSC markers in blood circulation also determine the subsequent association to patients' clinical and pathological findings. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of 58 patients with colorectal cancer at stage I-IV with 33 out of 58 patients undergoing preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT), as well as 58 healthy controls have been isolated and the extracted RNAs were analyzed using real-time PCR. The mRNA expression pattern of CSC markers of patients and controls was compared using ΔΔCt method. The expression level of Lgr5 was significantly higher in colorectal cancer (CRC) patients comparing to healthy group (4.8-fold change, p < 0.001). Also there was a significant increase in expression level of Lgr5 in patients at stages III and IV comparing to stages I and II (p = 0.031) and higher grades (p = 0.039) of CRC. The expression of DCLK1 was also elevated in patients significantly (2.7-fold change, p < 0.001) and the related expression was increased by increasing disease stage (p = 0.025). Combination of DCLK1 and Lgr5 markers was analyzed by logistic regression and proved to be a slightly better marker compared to each marker alone. Interestingly the DCLK1 expression level was significantly higher in patients undergoing preoperative CRT (p = 0.041); however, no association to neoadjuvant CRT was observed for Lgr5. Considering the over-expression of DCLK1 and Lgr5 in circulating blood of CRC patients comparing to controls, our results might emphasize on the presence of CSCs in blood of these patients which might be attributed to their clinical and pathological characteristics and may lead to apply in future clinical implications. Moreover, the higher expression level of DCLK1 in patients undergoing CRT can propose it as a more relevant candidate among CSC markers comparing to Lgr5 for CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Mirzaei
- Department of Molecular Medicine, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Eastern side of Tehran University, 88, Italia St, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Sureban SM, Qu D, Houchen CW. Regulation of miRNAs by agents targeting the tumor stem cell markers DCLK1, MSI1, LGR5, and BMI1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 1:217-222. [PMID: 26366338 DOI: 10.1007/s40495-014-0006-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gastrointestinal cancers such as colorectal, pancreatic, liver, gastric, and esophageal, are the most common forms of malignant cancers. MicroRNAs (miRNA) play important role in regulating gastrointestinal cancer progress either as potent oncogenes or tumor suppressors. In this report, we will discuss the importance of several tumor suppressors involved in colon or pancreatic cancer. Some recent studies on tumor stem cells and regulation of these miRNAs via agents targeting the tumor stem cell markers doublecortin-like kinase 1 (DCLK1), Musashi-1 (MSI1), polycomb protein BMI1, and WNT genes (LGR5 and ASCL2) will also be discussed. Agents such as siRNA/shRNA, small molecule kinase inhibitors, and general herbal drugs (curcumin) targeting these tumor stem cell markers and tumor suppressor miRNAs could be the perfect therapeutic agents for the treatment of these cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sripathi M Sureban
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 Phone number: (405) 271-2175/fax number: (405) 271-5450
| | - Dongfeng Qu
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 Phone number: (405) 271-2175/fax number: (405) 271-5450
| | - Courtney W Houchen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 ; Peggy and Charles Stephenson Oklahoma Cancer Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104 Phone number: (405) 271-2175/fax number: (405) 271-5450
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42
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Zhang S, Tian D, Tran NH, Choi KP, Zhang L. Profiling the transcription factor regulatory networks of human cell types. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12380-7. [PMID: 25300490 PMCID: PMC4227771 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Neph et al. (2012) (Circuitry and dynamics of human transcription factor regulatory networks. Cell, 150: 1274-1286) reported the transcription factor (TF) regulatory networks of 41 human cell types using the DNaseI footprinting technique. This provides a valuable resource for uncovering regulation principles in different human cells. In this paper, the architectures of the 41 regulatory networks and the distributions of housekeeping and specific regulatory interactions are investigated. The TF regulatory networks of different human cell types demonstrate similar global three-layer (top, core and bottom) hierarchical architectures, which are greatly different from the yeast TF regulatory network. However, they have distinguishable local organizations, as suggested by the fact that wiring patterns of only a few TFs are enough to distinguish cell identities. The TF regulatory network of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is dense and enriched with interactions that are unseen in the networks of other cell types. The examination of specific regulatory interactions suggests that specific interactions play important roles in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shihua Zhang
- National Center for Mathematics and Interdisciplinary Sciences, Academy of Mathematics and Systems Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dechao Tian
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore
| | - Ngoc Hieu Tran
- Division of Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 637371, Singapore
| | - Kwok Pui Choi
- Department of Statistics and Applied Probability, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117546, Singapore Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore
| | - Louxin Zhang
- Department of Mathematics, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119076, Singapore National University of Singapore Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and Engineering, Singapore 117456, Singapore
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Luo J, Zhou X, Yakisich JS. Stemness and plasticity of lung cancer cells: paving the road for better therapy. Onco Targets Ther 2014; 7:1129-34. [PMID: 25018639 PMCID: PMC4075950 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s62345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a devastating disease that is responsible for around 160,000 deaths each year in United States. The discovery that lung cancer, like most other solid tumors, contains a subpopulation of cancer stem cells or cancer stem-like cells (CSCs/CS-LCs) that if eliminated could lead to a cure has brought new hope. However, the exact nature of the putative lung CSCs/CS-LCs is not known and therefore therapies to eliminate this subpopulation have been elusive. A limited knowledge and understanding of cancer stem cell properties and tumor biology may be responsible for the limited clinical success. In this review we discuss the stemness and plasticity properties of lung cancer cells that are critical aspects in terms of developing effective therapies. We suggest that the available experimental evidence obtained from lung cancer cell lines and patients’ derived primary cultures does not support a tumor model consistent with the classical CSC model. Instead, all lung cancer cells may be extremely versatile and new models of cancer stem cells may be better working models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judong Luo
- Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China ; School of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, Soochow University, Suzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xifa Zhou
- Changzhou Tumor Hospital, Soochow University, Changzhou, People's Republic of China
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