Targeting miRNAs by polyphenols: Novel therapeutic strategy for cancer

Effects of Mediterranean diets and nutrigenomics on cardiovascular health

The field of nutrigenomics studies the interaction between nutrition and genetics, and how certain dietary patterns can impact gene expression and overall health. The Mediterranean diet (MedDiet), characterized by a high intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and healthy fats, has been linked to better cardiovascular health (CVH) outcomes. This review summarizes the current state of research on the effects of nutrigenomics and MedDiet on cardiovascular health. Results suggest that MedDiet, through its impact on gene expression, can positively influence CVH markers such as blood pressure, lipid profile, and inflammation. However, more research is needed to fully understand the complex interactions between genetics, nutrition, and CVH, and to determine the optimal dietary patterns for individualized care. The aim of this scientific review is to evaluate the current evidence on the effects of nutrigenomics and MedDiet on cardiovascular health. The review summarizes the available studies that have investigated the relationship between nutrition, genetics, and cardiovascular health, and explores the mechanisms by which certain dietary patterns can impact CVH outcomes. The review focuses on the effects of MedDiet, a dietary pattern that is rich in whole foods and healthy fats, and its potential to positively influence CVH through its impact on gene expression. The review highlights the limitations of current research and the need for further studies to fully understand the complex interplay between nutrition, genetics, and cardiovascular health.

Role of a Polyphenol-Enriched Blueberry Preparation on Inhibition of Melanoma Cancer Stem Cells and Modulation of MicroRNAs

Melanoma is a type of skin cancer known for its high mortality rate. Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells that significantly contribute to tumour recurrence and differentiation. Epigenetic-specific changes involving miRNAs maintain CSCs. Plant polyphenols have been reported to be involved in cancer chemoprevention and chemotherapy, with miRNAs being the novel effectors in their biological activities. A polyphenol-enriched blueberry preparation (PEBP) derived from fermented blueberries has demonstrated promising chemopreventative properties on breast cancer stem cells by influencing inflammatory pathways and miRNAs. In our current investigation, we seek to unveil the impact of PEBP on inhibiting melanoma development and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Our study employs various human cell lines, including an ex vivo cell line derived from a patient's metastatic tumour. We found that it elevates miR-200c, increasing E-cadherin expression and inhibiting miR-210-3p through NF-κB signalling, impacting Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), a critical process in cancer progression. PEBP increases the SOCS1 expression, potentially contributing to miR-210-3p inhibition. Experiments involving miRNA manipulation confirm their functional roles. The study suggests that PEBP's anti-inflammatory effects involve regulating miR-200c and miR-210 expression and their targets in EMT-related pathways. The overall aim is to provide evidence-based supportive care and preclinical evaluation of PEBP, offering a promising strategy for skin cancer chemoprevention.

Multi-Anticancer Activities of Phytoestrogens in Human Osteosarcoma

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived bioactive compounds with estrogen-like properties. Their potential health benefits, especially in cancer prevention and treatment, have been a subject of considerable research in the past decade. Phytoestrogens exert their effects, at least in part, through interactions with estrogen receptors (ERs), mimicking or inhibiting the actions of natural estrogens. Recently, there has been growing interest in exploring the impact of phytoestrogens on osteosarcoma (OS), a type of bone malignancy that primarily affects children and young adults and is currently presenting limited treatment options. Considering the critical role of the estrogen/ERs axis in bone development and growth, the modulation of ERs has emerged as a highly promising approach in the treatment of OS. This review provides an extensive overview of current literature on the effects of phytoestrogens on human OS models. It delves into the multiple mechanisms through which these molecules regulate the cell cycle, apoptosis, and key pathways implicated in the growth and progression of OS, including ER signaling. Moreover, potential interactions between phytoestrogens and conventional chemotherapy agents commonly used in OS treatment will be examined. Understanding the impact of these compounds in OS holds great promise for developing novel therapeutic approaches that can augment current OS treatment modalities.

Melanoma Cellular Signaling Transduction Pathways Targeted by Polyphenols Action Mechanisms

Melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer. Although different anti-melanoma treatments are available, their efficacy is still improvable, and the number of deaths continues to increase worldwide. A promising source of antitumor agents could be presented by polyphenols-natural plant-based compounds. Over the past decades, many studies have described multiple anticancer effects of polyphenols in melanoma, presenting their potential interactions with targeted molecules from different signaling pathways. However, to our knowledge, there is no comprehensive review on polyphenols-regulated mechanisms in melanoma cells available in the literature. To fulfill this gap, this article aims to summarize the current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of action regulated by polyphenols involved in melanoma initiation and progression. Here, we focus on in vitro and in vivo effects of polyphenol treatments on tumor-essential cellular pathways, such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, inflammation, angiogenesis, and metastasis. Moreover, emerging studies regarding the well-marked role of polyphenols in the regulation of microRNAs (miRNAs), highlighting their contribution to melanoma development, are also epitomized. Finally, we hope this review will provide a firm basis for developing polyphenol-based therapeutic agents in melanoma treatment.

The Emerging Role of Epigenetics in Metabolism and Endocrinology

Each cell in a multicellular organism has its own phenotype despite sharing the same genome. Epigenetics is a somatic, heritable pattern of gene expression or cellular phenotype mediated by structural changes in chromatin that occur without altering the DNA sequence. Epigenetic modification is an important factor in determining the level and timing of gene expression in response to endogenous and exogenous stimuli. There is also growing evidence concerning the interaction between epigenetics and metabolism. Accordingly, several enzymes that consume vital metabolites as substrates or cofactors are used during the catalysis of epigenetic modification. Therefore, altered metabolism might lead to diseases and pathogenesis, including endocrine disorders and cancer. In addition, it has been demonstrated that epigenetic modification influences the endocrine system and immune response-related pathways. In this regard, epigenetic modification may impact the levels of hormones that are important in regulating growth, development, reproduction, energy balance, and metabolism. Altering the function of the endocrine system has negative health consequences. Furthermore, endocrine disruptors (EDC) have a significant impact on the endocrine system, causing the abnormal functioning of hormones and their receptors, resulting in various diseases and disorders. Overall, this review focuses on the impact of epigenetics on the endocrine system and its interaction with metabolism.

Carcinoma-associated fibroblasts release microRNA-331-3p containing extracellular vesicles to exacerbate the development of pancreatic cancer via the SCARA5-FAK axis

microRNA-331-3p (miR-331-3p) has been displayed as an oncogene in pancreatic cancer (PC). The current research set out to elucidate how miR-331-3p in carcinoma-associated fibroblasts (CAFs)-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs) facilitated the tumorigenesis in PC. First, a dual-luciferase reporter assay was adopted to investigate the relationship between miR-331-3p and SCARA5. In addition, EVs were isolated normal fibroblasts and CAFs, and these isolated EVs were co-cultured with PC cells. Cell proliferative and migrating/invasive potentials were further evaluated with the help of a CCK-8 and Transwell assays, respectively. Gain- and loss-of-function assays were also implemented to assess the role of miR-331-3p, SCARA5, and FAK pathway in PC cells. Lastly, xenograft nude mice were established to investigate the role of miR-331-3p in vivo. miR-331-3p negatively targeted SCARA5 and was highly expressed in CAFs-derived EVs, which accelerated the proliferative, migrating, and invasive potentials of PC cells. Meanwhile, over-expression of miR-331-3p enhanced the proliferative, migrating, and invasive properties of PC cells and promoted tumor growth in vivo by manipulating SCARA5/FAK axis, whereas SCARA5 countered the oncogenic effects of miR-331-3p. Overall, miR-331-3p in CAFs-derived EVs inhibits SCARA5 expression and activates the FAK pathway, thereby augmenting the progression of PC. Our study provides a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of PC.

Evidence for Multilevel Chemopreventive Activities of Natural Phenols from Functional Genomic Studies of Curcumin, Resveratrol, Genistein, Quercetin, and Luteolin

Herein, I present an updated and contextualized literature review of functional genomic studies of natural phenols in the context of cancer. I suggest multilevel chemopreventive and anticancer mechanisms of action, which are shared by multiple dietary natural phenols. Specifically, I cite evidence that curcumin and resveratrol have multilevel anti-cancer effects through: (1) inducing either p53-dependent or p53-independent apoptosis in cancer cell lines, (2) acting as potent regulators of expression of oncogenic and anti-oncogenic microRNAs, and (3) inducing complex epigenetic changes that can switch off oncogenes/switch on anti-oncogenes. There is no simple reductionist explanation for anti-cancer effects of curcumin and resveratrol. More generally, multilevel models of chemoprevention are suggested for related natural phenols and flavonoids such as genistein, quercetin, or luteolin.

Targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids: A promising therapeutic approach for colorectal cancer

Despite the dramatic advances in our understanding of the etiology of colorectal cancer (CRC) in recent decades, effective therapeutic strategies are still urgently needed. Oncogenic mutations in the Wnt/β-Catenin pathway are hallmarks of CRC. Moreover, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) as molecular managers are involved in the initiation, progression, and metastasis of CRC. Therefore, it is important to further explore the interaction between lncRNAs and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathway for targeted therapy of CRC. Natural phytochemicals have not toxicity and can target carcinogenesis-related pathways. Growing evidences suggest that flavonoids are inversely associated with CRC risk. These bioactive compounds could target carcinogenesis pathways of CRC and reduced the side effects of anti-cancer drugs. The review systematically summarized the progress of flavonoids targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis in the investigations of CRC, which will provide a promising therapeutic approach for CRC and develop nutrition-oriented preventive strategies for CRC based on epigenetic mechanisms. In the field, more epidemiological and clinical trials are required in the future to verify feasibility of targeting lncRNA/Wnt axis by flavonoids in the therapy and prevention of CRC.

Curcumin Targeting Non-Coding RNAs in Colorectal Cancer: Therapeutic and Biomarker Implications

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common gastrointestinal malignancies, with high incidence rates, a low rate of early diagnosis, and complex pathogenesis. In recent years, there has been progress made in its diagnosis and treatment methods, but tumor malignant proliferation and metastasis after treatment still seriously affect the survival and prognosis of patients. Therefore, it is an extremely urgent task of current medicine to find new anti-tumor drugs with high efficiency and safety and low toxicity. Curcumin has shown potent anti-tumor and anti-inflammatory effects and is considered a hot spot in the research and development of anti-tumor drugs due to its advantages of precise efficacy, lower toxic side effects, and less drug resistance. Recent studies have revealed that curcumin has anti-tumor effects exerted on the epigenetic regulation of tumor-promoting/tumor-suppressing gene expression through the alteration of expression levels of non-coding RNAs (e.g., lncRNAs, miRNAs, and circRNAs). Herein, we summarize the interaction between curcumin and non-coding RNAs on the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. The information complied in this review will serve as a scientific and reliable basis and viewpoint for the clinical application of non-coding RNAs in colorectal cancer.

MicroRNA-139-5p acts as a suppressor gene for depression by targeting nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1

MicroRNA-139-5p (miR-139-5p) is one of the most differentially expressed miRNAs in the brain between healthy people and depressed patients. However, its function in depression is unclear. Therefore, we investigated the function of miR-139-5p in depression. Here, miR-139-5p expression was found to be upregulated in the model group. MiR-139-5p inhibition could increase sucrose preference and decrease mice immobility time after chronic corticosterone (CORT) injection. Furthermore, compared with the antago-NC group, 3 weeks of antagomiR-139-5p treatment significantly decreased miR-139-5p level in model group hippocampus, increased sucrose preference index, reduced neuron damages, and enhanced the levels of nuclear receptor subfamily 3 group C member 1 (NR3C1), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), phosphorylated/total tyrosine kinase receptor B (p-TrkB/TrkB), phosphorylated/total cAMP-response element-binding protein (p-CREB/CREB) and phosphorylated/total extracellular regulated protein kinases (p-ERK/ERK). Moreover, as a potential target for miR-139-5p, NR3C1 level was reduced by miR-139-5p mimic. Altogether, by activating the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway, miR-139-5p inhibition plays an antidepressant-like role and might serve as an effective depression target (Fig. graphical abstract).

Polyphenols and Their Metabolites in Renal Diseases: An Overview

Kidney diseases constitute a worldwide public health problem, contributing to morbidity and mortality. The present study aimed to provide an overview of the published data regarding the potential beneficial effects of polyphenols on major kidney diseases, namely acute kidney injury, chronic kidney disease, diabetic nephropathy, renal cancer, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. This study consists of a bibliographical review including in vitro and in vivo studies dealing with the effects of individual compounds. An analysis of the polyphenol metabolome in human urine was also conducted to estimate those compounds that are most likely to be responsible for the kidney protective effects of polyphenols. The biological effects of polyphenols can be highly attributed to the modulation of specific signaling cascades including those involved in oxidative stress responses, anti-inflammation processes, and apoptosis. There is increasing evidence that polyphenols afford great potential in renal disease protection. However, this evidence (especially when in vitro studies are involved) should be considered with caution before its clinical translation, particularly due to the unfavorable pharmacokinetics and extensive metabolization that polyphenols undergo in the human body. Future research should consider polyphenols and their metabolites that indeed reach kidney tissues.

Can Antioxidants Reduce the Toxicity of Bisphenol?

BPA is still the subject of extensive research due to its widespread use, despite its significant toxicity resulting not only from its negative impact on the endocrine system but also from disrupting the organism’s oxidative homeostasis. At the molecular level, bisphenol A (BPA) causes an increased production of ROS and hence a change in the redox balance, mitochondrial dysfunction, and modulation of cell signaling pathways. Importantly, these changes accumulate in animals and humans, and BPA toxicity may be aggravated by poor diet, metabolic disorders, and coexisting diseases. Accordingly, approaches using antioxidants to counteract the negative effects of BPA are being considered. The preliminary results that are described in this paper are promising, however, it should be emphasized that further studies are required to determine the optimal dosage and treatment regimen to counteract BPA toxicity. It also seems necessary to have a more holistic approach showing, on the one hand, the influence of BPA on the overall human metabolism and, on the other hand, the influence of antioxidants in doses that are acceptable with the diet on BPA toxicity. This is due in part to the fact that in many cases, the positive effect of antioxidants in in vitro studies is not confirmed by clinical studies. For this reason, further research into the molecular mechanisms of BPA activity is also recommended.

miR-1226-3p Promotes eNOS Expression of Pulmonary Arterial Endothelial Cells to Mitigate Hypertension in Rats via Targeting Profilin-1

In pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), microRNAs (miRNAs) are related with dysfunction of pulmonary arterial endothelial cells. miR-1226-3p was found to be downregulated in the serum of PAH patients, while few studies have illustrated the regulation mechanism of miR-1226-3p on PAH. In this study, we aimed to systematically investigate the role of miR-1226-3p in PAH. Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were treated with monocrotaline (MCT) to establish the PAH models. The right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), ratio of the right ventricle to the left ventricle with septum (RV/(LV+S) ratio), and nitric oxide (NO) content were used to reflect the symptom of the rats. The rat models were used to observe the regulation mechanism of miR-1226-3p on PAH, and dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to verify the binding effect of miR-1226-3p to Pfn1. Besides, the qRT-PCR and western blot were used to measure the expression levels of miR-1226-3p and some keys proteins such as eNOS and Pfn1, respectively. The results showed that the PAH models were established successfully. The RVSP levels and the RV/(LV+S) ratio of the PAH rats were higher than those indexes in normal rats, while the NO content showed the opposite trends. Besides, the decreased miR-1226-3p and eNOS were, respectively, found in the PAH rats and rPAECs, and overexpressed miR-1226-3p could reverse the disadvantages of the PAH rats including increased RVSP, high RV/(LV+S) ratio, and decreased NO content. Furthermore, miR-1226-3p could directly target the 3'-UTR of Profilin-1 (Pfn1). Overexpressed Pfn1 led to decreased eNOS, while miR-1226-3p could partly inhibit the expression of Pfn1 and increase the expression level of eNOS in rPAECs. In summary, this study suggests miR-1226-3p as a protector to increase eNOS, improve NO content in rPAECs of the PAH rats via targeting Pfn, and finally protect the rats from the injury induced by PAH.

Nobiletin-loaded composite penetration enhancer vesicles restore the normal miRNA expression and the chief defence antioxidant levels in skin cancer

Skin cancer is one of the most dangerous diseases, leading to massive losses and high death rates worldwide. Topical delivery of nutraceuticals is considered a suitable approach for efficient and safe treatment of skin cancer. Nobiletin; a flavone occurring in citrus fruits has been reported to inhibit proliferation of carcinogenesis since 1990s, is a promising candidate in this regard. Nobiletin was loaded in various vesicular systems to improve its cytotoxicity against skin cancer. Vesicles were prepared using the thin film hydration method, and characterized for particle size, zeta potential, entrapment efficiency, TEM, ex-vivo skin deposition and physical stability. Nobiletin-loaded composite penetration enhancer vesicles (PEVs) and composite transfersomes exhibited particle size 126.70 ± 11.80 nm, 110.10 ± 0.90 nm, zeta potential + 6.10 ± 0.40 mV, + 9.80 ± 2.60 mV, entrapment efficiency 93.50% ± 3.60, 95.60% ± 1.50 and total skin deposition 95.30% ± 3.40, 100.00% ± 2.80, respectively. These formulations were selected for cytotoxicity study on epidermoid carcinoma cell line (A431). Nobiletin-loaded composite PEVs displayed the lowest IC50 value, thus was selected for the in vivo study, where it restored skin condition in DMBA induced skin carcinogenesis mice, as delineated by histological and immuno-histochemical analysis, biochemical assessment of skin oxidative stress biomarkers, in addition to miRNA21 and miRNA29A. The outcomes confirmed that nobiletin- loaded composite PEVs is an efficient delivery system combating skin cancer.

Targeting Wnt signaling pathway by polyphenols: implication for aging and age-related diseases

Age is an important risk factor for different diseases. The same mechanisms that promote aging are involved in the development and progression of age-associated diseases. Polyphenols are organic compounds found in fruits and vegetables. Due to their beneficial properties (e.g. antioxidant and anti-inflammatory), polyphenols have been extensively used for treating chronic diseases. To exert their functions, polyphenols target various molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways, such as mTOR, NF-κB, and Wnt/β-catenin. Wnt signaling is a critical pathway for developmental processes. Besides, dysregulation of this signaling pathway has been observed in various diseases. Several investigations have been conducted on Wnt inhibitors at pre-clinical stages, showing promising results. Herein, we review the studies dealing with the role of polyphenols in targeting the Wnt signaling pathways in aging processes and age-associated diseases, including cancer, diabetes, Alzheimer's disease, osteoporosis, and Parkinson's disease.

MicroRNAs as Therapeutic Targets for Anticancer Drugs in Lung Cancer Therapy

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short, non-coding RNA molecules that regulate gene expression by translational repression or deregulation of messenger RNAs. Accumulating evidence suggests that miRNAs play various roles in the development and progression of lung cancers. Although their precise roles in targeted cancer therapy are currently unclear, miRNAs have been shown to affect the sensitivity of tumors to anticancer drugs. A large number of recent studies have demonstrated that some anticancer drugs exerted antitumor activities by affecting the expression of miRNAs and their targeted genes. These studies have elucidated the specific biological mechanism of drugs in tumor suppression, which provides a new idea or basis for their clinical application. In this review, we summarized the therapeutic mechanisms of drugs in lung cancer therapy through their effects on miRNAs and their targeted genes, which highlights the roles of miRNAs as targets in lung cancer therapy.

Role of Resveratrol in Modulating microRNAs in Human Diseases: From Cancer to Inflammatory Disorder

Cancer and inflammatory disorders are two important public health issues worldwide with significant socio.economic impacts. Despite several efforts, the current therapeutic platforms are associated with severe limitations. Therefore, developing new therapeutic strategies for the treatment of these diseases is a top priority. Besides current therapies, the utilization of natural compounds has emerged as a new horizon for the treatment of cancer and inflammatory disorders as well. Such natural compounds could be used either alone or in combination with the standard cancer therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy. Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound that is found in grapes as well as other foods. It has been found that this medicinal agent displays a wide pharmacological spectrum, including anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and antioxidant activities. Recently, clinical and pre-clinical studies have highlighted the anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory effects of resveratrol. Increasing evidence revealed that resveratrol exerts its therapeutic effects by targeting various cellular and molecular mechanisms. Among cellular and molecular targets that are modulated by resveratrol, microRNAs (miRNAs) have appeared as key targets. MiRNAs are short non-coding RNAs that act as epigenetic regulators. These molecules are involved in many processes that are involved in the initiation and progression of cancer and inflammatory disorders. Herein, we summarized various miRNAs that are directly/indirectly influenced by resveratrol in cancer and inflammatory disorders.

Quercetin attenuates high glucose-induced injury in human retinal pigment epithelial cell line ARPE-19 by up-regulation of miR-29b

Quercetin is a kind of distinctive bioactive flavonoid that has potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-diabetic properties. The present article was designed to check the effect of quercetin on diabetic retinopathy. Adult retinal pigment epithelial cell line (ARPE)-19 cells were pre-treated with quercetin and then stimulated by high glucose. Cell damage was evaluated by CCK-8 assay, flow cytometer, quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, 2,7-dichlorofluorescein diacetate probe and western blot. The association between quercetin and miR-29b expression as well as the downstream pathways was studied by qRT-PCR and western blot. Pre-treating ARPE-19 cells with quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-induced viability loss, apoptosis, MCP-1 and IL-6 overproduction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Quercetin down-regulated p53, Bax and cleaved-caspase-3 expression, while up-regulated CyclinD1, CDK4 and Bcl-2. miR-29b was low expressed in high glucose-treated cell, but quercetin elevated its expression. Moreover, the protective action of quercetin towards ARPE-19 cells was attenuated when miR-29b was suppressed. Also, quercetin promoted PTEN/AKT pathway, while inhibited NF-κB pathway via a miR-29b-dependent way. These data illustrated quercetin possibly possess the anti-diabetic retinopathy potential, as quercetin clearly attenuated high glucose-evoked damage in ARPE-19 cells. The protective action of quercetin may due to its regulation on miR-29b expression as well as PTEN/AKT and NF-κB pathways.

Curcumin-Induced Global Profiling of Transcriptomes in Small Cell Lung Cancer Cells

BACKGROUND

Curcumin, one of the promising candidates for supplementary therapy in cancer treatment, has been demonstrated by numerous preclinical and clinical evidence to be beneficial in treating various cancers. Apart from the critical role in a deluge of pathological processes, some mRNAs, in particular, microRNAs (miRNAs), are also involved in the anti-tumor activity. Therefore, our research focused on the possible effects of curcumin on small cell lung cancer (SCLC) cells and drew a comprehensive transcriptomes profile by high throughput sequencing to understand the molecular mechanism of curcumin as an anti-tumor agent.

METHODS

First, we calculated the apoptosis rate of H446 cells (a human SCLC cell line) cultured with curcumin. The high output sequencing uncovered the altered expression profile of genes and miRNAs. KEGG analysis selected the potential signal pathway associated with the antiproliferative property of curcumin. Finally, miRNAs significantly changed, as well as the regulatory roles of those miRNAs in cell apoptosis were determined.

RESULT

The apoptosis rate of H446 cells increased under the elevated concentration of curcumin treatment. And cell cycle-related genes downregulated in the curcumin-treated cells. Besides, miRNA-548ah-5p of a high level acted as a negative role in the anticarcinogenic activity of curcumin.

CONCLUSION

Our findings not only enriched the understanding of anti-tumor activity initiated by curcumin through figuring out the downregulated cell cycle-related pathways but also shed light on its novel therapeutic application.

Epigenetic regulation by polyphenols in diabetes and related complications

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder and one of the most challenging health problems worldwide. Left untreated, it may progress causing serious complications. Genetics, epigenetics, and environmental factors are known to play an overlapping role in the pathogenesis of DM. Growing evidence suggests the hypothesis that the environment induces changes in the early phases of growth and development, influencing health and disease in the adulthood through the alteration in genetic expression of an individual, at least in part. DNA methylation, histone modifications and miRNAs are three mechanisms responsible for epigenetic alterations. The daily diet contains a number of secondary metabolites, with polyphenols being highest in abundance, which contribute to overall health and may prevent or delay the onset of many chronic diseases. Polyphenols have the ability to alter metabolic and signaling pathways at various levels, such as gene expression, epigenetic regulation, protein expression and enzyme activity. The potential efficacy of polyphenolic compounds on glucose homeostasis has been evidenced from in vitro, in vivo and clinical studies. The present review is designed to focus on epigenetic regulation exerted by polyphenolic compounds in DM and their complications, as well as to summarize clinical trials involving polyphenols in DM.

MiRNAs directly targeting the key intermediates of biological pathways in pancreatic cancer

Pancreatic Cancer (PC) is a severe form of malignancy all over the world. Delayed diagnosis and chemoresistance are the major factors contributing to its poor prognosis and high mortality rate. The genetic and epigenetic regulations of biological pathways further complicate the progression and chemotherapy response to this cancer. MicroRNAs (MiRNAs) involvement has been observed in all types of cancers including PC. The understanding and categorization of miRNAs according to their specific targets are very important to develop early diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. The current review, emphasizing recent research findings, has categorized miRNAs that directly target the potential onco-factors that act as central converging signal-nodes in five major cancer-related pathways i.e., MAPK/ERK, JAK/STAT, Wnt/β-catenin, AKT/mTOR, and TGFβ in PC. The therapeutic perspectives of miRNAs in PC have also been discussed. This will help to understand the interplay of various miRNAs within foremost signaling pathways and develop a multifactorial approach to treat difficult-to-treat PC.

Phytoestrogens for Cancer Prevention and Treatment

Phytoestrogens are a large group of natural compounds found in more than 300 plants. They have a close structural similarity to estrogens, which allow them to bind to both estrogen receptors (ER), ERα and ERβ, presenting a weak estrogenic activity. Phytoestrogens have been described as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-thrombotic, anti-allergic, and anti-tumoral agents. Their role in cancer prevention has been well documented, although their impact on treatment efficiency is controversial. Several reports suggest that phytoestrogens may interfere with the effect of anti-cancer drugs through the regulation of oxidative stress and other mechanisms. Furthermore, some phytoestrogens could exert a protective effect on healthy cells, thus reducing the secondary effects of cancer treatment. In this review, we have studied the recent research in this area to find evidence for the role of phytoestrogens in cancer prevention and therapy efficacy.

MicroRNA-20a-5p suppresses tumor angiogenesis of non-small cell lung cancer through RRM2-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway

The current therapeutic strategies for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are limited and unsatisfactory. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) participate in tumor angiogenesis in NSCLC. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of miR-20a-5p (miR-20a) in human NSCLC metastasis. In the current study, bioinformatics analysis and RT-PCR were performed to examine the expression level of miR-20a in tissues of NSCLC patients and NSCLC cell lines, respectively. Western blot was performed to test the protein levels. Cell proliferation, migration and angiogenesis capacity were tested by 5-ethynyl-29-deoxyuridine (EdU) assay, transwell assay and tube formation assay, respectively. Dual-luciferase reporter assay (DLR) was used to confirm the interaction between miR-20a and paired ribonucleotide reductase regulatory subunit M2 (RRM2). We found that the expression of RRM2 was upregulated, while the expression of miR-20a was downregulated in cancer tissues compared with adjacent tissues in NSCLC patients. We also detected the expression level of RRM2 and miR-20a in NSCLC cell lines, showing A549 cell line exhibited the lowest expression level of miR-20a and highest expression level of RRM2. Overexpressed miR-20a not only dramatically suppressed NSCLC cells proliferation, endothelial cells migration and tube formation in vitro, but also inhibited tumor growth and angiogenesis in vivo. It was demonstrated that miR-20a suppressed NSCLC growth by inhibiting RRM2-mediated PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. These findings indicate that the novel identified miR-20a could function as a tumor suppressor in NSCLC through modulating the RRM2-mediated PI3K/Akt axis, and it could be a valid molecular target for NSCLC treatment.

miRNA Modulation and Antitumor Activity by the Extra-Virgin Olive Oil Polyphenol Oleacein in Human Melanoma Cells

Extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) polyphenols contribute to Mediterranean diet health-promoting properties. One of the most abundant secoiridoid present in EVOO, Oleacein (OA), demonstrated anticancer activity against several tumors. Nevertheless, its role against melanoma has not still investigated. This study aimed at determining in vitro the antimelanoma activity of OA and the relative mechanism of action. OA induced cell growth inhibition in 501Mel melanoma cells with an IC50 in the low micromolar range of concentrations. Moreover, an OA concentration approximating the IC50 induced G1/S phase arrest, DNA fragmentation, and downregulation of genes encoding antiapoptotic (BCL2 and MCL1) and proproliferative (c-KIT, K-RAS, PIK3R3, mTOR) proteins, while increased transcription levels of the proapoptotic protein BAX. Concordantly, OA increased the levels of miR-193a-3p (targeting MCL1, c-KIT and K-RAS), miR-193a-5p (targeting PIK3R3 and mTOR), miR-34a-5p (targeting BCL2 and c-KIT) and miR-16-5p (miR-16-5p targeting BCL2, K-RAS and mTOR), while decreased miR-214-3p (targeting BAX). These modulatory effects might contribute to the inhibition of 501Mel melanoma cell growth observed after treatment with an olive leaves-derived formulation rich in OA, with potential application against in situ cutaneous melanoma. Altogether, these results demonstrate the ability of OA to contrast the proliferation of cutaneous melanoma cells through the transcriptional modulation of relevant genes and microRNAs, confirming the anticancer potential of EVOO and suggesting OA as a chemopreventive agent for cancer disease therapy.

The roles of microRNA in human cervical cancer

Although a potentially preventable disease, cervical cancer (CC) is the second most commonly diagnosed gynaecological cancer with at least 530,000 new cases annually, and the prognosis with CC is still poor. Studies suggest that aberrant expression of microRNA (miRNA) contributes to the progression of CC. As a group of small non-coding RNA with 18-25 nucleotides, miRNA regulate about one-third of all human genes. They function by repressing translation or inducing mRNA cleavage or degradation, including genes involved in diverse and important cellular processes, including cell cycling, proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Results showed that misexpression of miRNA is closely related to the onset and progression of CC. This review will provide an overview of the function of miRNA in CC and the mechanisms involved in cervical carcinogenesis.

Natural compounds modulate the crosstalk between apoptosis- and autophagy-regulated signaling pathways: Controlling the uncontrolled expansion of tumor cells

Due to the high number of annual cancer-related deaths, and the economic burden that this malignancy affects today's society, the study of compounds isolated from natural sources should be encouraged. Most cancers are the result of a combined effect of lifestyle, environmental factors, and genetic and hereditary components. Recent literature reveals an increase in the interest for the study of phytochemicals from traditional medicine, this being a valuable resource for modern medicine to identify novel bioactive agents with potential medicinal applications. Phytochemicals are components of traditional medicine that are showing promising application in modern medicine due to their antitumor activities. Recent studies regarding two major mechanisms underlying cancer development and regulation, apoptosis and autophagy, have shown that the signaling pathways of both these processes are significantly interconnected through various mechanisms of crosstalk. Phytochemicals are able to activate pro-autophagic and pro-apoptosis mechanisms. Understanding the molecular mechanism involved in apoptosis-autophagy relationship modulated by phytochemicals plays a key role in development of a new therapeutic strategy for cancer treatment. The purpose of this review is to outline the bioactive properties of the natural phytochemicals with validated antitumor activity, focusing particularly on their role in the regulation of apoptosis and autophagy crosstalk that triggers the uncontrolled expansion of tumor cells. Furthermore, we have also critically discussed the limitations and challenges of existing research strategies and the prospective research directions in this field.

MicroRNA-320a inhibits invasion and metastasis in osteosarcoma by targeting cytoplasmic polyadenylation element-binding protein 1

Osteosarcoma is a primary malignant bone tumor, which affects children, adolescents, and young adults commonly. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been proved to be dysregulated in different cancers, including osteosarcoma. Although miR‐320a has been implicated in many types of malignancies, little is known about the role of miR‐320a in osteosarcoma. In this study, we show that the overexpression of miR‐320a or knockdown of cytoplasmic polyadenylation element‐binding protein 1 (CPEB1) inhibited osteosarcoma cell migration and invasion. miR‐320a downregulates CPEB1 expression by directly targeting the CPEB1 3′‐UTR. Furthermore, CPEB1 reintroduction reversed the antiproliferation, antimigration, and antiinvasion roles of miR‐320a, indicating that miR‐320a might function as a tumor suppressor in osteosarcoma through CPEB1. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that miR‐320a plays a critical role in osteosarcoma progression and may provide a potential therapeutic target for osteosarcoma.

Molecular mechanisms linking environmental toxicants to cancer development: Significance for protective interventions with polyphenols

Human exposure to environmental toxicants with diverse mechanisms of action is a growing concern. In addition to well-recognized carcinogens, various chemicals in environmental and occupational settings have been suggested to impact health, increasing susceptibility to cancer by inducing genetic and epigenetic changes. Accordingly, in this review, we have discussed recent insights into the pathological mechanisms of these chemicals, namely their effects on cell redox and calcium homeostasis, mitochondria and inflammatory signaling, with a focus on the possible implications for multi-stage carcinogenesis and its reversal by polyphenols. Plant-derived polyphenols, such as epigallocatechin-gallate, resveratrol, curcumin and anthocyanins reduce the incidence of cancer and can be useful nutraceuticals for alleviating the detrimental outcomes of harmful pollutants. However, development of therapies based on polyphenol administration requires further studies to validate the biological efficacy, identifying effective doses, mode of action and new delivery forms. Innovative microphysiological testing models are presented and specific proposals for future trials are given. Merging the current knowledge of multifactorial actions of specific polyphenols and chief environmental toxicants, this work aims to potentiate the delivery of phytochemical-based protective treatments to individuals at high-risk due to environmental exposure.

Modulation of Keap1/Nrf2/ARE Signaling Pathway by Curcuma- and Garlic-Derived Hybrids

Nrf2 is a basic leucine zipper transcription factor that binds to the promoter region of the antioxidant response element (ARE), inducing the coordinated up-regulation of antioxidant and detoxification genes. We recently synthesized a set of new molecules by combining the functional moieties of curcumin and diallyl sulfide, both known to induce the expression of antioxidant phase II enzymes by activating Nrf2 pathway. The aim of the study is to investigate the ability of such compounds to activate Keap1/Nrf2/ARE cytoprotective pathway, in comparison with two reference Nrf2-activators: curcumin and dimethyl fumarate, a drug approved for the treatment of relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Furthermore, since Nrf2 pathway is known to be regulated also by epigenetic modifications, including key modifications in microRNA (miRNA) expression, the effects of the hybrids on the expression levels of selected miRNAs, associated with Nrf2 signaling pathway have also been investigated. The results show that compounds exert antioxidant effect by activating Nrf2 signaling pathway and inducing the ARE-regulated expression of its downstream target genes, such as HO-1 and NQO1, with two hybrids to a higher extent than curcumin. In addition, some molecules induce changes in the expression levels of miR-125b-5p, even if to a lesser extent than curcumin. However, no changes have been observed in the expression levels of mRNA coding for glutathione synthetase, suggesting that the modulation of this mRNA is not strictly under the control of miR-125b-5p, which could be influenced by other miRNAs.

MiR-32 Inhibits Proliferation and Metastasis by Targeting EZH2 in Glioma

Purpose:

Glioma is identified as a broad category of brain and spinal cord tumors. MiR-32 is important in regulating the genesis of different cancers; however, the underlying mechanisms of miR-32 in glioma still largely unknown. This study aimed to elucidate pathobiological functions of miR-32 in glioma and verify its effect on the regulation of enhancer of zeste homolog 2.

Methods:

The expression of miR-32 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2 was detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot in glioma tissues and cells. Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to examine the effects of miR-32 on human glioma cells proliferation. Transwell assay was used to examine cell metastasis, respectively. Two bioinformatics analysis software and luciferase reporter assay were chosen to confirm targeting association between miR-32 and enhancer of zeste homolog 2.

Results:

MiR-32 was downregulated in glioma tissues and cells. Furthermore, enhancer of zeste homolog 2 expression was upregulated and negatively correlated with miR-32 in clinical tissues. Ectopic expression of miR-32 inhibited glioma cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Enhancer of zeste homolog 2 was identified as direct target gene of miR-32 in glioma. Overexpression of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 ablated the inhibitory effects of miR-32.

Conclusion:

In summary, our finding suggests that miR-32 acts an important role in inhibiting glioma cell proliferation and metastasis and suppresses the expression of ABCC4 by directly targeting its 3′-untranslated region. The miR-32/enhancer of zeste homolog 2 axis may provide new insights to the treatment for glioma.

Modulation of Multiple Signaling Pathways of the Plant-Derived Natural Products in Cancer

Natural compounds are highly effective anticancer chemotherapeutic agents, and the targets of plant-derived anticancer agents have been widely reported. In this review, we focus on the main signaling pathways of apoptosis, proliferation, invasion, and metastasis that are regulated by polyphenols, alkaloids, saponins, and polysaccharides. Alkaloids primarily affect apoptosis-related pathways, while polysaccharides primarily target pathways related to proliferation, invasion, and metastasis. Other compounds, such as flavonoids and saponins, affect all of these aspects. The association between compound structures and signaling pathways may play a critical role in drug discovery.

Glut 1 in Cancer Cells and the Inhibitory Action of Resveratrol as A Potential Therapeutic Strategy

An important hallmark in cancer cells is the increase in glucose uptake. GLUT1 is an important target in cancer treatment because cancer cells upregulate GLUT1, a membrane protein that facilitates the basal uptake of glucose in most cell types, to ensure the flux of sugar into metabolic pathways. The dysregulation of GLUT1 is associated with numerous disorders, including cancer and metabolic diseases. There are natural products emerging as a source for inhibitors of glucose uptake, and resveratrol is a molecule of natural origin with many properties that acts as antioxidant and antiproliferative in malignant cells. In the present review, we discuss how GLUT1 is involved in the general scheme of cancer cell metabolism, the mechanism of glucose transport, and the importance of GLUT1 structure to understand the inhibition process. Then, we review the current state-of-the-art of resveratrol and other natural products as GLUT1 inhibitors, focusing on those directed at treating different types of cancer. Targeting GLUT1 activity is a promising strategy for the development of drugs aimed at treating neoplastic growth.

MicroRNA targeting by quercetin in cancer treatment and chemoprotection

A growing number of evidences from clinical and preclinical studies have shown that dysregulation of microRNA (miRNA) function contributes to the progression of cancer and thus miRNA can be an effective target in therapy. Dietary phytochemicals, such as quercetin, are natural products that have potential anti-cancer properties due to their proven antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-proliferative effects. Available experimental studies indicate that quercetin could modulate multiple cancer-relevant miRNAs including let-7, miR-21, miR-146a and miR-155, thereby inhibiting cancer initiation and development. This paper reviews the data supporting the use of quercetin for miRNA-mediated chemopreventive and therapeutic strategies in various cancers, with the aim to comprehensively understand its health-promoting benefits and pharmacological potential. Integration of technology platforms for miRNAs biomarker and drug discovery is also presented.

Photothermal and gene therapy combined with immunotherapy to gastric cancer by the gold nanoshell-based system

BACKGROUND

The gastric cancer is the second most malignant tumor in the world. HER-2 is one of the key targets for the gastric cancer therapy. Anti-HER-2 antibodies like trastuzumab, exhibits the satisfactory therapeutic effect in clinical. However, the drug resistance problem limits its application.

METHOD

In this study, we develop a gold nanoshell (Gold Nanoshell) drug carrier for delivery and selective photo-thermal release of genes which target HER-2 and immunologic adjuvant CPG sequence in gastric tumor cells. The drug delivery system generated a multidimensional treatment strategy which includes gene-, immune- and photothermal-therapy.

RESULTS

The whole gold nanoshell drug delivery system exhibits the well gene transduction ability and combined treatment effect. Both in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate the multiple therapeutic effects of the drug delivery system is better than the monotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

This study indicates the multiple combined therapy based on the gold nanoshell system would be a promising translational treatment for gastric cancer.

The Effects of Epigallocatechin Gallate (EGCG) on Pulmonary Fibroblasts of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF)-A Next-Generation Sequencing and Bioinformatic Approach

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a disabling and lethal chronic progressive pulmonary disease. Epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) is a polyphenol, which is the major biological component of green tea. The anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anti-fibrotic effects of EGCG have been shown in some studies, whereas its effects in altering gene expression in pulmonary fibroblasts have not been systematically investigated. This study aimed to explore the effect of EGCG on gene expression profiles in fibroblasts of IPF. The pulmonary fibroblasts from an IPF patient were treated with either EGCG or water, and the expression profiles of mRNAs and microRNAs were determined by next-generation sequencing (NGS) and analyzed with the bioinformatics approach. A total of 61 differentially expressed genes and 56 differentially expressed microRNAs were found in EGCG-treated IPF fibroblasts. Gene ontology analyses revealed that the differentially expressed genes were mainly involved in the biosynthetic and metabolic processes of cholesterol. In addition, five potential altered microRNA-mRNA interactions were found, including hsa-miR-939-5p-PLXNA4, hsa-miR-3918-CTIF, hsa-miR-4768-5p-PDE5A, hsa-miR-1273g-3p-VPS53, and hsa-miR-1972-PCSK9. In summary, differentially expressed genes and microRNAs in response to EGCG treatment in IPF fibroblasts were identified in the current study. Our findings provide a scientific basis to evaluate the potential benefits of EGCG in IPF treatment, and warrant future studies to understand the role of molecular pathways underlying cholesterol homeostasis in the pathogenesis of IPF.

Prenylated Curcumin Analogues as Multipotent Tools To Tackle Alzheimer's Disease

Alzheimer's disease is likely to be caused by copathogenic factors including aggregation of Aβ peptides into oligomers and fibrils, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress. To date, no effective treatments are available, and because of the multifactorial nature of the disease, it emerges the need to act on different and simultaneous fronts. Despite the multiple biological activities ascribed to curcumin as neuroprotector, its poor bioavailability and toxicity limit the success in clinical outcomes. To tackle Alzheimer's disease on these aspects, the curcumin template was suitably modified and a small set of analogues was attained. In particular, derivative 1 turned out to be less toxic than curcumin. As evidenced by capillary electrophoresis and transmission electron microscopy studies, 1 proved to inhibit the formation of large toxic Aβ oligomers, by shifting the equilibrium toward smaller nontoxic assemblies and to limit the formation of insoluble fibrils. These findings were supported by molecular docking and steered molecular dynamics simulations which confirmed the superior capacity of 1 to bind Aβ structures of different complexity. Remarkably, 1 also showed in vitro anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. In summary, the curcumin-based analogue 1 emerged as multipotent compound worthy to be further investigated and exploited in the Alzheimer's disease multitarget context.

Drug resistance-related microRNAs in osteosarcoma: Translating basic evidence into therapeutic strategies

Although the application of multiple chemotherapy brought revolutionary changes to improve overall survival of osteosarcoma patients, the existence of multidrug resistance (MDR) has become a great challenge for successful osteosarcoma treatment in recent decades. Substantial studies have revealed various underlying mechanisms of MDR in cancers. As for osteosarcoma, evidence has highlighted that microRNAs (miRNAs) can mediate in the processes of DNA damage response, apoptosis avoidance, autophagy induction, activation of cancer stem cells, and signal transduction. Besides, these drug resistance‐related miRNAs showed much promise for serving as candidates for predictive biomarkers of poor outcomes and shorter survival time, and therapeutic targets to reverse drug resistance and overcome treatment refractoriness. This review aims to demonstrate the potential molecular mechanisms of miRNAs‐regulated drug resistance in osteosarcoma, and provide insight in translating basic evidence into therapeutic strategies.

Are polyphenol antioxidants at the root of medicinal plant anti-cancer success?

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Given the severe side effects associated with most of the conventional cancer medications, as well as the expanding body of evidence indicating secondary toxicity of these drugs, individuals with cancer are increasingly turning to natural alternatives. Similarly, the pharmaceutical industry is in search of natural products to treat cancer. An understanding of the specific active components in plant products with which anti-cancer efficacy is achieved is required for this research to move forward.

AIM OF THE STUDY

To integrate data from cancer-relatestudies on plant-derived products or extracts, to elucidate whether these products may have similar active ingredients and/or mechanisms of action, that can explain their efficacy. This review also includes a discussion of the methodological complexities and important considerations involved in accurate isolation and characterisation of active substances from plant material.

CONCLUSIONS

From the literature reviewed, most plant products with consistently reported anti-cancer efficacy contains high levels of polyphenols or other potent antioxidants and their mechanisms of action correlate to that reported for isolated antioxidants in the context of cancer. This suggests that natural products may indeed become the panacea against this chronic disease - either as therapeutic medicine strategy or to serve as templates for the design of novel synthetic drugs. The recommendation is made that antioxidant activity of plant actives and especially polyphenols, should be the focus of anti-cancer drug discovery initiatives. Lastly, researchers are advised to exploit current techniques of chemical compound characterisation when investigating polyphenol-rich plants to enable the easy consolidation of research findings from different laboratories.

WITHDRAWN: MicroRNA-18a promotes proliferation and metastasis in oral squamous cell carcinoma via targeting KLF4

Ahead of Print article withdrawn by publisher.

MicroRNA‑206 exerts anti‑oncogenic functions in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing the c‑Met/AKT/mTOR pathway

Increasing evidence suggests that the dysregulation of microRNAs (miRNAs) has an important role in the progression of human cancer, including ESCC. However, the exact functions and mechanisms of miRNAs in ESCC remain largely unclear. The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression and biological functions of miRNAs in ESCC and reveal the underlying molecular mechanisms. miRNA microarray and reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction analyses were performed, which identified and confirmed that miR-206 was significantly downregulated in ESCC tissues and cell lines. Its low expression was associated with lymph node metastasis, advanced TNM stage and N classification, as well as poorer overall survival in patients with ESCC. CCK-8 and flow cytometry assays demonstrated that ectopic miR-206 expression inhibited ESCC cell proliferation and induced cell apoptosis. In addition, MET proto-oncogene, receptor tyrosine kinase (c-Met), a well-known oncogene, was a direct target of miR-206. An inverse correlation between the levels of miR-206 and c-Met mRNA in ESCC tissue samples was confirmed. Notably, c-Met overexpression inhibited the effects of miR-206 on the proliferation and apoptosis of ESCC cells. Additionally, it was confirmed that the tumor-suppressive functions of miR-206 may have contributed to the inactivation of the c-Met/protein kinase B (AKT)/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway. In conclusion, the findings of the present study suggested that miR-206 exerts its anti-cancer functions via the c-Met/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway, providing a novel candidate prognostic factor and a potential therapeutic target in ESCC.