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Jiménez-Jiménez C, Grobe K, Guerrero I. Hedgehog on the Move: Glypican-Regulated Transport and Gradient Formation in Drosophila. Cells 2024; 13:418. [PMID: 38474382 DOI: 10.3390/cells13050418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 02/21/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Glypicans (Glps) are a family of heparan sulphate proteoglycans that are attached to the outer plasma membrane leaflet of the producing cell by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. Glps are involved in the regulation of many signalling pathways, including those that regulate the activities of Wnts, Hedgehog (Hh), Fibroblast Growth Factors (FGFs), and Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs), among others. In the Hh-signalling pathway, Glps have been shown to be essential for ligand transport and the formation of Hh gradients over long distances, for the maintenance of Hh levels in the extracellular matrix, and for unimpaired ligand reception in distant recipient cells. Recently, two mechanistic models have been proposed to explain how Hh can form the signalling gradient and how Glps may contribute to it. In this review, we describe the structure, biochemistry, and metabolism of Glps and their interactions with different components of the Hh-signalling pathway that are important for the release, transport, and reception of Hh.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Jiménez-Jiménez
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kay Grobe
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Waldeyerstrasse 15, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Isabel Guerrero
- Centro de Biología Molecular Severo Ochoa (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Nicolás Cabrera 1, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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2
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Akiyama T, Raftery LA, Wharton KA. Bone morphogenetic protein signaling: the pathway and its regulation. Genetics 2024; 226:iyad200. [PMID: 38124338 PMCID: PMC10847725 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyad200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mid-1960s, bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) were first identified in the extracts of bone to have the remarkable ability to induce heterotopic bone. When the Drosophila gene decapentaplegic (dpp) was first identified to share sequence similarity with mammalian BMP2/BMP4 in the late-1980s, it became clear that secreted BMP ligands can mediate processes other than bone formation. Following this discovery, collaborative efforts between Drosophila geneticists and mammalian biochemists made use of the strengths of their respective model systems to identify BMP signaling components and delineate the pathway. The ability to conduct genetic modifier screens in Drosophila with relative ease was critical in identifying the intracellular signal transducers for BMP signaling and the related transforming growth factor-beta/activin signaling pathway. Such screens also revealed a host of genes that encode other core signaling components and regulators of the pathway. In this review, we provide a historical account of this exciting time of gene discovery and discuss how the field has advanced over the past 30 years. We have learned that while the core BMP pathway is quite simple, composed of 3 components (ligand, receptor, and signal transducer), behind the versatility of this pathway lies multiple layers of regulation that ensures precise tissue-specific signaling output. We provide a sampling of these discoveries and highlight many questions that remain to be answered to fully understand the complexity of BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Akiyama
- Department of Biology, Rich and Robin Porter Cancer Research Center, The Center for Genomic Advocacy, Indiana State University, Terre Haute, IN 47809, USA
| | - Laurel A Raftery
- School of Life Sciences, University of Nevada, 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Kristi A Wharton
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry, Carney Institute for Brain Science, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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3
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Truman JW, Riddiford LM, Konopová B, Nouzova M, Noriega FG, Herko M. The embryonic role of juvenile hormone in the firebrat, Thermobia domestica, reveals its function before its involvement in metamorphosis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2023.10.06.561279. [PMID: 37873170 PMCID: PMC10592639 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.06.561279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
To gain insights into how juvenile hormone (JH) came to regulate insect metamorphosis, we studied its function in the ametabolous firebrat, Thermobia domestica. Highest levels of JH occur during late embryogenesis, with only low levels thereafter. Loss-of-function and gain-of-function experiments show that JH acts on embryonic tissues to suppress morphogenesis and cell determination and to promote their terminal differentiation. Similar embryonic actions of JH on hemimetabolous insects with short germ band embryos indicate that JH's embryonic role preceded its derived function as the postembryonic regulator of metamorphosis. The postembryonic expansion of JH function likely followed the evolution of flight. Archaic flying insects were considered to lack metamorphosis because tiny, movable wings were evident on the thoraces of young juveniles and their positive allometric growth eventually allowed them to support flight in late juveniles. Like in Thermobia, we assume that these juveniles lacked JH. However, a postembryonic reappearance of JH during wing morphogenesis in the young juvenile likely redirected wing development to make a wing pad rather than a wing. Maintenance of JH then allowed wing pad growth and its disappearance in the mature juvenile then allowed wing differentiation. Subsequent modification of JH action for hemi- and holometabolous lifestyles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James W. Truman
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Lynn M. Riddiford
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Barbora Konopová
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
- Institute of Entomology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Marcela Nouzova
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Ceske Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Fernando G. Noriega
- Department of Biological Sciences and BSI, Florida International University, FL ,USA
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, Ceské Budejovice, Czech Republic
| | - Michelle Herko
- Friday Harbor Laboratories, University of Washington, Friday Harbor, WA, USA
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4
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Shi R, Li X, Xu X, Chen Z, Zhu Y, Wang N. Genome-wide analysis of BMP/GDF family and DAP-seq of YY1 suggest their roles in Cynoglossus semilaevis sexual size dimorphism. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127201. [PMID: 37793513 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) characterized by different body size between females and males have been reported in various animals. Gonadectomy experiments have implied important regulatory roles of the gonad in SSD. Among multiple factors from the gonad, TGF-β superfamily (especially BMP/GDF family) attracted our interest due to its pleiotropy in growth and reproduction regulations. Thus, whether BMP/GDF family members serve as crucial regulators for SSD was studied in a typically female-biased SSD flatfish named Chinese tongue sole (Cynoglossus semilaevis). Firstly, a total of 26 BMP/GDF family members were identified. The PPI network analysis showed that they may interact with ACVR2a, ACVR2b, ACVR1, BMPR2, SMAD3, BMPR1a, and other proteins. Subsequently, DAP-seq was employed to reveal the binding sites for yin yang 1 (yy1), a transcription factor involved in gonad function and cell growth partly by regulating TGF-β superfamily. The results revealed that two yy1 homologues yy1a and yy1b in C. semilaevis could regulate Hippo signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, and AMPK signaling pathway. Moreover, BMP/GDF family genes including bmp2, bmp4, bmp5, gdf6a, and gdf6b were important components of Hippo pathway. In future, the crosstalk among yy1a, yy1b, and TGF-β family would provide more insight into sexual size dimorphism in C. semilaevis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Shi
- Function Laboratory for Marine Science and Food Production Process, Laoshan laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xihong Li
- Function Laboratory for Marine Science and Food Production Process, Laoshan laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiwen Xu
- Function Laboratory for Marine Science and Food Production Process, Laoshan laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Zhangfan Chen
- Function Laboratory for Marine Science and Food Production Process, Laoshan laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- School of Marine Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China.
| | - Na Wang
- Function Laboratory for Marine Science and Food Production Process, Laoshan laboratory, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.
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5
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Wang K, Liu W, Wang XP. Dpp-mediated TGF-β signaling regulates vitellogenesis through 20-hydroxyecdysone signaling in the cabbage beetle, Colaphellus bowringi. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 197:105706. [PMID: 38072559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
The Dpp signaling, as one of the branches within the TGF-β superfamily, plays a crucial role in regulating various biological processes in insects. However, its impact on female reproduction through vitellogenesis remains unclear. In this study, the expression profiles implied that the Dpp signaling genes, including Dpp, Punt, Mad, and Medea, were up-regulated during reproductive development in the ovary of Colaphellus bowringi. Knockdown of these five Dpp signaling genes revealed significant effects of Dpp, Tkv, Mad, and Medea on ovarian development through vitellogenesis in the fat body. Our finding further indicated that Dpp signaling influences the expression of 20-hydroxyecdysone (20E) receptor and responsive genes in the fat body. Additionally, knockdown of 20E receptor EcR resulted in similar phenotypes as observed in the Dpp pathway genes knockdown, implying a regulatory role for Dpp signaling via EcR in vitellogenesis. Furthermore, knocking down Dpp, Tkv, and EcR in female adults led to a reduction in total dry weight and protein content, as well as the expression of mTOR, a factor linked to protein intake. These results suggest that the Dpp signaling pathway modulates vitellogenesis by impacting the AA/TOR-mediated 20E pathway in the fat body, providing novel insights into the network governing insect reproduction and offering potential targets for controlling female pest reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kou Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Wen Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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6
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Zhang Y, Yu H, Wang D, Lei X, Meng Y, Zhang N, Chen F, Lv L, Pan Q, Qin H, Zhang Z, van Aalten DMF, Yuan K. Protein O-GlcNAcylation homeostasis regulates facultative heterochromatin to fine-tune sog-Dpp signaling during Drosophila early embryogenesis. J Genet Genomics 2023; 50:948-959. [PMID: 37286164 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgg.2023.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Protein O-GlcNAcylation is a monosaccharide post-translational modification maintained by two evolutionarily conserved enzymes, O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) and O-GlcNAcase (OGA). Mutations in human OGT have recently been associated with neurodevelopmental disorders, although the mechanisms linking O-GlcNAc homeostasis to neurodevelopment are not understood. Here, we investigate the effects of perturbing protein O-GlcNAcylation using transgenic Drosophila lines that overexpress a highly active OGA. We reveal that temporal reduction of protein O-GlcNAcylation in early embryos leads to reduced brain size and olfactory learning in adult Drosophila. Downregulation of O-GlcNAcylation induced by the exogenous OGA activity promotes nuclear foci formation of Polycomb-group protein Polyhomeotic and the accumulation of excess K27 trimethylation of histone H3 (H3K27me3) at the mid-blastula transition. These changes interfere with the zygotic expression of several neurodevelopmental genes, particularly shortgastrulation (sog), a component of an evolutionarily conserved sog-Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling system required for neuroectoderm specification. Our findings highlight the importance of early embryonic O-GlcNAcylation homeostasis for the fidelity of facultative heterochromatin redeployment and initial cell fate commitment of neuronal lineages, suggesting a possible mechanism underpinning OGT-associated intellectual disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaowen Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Haibin Yu
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Dandan Wang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Xiaoyun Lei
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Yang Meng
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Na Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Lu Lv
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Qian Pan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Hongtao Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Biology, Hunan University, Changsha, Hunan 410082, China
| | - Zhuohua Zhang
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China
| | - Daan M F van Aalten
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; Division of Cell and Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, University of Aarhus, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
| | - Kai Yuan
- Center for Medical Genetics, School of Life Sciences & Hunan Key Laboratory of Molecular Precision Medicine, Department of Oncology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China; The Biobank of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410008, China.
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7
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Matsuda S, Affolter M. Is Drosophila Dpp/BMP morphogen spreading required for wing patterning and growth? Bioessays 2023; 45:e2200218. [PMID: 37452394 DOI: 10.1002/bies.202200218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Secreted signaling molecules act as morphogens to control patterning and growth in many developing tissues. Since locally produced morphogens spread to form a concentration gradient in the surrounding tissue, spreading is generally thought to be the key step in the non-autonomous actions. Here, we review recent advances in tool development to investigate morphogen function using the role of decapentaplegic (Dpp)/bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-type ligand in the Drosophila wing disc as an example. By applying protein binder tools to distinguish between the roles of Dpp spreading and local Dpp signaling, we found that Dpp signaling in the source cells is important for wing patterning and growth but Dpp spreading from this source cells is not as strictly required as previously thought. Given recent studies showing unexpected requirements of long-range action of different morphogens, manipulating endogenous morphogen gradients by synthetic protein binder tools could shed more light on how morphogens act in developing tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Matsuda
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Markus Affolter
- Growth & Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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8
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Garcia-Arias JM, Pinal N, Cristobal-Vargas S, Estella C, Morata G. Lack of apoptosis leads to cellular senescence and tumorigenesis in Drosophila epithelial cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:281. [PMID: 37532716 PMCID: PMC10397273 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01583-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death (apoptosis) is a homeostasis program of animal tissues designed to remove cells that are unwanted or are damaged by physiological insults. To assess the functional role of apoptosis, we have studied the consequences of subjecting Drosophila epithelial cells defective in apoptosis to stress or genetic perturbations that normally cause massive cell death. We find that many of those cells acquire persistent activity of the JNK pathway, which drives them into senescent status, characterized by arrest of cell division, cell hypertrophy, Senescent Associated ß-gal activity (SA-ß-gal), reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, Senescent Associated Secretory Phenotype (SASP) and migratory behaviour. We have identified two classes of senescent cells in the wing disc: 1) those that localize to the appendage part of the disc, express the upd, wg and dpp signalling genes and generate tumour overgrowths, and 2) those located in the thoracic region do not express wg and dpp nor they induce tumour overgrowths. Whether to become tumorigenic or non-tumorigenic depends on the original identity of the cell prior to the transformation. We also find that the p53 gene contributes to senescence by enhancing the activity of JNK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Manuel Garcia-Arias
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Noelia Pinal
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sara Cristobal-Vargas
- Laboratory of Gene expression control, patterning and growth during appendage development. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain
- Cancer Research Center-IBMCC (USAL-CSIC), Salamanca, Spain
| | - Carlos Estella
- Laboratory of Gene expression control, patterning and growth during appendage development. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Ginés Morata
- Laboratory of Tumorogenesis and Regeneration. Centro de Biología Molecular CSIC-UAM, Madrid, Spain.
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DeGroot MS, Williams B, Chang TY, Maas Gamboa ML, Larus IM, Hong G, Fromme JC, Liu J. SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling in C. elegans. PLoS Biol 2023; 21:e3002272. [PMID: 37590248 PMCID: PMC10464977 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted modular calcium-binding proteins (SMOCs) are conserved matricellular proteins found in organisms from Caenorhabditis elegans to humans. SMOC homologs characteristically contain 1 or 2 extracellular calcium-binding (EC) domain(s) and 1 or 2 thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain(s). SMOC proteins in Drosophila and Xenopus have been found to interact with cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) to exert both positive and negative influences on the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In this study, we used a combination of biochemical, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches to dissect the functions of the sole SMOC protein in C. elegans. We showed that CeSMOC-1 binds to the heparin sulfate proteoglycan GPC3 homolog LON-2/glypican, as well as the mature domain of the BMP2/4 homolog DBL-1. Moreover, CeSMOC-1 can simultaneously bind LON-2/glypican and DBL-1/BMP. The interaction between CeSMOC-1 and LON-2/glypican is mediated specifically by the EC domain of CeSMOC-1, while the full interaction between CeSMOC-1 and DBL-1/BMP requires full-length CeSMOC-1. We provide both in vitro biochemical and in vivo functional evidence demonstrating that CeSMOC-1 functions both negatively in a LON-2/glypican-dependent manner and positively in a DBL-1/BMP-dependent manner to regulate BMP signaling. We further showed that in silico, Drosophila and vertebrate SMOC proteins can also bind to mature BMP dimers. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how the evolutionarily conserved SMOC proteins regulate BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa S. DeGroot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Byron Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Timothy Y. Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Maria L. Maas Gamboa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Isabel M. Larus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Garam Hong
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Fromme
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
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Li J, Lyu B, Song Q. TGF-β Type II Receptor Punt Suppresses Antimicrobial Peptide Expression and Influences Development in Tribolium castaneum. INSECTS 2023; 14:515. [PMID: 37367331 DOI: 10.3390/insects14060515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) superfamily in insects regulated various physiological events, including immune response, growth and development, and metamorphosis. This complex network of signaling pathways involves conserved cell-surface receptors and signaling co-receptors that allow for precisely coordinated cellular events. However, the roles of TGF-β receptors, particularly the type II receptor Punt, in mediating the innate immunity in insects remains unclear. In this study, we used the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, as a model species to investigate the role of TGF-β type II receptor Punt in mediating antimicrobial peptide (AMP) expression. Developmental and tissue-specific transcript profiles revealed Punt was constitutively expressed throughout development, with the highest transcript level in 1-day female pupae and the lowest transcript level in 18-day larvae. Tissue specific expression profiles showed the highest transcript level of Punt was observed in the Malpighian tubule and ovary in 18-day larvae and 1-day female adults, respectively, suggesting Punt might have distinct functions in larvae and adults. Further results indicated that Punt RNAi in the 18-day larvae led to increased transcript level of AMP genes through transcription factor Relish, leading to inhibition of Escherichia coli proliferation. Knockdown of Punt in larvae also led to splitting of adult elytra and abnormal compound eyes. Furthermore, knockdown of Punt during the female pupal stage resulted in increased transcript levels of AMP genes, as well as abnormal ovary, reduced fecundity, and failure of eggs to hatch. This study deepens our understanding of the biological significance of Punt in insect TGF-β signaling and lays the groundwork for further research of its role in insect immune response, development, and reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Li
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Bo Lyu
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Qisheng Song
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
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11
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He Q, Hou T, Fan X, Wang S, Wang Y, Chen S. Juvenile hormone suppresses sensory organ precursor determination to block Drosophila adult abdomen morphogenesis. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 157:103957. [PMID: 37192726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Juvenile hormone (JH) has a classic "status quo" action at both the pupal and adult molts when administrated exogenously. In Drosophila, treatment with JH at pupariation inhibits the formation of abdominal bristles, which are derived from the histoblasts. However, the mechanism via which JH exerts this effect remains poorly understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of JH on histoblast proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Our results indicated that whereas the proliferation and migration of histoblasts remained unaffected following treatment with a JH mimic (JHM), their differentiation, particularly the specification of sensor organ precursor (SOP) cells, was inhibited. This effect was attributable to downregulated proneural genes achaete (ac) and Scute (sc) expression levels, which prevented the specification of SOP cells in proneural clusters. Moreover, Kr-h1 was found to mediate this effect of JHM. Histoblast-specific overexpression or knockdown of Kr-h1, respectively mimicked or attenuated the effects exerted by JHM on abdominal bristle formation, SOP determination, and transcriptional regulation of ac and sc. These results indicated that the defective SOP determination was responsible for the inhibition of abdominal bristle formation by JHM, which, in turn, was mainly mediated via the transducing action of Kr-h1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu He
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China.
| | - Tianlan Hou
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Xiaochun Fan
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shunxin Wang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Yanhong Wang
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Heilongjiang Bayi Agricultural University, Daqing, China
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12
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Wee JLQ, Murugesan SN, Wheat CW, Monteiro A. The genetic basis of wing spots in Pieris canidia butterflies. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:169. [PMID: 37016295 PMCID: PMC10074818 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09261-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Spots in pierid butterflies and eyespots in nymphalid butterflies are likely non-homologous wing colour pattern elements, yet they share a few features in common. Both develop black scales that depend on the function of the gene spalt, and both might have central signalling cells. This suggests that both pattern elements may be sharing common genetic circuitry. Hundreds of genes have already been associated with the development of nymphalid butterfly eyespot patterns, but the genetic basis of the simpler spot patterns on the wings of pierid butterflies has not been investigated. To facilitate studies of pierid wing patterns, we report a high-quality draft genome assembly for Pieris canidia, the Indian cabbage white. We then conducted transcriptomic analyses of pupal wing tissues sampled from the spot and non-spot regions of P. canidia at 3-6 h post-pupation. A total of 1352 genes were differentially regulated between wing tissues with and without the black spot, including spalt, Krüppel-like factor 10, genes from the Toll, Notch, TGF-β, and FGFR signalling pathways, and several genes involved in the melanin biosynthetic pathway. We identified 14 genes that are up-regulated in both pierid spots and nymphalid eyespots and propose that spots and eyespots share regulatory modules despite their likely independent origins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jocelyn Liang Qi Wee
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - Suriya Narayanan Murugesan
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | | | - Antónia Monteiro
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 14 Science Drive 4, Singapore, 117543, Singapore
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13
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Qian W, Guo M, Peng J, Zhao T, Li Z, Yang Y, Li H, Zhang X, King-Jones K, Cheng D. Decapentaplegic retards lipolysis during metamorphosis in Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT BIOCHEMISTRY AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 155:103928. [PMID: 36870515 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibmb.2023.103928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Insect morphogen decapentaplegic (Dpp) functions as one of the key extracellular ligands of the Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling pathway. Previous studies in insects mainly focused on the roles of Dpp during embryonic development and the formation of adult wings. In this study, we demonstrate a new role for Dpp in retarding lipolysis during metamorphosis in both Bombyx mori and Drosophila melanogaster. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated mutation of Bombyx dpp causes pupal lethality, induces an excessive and premature breakdown of lipids in the fat body, and upregulates the expressions of several lipolytic enzyme genes, including brummer (bmm), lipase 3 (lip3), and hormone-sensitive lipase (hsl), and lipid storage droplet 1 (lsd1), a lipid droplets (LD)-associated protein gene. Further investigation in Drosophila reveals that salivary gland-specific knockdown of the dpp gene and fat body-specific knockdown of Mad involved in Dpp signaling phenocopy the effects of Bombyx dpp mutation on pupal development and lipolysis. Taken together, our data indicate that the Dpp-mediated BMP signaling in the fat body maintains lipid homeostasis by retarding lipolysis, which is necessary for pupa-adult transition during insect metamorphosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenliang Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Mengge Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Jian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Tujing Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Zheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Yan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Xing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China
| | - Kirst King-Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, G-504 Biological Sciences Bldg., Edmonton, Alberta, T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Daojun Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silkworm Genome Biology, Integrative Science Center of Germplasm Creation in Western China (CHONGQING) Science City & Southwest University, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Sericultural Science, Biological Science Research Center, Southwest University, Chongqing, 400715, China.
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14
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Merino MM, Garcia-Sanz JA. Stemming Tumoral Growth: A Matter of Grotesque Organogenesis. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060872. [PMID: 36980213 PMCID: PMC10047265 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The earliest metazoans probably evolved from single-celled organisms which found the colonial system to be a beneficial organization. Over the course of their evolution, these primary colonial organisms increased in size, and division of labour among the cells became a remarkable feature, leading to a higher level of organization: the biological organs. Primitive metazoans were the first organisms in evolution to show organ-type structures, which set the grounds for complex organs to evolve. Throughout evolution, and concomitant with organogenesis, is the appearance of tissue-specific stem cells. Tissue-specific stem cells gave rise to multicellular living systems with distinct organs which perform specific physiological functions. This setting is a constructive role of evolution; however, rebel cells can take over the molecular mechanisms for other purposes: nowadays we know that cancer stem cells, which generate aberrant organ-like structures, are at the top of a hierarchy. Furthermore, cancer stem cells are the root of metastasis, therapy resistance, and relapse. At present, most therapeutic drugs are unable to target cancer stem cells and therefore, treatment becomes a challenging issue. We expect that future research will uncover the mechanistic “forces” driving organ growth, paving the way to the implementation of new strategies to impair human tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisa M. Merino
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of Geneva, 1205 Geneva, Switzerland
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (J.A.G.-S.)
| | - Jose A. Garcia-Sanz
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biologicas Margarita Salas, Spanish National Research Council (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.M.M.); (J.A.G.-S.)
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15
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DeGroot MS, Williams B, Chang TY, Maas Gamboa ML, Larus I, Fromme JC, Liu J. C. elegans SMOC-1 interacts with both BMP and glypican to regulate BMP signaling. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.06.523017. [PMID: 36711863 PMCID: PMC9881921 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.06.523017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Secreted modular calcium binding (SMOC) proteins are conserved matricellular proteins found in organisms from C. elegans to humans. SMOC homologs characteristically contain one or two extracellular calcium (EC) binding domain(s) and one or two thyroglobulin type-1 (TY) domain(s). SMOC proteins in Drosophila and Xenopus have been found to interact with cell surface heparan sulfate protein glycans (HSPGs) to exert both positive and negative influences on the conserved bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling pathway. In this study, we used a combination of biochemical, structural modeling, and molecular genetic approaches to dissect the functions of the sole SMOC protein in C. elegans . We showed that SMOC-1 binds LON-2/glypican, as well as the mature domain of DBL-1/BMP. Moreover, SMOC-1 can simultaneously bind LON-2/glypican and DBL-1/BMP. The interaction between SMOC-1 and LON-2/glypican is mediated by the EC domain of SMOC-1, while the interaction between SMOC-1 and DBL-1/BMP involves full-length SMOC-1. We further showed that while SMOC-1(EC) is sufficient to promote BMP signaling when overexpressed, both the EC and TY domains are required for SMOC-1 function at the endogenous locus. Finally, when overexpressed, SMOC-1 can promote BMP signaling in the absence of LON-2/glypican. Taken together, our findings led to a model where SMOC-1 functions both negatively in a LON-2-dependent manner and positively in a LON-2-independent manner to regulate BMP signaling. Our work provides a mechanistic basis for how the evolutionarily conserved SMOC proteins regulate BMP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melisa S. DeGroot
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Byron Williams
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Timothy Y Chang
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Maria L. Maas Gamboa
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Isabel Larus
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | | | - Jun Liu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853
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16
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Paul MS, Duncan AR, Genetti CA, Pan H, Jackson A, Grant PE, Shi J, Pinelli M, Brunetti-Pierri N, Garza-Flores A, Shahani D, Saneto RP, Zampino G, Leoni C, Agolini E, Novelli A, Blümlein U, Haack TB, Heinritz W, Matzker E, Alhaddad B, Abou Jamra R, Bartolomaeus T, AlHamdan S, Carapito R, Isidor B, Bahram S, Ritter A, Izumi K, Shakked BP, Barel O, Ben Zeev B, Begtrup A, Carere DA, Mullegama SV, Palculict TB, Calame DG, Schwan K, Aycinena ARP, Traberg R, Douzgou S, Pirt H, Ismayilova N, Banka S, Chao HT, Agrawal PB. Rare EIF4A2 variants are associated with a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by intellectual disability, hypotonia, and epilepsy. Am J Hum Genet 2023; 110:120-145. [PMID: 36528028 PMCID: PMC9892767 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor-4A2 (EIF4A2) is an ATP-dependent RNA helicase and a member of the DEAD-box protein family that recognizes the 5' cap structure of mRNAs, allows mRNA to bind to the ribosome, and plays an important role in microRNA-regulated gene repression. Here, we report on 15 individuals from 14 families presenting with global developmental delay, intellectual disability, hypotonia, epilepsy, and structural brain anomalies, all of whom have extremely rare de novo mono-allelic or inherited bi-allelic variants in EIF4A2. Neurodegeneration was predominantly reported in individuals with bi-allelic variants. Molecular modeling predicts these variants would perturb structural interactions in key protein domains. To determine the pathogenicity of the EIF4A2 variants in vivo, we examined the mono-allelic variants in Drosophila melanogaster (fruit fly) and identified variant-specific behavioral and developmental defects. The fruit fly homolog of EIF4A2 is eIF4A, a negative regulator of decapentaplegic (dpp) signaling that regulates embryo patterning, eye and wing morphogenesis, and stem cell identity determination. Our loss-of-function (LOF) rescue assay demonstrated a pupal lethality phenotype induced by loss of eIF4A, which was fully rescued with human EIF4A2 wild-type (WT) cDNA expression. In comparison, the EIF4A2 variant cDNAs failed or incompletely rescued the lethality. Overall, our findings reveal that EIF4A2 variants cause a genetic neurodevelopmental syndrome with both LOF and gain of function as underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maimuna S Paul
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Anna R Duncan
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neonatology and Newborn Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Casie A Genetti
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hongling Pan
- Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Adam Jackson
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Patricia E Grant
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Radiology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Michele Pinelli
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Brunetti-Pierri
- Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy; Department of Translational Medicine, University of Naples "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | | | - Dave Shahani
- Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Cook Children's Hospital, Fort Worth, TX 76104, USA
| | - Russell P Saneto
- Neuroscience Institute, Center for Integrative Brain Research, Departments of Pediatric Neurology and Neurology Seattle Children's Hospital, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Giuseppe Zampino
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy; Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Faculty of Medicine and Surgery, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Leoni
- Center for Rare Diseases and Birth Defects, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Agolini
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Novelli
- Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Translational Cytogenomics Research Unit, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Ulrike Blümlein
- Department of Pediatrics, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Tobias B Haack
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany; Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, University of Tuebingen, 72076 Tuebingen, Germany
| | | | - Eva Matzker
- Department of Pediatrics, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Bader Alhaddad
- Institute of Human Genetics, Technical University of Munich, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Rami Abou Jamra
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tobias Bartolomaeus
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Leipzig Medical Center, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | | | - Raphael Carapito
- Laboratoire 'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Plateforme GENOMAX, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), ITI TRANSPLANTEX NG, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- Service de Génétique Médicale, Hôpital Hôtel-Dieu, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- Laboratoire 'ImmunoRhumatologie Moléculaire, Plateforme GENOMAX, INSERM UMR_S 1109, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération Hospitalo-Universitaire OMICARE, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), ITI TRANSPLANTEX NG, Université de Strasbourg, 67085 Strasbourg, France; Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Plateau Technique de Biologie, Pôle de Biologie, Nouvel Hôpital Civil, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, 1 Place de l'Hôpital, 67091, Strasbourg, France
| | - Alyssa Ritter
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Kosuke Izumi
- Division of Human Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ben Pode Shakked
- Pediatric Neurology Department, The Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ortal Barel
- Pediatric Neurology Department, The Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel
| | - Bruria Ben Zeev
- Pediatric Neurology Department, The Edmond and Lilly Safra Children's Hospital, Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Israel; Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Amber Begtrup
- Clinical Genomics Program, GeneDx, Gaithersburg, MD 20877, USA
| | | | | | | | - Daniel G Calame
- Section of Pediatric Neurology and Developmental Neurosciences, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | | | | | - Rasa Traberg
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, Hospital of Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Kauno klinikos, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sofia Douzgou
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Department of Medical Genetics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Harrison Pirt
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK
| | - Naila Ismayilova
- Department of Paediatric Neurology, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Siddharth Banka
- Division of Evolution, Infection and Genomics, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, UK; Manchester Centre for Genomic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Health Innovation Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Hsiao-Tuan Chao
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology and Developmental Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; McNair Medical Institute, The Robert and Janice McNair Foundation, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Pankaj B Agrawal
- Division of Newborn Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Genetics and Genomics, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; The Manton Center for Orphan Disease Research, Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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17
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Moore SL, Adamini FC, Coopes ES, Godoy D, Northington SJ, Stewart JM, Tillett RL, Bieser KL, Kagey JD. Patched and Costal-2 mutations lead to differences in tissue overgrowth autonomy. Fly (Austin) 2022; 16:176-189. [PMID: 35468034 PMCID: PMC9045829 DOI: 10.1080/19336934.2022.2062991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Genetic screens are used in Drosophila melanogaster to identify genes key in the regulation of organismal development and growth. These screens have defined signalling pathways necessary for tissue and organismal development, which are evolutionarily conserved across species, including Drosophila. Here, we have used an FLP/FRT mosaic system to screen for conditional regulators of cell growth and cell division in the Drosophila eye. The conditional nature of this screen utilizes a block in the apoptotic pathway to prohibit the mosaic mutant cells from dying via apoptosis. From this screen, we identified two different mutants that mapped to the Hedgehog signalling pathway. Previously, we described a novel Ptc mutation and here we add to the understanding of disrupting the Hh pathway with a novel allele of Cos2. Both of these Hh components are negative regulators of the pathway, yet they depict mutant differences in the type of overgrowth created. Ptc mutations lead to overgrowth consisting of almost entirely wild-type tissue (non-autonomous overgrowth), while the Cos2 mutation results in tissue that is overgrown in both the mutant and wild-type clones (both autonomous and non-autonomous). These differences in tissue overgrowth are consistent in the Drosophila eye and wing. The observed difference is correlated with different deregulation patterns of pMad, the downstream effector of DPP signalling. This finding provides insight into pathway-specific differences that help to better understand intricacies of developmental processes and human diseases that result from deregulated Hedgehog signalling, such as basal cell carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Moore
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Frank C. Adamini
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Erik S. Coopes
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Dustin Godoy
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Shyra J. Northington
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
- ReBUILDetroit, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Jordan M. Stewart
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
| | - Richard L Tillett
- Nevada Institute of Personalized Medicine, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA
| | - Kayla L. Bieser
- Department of Physical and Life Sciences, Nevada State College, Henderson, Nevada, USA
| | - Jacob D. Kagey
- Biology Department, University of Detroit Mercy, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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18
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Sharma V, Sarkar B, Mutsuddi M, Mukherjee A. Deltex modulates Dpp morphogen gradient formation and affects the Dpp signaling in Drosophila. J Cell Sci 2022; 135:276290. [PMID: 35950520 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.259658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Deltex (Dx) is a context-dependent regulator of Notch signaling and regulates Notch signaling in a non-canonical fashion by facilitating the endocytosis of its receptor. In an RNAi- based modifier screen of kinases and phosphatases Thickveins (Tkv), the receptor of Decapentaplegic (Dpp), was identified as one of the interactors of Dx. Dpp, a Drosophila TGF-β/Bone Morphogenetic Protein homolog acts as a morphogen to specify cell fate along the anterior-posterior axis of the wing. Tight regulation of Dpp signaling is thus indispensable for its proper functioning. Here we present Dx as a novel modulator of Dpp signaling. We show evidence for the very first time that dx genetically interacts with dpp and its pathway components. Immunocytochemical analysis shows that Dx co-localizes with Dpp and its receptor Tkv in the Drosophila third instar larval tissues. Further, Dx is also seen to modulate the expression of dpp and its target genes. Here, we attribute this modulation to the endocytosis and trafficking of Dpp through Dx. This study thus presents a whole new avenue of Dpp signaling regulation via the cytoplasmic protein Dx.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vartika Sharma
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Bappi Sarkar
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mousumi Mutsuddi
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ashim Mukherjee
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi-221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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19
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Autophagy is required for spermatogonial differentiation in the Drosophila testis. Biol Futur 2022; 73:187-204. [DOI: 10.1007/s42977-022-00122-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAutophagy is a conserved, lysosome-dependent catabolic process of eukaryotic cells which is involved in cellular differentiation. Here, we studied its specific role in the differentiation of spermatogonial cells in the Drosophila testis. In the apical part of the Drosophila testis, there is a niche of germline stem cells (GSCs), which are connected to hub cells. Hub cells emit a ligand for bone morhphogenetic protein (BMP)-mediated signalling that represses Bam (bag of marbles) expression in GSCs to maintain them in an undifferentiated state. GSCs divide asymmetrically, and one of the daughter cells differentiates into a gonialblast, which eventually generates a cluster of spermatogonia (SG) by mitoses. Bam is active in SG, and defects in Bam function arrest these cells at mitosis. We show that BMP signalling represses autophagy in GSCs, but upregulates the process in SG. Inhibiting autophagy in SG results in an overproliferating phenotype similar to that caused by bam mutations. Furthermore, Bam deficiency leads to a failure in downstream mechanisms of the autophagic breakdown. These results suggest that the BMP-Bam signalling axis regulates developmental autophagy in the Drosophila testis, and that acidic breakdown of cellular materials is required for spermatogonial differentiation.
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Phillips LA, Atienza ML, Ryu JR, Svendsen PC, Kelemen LK, Brook WJ. midline represses Dpp signaling and target gene expression in Drosophila ventral leg development. Biol Open 2022; 11:275500. [PMID: 35608103 PMCID: PMC9167623 DOI: 10.1242/bio.059206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ventral leg patterning in Drosophila is controlled by the expression of the redundant T-box Transcription factors midline (mid) and H15. Here, we show that mid represses the Dpp-activated gene Daughters against decapentaplegic (Dad) through a consensus T-box binding element (TBE) site in the minimal enhancer, Dad13. Mutating the Dad13 DNA sequence results in an increased and broadening of Dad expression. We also demonstrate that the engrailed-homology-1 domain of Mid is critical for regulating the levels of phospho-Mad, a transducer of Dpp-signaling. However, we find that mid does not affect all Dpp-target genes as we demonstrate that brinker (brk) expression is unresponsive to mid. This study further illuminates the interplay between mechanisms involved in determination of cellular fate and the varied roles of mid. Summary: Ventral patterning is controlled in part by the T-box Transcription factor midline blocking Dpp signaling and Dpp-activated genes, though midline does not affect the Dpp-repressed gene brk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A Phillips
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Markle L Atienza
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Jae-Ryeon Ryu
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Pia C Svendsen
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - Lynn K Kelemen
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
| | - William J Brook
- Alberta Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada
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Surya A, Sarinay-Cenik E. Cell autonomous and non-autonomous consequences of deviations in translation machinery on organism growth and the connecting signalling pathways. Open Biol 2022; 12:210308. [PMID: 35472285 PMCID: PMC9042575 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.210308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Translation machinery is responsible for the production of cellular proteins; thus, cells devote the majority of their resources to ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis. Single-copy loss of function in the translation machinery components results in rare ribosomopathy disorders, such as Diamond-Blackfan anaemia in humans and similar developmental defects in various model organisms. Somatic copy number alterations of translation machinery components are also observed in specific tumours. The organism-wide response to haploinsufficient loss-of-function mutations in ribosomal proteins or translation machinery components is complex: variations in translation machinery lead to reduced ribosome biogenesis, protein translation and altered protein homeostasis and cellular signalling pathways. Cells are affected both autonomously and non-autonomously by changes in translation machinery or ribosome biogenesis through cell-cell interactions and secreted hormones. We first briefly introduce the model organisms where mutants or knockdowns of protein synthesis and ribosome biogenesis are characterized. Next, we specifically describe observations in Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster, where insufficient protein synthesis in a subset of cells triggers cell non-autonomous growth or apoptosis responses that affect nearby cells and tissues. We then cover the characterized signalling pathways that interact with ribosome biogenesis/protein synthesis machinery with an emphasis on their respective functions during organism development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustian Surya
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Elif Sarinay-Cenik
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
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22
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Potential receptors in Fenneropenaeus merguiensis ovary and role of saxophone, the bone morphogenetic protein receptor, in ovarian development. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2022; 266:111141. [PMID: 34990826 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2021.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Receptors, which play an initial role in signaling pathways in several physiological processes, including reproduction, are among the several molecular factors that control ovarian development in organisms. This study aimed to identify and study receptors potentially involved in controlling the reproductive process of female banana shrimp, Fenneropenaeus merguiensis. Ovarian transcriptomes derived from 4 developmental stages were generated by RNA sequencing. A total of 53,763 transcripts were obtained from the de novo assembled transcriptome, and 663 genes were identified as receptors. Among them, 185 receptors were differentially expressed during ovarian development. Fifteen of these differentially expressed receptors showed distinct expression patterns that were validated by RT-qPCR. Bone morphogenetic protein receptors (BMPR) and their signaling genes were investigated for their roles in shrimp vitellogenesis. The expressions of F. merguiensis saxophone (FmSax), a BMP type I receptor, and BMP type II receptor (FmBMPRII) as well as FmMad, FmMed, and FmSMAD3 were significantly altered during ovarian development. RNA interference was used to investigate the role of FmSax in vitellogenesis. The result indicated that the expression of vitellogenin (Vg) was significantly reduced in both ovary and hepatopancreas of FmSax-knockdown shrimp compared to control shrimp. Furthermore, in FmSax-silencing shrimp, FmBMPRII, FmMad, and FmMed expressions were decreased as well as Vg expression. These findings suggest that FmSax positively regulates Vg synthesis via the BMP signaling pathway.
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A role for Flower and cell death in controlling morphogen gradient scaling. Nat Cell Biol 2022; 24:424-433. [PMID: 35301437 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-022-00858-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
During development, morphogen gradients encode positional information to pattern morphological structures during organogenesis1. Some gradients, like that of Dpp in the fly wing, remain proportional to the size of growing organs-that is, they scale. Gradient scaling keeps morphological patterns proportioned in organs of different sizes2,3. Here we show a mechanism of scaling that ensures that, when the gradient is smaller than the organ, cell death trims the developing tissue to match the size of the gradient. Scaling is controlled by molecular associations between Dally and Pentagone, known factors involved in scaling, and a key factor that mediates cell death, Flower4-6. We show that Flower activity in gradient expansion is not dominated by cell death, but by the activity of Dally/Pentagone on scaling. Here we show a potential connection between scaling and cell death that may uncover a molecular toolbox hijacked by tumours.
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Akiyama N, Sato S, Tanaka KM, Sakai T, Takahashi A. The role of the epidermis enhancer element in positive and negative transcriptional regulation of ebony in Drosophila melanogaster. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6506522. [PMID: 35100378 PMCID: PMC8895987 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The spatiotemporal regulation of gene expression is essential to ensure robust phenotypic outcomes. Pigmentation patterns in Drosophila are determined by pigments biosynthesized in the developing epidermis and the cis-regulatory elements of the genes involved in this process are well-characterized. Here, we report that the known primary epidermal enhancer is dispensable for the transcriptional activation of ebony (involved in light-colored pigment synthesis) in the developing epidermis of Drosophila melanogaster. The evidence was obtained by introducing an approximately 1 kbp deletion at the primary epidermal enhancer by genome editing. The effect of the primary epidermal enhancer deletion on pigmentation and on the endogenous expression pattern of a mCherry-fused ebony allele was examined in the abdomen. The expression levels of the mCherry-fused ebony in the primary epidermal enhancer-deleted strains were slightly higher than that of the control strain, indicating that the sequences outside the primary epidermal enhancer have an ability to drive an expression of this gene in the epidermis. Interestingly, the primary epidermal enhancer deletion resulted in a derepression of this gene in the dorsal midline of the abdominal tergites, where dark pigmentation is present in the wild-type individuals. This indicated that the primary epidermal enhancer fragment contains a silencer. Furthermore, the endogenous expression pattern of ebony in the 2 additional strains with partially deleted primary epidermal enhancer revealed that the silencer resides within a 351-bp fragment in the 5' portion of the primary epidermal enhancer. These results demonstrated that deletion assays combined with reporter assays are highly effective in detecting the presence of positively and negatively regulating sequences within and outside the focal cis-regulatory elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriyoshi Akiyama
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Shoma Sato
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Kentaro M Tanaka
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Takaomi Sakai
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
| | - Aya Takahashi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji 192-0397, Japan
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Ohde T, Mito T, Niimi T. A hemimetabolous wing development suggests the wing origin from lateral tergum of a wingless ancestor. Nat Commun 2022; 13:979. [PMID: 35190538 PMCID: PMC8861169 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28624-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The origin and evolution of the novel insect wing remain enigmatic after a century-long discussion. The mechanism of wing development in hemimetabolous insects, in which the first functional wings evolved, is key to understand where and how insect wings evolutionarily originate. This study explored the developmental origin and the postembryonic dramatic growth of wings in the cricket Gryllus bimaculatus. We find that the lateral tergal margin, which is homologous between apterygote and pterygote insects, comprises a growth organizer to expand the body wall to form adult wing blades in Gryllus. We also find that Wnt, Fat-Dachsous, and Hippo pathways are involved in the disproportional growth of Gryllus wings. These data provide insights into where and how insect wings originate. Wings evolved from the pre-existing lateral terga of a wingless insect ancestor, and the reactivation or redeployment of Wnt/Fat-Dachsous/Hippo-mediated feed-forward circuit might have expanded the lateral terga. Here, the authors investigate wing development in cricket and find support for evolution of the novel insect wing from the pre-existing dorsal body wall of a wingless ancestor by activation of an evolutionarily conserved growth mechanism.
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Kramer J, Neves J, Koniikusic M, Jasper H, Lamba DA. Dpp/TGFβ-superfamily play a dual conserved role in mediating the damage response in the retina. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0258872. [PMID: 34699550 PMCID: PMC8547621 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0258872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retinal homeostasis relies on intricate coordination of cell death and survival in response to stress and damage. Signaling mechanisms that coordinate this process in the adult retina remain poorly understood. Here we identify Decapentaplegic (Dpp) signaling in Drosophila and its mammalian homologue Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) superfamily, that includes TGFβ and Bone Morphogenetic Protein (BMP) signaling arms, as central mediators of retinal neuronal death and tissue survival following acute damage. Using a Drosophila model for UV-induced retinal damage, we show that Dpp released from immune cells promotes tissue loss after UV-induced retinal damage. Interestingly, we find a dynamic response of retinal cells to this signal: in an early phase, Dpp-mediated stimulation of Saxophone/Smox signaling promotes apoptosis, while at a later stage, stimulation of the Thickveins/Mad axis promotes tissue repair and survival. This dual role is conserved in the mammalian retina through the TGFβ/BMP signaling, as supplementation of BMP4 or inhibition of TGFβ using small molecules promotes retinal cell survival, while inhibition of BMP negatively affects cell survival after light-induced photoreceptor damage and NMDA induced inner retinal neuronal damage. Our data identify key evolutionarily conserved mechanisms by which retinal homeostasis is maintained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Kramer
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America
| | - Joana Neves
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America
- Faculdade de Medicina, Instituto de Medicina Molecular (iMM), Universidade de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mia Koniikusic
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America
| | - Heinrich Jasper
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America
- Immunology Discovery, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States of America
| | - Deepak A. Lamba
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, The Eli and Edythe Broad Center of Regeneration Medicine and Stem Cell Research, San Francisco, CA, United States of America
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States of America
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Decapentaplegic Acutely Defines the Connectivity of Central Pacemaker Neurons in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2021; 41:8338-8350. [PMID: 34429376 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0397-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhythmic rest-activity cycles are controlled by an endogenous clock. In Drosophila, this clock resides in ∼150 neurons organized in clusters whose hierarchy changes in response to environmental conditions. The concerted activity of the circadian network is necessary for the adaptive responses to synchronizing environmental stimuli. Thus far, work was devoted to unravel the logic of the coordination of different clusters focusing on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides. We further explored communication in the adult male brain through ligands belonging to the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) pathway. Herein we show that the lateral ventral neurons (LNvs) express the small morphogen decapentaplegic (DPP). DPP expression in the large LNvs triggered a period lengthening phenotype, the downregulation of which caused reduced rhythmicity and affected anticipation at dawn and dusk, underscoring DPP per se conveys time-of-day relevant information. Surprisingly, DPP expression in the large LNvs impaired circadian remodeling of the small LNv axonal terminals, likely through local modulation of the guanine nucleotide exchange factor Trio. These findings open the provocative possibility that the BMP pathway is recruited to strengthen/reduce the connectivity among specific clusters along the day and thus modulate the contribution of the clusters to the circadian network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The circadian clock relies on the communication between groups of so-called clock neurons to coordinate physiology and behavior to the optimal times across the day, predicting and adapting to a changing environment. The circadian network relies on neurotransmitters and neuropeptides to fine-tune connectivity among clock neurons and thus give rise to a coherent output. Herein we show that decapentaplegic, a ligand belonging to the BMP retrograde signaling pathway required for coordinated growth during development, is recruited by a group of circadian neurons in the adult brain to trigger structural remodeling of terminals on a daily basis.
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Harmansa S, Lecuit T. Forward and feedback control mechanisms of developmental tissue growth. Cells Dev 2021; 168:203750. [PMID: 34610484 DOI: 10.1016/j.cdev.2021.203750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The size and proportions of animals are tightly controlled during development. How this is achieved remains poorly understood. The control of organ size entails coupling of cellular growth and cell division on one hand, and the measure of organ size on the other. In this review we focus on three layers of growth control consisting of genetic patterning, notably chemical gradients, mechanics and energetics which are complemented by a systemic control unit that modulates growth in response to the nutritional conditions and coordinates growth between different organs so as to maintain proportions. Growth factors, often present as concentration dependent chemical gradients, are positive inducers of cellular growth that may be considered as deterministic cues, hence acting as organ-intrinsic controllers of growth. However, the exponential growth dynamics in many developing tissues necessitate more stringent growth control in the form of negative feedbacks. Feedbacks endow biological systems with the capacity to quickly respond to perturbations and to correct the growth trajectory to avoid overgrowth. We propose to integrate chemical, mechanical and energetic control over cellular growth in a framework that emphasizes the self-organizing properties of organ-autonomous growth control in conjunction with systemic organ non-autonomous feedback on growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Harmansa
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France
| | - Thomas Lecuit
- Aix-Marseille Université & CNRS, IBDM - UMR7288 & Turing Centre for Living Systems (CENTURI), Marseille, France; Collège de France, Paris, France.
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Germline soma communication mediated by gap junction proteins regulates epithelial morphogenesis. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009685. [PMID: 34343194 PMCID: PMC8330916 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Gap junction (GJ) proteins, the primary constituents of GJ channels, are conserved determinants of patterning. Canonically, a GJ channel, made up of two hemi-channels contributed by the neighboring cells, facilitates transport of metabolites/ions. Here we demonstrate the involvement of GJ proteins during cuboidal to squamous epithelial transition displayed by the anterior follicle cells (AFCs) from Drosophila ovaries. Somatically derived AFCs stretch and flatten when the adjacent germline cells start increasing in size. GJ proteins, Innexin2 (Inx2) and Innexin4 (Inx4), functioning in the AFCs and germline respectively, promote the shape transformation by modulating calcium levels in the AFCs. Our observations suggest that alterations in calcium flux potentiate STAT activity to influence actomyosin-based cytoskeleton, possibly resulting in disassembly of adherens junctions. Our data have uncovered sequential molecular events underlying the cuboidal to squamous shape transition and offer unique insight into how GJ proteins expressed in the neighboring cells contribute to morphogenetic processes. Shape transitions between different subtypes of epithelial cells i.e., cuboidal, squamous and columnar are ubiquitous and are essential during organogenesis across animal kingdom. We demonstrate that heteromeric combination of gap junction proteins, Drosophila Innexin2 and Drosophila Innexin 4 (also known as Zero population growth or Zpg), expressed in the soma and germline of fly egg respectively, mediates the shape transition of cuboidal follicle cells to squamous fate. Interestingly, the two gap junction proteins likely participate as constituents of a calcium channel. Further, we show that somatic follicle cells and germline nurse cells communicate through calcium fluxes that activates STAT in the follicle cells. Activated STAT modulates the levels/ activity of junctional complexes thus aiding shape transition of cuboidal cells to squamous fate. These findings provide novel insights into how communication between different cell types with distinct origins achieve shape transitions essential for proper organ assemblies.
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30
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Microenvironmental innate immune signaling and cell mechanical responses promote tumor growth. Dev Cell 2021; 56:1884-1899.e5. [PMID: 34197724 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2021.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue homeostasis is achieved by balancing stem cell maintenance, cell proliferation and differentiation, as well as the purging of damaged cells. Elimination of unfit cells maintains tissue health; however, the underlying mechanisms driving competitive growth when homeostasis fails, for example, during tumorigenesis, remain largely unresolved. Here, using a Drosophila intestinal model, we find that tumor cells outcompete nearby enterocytes (ECs) by influencing cell adhesion and contractility. This process relies on activating the immune-responsive Relish/NF-κB pathway to induce EC delamination and requires a JNK-dependent transcriptional upregulation of the peptidoglycan recognition protein PGRP-LA. Consequently, in organisms with impaired PGRP-LA function, tumor growth is delayed and lifespan extended. Our study identifies a non-cell-autonomous role for a JNK/PGRP-LA/Relish signaling axis in mediating death of neighboring normal cells to facilitate tumor growth. We propose that intestinal tumors "hijack" innate immune signaling to eliminate enterocytes in order to support their own growth.
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31
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Sader F, Roy S. Tgf-β superfamily and limb regeneration: Tgf-β to start and Bmp to end. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:973-987. [PMID: 34096672 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Axolotls represent a popular model to study how nature solved the problem of regenerating lost appendages in tetrapods. Our work over many years focused on trying to understand how these animals can achieve such a feat and not end up with a scarred up stump. The Tgf-β superfamily represents an interesting family to target since they are involved in wound healing in adults and pattern formation during development. This family is large and comprises Tgf-β, Bmps, activins and GDFs. In this review, we present work from us and others on Tgf-β & Bmps and highlight interesting observations between these two sub-families. Tgf-β is important for the preparation phase of regeneration and Bmps for the redevelopment phase and they do not overlap with one another. We present novel data showing that the Tgf-β non-canonical pathway is also not active during redevelopment. Finally, we propose a molecular model to explain how Tgf-β and Bmps maintain distinct windows of expression during regeneration in axolotls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada.,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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32
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Biodiversity-based development and evolution: the emerging research systems in model and non-model organisms. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2021; 64:1236-1280. [PMID: 33893979 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-020-1915-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Evolutionary developmental biology, or Evo-Devo for short, has become an established field that, broadly speaking, seeks to understand how changes in development drive major transitions and innovation in organismal evolution. It does so via integrating the principles and methods of many subdisciplines of biology. Although we have gained unprecedented knowledge from the studies on model organisms in the past decades, many fundamental and crucially essential processes remain a mystery. Considering the tremendous biodiversity of our planet, the current model organisms seem insufficient for us to understand the evolutionary and physiological processes of life and its adaptation to exterior environments. The currently increasing genomic data and the recently available gene-editing tools make it possible to extend our studies to non-model organisms. In this review, we review the recent work on the regulatory signaling of developmental and regeneration processes, environmental adaptation, and evolutionary mechanisms using both the existing model animals such as zebrafish and Drosophila, and the emerging nonstandard model organisms including amphioxus, ascidian, ciliates, single-celled phytoplankton, and marine nematode. In addition, the challenging questions and new directions in these systems are outlined as well.
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33
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Madamanchi A, Mullins MC, Umulis DM. Diversity and robustness of bone morphogenetic protein pattern formation. Development 2021; 148:dev192344. [PMID: 33795238 PMCID: PMC8034876 DOI: 10.1242/dev.192344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pattern formation by bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) demonstrates remarkable plasticity and utility in several contexts, such as early embryonic development, tissue patterning and the maintenance of stem cell niches. BMPs pattern tissues over many temporal and spatial scales: BMP gradients as short as 1-2 cell diameters maintain the stem cell niche of the Drosophila germarium over a 24-h cycle, and BMP gradients of several hundred microns establish dorsal-ventral tissue specification in Drosophila, zebrafish and Xenopus embryos in timescales between 30 min and several hours. The mechanisms that shape BMP signaling gradients are also incredibly diverse. Although ligand diffusion plays a dominant role in forming the gradient, a cast of diffusible and non-diffusible regulators modulate gradient formation and confer robustness, including scale invariance and adaptability to perturbations in gene expression and growth. In this Review, we document the diverse ways that BMP gradients are formed and refined, and we identify the core principles that they share to achieve reliable performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aasakiran Madamanchi
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Polytechnic Institute, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Mary C Mullins
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - David M Umulis
- Agricultural and Biological Engineering. Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
- Weldon School of Biomedical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
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DaCrema D, Bhandari R, Karanja F, Yano R, Halme A. Ecdysone regulates the Drosophila imaginal disc epithelial barrier, determining the length of regeneration checkpoint delay. Development 2021; 148:dev.195057. [PMID: 33658221 DOI: 10.1242/dev.195057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Regeneration of Drosophila imaginal discs, larval precursors to adult tissues, activates a regeneration checkpoint that coordinates regenerative growth with developmental progression. This regeneration checkpoint results from the release of the relaxin-family peptide Dilp8 from regenerating imaginal tissues. Secreted Dilp8 protein is detected within the imaginal disc lumen, in which it is separated from its receptor target Lgr3, which is expressed in the brain and prothoracic gland, by the disc epithelial barrier. Here, we demonstrate that following damage the imaginal disc epithelial barrier limits Dilp8 signaling and the duration of regeneration checkpoint delay. We also find that the barrier becomes increasingly impermeable to the transepithelial diffusion of labeled dextran during the second half of the third instar. This change in barrier permeability is driven by the steroid hormone ecdysone and correlates with changes in localization of Coracle, a component of the septate junctions that is required for the late-larval impermeable epithelial barrier. Based on these observations, we propose that the imaginal disc epithelial barrier regulates the duration of the regenerative checkpoint, providing a mechanism by which tissue function can signal the completion of regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle DaCrema
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Rajan Bhandari
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Faith Karanja
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Ryunosuke Yano
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
| | - Adrian Halme
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA 22902, USA
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35
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Vigano MA, Ell CM, Kustermann MMM, Aguilar G, Matsuda S, Zhao N, Stasevich TJ, Affolter M, Pyrowolakis G. Protein manipulation using single copies of short peptide tags in cultured cells and in Drosophila melanogaster. Development 2021; 148:dev191700. [PMID: 33593816 PMCID: PMC7990863 DOI: 10.1242/dev.191700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cellular development and function rely on highly dynamic molecular interactions among proteins distributed in all cell compartments. Analysis of these interactions has been one of the main topics in cellular and developmental research, and has been mostly achieved by the manipulation of proteins of interest (POIs) at the genetic level. Although genetic strategies have significantly contributed to our current understanding, targeting specific interactions of POIs in a time- and space-controlled manner or analysing the role of POIs in dynamic cellular processes, such as cell migration or cell division, would benefit from more-direct approaches. The recent development of specific protein binders, which can be expressed and function intracellularly, along with advancement in synthetic biology, have contributed to the creation of a new toolbox for direct protein manipulations. Here, we have selected a number of short-tag epitopes for which protein binders from different scaffolds have been generated and showed that single copies of these tags allowed efficient POI binding and manipulation in living cells. Using Drosophila, we also find that single short tags can be used for POI manipulation in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Alessandra Vigano
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Clara-Maria Ell
- Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Manuela M M Kustermann
- Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gustavo Aguilar
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Shinya Matsuda
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Ning Zhao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Timothy J Stasevich
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Markus Affolter
- Growth and Development, Biozentrum, University of Basel, Klingelbergstrasse 70, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - George Pyrowolakis
- Institute for Biology I, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Center for Biological Systems Analysis, University of Freiburg, Habsburgerstrasse 49, 79104 Freiburg, Germany
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36
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Zecca M, Struhl G. A unified mechanism for the control of Drosophila wing growth by the morphogens Decapentaplegic and Wingless. PLoS Biol 2021; 19:e3001111. [PMID: 33657096 PMCID: PMC8148325 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of the Drosophila wing-a paradigm of organ development-is governed by 2 morphogens, Decapentaplegic (Dpp, a BMP) and Wingless (Wg, a Wnt). Both proteins are produced by defined subpopulations of cells and spread outwards, forming gradients that control gene expression and cell pattern as a function of concentration. They also control growth, but how is unknown. Most studies have focused on Dpp and yielded disparate models in which cells throughout the wing grow at similar rates in response to the grade or temporal change in Dpp concentration or to the different amounts of Dpp "equalized" by molecular or mechanical feedbacks. In contrast, a model for Wg posits that growth is governed by a progressive expansion in morphogen range, via a mechanism in which a minimum threshold of Wg sustains the growth of cells within the wing and recruits surrounding "pre-wing" cells to grow and enter the wing. This mechanism depends on the capacity of Wg to fuel the autoregulation of vestigial (vg)-the selector gene that specifies the wing state-both to sustain vg expression in wing cells and by a feed-forward (FF) circuit of Fat (Ft)/Dachsous (Ds) protocadherin signaling to induce vg expression in neighboring pre-wing cells. Here, we have subjected Dpp to the same experimental tests used to elucidate the Wg model and find that it behaves indistinguishably. Hence, we posit that both morphogens act together, via a common mechanism, to control wing growth as a function of morphogen range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myriam Zecca
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Gary Struhl
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- The Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Emmons-Bell M, Hariharan IK. Membrane potential regulates Hedgehog signalling in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc. EMBO Rep 2021; 22:e51861. [PMID: 33629503 PMCID: PMC8024891 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202051861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
While the membrane potential of cells has been shown to be patterned in some tissues, specific roles for membrane potential in regulating signalling pathways that function during development are still being established. In the Drosophila wing imaginal disc, Hedgehog (Hh) from posterior cells activates a signalling pathway in anterior cells near the boundary which is necessary for boundary maintenance. Here, we show that membrane potential is patterned in the wing disc. Anterior cells near the boundary, where Hh signalling is most active, are more depolarized than posterior cells across the boundary. Elevated expression of the ENaC channel Ripped Pocket (Rpk), observed in these anterior cells, requires Hh. Antagonizing Rpk reduces depolarization and Hh signal transduction. Using genetic and optogenetic manipulations, in both the wing disc and the salivary gland, we show that membrane depolarization promotes membrane localization of Smoothened and augments Hh signalling, independently of Patched. Thus, membrane depolarization and Hh‐dependent signalling mutually reinforce each other in cells immediately anterior to the compartment boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Emmons-Bell
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Iswar K Hariharan
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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38
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Garcia GR, Larson DR. Transcriptional Decoding of Morphogen Gradients during Development. Dev Cell 2021; 54:687-688. [PMID: 32991833 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The ability to visualize transcription in real time in living organisms has enabled a new generation of gene expression studies in development. In this issue of Developmental Cell, Hoppe et al. show that the bone morphogenetic protein gradient is decoded through frequency modulation encoded by enhancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria R Garcia
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel R Larson
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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Fan WM, Luo D, Zhang JZ, Wang D, Shen J. Vestigial suppresses apoptosis and cell migration in a manner dependent on the level of JNK-Caspase signaling in the Drosophila wing disc. INSECT SCIENCE 2021; 28:63-76. [PMID: 32037698 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Decapentaplegic (Dpp) and Wingless (Wg) signal pathways play important roles in numerous biological processes in Drosophila. The Drosophila vestigial (vg) gene is selectively required for wing imaginal disc cell proliferation, which is essential for the formation of the adult wing and halter structures, and is regulated by Dpp and Wg signaling. Using a Drosophila invasion model of wing epithelium, we showed herein that inhibition of Dpp or Wg signaling promoted cells to migrate across the cell lineage restrictive anterior/posterior (A/P) compartment boundary. Being downstream of both Dpp and Wg signaling, vg can block cell migration induced by loss of either pathway. In addition, suppression of vg is sufficient to induce cell migration across the A/P boundary. Transcriptomic analysis revealed potential downstream genes involved in the cell migration after suppressing vg in the wing disc. We further demonstrated that the c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) signaling promoted cell migration induced by vg suppression by upregulating Caspase activity. Taken together, our results revealed the requirement of Vg for suppressing cell migration and clarified how developmental signals collaborate to stabilize cells along the compartment boundary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Min Fan
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Luo
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Zheng Zhang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Entomology and MOA Lab for Pest Monitoring and Green Control, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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40
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Mirth CK, Saunders TE, Amourda C. Growing Up in a Changing World: Environmental Regulation of Development in Insects. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2021; 66:81-99. [PMID: 32822557 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-041620-083838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
All organisms are exposed to changes in their environment throughout their life cycle. When confronted with these changes, they adjust their development and physiology to ensure that they can produce the functional structures necessary for survival and reproduction. While some traits are remarkably invariant, or robust, across environmental conditions, others show high degrees of variation, known as plasticity. Generally, developmental processes that establish cell identity are thought to be robust to environmental perturbation, while those relating to body and organ growth show greater degrees of plasticity. However, examples of plastic patterning and robust organ growth demonstrate that this is not a hard-and-fast rule.In this review, we explore how the developmental context and the gene regulatory mechanisms underlying trait formation determine the impacts of the environment on development in insects. Furthermore, we outline future issues that need to be resolved to understand how the structure of signaling networks defines whether a trait displays plasticity or robustness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christen K Mirth
- School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne 3800, Victoria, Australia;
| | - Timothy E Saunders
- Mechanobiology Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117411, Republic of Singapore
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117588, Republic of Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, A*Star, Proteos, Singapore 138673, Republic of Singapore
| | - Christopher Amourda
- MRC London Institute of Medical Sciences, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
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41
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Dalui S, Chatterjee S, Sinha P, Bhattacharyya A. Reduced Dpp expression accelerates inflammation-mediated neurodegeneration through activated glial cells during altered innate immune response in Drosophila. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 170:104680. [PMID: 32980059 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The progression of neurodegenerative disease is very complex biological process and the molecular crosstalk of inflammatory cytokines during neurodegeneration is associated with multiple cascade signalling. Few evidences suggest that environmental toxin, Paraquat (PQ) administration activates the microglia and intensify the release of proinflamatory cytokines during progression of Parkinson''s disease (PD) but the proper aetiology remained unknown. However, the fundamental role of anti-inflammatory molecule Decapentaplegic (Dpp), homologue of the secreted mammalian Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) signalling molecule during neurodegeneration of invertebrate fly model is yet to establish. To elucidate the molecular processes during early stage of Parkinson's disease, we observed neuro-toxin plays a determining role in the increased vulnerability to a particular PQ exposure that is attended by decreased lifespan, severe locomotor deficits, and more loss of dopaminergic (DA) neuron in PQ-treated Dpp deficient fly than wild type (WT). Simultaneously, activated microglia induced the inflammatory response with the release of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine in Drosophila during neurodegeneration. Moreover, neuro-toxin exposure altered the expression of innate immune genes in both WT and mutant fly compared to the respective PQ-treated flies. Interestingly, PQ exposure reduced the expression of innate immune genes in mutant fly compared to WT. It may indicate that PQ exposure had broken down the immune defence response in mutant fly than WT whereas, without PQ exposure the innate immune tolerance level was higher in fly with reduced Dpp expression than WT. Thus, we observed the conserve anti-inflammatory factor TGF-β may exhibit a crucial defensive role during inflammation mediated neurodegeneration in invertebrate Drosophila melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shauryabrota Dalui
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
| | - Soumya Chatterjee
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
| | - Priyobrata Sinha
- Immunology Lab, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, Kolkata, India.
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42
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Berndt AJ, Othonos KM, Lian T, Flibotte S, Miao M, Bhuiyan SA, Cho RY, Fong JS, Hur SA, Pavlidis P, Allan DW. A low affinity cis-regulatory BMP response element restricts target gene activation to subsets of Drosophila neurons. eLife 2020; 9:59650. [PMID: 33124981 PMCID: PMC7669266 DOI: 10.7554/elife.59650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde BMP signaling and canonical pMad/Medea-mediated transcription regulate diverse target genes across subsets of Drosophila efferent neurons, to differentiate neuropeptidergic neurons and promote motor neuron terminal maturation. How a common BMP signal regulates diverse target genes across many neuronal subsets remains largely unresolved, although available evidence implicates subset-specific transcription factor codes rather than differences in BMP signaling. Here we examine the cis-regulatory mechanisms restricting BMP-induced FMRFa neuropeptide expression to Tv4-neurons. We find that pMad/Medea bind at an atypical, low affinity motif in the FMRFa enhancer. Converting this motif to high affinity caused ectopic enhancer activity and eliminated Tv4-neuron expression. In silico searches identified additional motif instances functional in other efferent neurons, implicating broader functions for this motif in BMP-dependent enhancer activity. Thus, differential interpretation of a common BMP signal, conferred by low affinity pMad/Medea binding motifs, can contribute to the specification of BMP target genes in efferent neuron subsets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Je Berndt
- Department of Food & Fuel for the 21st Century, University of California San Diego, San Diego, United States
| | - Katerina M Othonos
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Tianshun Lian
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Stephane Flibotte
- UBC/LSI Bioinformatics Facility, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Mo Miao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | - Raymond Y Cho
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Justin S Fong
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Seo Am Hur
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul Pavlidis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Douglas W Allan
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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43
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Texada MJ, Koyama T, Rewitz K. Regulation of Body Size and Growth Control. Genetics 2020; 216:269-313. [PMID: 33023929 PMCID: PMC7536854 DOI: 10.1534/genetics.120.303095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The control of body and organ growth is essential for the development of adults with proper size and proportions, which is important for survival and reproduction. In animals, adult body size is determined by the rate and duration of juvenile growth, which are influenced by the environment. In nutrient-scarce environments in which more time is needed for growth, the juvenile growth period can be extended by delaying maturation, whereas juvenile development is rapidly completed in nutrient-rich conditions. This flexibility requires the integration of environmental cues with developmental signals that govern internal checkpoints to ensure that maturation does not begin until sufficient tissue growth has occurred to reach a proper adult size. The Target of Rapamycin (TOR) pathway is the primary cell-autonomous nutrient sensor, while circulating hormones such as steroids and insulin-like growth factors are the main systemic regulators of growth and maturation in animals. We discuss recent findings in Drosophila melanogaster showing that cell-autonomous environment and growth-sensing mechanisms, involving TOR and other growth-regulatory pathways, that converge on insulin and steroid relay centers are responsible for adjusting systemic growth, and development, in response to external and internal conditions. In addition to this, proper organ growth is also monitored and coordinated with whole-body growth and the timing of maturation through modulation of steroid signaling. This coordination involves interorgan communication mediated by Drosophila insulin-like peptide 8 in response to tissue growth status. Together, these multiple nutritional and developmental cues feed into neuroendocrine hubs controlling insulin and steroid signaling, serving as checkpoints at which developmental progression toward maturation can be delayed. This review focuses on these mechanisms by which external and internal conditions can modulate developmental growth and ensure proper adult body size, and highlights the conserved architecture of this system, which has made Drosophila a prime model for understanding the coordination of growth and maturation in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takashi Koyama
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
| | - Kim Rewitz
- Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, 2100, Denmark
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44
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Hoppe C, Bowles JR, Minchington TG, Sutcliffe C, Upadhyai P, Rattray M, Ashe HL. Modulation of the Promoter Activation Rate Dictates the Transcriptional Response to Graded BMP Signaling Levels in the Drosophila Embryo. Dev Cell 2020; 54:727-741.e7. [PMID: 32758422 PMCID: PMC7527239 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2020.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Morphogen gradients specify cell fates during development, with a classic example being the bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gradient's conserved role in embryonic dorsal-ventral axis patterning. Here, we elucidate how the BMP gradient is interpreted in the Drosophila embryo by combining live imaging with computational modeling to infer transcriptional burst parameters at single-cell resolution. By comparing burst kinetics in cells receiving different levels of BMP signaling, we show that BMP signaling controls burst frequency by regulating the promoter activation rate. We provide evidence that the promoter activation rate is influenced by both enhancer and promoter sequences, whereas Pol II loading rate is primarily modulated by the enhancer. Consistent with BMP-dependent regulation of burst frequency, the numbers of BMP target gene transcripts per cell are graded across their expression domains. We suggest that graded mRNA output is a general feature of morphogen gradient interpretation and discuss how this can impact on cell-fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Hoppe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Jonathan R Bowles
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Thomas G Minchington
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Catherine Sutcliffe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Priyanka Upadhyai
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Magnus Rattray
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
| | - Hilary L Ashe
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK.
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45
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Vincent E, Villiard E, Sader F, Dhakal S, Kwok BH, Roy S. BMP signaling is essential for sustaining proximo-distal progression in regenerating axolotl limbs. Development 2020; 147:dev.170829. [PMID: 32665245 DOI: 10.1242/dev.170829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Amputation of a salamander limb triggers a regeneration process that is perfect. A limited number of genes have been studied in this context and even fewer have been analyzed functionally. In this work, we use the BMP signaling inhibitor LDN193189 on Ambystoma mexicanum to explore the role of BMPs in regeneration. We find that BMP signaling is required for proper expression of various patterning genes and that its inhibition causes major defects in the regenerated limbs. Fgf8 is downregulated when BMP signaling is blocked, but ectopic injection of either human or axolotl protein did not rescue the defects. By administering LDN193189 treatments at different time points during regeneration, we show clearly that limb regeneration progresses in a proximal to distal fashion. This demonstrates that BMPs play a major role in patterning of regenerated limbs and that regeneration is a progressive process like development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Vincent
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Eric Villiard
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Fadi Sader
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Sabin Dhakal
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Benjamin H Kwok
- Institute for Research in Immunology and Cancer (IRIC), Département de médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Stéphane Roy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada .,Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, H3T 1J4, Canada
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46
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Lan W, Liu S, Zhao L, Su Y. Regulation of Drosophila Hematopoiesis in Lymph Gland: From a Developmental Signaling Point of View. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21155246. [PMID: 32722007 PMCID: PMC7432643 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21155246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 07/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Drosophila hematopoietic system is becoming increasingly attractive for its simple blood cell lineage and its developmental and functional parallels with the vertebrate system. As the dedicated organ for Drosophila larval hematopoiesis, the lymph gland harbors both multipotent stem-like progenitor cells and differentiated blood cells. The balance between progenitor maintenance and differentiation in the lymph gland must be precisely and tightly controlled. Multiple developmental signaling pathways, such as Notch, Hedgehog, and Wnt/Wingless, have been demonstrated to regulate the hematopoietic processes in the lymph gland. Focusing on blood cell maintenance and differentiation, this article summarizes the functions of several classic developmental signaling pathways for lymph gland growth and patterning, highlighting the important roles of developmental signaling during lymph gland development as well as Drosophila larval hematopoiesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Lan
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Sumin Liu
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Long Zhao
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- Fisheries College, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
| | - Ying Su
- Institute of Evolution & Marine Biodiversity, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; (W.L.); (S.L.)
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
- Correspondence: (L.Z.); (Y.S.)
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Lyons DC, Perry KJ, Batzel G, Henry JQ. BMP signaling plays a role in anterior-neural/head development, but not organizer activity, in the gastropod Crepidula fornicata. Dev Biol 2020; 463:135-157. [PMID: 32389712 PMCID: PMC7444637 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BMP signaling is involved in many aspects of metazoan development, with two of the most conserved functions being to pattern the dorsal-ventral axis and to specify neural versus epidermal fates. An active area of research within developmental biology asks how BMP signaling was modified over evolution to build disparate body plans. Animals belonging to the superclade Spiralia/Lophotrochozoa are excellent experimental subjects for studying the evolution of BMP signaling because a highly conserved, stereotyped early cleavage program precedes the emergence of distinct body plans. In this study we examine the role of BMP signaling in one representative, the slipper snail Crepidula fornicata. We find that mRNAs encoding BMP pathway components (including the BMP ligand decapentaplegic, and BMP antagonists chordin and noggin-like proteins) are not asymmetrically localized along the dorsal-ventral axis in the early embryo, as they are in other species. Furthermore, when BMP signaling is perturbed by adding ectopic recombinant BMP4 protein, or by treating embryos with the selective Activin receptor-like kinase-2 (ALK-2) inhibitor Dorsomorphin Homolog 1 (DMH1), we observe no obvious effects on dorsal-ventral patterning within the posterior (post-trochal) region of the embryo. Instead, we see effects on head development and the balance between neural and epidermal fates specifically within the anterior, pre-trochal tissue derived from the 1q1 lineage. Our experiments define a window of BMP signaling sensitivity that ends at approximately 44-48 hours post fertilization, which occurs well after organizer activity has ended and after the dorsal-ventral axis has been determined. When embryos were exposed to BMP4 protein during this window, we observed morphogenetic defects leading to the separation of the anterior, 1q lineage from the rest of the embryo. The 1q-derived organoid remained largely undifferentiated and was radialized, while the post-trochal portion of the embryo developed relatively normally and exhibited clear signs of dorsal-ventral patterning. When embryos were exposed to DMH1 during the same time interval, we observed defects in the head, including protrusion of the apical plate, enlarged cerebral ganglia and ectopic ocelli, but otherwise the larvae appeared normal. No defects in shell development were noted following DMH1 treatments. The varied roles of BMP signaling in the development of several other spiralians have recently been examined. We discuss our results in this context, and highlight the diversity of developmental mechanisms within spiral-cleaving animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deirdre C Lyons
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Kimberly J Perry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Grant Batzel
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, U.C. San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan Q Henry
- University of Illinois, Department of Cell & Developmental Biology, 601 S. Goodwin Ave., Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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Hamaratoglu F, Atkins M. Rounding up the Usual Suspects: Assessing Yorkie, AP-1, and Stat Coactivation in Tumorigenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E4580. [PMID: 32605129 PMCID: PMC7370090 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Can hyperactivation of a few key signaling effectors be the underlying reason for the majority of epithelial cancers despite different driver mutations? Here, to address this question, we use the Drosophila model, which allows analysis of gene expression from tumors with known initiating mutations. Furthermore, its simplified signaling pathways have numerous well characterized targets we can use as pathway readouts. In Drosophila tumor models, changes in the activities of three pathways, Jun N-terminal Kinase (JNK), Janus Kinase / Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription (JAK/STAT), and Hippo, mediated by AP-1 factors, Stat92E, and Yorkie, are reported frequently. We hypothesized this may indicate that these three pathways are commonly deregulated in tumors. To assess this, we mined the available transcriptomic data and evaluated the activity levels of eight pathways in various tumor models. Indeed, at least two out of our three suspects contribute to tumor development in all Drosophila cancer models assessed, despite different initiating mutations or tissues of origin. Surprisingly, we found that Notch signaling is also globally activated in all models examined. We propose that these four pathways, JNK, JAK/STAT, Hippo, and Notch, are paid special attention and assayed for systematically in existing and newly developed models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mardelle Atkins
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Huntsville, TX 77341, USA
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Bakker R, Mani M, Carthew RW. The Wg and Dpp morphogens regulate gene expression by modulating the frequency of transcriptional bursts. eLife 2020; 9:e56076. [PMID: 32568073 PMCID: PMC7340504 DOI: 10.7554/elife.56076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphogen signaling contributes to the patterned spatiotemporal expression of genes during development. One mode of regulation of signaling-responsive genes is at the level of transcription. Single-cell quantitative studies of transcription have revealed that transcription occurs intermittently, in bursts. Although the effects of many gene regulatory mechanisms on transcriptional bursting have been studied, it remains unclear how morphogen gradients affect this dynamic property of downstream genes. Here we have adapted single molecule fluorescence in situ hybridization (smFISH) for use in the Drosophila wing imaginal disc in order to measure nascent and mature mRNA of genes downstream of the Wg and Dpp morphogen gradients. We compared our experimental results with predictions from stochastic models of transcription, which indicated that the transcription levels of these genes appear to share a common method of control via burst frequency modulation. Our data help further elucidate the link between developmental gene regulatory mechanisms and transcriptional bursting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachael Bakker
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Madhav Mani
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Department of Engineering Sciences and Applied Mathematics, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
| | - Richard W Carthew
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- NSF-Simons Center for Quantitative Biology, Northwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
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50
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Li X, Liu M, Ren X, Loncle N, Wang Q, Hemba-Waduge RUS, Yu SH, Boube M, Bourbon HMG, Ni JQ, Ji JY. The Mediator CDK8-Cyclin C complex modulates Dpp signaling in Drosophila by stimulating Mad-dependent transcription. PLoS Genet 2020; 16:e1008832. [PMID: 32463833 PMCID: PMC7282676 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of CDK8 (Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 8) and its regulatory partner CycC (Cyclin C), two subunits of the conserved Mediator (MED) complex, have been linked to diverse human diseases such as cancer. Thus, it is essential to understand the regulatory network modulating the CDK8-CycC complex in both normal development and tumorigenesis. To identify upstream regulators or downstream effectors of CDK8, we performed a dominant modifier genetic screen in Drosophila based on the defects in vein patterning caused by specific depletion or overexpression of CDK8 or CycC in developing wing imaginal discs. We identified 26 genomic loci whose haploinsufficiency can modify these CDK8- or CycC-specific phenotypes. Further analysis of two overlapping deficiency lines and mutant alleles led us to identify genetic interactions between the CDK8-CycC pair and the components of the Decapentaplegic (Dpp, the Drosophila homolog of TGFβ, or Transforming Growth Factor-β) signaling pathway. We observed that CDK8-CycC positively regulates transcription activated by Mad (Mothers against dpp), the primary transcription factor downstream of the Dpp/TGFβ signaling pathway. CDK8 can directly interact with Mad in vitro through the linker region between the DNA-binding MH1 (Mad homology 1) domain and the carboxy terminal MH2 (Mad homology 2) transactivation domain. Besides CDK8 and CycC, further analyses of other subunits of the MED complex have revealed six additional subunits that are required for Mad-dependent transcription in the wing discs: Med12, Med13, Med15, Med23, Med24, and Med31. Furthermore, our analyses confirmed the positive roles of CDK9 and Yorkie in regulating Mad-dependent gene expression in vivo. These results suggest that CDK8 and CycC, together with a few other subunits of the MED complex, may coordinate with other transcription cofactors in regulating Mad-dependent transcription during wing development in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Li
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Mengmeng Liu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Xingjie Ren
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Nicolas Loncle
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Qun Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rajitha-Udakara-Sampath Hemba-Waduge
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Stephen H. Yu
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
| | - Muriel Boube
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Henri-Marc G. Bourbon
- Centre de Biologie Intégrative, Centre de Biologie du Développement, UMR5544 du CNRS, Université de Toulouse, Toulouse, France
| | - Jian-Quan Ni
- School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun-Yuan Ji
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, College of Medicine, Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas, United States of America
- Department of Nutrition, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
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