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VanderVeen BN, Cardaci TD, Bullard BM, Huss AR, McDonald SJ, Muhammed AD, Kubinak JL, Fan D, Murphy EA. The complex heterogeneity of immune cell signatures across wasting tissues with C26 and 5-fluorouracil-induced cachexia. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2024; 326:C606-C621. [PMID: 38189130 PMCID: PMC11193456 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00548.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Immune cell-driven pathways are linked to cancer cachexia. Tumor presence is associated with immune cell infiltration whereas cytotoxic chemotherapies reduce immune cell counts. Despite these paradoxical effects, both cancer and chemotherapy can cause cachexia; however, our understanding of immune responses in the cachexia condition with cancer and chemotherapy is largely unknown. We sought to advance our understanding of the immunology underlying cancer and cancer with chemotherapy-induced cachexia. CD2F1 mice were given 106 C26 cells, followed by five doses of 5-fluorouracil (5FU; 30 mg/kg LM, ip) or PBS. Indices of cachexia and tumor (TUM), skeletal muscle (SKM), and adipose tissue (AT) immune cell populations were examined using high-parameter flow cytometry. Although 5FU was able to stunt tumor growth, % body weight loss and muscle mass were not different between C26 and C26 + 5FU. C26 increased CD11b+Ly6g+ and CD11b+Ly6cInt inflammatory myeloid cells in SKM and AT; however, both populations were reduced with C26 + 5FU. tSNE analysis revealed 24 SKM macrophage subsets wherein 8 were changed with C26 or C26 + 5FU. C26 + 5FU increased SKM CD11b-CD11c+ dendritic cells, CD11b-NK1.1+ NK-cells, and CD11b-B220+ B-cells, and reduced Ly6cHiCX3CR1+CD206+CD163IntCD11c-MHCII- infiltrated macrophages and other CD11b+Ly6cHi myeloid cells compared with C26. Both C26 and C26 + 5FU had elevated CD11b+F480+CD206+MHCII- or more specifically Ly6cLoCX3CR1+CD206+CD163IntCD11c-MHCII- profibrotic macrophages. 5FU suppressed tumor growth and decreased SKM and AT inflammatory immune cells without protecting against cachexia suggesting that these cells are not required for wasting. However, profibrotic cells and muscle inflammatory/atrophic signaling appear consistent with cancer- and cancer with chemotherapy-induced wasting and remain potential therapeutic targets.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Despite being an immune-driven condition, our understanding of skeletal muscle and adipose tissue immune cells with cachexia is limited. Here, we identified immune cell populations in tumors, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissue in C26 tumor-bearing mice with/without 5-fluorouracil (5FU). C26 and C26 + 5FU had increased skeletal muscle profibrotic macrophages, but 5FU reduced inflammatory myeloid cells without sparing mass. Tumor presence and chemotherapy have contrasting effects on certain immune cells, which appeared not necessary for wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Thomas D Cardaci
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Brooke M Bullard
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Alexander R Huss
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Sierra J McDonald
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ahmed D Muhammed
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Jason L Kubinak
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - Daping Fan
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
| | - E Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, United States
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2
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Jiang H, Liu B, Lin J, Xue T, Han Y, Lu C, Zhou S, Gu Y, Xu F, Shen Y, Xu L, Sun H. MuSCs and IPCs: roles in skeletal muscle homeostasis, aging and injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:67. [PMID: 38289345 PMCID: PMC10828015 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-05096-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly specialized tissue composed of myofibres that performs crucial functions in movement and metabolism. In response to external stimuli and injuries, a range of stem/progenitor cells, with muscle stem cells or satellite cells (MuSCs) being the predominant cell type, are rapidly activated to repair and regenerate skeletal muscle within weeks. Under normal conditions, MuSCs remain in a quiescent state, but become proliferative and differentiate into new myofibres in response to injury. In addition to MuSCs, some interstitial progenitor cells (IPCs) such as fibro-adipogenic progenitors (FAPs), pericytes, interstitial stem cells expressing PW1 and negative for Pax7 (PICs), muscle side population cells (SPCs), CD133-positive cells and Twist2-positive cells have been identified as playing direct or indirect roles in regenerating muscle tissue. Here, we highlight the heterogeneity, molecular markers, and functional properties of these interstitial progenitor cells, and explore the role of muscle stem/progenitor cells in skeletal muscle homeostasis, aging, and muscle-related diseases. This review provides critical insights for future stem cell therapies aimed at treating muscle-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Boya Liu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfei Lin
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Xue
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Yimin Han
- Department of Paediatrics, Medical School of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunfeng Lu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Songlin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital 2 of Nantong University and First People's Hospital of Nantong City, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Lingchi Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, NMPA Key Laboratory for Research and Evaluation of Tissue Engineering Technology Products, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Nevi L, Pöllänen N, Penna F, Caretti G. Targeting Epigenetic Regulators with HDAC and BET Inhibitors to Modulate Muscle Wasting. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16404. [PMID: 38003594 PMCID: PMC10671811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic changes contribute to the profound alteration in the transcriptional program associated with the onset and progression of muscle wasting in several pathological conditions. Although HDACs and their inhibitors have been extensively studied in the field of muscular dystrophies, the potential of epigenetic inhibitors has only been marginally explored in other disorders associated with muscle atrophy, such as in cancer cachexia and sarcopenia. BET inhibitors represent a novel class of recently developed epigenetic drugs that display beneficial effects in a variety of diseases beyond malignancies. Based on the preliminary in vitro and preclinical data, HDACs and BET proteins contribute to the pathogenesis of cancer cachexia and sarcopenia, modulating processes related to skeletal muscle mass maintenance and/or metabolism. Thus, epigenetic drugs targeting HDACs and BET proteins may emerge as promising strategies to reverse the catabolic phenotype associated with cachexia and sarcopenia. Further preclinical studies are warranted to delve deeper into the molecular mechanisms associated with the functions of HDACs and BET proteins in muscle atrophy and to establish whether their epigenetic inhibitors represent a prospective therapeutic avenue to alleviate muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Nevi
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Noora Pöllänen
- Research Program for Clinical and Molecular Metabolism, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, 10125 Torino, Italy
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4
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Henrot P, Blervaque L, Dupin I, Zysman M, Esteves P, Gouzi F, Hayot M, Pomiès P, Berger P. Cellular interplay in skeletal muscle regeneration and wasting: insights from animal models. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2023; 14:745-757. [PMID: 36811134 PMCID: PMC10067506 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.13103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle wasting, whether related to physiological ageing, muscle disuse or to an underlying chronic disease, is a key determinant to quality of life and mortality. However, cellular basis responsible for increased catabolism in myocytes often remains unclear. Although myocytes represent the vast majority of skeletal muscle cellular population, they are surrounded by numerous cells with various functions. Animal models, mostly rodents, can help to decipher the mechanisms behind this highly dynamic process, by allowing access to every muscle as well as time-course studies. Satellite cells (SCs) play a crucial role in muscle regeneration, within a niche also composed of fibroblasts and vascular and immune cells. Their proliferation and differentiation is altered in several models of muscle wasting such as cancer, chronic kidney disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Fibro-adipogenic progenitor cells are also responsible for functional muscle growth and repair and are associated in disease to muscle fibrosis such as in chronic kidney disease. Other cells have recently proven to have direct myogenic potential, such as pericytes. Outside their role in angiogenesis, endothelial cells and pericytes also participate to healthy muscle homoeostasis by promoting SC pool maintenance (so-called myogenesis-angiogenesis coupling). Their role in chronic diseases muscle wasting has been less studied. Immune cells are pivotal for muscle repair after injury: Macrophages undergo a transition from the M1 to the M2 state along with the transition between the inflammatory and resolutive phase of muscle repair. T regulatory lymphocytes promote and regulate this transition and are also able to activate SC proliferation and differentiation. Neural cells such as terminal Schwann cells, motor neurons and kranocytes are notably implicated in age-related sarcopenia. Last, newly identified cells in skeletal muscle, such as telocytes or interstitial tenocytes could play a role in tissular homoeostasis. We also put a special focus on cellular alterations occurring in COPD, a chronic and highly prevalent respiratory disease mainly linked to tobacco smoke exposure, where muscle wasting is strongly associated with increased mortality, and discuss the pros and cons of animal models versus human studies in this context. Finally, we discuss resident cells metabolism and present future promising leads for research, including the use of muscle organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Henrot
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, Univ-Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, Pessac, France
| | - Léo Blervaque
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Isabelle Dupin
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, Univ-Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Maéva Zysman
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, Univ-Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, Pessac, France
| | - Pauline Esteves
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, Univ-Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France
| | - Fares Gouzi
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maurice Hayot
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, CHRU Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Pomiès
- PhyMedExp, INSERM-CNRS-Montpellier University, Montpellier, France
| | - Patrick Berger
- Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, Univ-Bordeaux, Pessac, France.,Centre de Recherche Cardio-thoracique de Bordeaux, INSERM, Pessac, France.,CHU de Bordeaux, Service d'exploration fonctionnelle respiratoire, Pessac, France
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5
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Interleukin-11 (IL11) inhibits myogenic differentiation of C2C12 cells through activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). Cell Signal 2023; 101:110509. [PMID: 36328118 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2022.110509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CAC) is a multifactorial wasting syndrome characterized by loss of skeletal muscle. Interleukin-11 (IL11), one of the IL6 family cytokines, is highly expressed in various types of cancer including cancers frequently associated with cachexia. However, the impact of IL11 on muscle metabolism remains to be determined. Since one of the mechanisms of muscle wasting in cachexia is defective muscle regeneration due to impaired myogenic differentiation, we examined the effect of IL11 on the differentiation of C2C12 mouse myoblasts. Treatment of C2C12 cells with recombinant mouse IL11 resulted in decreased myotube formation. In addition, IL11 treatment reduced the protein and mRNA levels of myosin heavy chain (MHC), a marker of myogenic differentiation. Moreover, the levels of myogenic regulatory factors including myogenin and Mrf4 were significantly reduced by IL11 treatment. IL11 treatment increased the number of BrdU-positive cells and the level of phosphorylated retinoblastoma (Rb) protein, while the levels of p21Waf1 and p27Kip1 were reduced by IL11 treatment in differentiating C2C12 cells, suggesting that IL11 interferes with cell cycle exit during the early stages of myogenic differentiation. Consistent with this, IL11 treatment at the late stage of differentiation did not affect myotube formation and MHC expression. IL11 treatment resulted in an activation of ERK, STAT3, and AKT in differentiating C2C12 cells. However, only ERK inhibitors including PD98059 and U0126 were able to ameliorate the suppressive effect of IL11 on the expression of MHC and myogenin. Additionally, pretreatment with PD98059 and U0126 resulted in improved myotube formation and reduced BrdU staining in IL11-treated cells. Together, our results suggest that IL11 inhibits myogenic differentiation through delayed cell cycle exit in an ERK-dependent manner. To our knowledge, this study is the first to demonstrate an inhibitory role of IL11 in myogenic differentiation and identifies the previously unrecognized role of IL11 as a possible mediator of CAC.
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6
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Chen TH, Koh KY, Lin KMC, Chou CK. Mitochondrial Dysfunction as an Underlying Cause of Skeletal Muscle Disorders. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:12926. [PMID: 36361713 PMCID: PMC9653750 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232112926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are an important energy source in skeletal muscle. A main function of mitochondria is the generation of ATP for energy through oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). Mitochondrial defects or abnormalities can lead to muscle disease or multisystem disease. Mitochondrial dysfunction can be caused by defective mitochondrial OXPHOS, mtDNA mutations, Ca2+ imbalances, mitochondrial-related proteins, mitochondrial chaperone proteins, and ultrastructural defects. In addition, an imbalance between mitochondrial fusion and fission, lysosomal dysfunction due to insufficient biosynthesis, and/or defects in mitophagy can result in mitochondrial damage. In this review, we explore the association between impaired mitochondrial function and skeletal muscle disorders. Furthermore, we emphasize the need for more research to determine the specific clinical benefits of mitochondrial therapy in the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Hsien Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kok-Yean Koh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
| | - Kurt Ming-Chao Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan 35053, Taiwan
| | - Chu-Kuang Chou
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
- Obesity Center, Ditmanson Medical Foundation Chia-Yi Christian Hospital, Chiayi 60002, Taiwan
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7
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Hegde M, Daimary UD, Girisa S, Kumar A, Kunnumakkara AB. Tumor cell anabolism and host tissue catabolism-energetic inefficiency during cancer cachexia. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2022; 247:713-733. [PMID: 35521962 DOI: 10.1177/15353702221087962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia (CC) is a pathological condition characterized by sarcopenia, adipose tissue depletion, and progressive weight loss. CC is driven by multiple factors such as anorexia, excessive catabolism, elevated energy expenditure by growing tumor mass, and inflammatory mediators released by cancer cells and surrounding tissues. In addition, endocrine system, systemic metabolism, and central nervous system (CNS) perturbations in combination with cachexia mediators elicit exponential elevation in catabolism and reduced anabolism in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and cardiac muscle. At the molecular level, mechanisms of CC include inflammation, reduced protein synthesis, and lipogenesis, elevated proteolysis and lipolysis along with aggravated toxicity and complications of chemotherapy. Furthermore, CC is remarkably associated with intolerance to anti-neoplastic therapy, poor prognosis, and increased mortality with no established standard therapy. In this context, we discuss the spatio-temporal changes occurring in the various stages of CC and highlight the imbalance of host metabolism. We provide how multiple factors such as proteasomal pathways, inflammatory mediators, lipid and protein catabolism, glucocorticoids, and in-depth mechanisms of interplay between inflammatory molecules and CNS can trigger and amplify the cachectic processes. Finally, we highlight current diagnostic approaches and promising therapeutic interventions for CC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mangala Hegde
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Uzini Devi Daimary
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sosmitha Girisa
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Aviral Kumar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.,DBT-AIST International Center for Translational and Environmental Research, Indian Institute of Technology-Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
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8
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Vaes RDW, van Dijk DPJ, Farshadi EA, Olde Damink SWM, Rensen SS, Langen RC. Human pancreatic tumour organoid-derived factors enhance myogenic differentiation. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022; 13:1302-1313. [PMID: 35146962 PMCID: PMC8977981 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Most patients with pancreatic cancer develop cachexia, which is characterized by progressive muscle loss. The mechanisms underlying muscle loss in cancer cachexia remain elusive. Pancreatic tumour organoids are 3D cell culture models that retain key characteristics of the parent tumour. We aimed to investigate the effect of pancreatic tumour organoid-derived factors on processes that determine skeletal muscle mass, including the regulation of muscle protein turnover and myogenesis. METHODS Conditioned medium (CM) was collected from human pancreatic cancer cell lines (PK-45H, PANC-1, PK-1, and KLM-1), pancreatic tumour organoid cultures from a severely cachectic (PANCO-9a) and a non-cachectic patient (PANCO-12a), and a normal pancreas organoid culture. Differentiating C2C12 myoblasts and mature C2C12 myotubes were exposed to CM for 24 h or maintained in control medium. In myotubes, NF-kB activation was monitored using a NF-κB luciferase reporter construct, and mRNA expression of E3-ubiquitin ligases and REDD1 was analysed by RT-qPCR. C2C12 myoblast proliferation and differentiation were monitored by live cell imaging and myogenic markers and myosin heavy chain (MyHC) isoforms were assessed by RT-qPCR. RESULTS Whereas CM from PK-1 and KLM-1 cells significantly induced NF-κB activation in C2C12 myotubes (PK-1: 3.1-fold, P < 0.001; KLM-1: 2.1-fold, P = 0.01), Atrogin-1/MAFbx and MuRF1 mRNA were only minimally and inconsistently upregulated by the CM of pancreatic cancer cell lines. Similarly, E3-ubiquitin ligases and REDD1 mRNA expression in myotubes were not altered by exposure to pancreatic tumour organoid CM. Compared with the control condition, CM from both PANCO-9a and PANCO-12a tumour organoids increased proliferation of myoblasts, which was accompanied by significant downregulation of the satellite cell marker paired-box 7 (PAX7) (PANCO-9a: -2.1-fold, P < 0.001; PANCO-12a: -2.0-fold, P < 0.001) and myogenic factor 5 (MYF5) (PANCO-9a: -2.1-fold, P < 0.001; PANCO-12a: -1.8-fold, P < 0.001) after 48 h of differentiation. Live cell imaging revealed accelerated alignment and fusion of myoblasts exposed to CM from PANCO-9a and PANCO-12a, which was in line with significantly increased Myomaker mRNA expression levels (PANCO-9a: 2.4-fold, P = 0.001; PANCO-12a: 2.2-fold, P = 0.004). These morphological and transcriptional alterations were accompanied by increased expression of muscle differentiation markers such as MyHC-IIB (PANCO-9a: 2.5-fold, P = 0.04; PANCO-12a: 3.1-fold, P = 0.006). Although the impact of organoid CM on myogenesis was not associated with the cachexia phenotype of the donor patients, it was specific for tumour organoids, as CM of control pancreas organoids did not modulate myogenic fusion. CONCLUSIONS These data show that pancreatic tumour organoid-derived factors alter the kinetics of myogenesis, which may eventually contribute to impaired muscle mass maintenance in cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rianne D W Vaes
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - David P J van Dijk
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Elham Aïda Farshadi
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Steven W M Olde Damink
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of General, Visceral and Transplantation Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sander S Rensen
- Department of Surgery and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine and NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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9
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Kong L, Chen S, Zeng X, Zhao L, Chen Z. Calpain inhibitors inhibit mitochondrial calpain activity to ameliorate apoptosis of cocultured myoblast. CHINESE J PHYSIOL 2022; 65:226-232. [DOI: 10.4103/0304-4920.359797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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10
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Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Cancer Cachexia: Impact on Muscle Health and Regeneration. Cells 2021; 10:cells10113150. [PMID: 34831373 PMCID: PMC8621344 DOI: 10.3390/cells10113150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a frequently neglected debilitating syndrome that, beyond representing a primary cause of death and cancer therapy failure, negatively impacts on patients' quality of life. Given the complexity of its multisystemic pathogenesis, affecting several organs beyond the skeletal muscle, defining an effective therapeutic approach has failed so far. Revamped attention of the scientific community working on cancer cachexia has focused on mitochondrial alterations occurring in the skeletal muscle as potential triggers of the complex metabolic derangements, eventually leading to hypercatabolism and tissue wasting. Mitochondrial dysfunction may be simplistically viewed as a cause of energy failure, thus inducing protein catabolism as a compensatory mechanism; however, other peculiar cachexia features may depend on mitochondria. On the one side, chemotherapy also impacts on muscle mitochondrial function while, on the other side, muscle-impaired regeneration may result from insufficient energy production from damaged mitochondria. Boosting mitochondrial function could thus improve the energetic status and chemotherapy tolerance, and relieve the myogenic process in cancer cachexia. In the present work, a focused review of the available literature on mitochondrial dysfunction in cancer cachexia is presented along with preliminary data dissecting the potential role of stimulating mitochondrial biogenesis via PGC-1α overexpression in distinct aspects of cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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11
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Zhou X, Hu S, Zhang Y, Du G, Li Y. The mechanism by which noncoding RNAs regulate muscle wasting in cancer cachexia. PRECISION CLINICAL MEDICINE 2021; 4:136-147. [PMID: 35694153 DOI: 10.1093/pcmedi/pbab008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a complex metabolic syndrome that accelerates muscle wasting and affects up to 80% of patients with cancer; however, timely diagnostic methods and effective cures are lacking. Although a considerable number of studies have focused on the mechanism of CC-induced muscle atrophy, few novel therapies have been applied in the last decade. In recent years, noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have attracted great attention as many differentially expressed ncRNAs in cancer cachectic muscles have been reported to participate in the inhibition of myogenesis and activation of proteolysis. In addition, extracellular vesicles (EVs), which function as ncRNA carriers in intercellular communication, are closely involved in changing ncRNA expression profiles in muscle and promoting the development of muscle wasting; thus, EV-related ncRNAs may represent potential therapeutic targets. This review comprehensively describes the process of ncRNA transmission through EVs and summarizes the pathways and targets of ncRNAs that lead to CC-induced muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueer Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Shoushan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yunan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Guannan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases & National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases & Dept. of Head and Neck Oncology, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
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12
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Understanding the biology of volumetric muscle loss for an individualized exercise rehabilitation approach in breast cancer patients. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2021; 58:27-34. [PMID: 33848933 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Muscle maintenance relies on a multidimensional biologic balance that is extremely delicate in breast cancer patients, particularly those with advanced-stage disease. The biology that underpins breast cancer tumorigenesis, tumor progression and response to pharmacotherapies can modify muscle homeostasis, resulting in volumetric muscle loss. This condition dramatically increases the overall patients' frailty, leading to reduced survival and impaired quality of life. Physical activity may potentially improve muscle health in these patients, providing that an optimal patients selection is performed. The understanding of volumetric muscle loss biology in breast cancer survivors, coupled with focused clinical studies, would allow for the implementation of individualized rehabilitation protocols.
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13
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Carraro U, Yablonka-Reuveni Z. Translational research on Myology and Mobility Medicine: 2021 semi-virtual PDM3 from Thermae of Euganean Hills, May 26 - 29, 2021. Eur J Transl Myol 2021; 31:9743. [PMID: 33733717 PMCID: PMC8056169 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2021.9743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
On 19-21 November 2020, the meeting of the 30 years of the Padova Muscle Days was virtually held while the SARS-CoV-2 epidemic was hitting the world after a seemingly quiet summer. During the 2020-2021 winter, the epidemic is still active, despite the start of vaccinations. The organizers hope to hold the 2021 Padua Days on Myology and Mobility Medicine in a semi-virtual form (2021 S-V PDM3) from May 26 to May 29 at the Thermae of Euganean Hills, Padova, Italy. Here the program and the Collection of Abstracts are presented. Despite numerous world problems, the number of submitted/selected presentations (lectures and oral presentations) has increased, prompting the organizers to extend the program to four dense days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Carraro
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Italy; CIR-Myo - Myology Centre, University of Padova, Italy; A-C Mioni-Carraro Foundation for Translational Myology, Padova.
| | - Zipora Yablonka-Reuveni
- Department of Biological Structure, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA.
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14
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Targeting the Activin Receptor Signaling to Counteract the Multi-Systemic Complications of Cancer and Its Treatments. Cells 2021; 10:cells10030516. [PMID: 33671024 PMCID: PMC7997313 DOI: 10.3390/cells10030516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle wasting, i.e., cachexia, frequently occurs in cancer and associates with poor prognosis and increased morbidity and mortality. Anticancer treatments have also been shown to contribute to sustainment or exacerbation of cachexia, thus affecting quality of life and overall survival in cancer patients. Pre-clinical studies have shown that blocking activin receptor type 2 (ACVR2) or its ligands and their downstream signaling can preserve muscle mass in rodents bearing experimental cancers, as well as in chemotherapy-treated animals. In tumor-bearing mice, the prevention of skeletal and respiratory muscle wasting was also associated with improved survival. However, the definitive proof that improved survival directly results from muscle preservation following blockade of ACVR2 signaling is still lacking, especially considering that concurrent beneficial effects in organs other than skeletal muscle have also been described in the presence of cancer or following chemotherapy treatments paired with counteraction of ACVR2 signaling. Hence, here, we aim to provide an up-to-date literature review on the multifaceted anti-cachectic effects of ACVR2 blockade in preclinical models of cancer, as well as in combination with anticancer treatments.
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15
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Baijens LWJ, Walshe M, Aaltonen LM, Arens C, Cordier R, Cras P, Crevier-Buchman L, Curtis C, Golusinski W, Govender R, Eriksen JG, Hansen K, Heathcote K, Hess MM, Hosal S, Klussmann JP, Leemans CR, MacCarthy D, Manduchi B, Marie JP, Nouraei R, Parkes C, Pflug C, Pilz W, Regan J, Rommel N, Schindler A, Schols AMWJ, Speyer R, Succo G, Wessel I, Willemsen ACH, Yilmaz T, Clavé P. European white paper: oropharyngeal dysphagia in head and neck cancer. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 278:577-616. [PMID: 33341909 PMCID: PMC7826315 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-020-06507-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To develop a European White Paper document on oropharyngeal dysphagia (OD) in head and neck cancer (HNC). There are wide variations in the management of OD associated with HNC across Europe. Methods Experts in the management of specific aspects of OD in HNC across Europe were delegated by their professional medical and multidisciplinary societies to contribute to this document. Evidence is based on systematic reviews, consensus-based position statements, and expert opinion. Results Twenty-four sections on HNC-specific OD topics. Conclusion This European White Paper summarizes current best practice on management of OD in HNC, providing recommendations to support patients and health professionals. The body of literature and its level of evidence on diagnostics and treatment for OD in HNC remain poor. This is in the context of an expected increase in the prevalence of OD due to HNC in the near future. Contributing factors to increased prevalence include aging of our European population (including HNC patients) and an increase in human papillomavirus (HPV) related cancer, despite the introduction of HPV vaccination in various countries. We recommend timely implementation of OD screening in HNC patients while emphasizing the need for robust scientific research on the treatment of OD in HNC. Meanwhile, its management remains a challenge for European professional associations and policymakers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W J Baijens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands. .,GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - Margaret Walshe
- Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Leena-Maija Aaltonen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Christoph Arens
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Magdeburg, Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Reinie Cordier
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - Patrick Cras
- Department of Neurology, Born Bunge Institute, Antwerp University Hospital, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lise Crevier-Buchman
- Voice, Speech, Swallowing Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital UVSQ and Research lab CNRS-UMR7018, Hôpital Foch, Suresnes, France
| | - Chris Curtis
- Swallows Head and Neck Cancer Charity, Blackpool, UK
| | - Wojciech Golusinski
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The Greater Poland Cancer Centre, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznan, Poland
| | - Roganie Govender
- Head and Neck Cancer Centre, University College London Hospital, London, UK
| | - Jesper Grau Eriksen
- Department of Experimental Clinical Oncology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kevin Hansen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kate Heathcote
- Robert White Centre for Airway, Voice and Swallow, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorset, UK
| | - Markus M Hess
- Deutsche Stimmklinik, Hamburg, Germany.,Departement of Voice, Speech and Hearing Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sefik Hosal
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Atılım University, Medicana International Ankara, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Jens Peter Klussmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - C René Leemans
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam University Medical Centres, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Denise MacCarthy
- Division of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin Dental University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatrice Manduchi
- Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jean-Paul Marie
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Rouen University Hospital, Rouen, France
| | - Reza Nouraei
- Department of Ear Nose and Throat Surgery, The Robert White Centre for Airway Voice and Swallowing, Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Claire Parkes
- Department of Speech and Language Therapy, St. James's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Christina Pflug
- Departement of Voice, Speech and Hearing Disorders, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Walmari Pilz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,MHeNs School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Julie Regan
- Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nathalie Rommel
- Department Neurosciences, Experimental Otorhinolaryngology, Deglutology, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Antonio Schindler
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Renee Speyer
- Department of Special Needs Education, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,School of Occupational Therapy, Social Work and Speech Pathology, Curtin University, Perth, Australia.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Faculty of Health, School of Health and Social Development, Victoria, Australia
| | - Giovanni Succo
- Head and Neck Oncology Service, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO - IRCCS, Candiolo, TO, Italy.,Department of Oncology, University of Turin, Orbassano, TO, Italy
| | - Irene Wessel
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anna C H Willemsen
- GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Taner Yilmaz
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Pere Clavé
- Gastrointestinal Physiology Laboratory, Hospital de Mataró, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Mataró, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), Barcelona, Spain
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16
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Development and progression of cancer cachexia: Perspectives from bench to bedside. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:177-185. [PMID: 34447946 PMCID: PMC8386816 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia (CC) is a devastating syndrome characterized by weight loss, reduced fat mass and muscle mass that affects approximately 80% of cancer patients and is responsible for 22%–30% of cancer-associated deaths. Understanding underlying mechanisms for the development of CC are crucial to advance therapies to treat CC and improve cancer outcomes. CC is a multi-organ syndrome that results in extensive skeletal muscle and adipose tissue wasting; however, CC can impair other organs such as the liver, heart, brain, and bone as well. A considerable amount of CC research focuses on changes that occur within the muscle, but cancer-related impairments in other organ systems are understudied. Furthermore, metabolic changes in organ systems other than muscle may contribute to CC. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to address degenerative mechanisms which occur during CC from a whole-body perspective. Outlining the information known about metabolic changes that occur in response to cancer is necessary to develop and enhance therapies to treat CC. As much of the current evidences in CC are from pre-clinical models we should note the majority of the data reviewed here are from pre-clinical models.
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17
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Exercise as a therapy for cancer-induced muscle wasting. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2020; 2:186-194. [PMID: 35782998 PMCID: PMC9219331 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a progressive disorder characterized by body weight, fat, and muscle loss. Cachexia induces metabolic disruptions that can be analogous and distinct from those observed in cancer, obscuring both diagnosis and treatment options. Inflammation, hypogonadism, and physical inactivity are widely investigated as systemic mediators of cancer-induced muscle wasting. At the cellular level, dysregulation of protein turnover and energy metabolism can negatively impact muscle mass and function. Exercise is well known for its anti-inflammatory effects and potent stimulation of anabolic signaling. Emerging evidence suggests the potential for exercise to rescue muscle's sensitivity to anabolic stimuli, reduce wasting through protein synthesis modulation, myokine release, and subsequent downregulation of proteolytic factors. To date, there is no recommendation for exercise in the management of cachexia. Given its complex nature, a multimodal approach incorporating exercise offers promising potential for cancer cachexia treatment. This review's primary objective is to summarize the growing body of research examining exercise regulation of cancer cachexia. Furthermore, we will provide evidence for exercise interactions with established systemic and cellular regulators of cancer-induced muscle wasting.
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18
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Huang Z, Zhong L, Zhu J, Xu H, Ma W, Zhang L, Shen Y, Law BYK, Ding F, Gu X, Sun H. Inhibition of IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway rescues denervation-induced skeletal muscle atrophy. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:1681. [PMID: 33490193 PMCID: PMC7812230 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-7269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background The molecular mechanisms underlying denervated skeletal muscle atrophy with concomitant muscle mass loss have not been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to attain a deeper understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying denervated skeletal muscle atrophy as a critical step to developing targeted therapy and retarding the concomitant loss of skeletal muscle mass. Methods We employed microarray analysis to reveal the potential molecular mechanisms underlying denervated skeletal muscle atrophy. We used in vitro and in vivo atrophy models to explore the roles of the interleukin 6 (IL-6), Janus kinase (JAK), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3) in muscle atrophy. Results In this study, microarray analysis of the differentially expressed genes demonstrated that inflammation-related cytokines were markedly triggered and IL-6/JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway was strongly activated during denervated skeletal muscle atrophy. The high level of IL-6 enhanced C2C12 myotube atrophy through the activation of JAK/STAT3, while inhibiting JAK/STAT3 pathway by ruxolitinib (a JAK1/2 inhibitor) or C188-9 (a STAT3 inhibitor) significantly attenuated C2C12 myotube atrophy induced by IL-6. Pharmacological blocking of IL-6 by tocilizumab (antibody against IL-6 receptor) and pharmacological/genetic inhibition of JAK/STAT3 pathway by ruxolitinib/C188-9 (JAK/STAT3 inhibitor) and STAT3 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lentivirus in tibialis anterior muscles could suppress muscle atrophy and inhibit mitophagy, and was accompanied by the decreased expression of atrophic genes (MuRF1 and MAFbx) and autophagy-related genes (PINK1, BNIP3, Beclin 1, ATG7, and LC3B). Conclusions Taken together, the results suggest that IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway may be a principal mediator in denervated skeletal muscle atrophy, meaning targeted therapy against IL-6/JAK/STAT3 pathway might have potential as a therapeutic strategy for prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lou Zhong
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Jianwei Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lilei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Yuntian Shen
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Betty Yuen-Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China
| | - Fei Ding
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaosong Gu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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19
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Shuler KT, Wilson BE, Muñoz ER, Mitchell AD, Selsby JT, Hudson MB. Muscle Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Reverse Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Mouse Myotubes. Cells 2020; 9:E2544. [PMID: 33256005 PMCID: PMC7760380 DOI: 10.3390/cells9122544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle stem cells (MuSCs) hold great potential as a regenerative therapeutic but have met numerous challenges in treating systemic muscle diseases. Muscle stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MuSC-EVs) may overcome these limitations. We assessed the number and size distribution of extracellular vesicles (EVs) released by MuSCs ex vivo, determined the extent to which MuSC-EVs deliver molecular cargo to myotubes in vitro, and quantified MuSC-EV-mediated restoration of mitochondrial function following oxidative injury. MuSCs released an abundance of EVs in culture. MuSC-EVs delivered protein cargo into myotubes within 2 h of incubation. Fluorescent labeling of intracellular mitochondria showed co-localization of delivered protein and mitochondria. Oxidatively injured myotubes demonstrated a significant decline in maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity relative to untreated myotubes. Remarkably, subsequent treatment with MuSC-EVs significantly improved maximal oxygen consumption rate and spare respiratory capacity relative to the myotubes that were damaged but received no subsequent treatment. Surprisingly, MuSC-EVs did not affect mitochondrial function in undamaged myotubes, suggesting the cargo delivered is able to repair but does not expand the existing mitochondrial network. These data demonstrate that MuSC-EVs rapidly deliver proteins into myotubes, a portion of which co-localizes with mitochondria, and reverses mitochondria dysfunction in oxidatively-damaged myotubes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle T. Shuler
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (K.T.S.); (B.E.W.); (E.R.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Brittany E. Wilson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (K.T.S.); (B.E.W.); (E.R.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Eric R. Muñoz
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (K.T.S.); (B.E.W.); (E.R.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Andrew D. Mitchell
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (K.T.S.); (B.E.W.); (E.R.M.); (A.D.M.)
| | - Joshua T. Selsby
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, 2356G Kildee Hall, Ames, IA 50011, USA;
| | - Matthew B. Hudson
- Department of Kinesiology and Applied Physiology, University of Delaware, 540 S College Ave, Newark, DE 19713, USA; (K.T.S.); (B.E.W.); (E.R.M.); (A.D.M.)
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20
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de Castro GS, Correia-Lima J, Simoes E, Orsso CE, Xiao J, Gama LR, Gomes SP, Gonçalves DC, Costa RGF, Radloff K, Lenz U, Taranko AE, Bin FC, Formiga FB, de Godoy LGL, de Souza RP, Nucci LHA, Feitoza M, de Castro CC, Tokeshi F, Alcantara PSM, Otoch JP, Ramos AF, Laviano A, Coletti D, Mazurak VC, Prado CM, Seelaender M. Myokines in treatment-naïve patients with cancer-associated cachexia. Clin Nutr 2020; 40:2443-2455. [PMID: 33190987 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2020.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer-associated cachexia is a complex metabolic syndrome characterized by weight loss and systemic inflammation. Muscle loss and fatty infiltration into muscle are associated with poor prognosis in cancer patients. Skeletal muscle secretes myokines, factors with autocrine, paracrine and/or endocrine action, which may be modified by or play a role in cachexia. This study examined myokine content in the plasma, skeletal muscle and tumor homogenates from treatment-naïve patients with gastric or colorectal stages I-IV cancer with cachexia (CC, N = 62), or not (weight stable cancer, WSC, N = 32). Myostatin, interleukin (IL) 15, follistatin-like protein 1 (FSTL-1), fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3), irisin and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) protein content in samples was measured with Multiplex technology; body composition and muscle lipid infiltration were evaluated in computed tomography, and quantification of triacylglycerol (TAG) in the skeletal muscle. Cachectic patients presented lower muscle FSTL-1 expression (p = 0.047), higher FABP3 plasma content (p = 0.0301) and higher tumor tissue expression of FABP3 (p = 0.0182), IL-15 (p = 0.007) and irisin (p = 0.0110), compared to WSC. Neither muscle TAG content, nor muscle attenuation were different between weight stable and cachectic patients. Lumbar adipose tissue (AT) index, visceral AT index and subcutaneous AT index were lower in CC (p = 0.0149, p = 0.0455 and p = 0.0087, respectively), who also presented lower muscularity in the cohort (69.2% of patients; p = 0.0301), compared to WSC. The results indicate the myokine profile in skeletal muscle, plasma and tumor is impacted by cachexia. These findings show that myokines eventually affecting muscle wasting may not solely derive from the muscle itself (as the tumor also may contribute to the systemic scenario), and put forward new perspectives on cachexia treatment targeting myokines and associated receptors and pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S de Castro
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Joanna Correia-Lima
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Estefania Simoes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Camila E Orsso
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada
| | - Jingjie Xiao
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada; Covenant Health Palliative Institute, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
| | - Leonardo R Gama
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia & Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvio P Gomes
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina Veterinaria, Departamento de Cirurgia, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caetano Gonçalves
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade Federal de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Biociencias, Santos, Brazil
| | - Raquel G F Costa
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Katrin Radloff
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ulrike Lenz
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Anna E Taranko
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fang Chia Bin
- Santa Casa de Misericoria de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Luis H A Nucci
- Instituto do Cancer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mario Feitoza
- Instituto do Cancer Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Claudio C de Castro
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Radiologia, São Paulo, Brazil; Universidade de Sao Paulo Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flavio Tokeshi
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Jose P Otoch
- Universidade de Sao Paulo Hospital Universitario, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alexandre F Ramos
- Departamento de Radiologia e Oncologia & Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Escola de Artes, Ciencias e Humanidades, Universidade de Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Laviano
- Department of Translational and Precision Medicine, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Dario Coletti
- Sorbonne Université, Department of Biological Adaptation and Aging, B2A, Paris, France; Department of AHFMO - Unit of Histology and Medical Embryology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Vera C Mazurak
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada
| | - Carla M Prado
- University of Alberta, Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Canada
| | - Marilia Seelaender
- Cancer Metabolism Research Group, Universidade de Sao Paulo Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Departamento de Biologia Celular e do Desenvolvimento and Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Departamento de Cirurgia, LIM 26-HC, São Paulo, Brazil
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21
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Mañas-García L, Penedo-Vázquez A, López-Postigo A, Deschrevel J, Durán X, Barreiro E. Prolonged Immobilization Exacerbates the Loss of Muscle Mass and Function Induced by Cancer-Associated Cachexia through Enhanced Proteolysis in Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E8167. [PMID: 33142912 PMCID: PMC7663403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21218167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that in mice with lung cancer (LC)-induced cachexia, periods of immobilization of the hindlimb (7 and 15 days) may further aggravate the process of muscle mass loss and function. Mice were divided into seven groups (n = 10/group): (1) non-immobilized control mice, (2) 7-day unloaded mice (7-day I), (3) 15-day unloaded mice (15-day I), (4) 21-day LC-cachexia group (LC 21-days), (5) 30-day LC-cachexia group (LC 30-days), (6) 21-day LC-cachexia group besides 7 days of unloading (LC 21-days + 7-day I), (7) 30-day LC-cachexia group besides 15 days of unloading (LC 30-days + 15-day I). Physiological parameters, body weight, muscle and tumor weights, phenotype and morphometry, muscle damage (including troponin I), proteolytic and autophagy markers, and muscle regeneration markers were identified in gastrocnemius muscle. In LC-induced cachexia mice exposed to hindlimb unloading, gastrocnemius weight, limb strength, fast-twitch myofiber cross-sectional area, and muscle regeneration markers significantly decreased, while tumor weight and area, muscle damage (troponin), and proteolytic and autophagy markers increased. In gastrocnemius of cancer-cachectic mice exposed to unloading, severe muscle atrophy and impaired function was observed along with increased muscle proteolysis and autophagy, muscle damage, and impaired muscle regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Mañas-García
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Penedo-Vázquez
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adrián López-Postigo
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jorieke Deschrevel
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
- Laboratory of Respiratory diseases and Thoracic Surgery, Department Chrometa, Catholic University of Leuven, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Xavier Durán
- Scientific and Technical Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, 08003 Barcelona, Spain;
| | - Esther Barreiro
- Pulmonology Department-Muscle Wasting and Cachexia in Chronic Respiratory Diseases and Lung Cancer Research Group, IMIM-Hospital del Mar, Parc de Salut Mar, Health and Experimental Sciences Department (CEXS), Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; (L.M.-G.); (A.P.-V.); (A.L.-P.); (J.D.)
- Centro de Investigación en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERES), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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VanderVeen BN, Murphy EA, Carson JA. The Impact of Immune Cells on the Skeletal Muscle Microenvironment During Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2020; 11:1037. [PMID: 32982782 PMCID: PMC7489038 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.01037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Progressive weight loss combined with skeletal muscle atrophy, termed cachexia, is a common comorbidity associated with cancer that results in adverse consequences for the patient related to decreased chemotherapy responsiveness and increased mortality. Cachexia's complexity has provided a barrier for developing successful therapies to prevent or treat the condition, since a large number of systemic disruptions that can regulate muscle mass are often present. Furthermore, considerable effort has focused on investigating how tumor derived factors and inflammatory mediators directly signal skeletal muscle to disrupt protein turnover regulation. Currently, there is developing appreciation for understanding how cancer alters skeletal muscle's complex microenvironment and the tightly regulated interactions between multiple cell types. Skeletal muscle microenvironment interactions have established functions in muscle response to regeneration from injury, growth, aging, overload-induced hypertrophy, and exercise. This review explores the growing body of evidence for immune cell modulation of the skeletal muscle microenvironment during cancer-induced muscle wasting. Emphasis is placed on the regulatory network that integrates physiological responses between immune cells with other muscle cell types including satellite cells, fibroblast cells, and endothelial cells to regulate myofiber size and plasticity. The overall goal of this review is to provide an understanding of how different cell types that constitute the muscle microenvironment and their signaling mediators contribute to cancer and chemotherapy-induced muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon N. VanderVeen
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - E. Angela Murphy
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, United States
- AcePre, LLC, Columbia, SC, United States
| | - James A. Carson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Division of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Professions, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
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23
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Chiappalupi S, Sorci G, Vukasinovic A, Salvadori L, Sagheddu R, Coletti D, Renga G, Romani L, Donato R, Riuzzi F. Targeting RAGE prevents muscle wasting and prolongs survival in cancer cachexia. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2020; 11:929-946. [PMID: 32159297 PMCID: PMC7432590 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cachexia, a multifactorial syndrome affecting more than 50% of patients with advanced cancer and responsible for ~20% of cancer-associated deaths, is still a poorly understood process without a standard cure available. Skeletal muscle atrophy caused by systemic inflammation is a major clinical feature of cachexia, leading to weight loss, dampening patients' quality of life, and reducing patients' response to anticancer therapy. RAGE (receptor for advanced glycation end-products) is a multiligand receptor of the immunoglobulin superfamily and a mediator of muscle regeneration, inflammation, and cancer. METHODS By using murine models consisting in the injection of colon 26 murine adenocarcinoma (C26-ADK) or Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC) cells in BALB/c and C57BL/6 or Ager-/- (RAGE-null) mice, respectively, we investigated the involvement of RAGE signalling in the main features of cancer cachexia, including the inflammatory state. In vitro experiments were performed using myotubes derived from C2C12 myoblasts or primary myoblasts isolated from C57BL/6 wild type and Ager-/- mice treated with the RAGE ligand, S100B (S100 calcium-binding protein B), TNF (tumor necrosis factor)α±IFN (interferon) γ, and tumour cell- or masses-conditioned media to analyse hallmarks of muscle atrophy. Finally, muscles of wild type and Ager-/- mice were injected with TNFα/IFNγ or S100B in a tumour-free environment. RESULTS We demonstrate that RAGE is determinant to activate signalling pathways leading to muscle protein degradation in the presence of proinflammatory cytokines and/or tumour-derived cachexia-inducing factors. We identify the RAGE ligand, S100B, as a novel factor able to induce muscle atrophy per se via a p38 MAPK (p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase)/myogenin axis and STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3)-dependent MyoD (myoblast determination protein 1) degradation. Lastly, we found that in cancer conditions, an increase in serum levels of tumour-derived S100B and HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) occurs leading to chronic activation/overexpression of RAGE, which induces hallmarks of cancer cachexia (i.e. muscle wasting, systemic inflammation, and release of tumour-derived pro-cachectic factors). Absence of RAGE in mice translates into reduced serum levels of cachexia-inducing factors, delayed loss of muscle mass and strength, reduced tumour progression, and increased survival. CONCLUSIONS RAGE is a molecular determinant in inducing the hallmarks of cancer cachexia, and molecular targeting of RAGE might represent a therapeutic strategy to prevent or counteract the cachectic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Chiappalupi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Guglielmo Sorci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Aleksandra Vukasinovic
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Laura Salvadori
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Roberta Sagheddu
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy
| | - Dario Coletti
- Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,CNRS UMR 8256, INSERM ERL U1164, Biological Adaptation and Aging B2A, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Giorgia Renga
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luigina Romani
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Centro Universitario di Ricerca sulla Genomica Funzionale, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Rosario Donato
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Riuzzi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Interuniversity Institute of Myology, Perugia, Italy
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24
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Vainshtein A, Sandri M. Signaling Pathways That Control Muscle Mass. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134759. [PMID: 32635462 PMCID: PMC7369702 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The loss of skeletal muscle mass under a wide range of acute and chronic maladies is associated with poor prognosis, reduced quality of life, and increased mortality. Decades of research indicate the importance of skeletal muscle for whole body metabolism, glucose homeostasis, as well as overall health and wellbeing. This tissue’s remarkable ability to rapidly and effectively adapt to changing environmental cues is a double-edged sword. Physiological adaptations that are beneficial throughout life become maladaptive during atrophic conditions. The atrophic program can be activated by mechanical, oxidative, and energetic distress, and is influenced by the availability of nutrients, growth factors, and cytokines. Largely governed by a transcription-dependent mechanism, this program impinges on multiple protein networks including various organelles as well as biosynthetic and quality control systems. Although modulating muscle function to prevent and treat disease is an enticing concept that has intrigued research teams for decades, a lack of thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways that control muscle mass, in addition to poor transferability of findings from rodents to humans, has obstructed efforts to develop effective treatments. Here, we review the progress made in unraveling the molecular mechanisms responsible for the regulation of muscle mass, as this continues to be an intensive area of research.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marco Sandri
- Veneto Institute of Molecular Medicine, via Orus 2, 35129 Padua, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padua, Italy
- Myology Center, University of Padua, via G. Colombo 3, 35100 Padova, Italy
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G4, Canada
- Correspondence:
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25
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Arneson-Wissink PC, Hogan KA, Ducharme AM, Samani A, Jatoi A, Doles JD. The wasting-associated metabolite succinate disrupts myogenesis and impairs skeletal muscle regeneration. JCSM RAPID COMMUNICATIONS 2020; 3:56-69. [PMID: 32905522 PMCID: PMC7470228 DOI: 10.1002/rco2.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle wasting is a debilitating co-morbidity affecting most advanced cancer patients. Alongside enhanced muscle catabolism, defects in muscle repair/regeneration contribute to cancer-associated wasting. Among the factors implicated in suppression of muscle regeneration are cytokines that interfere with myogenic signal transduction pathways. Less understood is how other cancer/wasting-associated cues, such as metabolites, contribute to muscle dysfunction. This study investigates how the metabolite succinate affects myogenesis and muscle regeneration. METHODS We leveraged an established ectopic metabolite treatment (cell permeable dimethyl-succinate) strategy to evaluate the ability of intracellular succinate elevation to 1) affect myoblast homeostasis (proliferation, apoptosis), 2) disrupt protein dynamics and induce wasting-associated atrophy, and 3) modulate in vitro myogenesis. In vivo succinate supplementation experiments (2% succinate, 1% sucrose vehicle) were used to corroborate and extend in vitro observations. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic studies were then performed to investigate the impact of succinate elevation on mitochondria function. RESULTS We found that in vitro succinate supplementation elevated intracellular succinate about 2-fold, and did not have an impact on proliferation or apoptosis of C2C12 myoblasts. Elevated succinate had minor effects on protein homeostasis (~25% decrease in protein synthesis assessed by OPP staining), and no significant effect on myotube atrophy. Succinate elevation interfered with in vitro myoblast differentiation, characterized by significant decreases in late markers of myogenesis and fewer nuclei per myosin heavy chain positive structure (assessed by immunofluorescence staining). While mice orally administered succinate did not exhibit changes in overall body composition or whole muscle weights, these mice displayed smaller muscle myofiber diameters (~6% decrease in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distribution), which was exacerbated when muscle regeneration was induced with barium chloride injury. Significant decreases in the mean of non-linear regression curves fit to the histograms of minimum feret diameter distributions were observed 7 days and 28 days post injury. Elevated numbers of myogenin positive cells (3-fold increase) supportive of the differentiation defects observed in vitro were observed 28 days post injury. Metabolic profiling and functional metabolic assessment of myoblasts revealed that succinate elevation caused both widespread metabolic changes and significantly lowered maximal cellular respiration (~35% decrease). CONCLUSIONS This study broadens the repertoire of wasting-associated factors that can directly modulate muscle progenitor cell function and strengthens the hypothesis that metabolic derangements are significant contributors to impaired muscle regeneration, an important aspect of cancer-associated muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paige C Arneson-Wissink
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Kelly A Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Alexandra M Ducharme
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Adrienne Samani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
| | - Aminah Jatoi
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester,
Minnesota
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo
Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, 55905 USA
- Corresponding Author: Jason D Doles, Department of
Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, 200 First St SW, Guggenheim
16-11A1, Rochester, MN 55905, Tel: (507) 284-9372, Fax: (507) 284-3383,
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26
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Farhang-Sardroodi S, Wilkie KP. Mathematical Model of Muscle Wasting in Cancer Cachexia. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9072029. [PMID: 32605273 PMCID: PMC7409297 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9072029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a debilitating condition characterized by an extreme loss of skeletal muscle mass, which negatively impacts patients' quality of life, reduces their ability to sustain anti-cancer therapies, and increases the risk of mortality. Recent discoveries have identified the myostatin/activin A/ActRIIB pathway as critical to muscle wasting by inducing satellite cell quiescence and increasing muscle-specific ubiquitin ligases responsible for atrophy. Remarkably, pharmacological blockade of the ActRIIB pathway has been shown to reverse muscle wasting and prolong the survival time of tumor-bearing animals. To explore the implications of this signaling pathway and potential therapeutic targets in cachexia, we construct a novel mathematical model of muscle tissue subjected to tumor-derived cachectic factors. The model formulation tracks the intercellular interactions between cancer cell, satellite cell, and muscle cell populations. The model is parameterized by fitting to colon-26 mouse model data, and the analysis provides insight into tissue growth in healthy, cancerous, and post-cachexia treatment conditions. Model predictions suggest that cachexia fundamentally alters muscle tissue health, as measured by the stem cell ratio, and this is only partially recovered by anti-cachexia treatment. Our mathematical findings suggest that after blocking the myostatin/activin A pathway, partial recovery of cancer-induced muscle loss requires the activation and proliferation of the satellite cell compartment with a functional differentiation program.
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27
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Investigating the Effects of Fertilized Egg Yolk Extract on Myoblast Proliferation and Differentiation. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00137-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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28
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Shukla SK, Markov SD, Attri KS, Vernucci E, King RJ, Dasgupta A, Grandgenett PM, Hollingsworth MA, Singh PK, Yu F, Mehla K. Macrophages potentiate STAT3 signaling in skeletal muscles and regulate pancreatic cancer cachexia. Cancer Lett 2020; 484:29-39. [PMID: 32344015 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Incidence of cachexia is highly prevalent in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); advanced disease stage directly correlates with decreased muscle and fat mass in PDAC patients. The pancreatic tumor microenvironment is central to the release of systemic factors that govern lipolysis, proteolysis, and muscle and fat degeneration leading to the cachectic phenotype in cancer patients. The current study explores the role of macrophages, a key immunosuppressive player in the pancreatic tumor microenvironment, in regulating cancer cachexia. We observed a negative correlation between CD163-positive macrophage infiltration and muscle-fiber cross sectional area in human PDAC patients. To investigate the role of macrophages in myodegeneration, we utilized conditioned media transplant assays and orthotopic models of PDAC-induced cachexia in immune-competent mice with and without macrophage depletion. We observed that macrophage-derived conditioned medium, in combination with tumor cell-conditioned medium, promoted muscle atrophy through STAT3 signaling. Furthermore, macrophage depletion attenuated systemic inflammation and muscle wasting in pancreatic tumor-bearing mice. Targeting macrophage-mediated STAT3 activation or macrophage-derived interleukin-1 alpha or interleukin-6 diminished myofiber atrophy. Taken together, the current study identified the critical association between macrophages and cachexia phenotype in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surendra K Shukla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Spas D Markov
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kuldeep S Attri
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Enza Vernucci
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Ryan J King
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Aneesha Dasgupta
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Pankaj K Singh
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Fang Yu
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Kamiya Mehla
- The Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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29
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Pekkala S, Keskitalo A, Kettunen E, Lensu S, Nykänen N, Kuopio T, Ritvos O, Hentilä J, Nissinen TA, Hulmi JJ. Blocking Activin Receptor Ligands Is Not Sufficient to Rescue Cancer-Associated Gut Microbiota-A Role for Gut Microbial Flagellin in Colorectal Cancer and Cachexia? Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11111799. [PMID: 31731747 PMCID: PMC6896205 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11111799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) and cachexia are associated with the gut microbiota and microbial surface molecules. We characterized the CRC-associated microbiota and investigated whether cachexia affects the microbiota composition. Further, we examined the possible relationship between the microbial surface molecule flagellin and CRC. CRC cells (C26) were inoculated into mice. Activin receptor (ACVR) ligands were blocked, either before tumor formation or before and after, to increase muscle mass and prevent muscle loss. The effects of flagellin on C26-cells were studied in vitro. The occurrence of similar phenomena were studied in murine and human tumors. Cancer modulated the gut microbiota without consistent effects of blocking the ACVR ligands. However, continued treatment for muscle loss modified the association between microbiota and weight loss. Several abundant microbial taxa in cancer were flagellated. Exposure of C26-cells to flagellin increased IL6 and CCL2/MCP-1 mRNA and IL6 excretion. Murine C26 tumors expressed more IL6 and CCL2/MCP-1 mRNA than C26-cells, and human CRC tumors expressed more CCL2/MCP-1 than healthy colon sites. Additionally, flagellin decreased caspase-1 activity and the production of reactive oxygen species, and increased cytotoxicity in C26-cells. Conditioned media from flagellin-treated C26-cells deteriorated C2C12-myotubes and decreased their number. In conclusion, cancer increased flagellated microbes that may promote CRC survival and cachexia by inducing inflammatory proteins such as MCP-1. Cancer-associated gut microbiota could not be rescued by blocking ACVR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satu Pekkala
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-45-358-2898
| | - Anniina Keskitalo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Turku, 20500 Turku, Finland;
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, Turku University Hospital, 20500 Turku, Finland
| | - Emilia Kettunen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Sanna Lensu
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Noora Nykänen
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (N.N.); (T.K.)
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Central Finland Health Care District, Keskussairaalantie 19, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (N.N.); (T.K.)
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, 00100 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Jaakko Hentilä
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Tuuli A. Nissinen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
| | - Juha J. Hulmi
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, 40620 Jyväskylä, Finland; (E.K.); (S.L.); (J.H.); (T.A.N.); (J.J.H.)
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Wu C, Tang L, Ni X, Xu T, Fang Q, Xu L, Ma W, Yang X, Sun H. Salidroside Attenuates Denervation-Induced Skeletal Muscle Atrophy Through Negative Regulation of Pro-inflammatory Cytokine. Front Physiol 2019; 10:665. [PMID: 31293430 PMCID: PMC6604664 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is associated with pro-inflammatory cytokines. Salidroside is a biologically active ingredient of Rhodiola rosea, which exhibits anti-inflammatory property. However, there is little known about the effect of salidroside on denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Therefore, the present study aimed to determine whether salidroside could protect against denervation-induced muscle atrophy and to clarify potential molecular mechanisms. Denervation caused progressive accumulation of inflammatory factors in skeletal muscle, especially interleukin 6 (IL6) and its receptor, and recombinant murine IL6 (rmIL6) local infusion could induce target muscle atrophy, suggesting that denervation induced inflammation in target muscles and the inflammation may trigger muscle wasting. Salidroside alleviated denervation-induced muscle atrophy and inhibited the production of IL6. Furthermore, the inhibition of phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), and the decreased levels of suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS3), muscle RING finger protein-1 (MuRF1), atrophy F-box (atrogin-1), microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 beta (LC3B) and PTEN-induced putative kinase (PINK1) were observed in denervated muscles that were treated with salidroside. Finally, all of these responses to salidroside were replicated in neutralizing antibody against IL6. Taken together, these results suggest that salidroside alleviates denervation-induced inflammation response, thereby inhibits muscle proteolysis and muscle atrophy. Therefore, it was assumed that salidroside might be a potential therapeutic candidate to prevent muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China.,School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Longhai Tang
- Departments of Blood Component Preparation, Suzhou Blood Center, Suzhou, China
| | - Xuejun Ni
- Departments of Ultrasound, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Tongtong Xu
- School of Medicine, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qingqing Fang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Lai Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Wenjing Ma
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Xiaoming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Hualin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration of Jiangsu and Ministry of Education, Jiangsu Clinical Medicine Center of Tissue Engineering and Nerve Injury Repair, Co-innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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31
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Kneppers AEM, Haast RAM, Langen RCJ, Verdijk LB, Leermakers PA, Gosker HR, van Loon LJC, Lainscak M, Schols AMWJ. Distinct skeletal muscle molecular responses to pulmonary rehabilitation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a cluster analysis. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2019; 10:311-322. [PMID: 30657653 PMCID: PMC6463471 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a cornerstone in the management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), targeting skeletal muscle to improve functional performance. However, there is substantial inter-individual variability in the effect of PR on functional performance, which cannot be fully accounted for by generic phenotypic factors. We performed an unbiased integrative analysis of the skeletal muscle molecular responses to PR in COPD patients and comprehensively characterized their baseline pulmonary and physical function, body composition, blood profile, comorbidities, and medication use. METHODS Musculus vastus lateralis biopsies were obtained from 51 COPD patients (age 64 ± 1 years, sex 73% men, FEV1 , 34 (26-41) %pred.) before and after 4 weeks high-intensity supervised in-patient PR. Muscle molecular markers were grouped by network-constrained clustering, and their relative changes in expression values-assessed by qPCR and western blot-were reduced to process scores by principal component analysis. Patients were subsequently clustered based on these process scores. Pre-PR and post-PR functional performance was assessed by incremental cycle ergometry and 6 min walking test (6MWT). RESULTS Eight molecular processes were discerned by network-constrained hierarchical clustering of the skeletal muscle molecular rehabilitation responses. Based on the resulting process scores, four clusters of patients were identified by hierarchical cluster analysis. Two major patient clusters differed in PR-induced autophagy (P < 0.001), myogenesis (P = 0.014), glucocorticoid signalling (P < 0.001), and oxidative metabolism regulation (P < 0.001), with Cluster 1 (C1; n = 29) overall displaying a more pronounced change in marker expression than Cluster 2 (C2; n = 16). General baseline characteristics did not differ between clusters. Following PR, both 6 min walking distance (+26.5 ± 8.3 m, P = 0.003) and peak load on the cycle ergometer test (+9.7 ± 1.9 W, P < 0.001) were improved. However, the functional improvement was more pronounced in C1, as a higher percentage of patients exceeded the minimal clinically important difference in peak workload (61 vs. 21%, P = 0.022) and both peak workload and 6 min walking test (52 vs. 8%, P = 0.008) upon PR. CONCLUSIONS We identified patient groups with distinct skeletal muscle molecular responses to rehabilitation, associated with differences in functional improvements upon PR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita E M Kneppers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Roy A M Haast
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.,Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ramon C J Langen
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lex B Verdijk
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter A Leermakers
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry R Gosker
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Mitja Lainscak
- Division of Cardiology, General Hospital Murska Sobota, Murska Sobota, Slovenia.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Annemie M W J Schols
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Alterations in amino acid and protein metabolism-particularly in skeletal muscle-are a key feature of cancer that contributes to the cachexia syndrome. Thus, skeletal muscle protein turnover is characterized by an exacerbated rate of protein degradation, promoted by an activation of different proteolytic systems that include the ubiquitin-proteasome and the autophagic-lysosomal pathways. These changes are promoted by both hormonal alterations and inflammatory mediators released as a result of the systemic inflammatory response induced by the tumor. Other events, such as alterations in the rate of myogenesis/apoptosis and decreased regeneration potential also affect skeletal muscle in patients with cancer. Mitochondrial dysfunction also contributes to changes in skeletal muscle metabolism and further contributes to the exacerbation of the cancer-wasting syndrome. Different inflammatory mediators-either released by the tumor or by the patient's healthy cells-are responsible for the activation of these catabolic processes that take place in skeletal muscle and in other tissues/organs, such as liver or adipose tissues. Indeed, white adipose tissue is also subject to extensive wasting and "browning" of some of the white adipocytes into beige cells; therefore increasing the energetic inefficiency of the patient with cancer. Recently, an interest in the role of micromRNAs-either free or transported into exosomes-has been related to the events that take place in white adipose tissue during cancer cachexia.
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33
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Schmidt SF, Rohm M, Herzig S, Berriel Diaz M. Cancer Cachexia: More Than Skeletal Muscle Wasting. Trends Cancer 2018; 4:849-860. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Samant SA, Pillai VB, Gupta MP. Cellular mechanisms promoting cachexia and how they are opposed by sirtuins 1. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 2018; 97:235-245. [PMID: 30407871 DOI: 10.1139/cjpp-2018-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Many chronic diseases are associated with unintentional loss of body weight, which is termed "cachexia". Cachexia is a complex multifactorial syndrome associated with the underlying primary disease, and characterized by loss of skeletal muscle with or without loss of fat tissue. Patients with cachexia face dire symptoms like dyspnea, fatigue, edema, exercise intolerance, and low responsiveness to medical therapy, which worsen quality of life. Because cachexia is not a stand-alone disorder, treating primary disease - such as cancer - takes precedence for the physician, and it remains mostly a neglected illness. Existing clinical trials have demonstrated limited success mostly because of their monotherapeutic approach and late detection of the syndrome. To conquer cachexia, it is essential to identify as many molecular targets as possible using the latest technologies we have at our disposal. In this review, we have discussed different aspects of cachexia, which include various disease settings, active molecular pathways, and recent novel advances made in this field to understand consequences of this illness. We also discuss roles of the sirtuins, the NAD+-dependent lysine deacetylases, microRNAs, certain dietary options, and epigenetic drugs as potential approaches, which can be used to tackle cachexia as early as possible in its course.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadhana A Samant
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Vinodkumar B Pillai
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Mahesh P Gupta
- Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.,Department of Surgery, Committee on Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Biological Sciences Division, Pritzker School of Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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Muscle regeneration is disrupted by cancer cachexia without loss of muscle stem cell potential. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205467. [PMID: 30300394 PMCID: PMC6177180 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cachexia is a severe, debilitating condition characterized by progressive body wasting associated with remarkable loss of skeletal muscle weight. It has been reported that cancer cachexia disturbs the regenerative ability of skeletal muscle, but the cellular mechanisms are still unknown. Here, we investigated the skeletal muscle regenerative process in mouse colon-26 (C26) tumor cell-bearing mice as a C26 cancer cachexia model. Although the proliferation and differentiation abilities of muscle stem cells derived from the C26 tumor cell-bearing mice were sustained in vitro, the proliferation and differentiation were severely impaired in the cachexic mice. The numbers of both macrophages and mesenchymal progenitors, which are critical players in muscle regeneration, were reduced in the cancer cachexic mice, indicating that the skeletal muscle regeneration process was disrupted by cancer cachexia. Furthermore, the number of infiltrated neutrophils was also reduced in cancer cachexia mice 24 hours after muscle injury, and the expression of critical chemokines for muscle regeneration was reduced in cancer cachexia model mice compared to control mice. Collectively, although the ability to regeneration of MuSCs was retained, cancer cachexia disturbed skeletal muscle regenerative ability by inhibiting the orchestrated muscle regeneration processes.
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36
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Barreto SG. Pancreatic cancer: let us focus on cachexia, not just sarcopenia! Future Oncol 2018; 14:2791-2794. [PMID: 30192167 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2018-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Savio George Barreto
- Division of Surgery & Perioperative Medicine Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,College of Medicine & Public Health, Flinders University, South Australia, Australia
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37
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Nissinen TA, Hentilä J, Penna F, Lampinen A, Lautaoja JH, Fachada V, Holopainen T, Ritvos O, Kivelä R, Hulmi JJ. Treating cachexia using soluble ACVR2B improves survival, alters mTOR localization, and attenuates liver and spleen responses. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:514-529. [PMID: 29722201 PMCID: PMC5989872 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer cachexia increases morbidity and mortality, and blocking of activin receptor ligands has improved survival in experimental cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully uncovered. METHODS The effects of blocking activin receptor type 2 (ACVR2) ligands on both muscle and non-muscle tissues were investigated in a preclinical model of cancer cachexia using a recombinant soluble ACVR2B (sACVR2B-Fc). Treatment with sACVR2B-Fc was applied either only before the tumour formation or with continued treatment both before and after tumour formation. The potential roles of muscle and non-muscle tissues in cancer cachexia were investigated in order to understand the possible mechanisms of improved survival mediated by ACVR2 ligand blocking. RESULTS Blocking of ACVR2 ligands improved survival in tumour-bearing mice only when the mice were treated both before and after the tumour formation. This occurred without effects on tumour growth, production of pro-inflammatory cytokines or the level of physical activity. ACVR2 ligand blocking was associated with increased muscle (limb and diaphragm) mass and attenuation of both hepatic protein synthesis and splenomegaly. Especially, the effects on the liver and the spleen were observed independent of the treatment protocol. The prevention of splenomegaly by sACVR2B-Fc was not explained by decreased markers of myeloid-derived suppressor cells. Decreased tibialis anterior, diaphragm, and heart protein synthesis were observed in cachectic mice. This was associated with decreased mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) colocalization with late-endosomes/lysosomes, which correlated with cachexia and reduced muscle protein synthesis. CONCLUSIONS The prolonged survival with continued ACVR2 ligand blocking could potentially be attributed in part to the maintenance of limb and respiratory muscle mass, but many observed non-muscle effects suggest that the effect may be more complex than previously thought. Our novel finding showing decreased mTOR localization in skeletal muscle with lysosomes/late-endosomes in cancer opens up new research questions and possible treatment options for cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tuuli A Nissinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Jaakko Hentilä
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Fabio Penna
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Corso Raffaello, Turin, 10125, Italy
| | - Anita Lampinen
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Juulia H Lautaoja
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Vasco Fachada
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland
| | - Tanja Holopainen
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Olli Ritvos
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Riikka Kivelä
- Translational Cancer Biology Program, Research Programs Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, and Wihuri Research Institute, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
| | - Juha J Hulmi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Biology of Physical Activity, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Rautpohjankatu 8, Jyväskylä, 40014, Finland.,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, Helsinki, 00290, Finland
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38
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Wang G, Biswas AK, Ma W, Kandpal M, Coker C, Grandgenett PM, Hollingsworth MA, Jain R, Tanji K, Lόpez-Pintado S, Borczuk A, Hebert D, Jenkitkasemwong S, Hojyo S, Davuluri RV, Knutson MD, Fukada T, Acharyya S. Metastatic cancers promote cachexia through ZIP14 upregulation in skeletal muscle. Nat Med 2018; 24:770-781. [PMID: 29875463 PMCID: PMC6015555 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-018-0054-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Patients with metastatic cancer experience a severe loss of skeletal muscle mass and function known as cachexia. Cachexia is associated with poor prognosis and accelerated death in patients with cancer, yet its underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the metal-ion transporter ZRT- and IRT-like protein 14 (ZIP14) as a critical mediator of cancer-induced cachexia. ZIP14 is upregulated in cachectic muscles of mice and in patients with metastatic cancer and can be induced by TNF-α and TGF-β cytokines. Strikingly, germline ablation or muscle-specific depletion of Zip14 markedly reduces muscle atrophy in metastatic cancer models. We find that ZIP14-mediated zinc uptake in muscle progenitor cells represses the expression of MyoD and Mef2c and blocks muscle-cell differentiation. Importantly, ZIP14-mediated zinc accumulation in differentiated muscle cells induces myosin heavy chain loss. These results highlight a previously unrecognized role for altered zinc homeostasis in metastatic cancer-induced muscle wasting and implicate ZIP14 as a therapeutic target for its treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Anup K Biswas
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wanchao Ma
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Manoj Kandpal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Courtney Coker
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul M Grandgenett
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Michael A Hollingsworth
- Eppley Institute for Research in Cancer and Allied Diseases, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Rinku Jain
- Department of Structural & Chemical Biology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Kurenai Tanji
- Division of Neuropathology, Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center and New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Alain Borczuk
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Doreen Hebert
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Supak Jenkitkasemwong
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Shintaro Hojyo
- Deutsches Rheuma-Forschungszentrum Berlin, Osteoimmunology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ramana V Davuluri
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Mitchell D Knutson
- Food Science and Human Nutrition Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Toshiyuki Fukada
- Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokushima Bunri University, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Swarnali Acharyya
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Hogan KA, Cho DS, Arneson PC, Samani A, Palines P, Yang Y, Doles JD. Tumor-derived cytokines impair myogenesis and alter the skeletal muscle immune microenvironment. Cytokine 2017; 107:9-17. [PMID: 29153940 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Muscle wasting is a decline in skeletal muscle mass and function that is associated with aging, obesity, and a spectrum of pathologies including cancer. Cancer-associated wasting not only reduces quality of life, but also directly impacts cancer mortality, chemotherapeutic efficacy, and surgical outcomes. There is an incomplete understanding of the role of tumor-derived factors in muscle wasting and sparse knowledge of how these factors impact in vivo muscle regeneration. Here, we identify several cytokines/chemokines that negatively impact in vitro myogenic differentiation. We show that one of these cytokines, CXCL1, potently antagonizes in vivo muscle regeneration and interferes with in vivo muscle satellite cell homeostasis. Strikingly, CXCL1 triggers a robust and specific neutrophil/M2 macrophage response that likely underlies or exacerbates muscle repair/regeneration defects. Taken together, these data highlight the pleiotropic nature of a novel tumor-derived cytokine and underscore the importance of cytokines in muscle progenitor cell regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A Hogan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Dong Seong Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Paige C Arneson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adrienne Samani
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Patrick Palines
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Yanan Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Jason D Doles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Introduction Cachexia is a common complication of many and varied chronic disease processes, yet it has received very little attention as an area of clinical research effort until recently. We sought to survey the contemporary literature on published research into cachexia to define where it is being published and the proportion of output classified into the main types of research output. Methods I searched the PubMed listings under the topic research term "cachexia" and related terms for articles published in the calendar years of 2015 and 2016, regardless of language. Searches were conducted and relevant papers extracted by two observers, and disagreements were resolved by consensus. Results There were 954 publications, 370 of which were review articles or commentaries, 254 clinical observations or non-randomised trials, 246 original basic science reports and only 26 were randomised controlled trials. These articles were published in 478 separate journals but with 36% of them being published in a core set of 23 journals. The H-index of these papers was 25 and there were 147 papers with 10 or more citations. Of the top 100 cited papers, 25% were published in five journals. Of the top cited papers, 48% were review articles, 18% were original basic science, and 7% were randomised clinical trials. Discussion This analysis shows a steady but modest increase in publications concerning cachexia with a strong pipeline of basic science research but still a relative lack of randomised clinical trials, with none exceeding 1000 patients. Research in cachexia is still in its infancy, but the solid basic science effort offers hope that translation into randomised controlled clinical trials may eventually lead to effective therapies for this troubling and complex clinical disease process.
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41
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Argilés JM. The 2015 ESPEN Sir David Cuthbertson lecture: Inflammation as the driving force of muscle wasting in cancer. Clin Nutr 2017; 36:798-803. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Nakanishi R, Hirayama Y, Tanaka M, Maeshige N, Kondo H, Ishihara A, Roy RR, Fujino H. Nucleoprotein supplementation enhances the recovery of rat soleus mass with reloading after hindlimb unloading-induced atrophy via myonuclei accretion and increased protein synthesis. Nutr Res 2016; 36:1335-1344. [PMID: 27866827 DOI: 10.1016/j.nutres.2016.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Hindlimb unloading results in muscle atrophy and a period of reloading has been shown to partially recover the lost muscle mass. Two of the mechanisms involved in this recovery of muscle mass are the activation of protein synthesis pathways and an increase in myonuclei number. The additional myonuclei are provided by satellite cells that are activated by the mechanical stress associated with the reloading of the muscles and eventually incorporated into the muscle fibers. Amino acid supplementation with exercise also can increase skeletal muscle mass through enhancement of protein synthesis and nucleotide supplements can promote cell cycle activity. Therefore, we hypothesized that nucleoprotein supplementation, a combination of amino acids and nucleotides, would enhance the recovery of muscle mass to a greater extent than reloading alone after a period of unloading. Adult rats were assigned to 4 groups: control, hindlimb unloaded (HU; 14 days), reloaded (5 days) after hindlimb unloading (HUR), and reloaded after hindlimb unloading with nucleoprotein supplementation (HUR + NP). Compared with the HUR group, the HUR + NP group had larger soleus muscles and fiber cross-sectional areas, higher levels of phosphorylated rpS6, and higher numbers of myonuclei and myogenin-positive cells. These results suggest that nucleoprotein supplementation has a synergistic effect with reloading in recovering skeletal muscle properties after a period of unloading via rpS6 activation and satellite cell differentiation and incorporation into the muscle fibers. Therefore, this supplement may be an effective therapeutic regimen to include in rehabilitative strategies for a variety of muscle wasting conditions such as aging, cancer cachexia, muscular dystrophy, bed rest, and cast immobilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Nakanishi
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Yusuke Hirayama
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Minoru Tanaka
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan; Department of Physical Therapy, Osaka Yukioka College of Health Science, 1-1-41 Soujiji, Ibaraki 567-0801, Japan
| | - Noriaki Maeshige
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan
| | - Hiroyo Kondo
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Nagoya Women's University, 3-40 Shiojicho, Nagoya 467-8611, Japan
| | - Akihiko Ishihara
- Laboratory of Cell Biology and Life Science, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Yoshida-nihonmatsucho, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Roland R Roy
- Brain Research Institute and Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7239, USA
| | - Hidemi Fujino
- Rehabilitation Science, Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe University, 7-10-2 Tomogaoka, Kobe 654-0142, Japan.
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Zimmers TA, Fishel ML, Bonetto A. STAT3 in the systemic inflammation of cancer cachexia. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 54:28-41. [PMID: 26860754 PMCID: PMC4867234 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Weight loss is diagnostic of cachexia, a debilitating syndrome contributing mightily to morbidity and mortality in cancer. Most research has probed mechanisms leading to muscle atrophy and adipose wasting in cachexia; however cachexia is a truly systemic phenomenon. Presence of the tumor elicits an inflammatory response and profound metabolic derangements involving not only muscle and fat, but also the hypothalamus, liver, heart, blood, spleen and likely other organs. This global response is orchestrated in part through circulating cytokines that rise in conditions of cachexia. Exogenous Interleukin-6 (IL6) and related cytokines can induce most cachexia symptomatology, including muscle and fat wasting, the acute phase response and anemia, while IL-6 inhibition reduces muscle loss in cancer. Although mechanistic studies are ongoing, certain of these cachexia phenotypes have been causally linked to the cytokine-activated transcription factor, STAT3, including skeletal muscle wasting, cardiac dysfunction and hypothalamic inflammation. Correlative studies implicate STAT3 in fat wasting and the acute phase response in cancer cachexia. Parallel data in non-cancer models and disease states suggest both pathological and protective functions for STAT3 in other organs during cachexia. STAT3 also contributes to cancer cachexia through enhancing tumorigenesis, metastasis and immune suppression, particularly in tumors associated with high prevalence of cachexia. This review examines the evidence linking STAT3 to multi-organ manifestations of cachexia and the potential and perils for targeting STAT3 to reduce cachexia and prolong survival in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Melissa L Fishel
- IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Wells Center for Pediatric Research, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
| | - Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IU Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States; IUPUI Center for Cachexia Research Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States.
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