1
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Kadoya H, Hirano A, Umeno R, Kajimoto E, Iwakura T, Kondo M, Wada Y, Kidokoro K, Kishi S, Nagasu H, Sasaki T, Taniguchi S, Takahashi M, Kashihara N. Activation of the inflammasome drives peritoneal deterioration in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23129. [PMID: 37606578 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202201777rrr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
During peritoneal dialysis (PD), the peritoneum is exposed to a bioincompatible dialysate, deteriorating the tissue and limiting the long-term effectiveness of PD. Peritoneal fibrosis is triggered by chronic inflammation induced by a variety of stimuli, including peritonitis. Exposure to PD fluid alters peritoneal macrophages phenotype. Inflammasome activation triggers chronic inflammation. First, it was determined whether inflammasome activation causes peritoneal deterioration. In the in vivo experiments, the increased expression of the inflammasome components, caspase-1 activity, and concomitant overproduction of IL-1β and IL-18 were observed in a mouse model of peritoneal fibrosis. ASC-positive and F4/80-positive cells colocalized in the subperitoneal mesothelial cell layer. These macrophages expressed high CD44 levels indicating that the CD44-positive macrophages contribute to developing peritoneal deterioration. Furthermore, intravital imaging of the peritoneal microvasculature demonstrated that the circulating CD44-positive leukocytes may contribute to peritoneal fibrosis. Bone marrow transplantation in ASC-deficient mice suppressed inflammasome activation, thereby attenuating peritoneal fibrosis in a high glucose-based PD solution-injected mouse model. Our results suggest inflammasome activation in CD44-positive macrophages may be involved in developing peritoneal fibrosis. The inflammasome-derived pro-inflammatory cytokines might therefore serve as new biomarkers for developing encapsulating peritoneal sclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Kadoya
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Akira Hirano
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Reina Umeno
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Eriko Kajimoto
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tsukasa Iwakura
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Megumi Kondo
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Wada
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Kengo Kidokoro
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Hajime Nagasu
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Tamaki Sasaki
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Shun'ichiro Taniguchi
- Advanced Cancer Medicine for Gynecologic Cancer, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masafumi Takahashi
- Division of Inflammation Research, Center for Molecular Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke, Japan
| | - Naoki Kashihara
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
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2
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Yan D, Li T, Yang Y, Niu N, Wang D, Ge J, Wang L, Zhang R, Wang D, Tang BZ. A Water-Soluble AIEgen for Noninvasive Diagnosis of Kidney Fibrosis via SWIR Fluorescence and Photoacoustic Imaging. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2206643. [PMID: 36222386 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202206643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Early diagnosis of renal fibrosis is crucially significant on account of its worldwide prevalent tendency. Optical imaging in the near-infrared window has been recognized as an appealing technique for the timely detection of renal dysfunction. However, formulating a contrast agent that allows early monitoring of renal fibrosis and concurrently renally clearable in a normal group is still challenging. Herein, a nanosized fluorophore with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) features, namely AIE-4PEG550 NPs, is well-tailored and amenable to longitudinal visualization of the fibrosis progression specifically in the early-stage via short-wave infrared (SWIR, 900-1700 nm) fluorescence and photoacoustic bimodal imaging. The small size (≈26 nm), renally filtrable molecular weight (3.3 kDa), high renal clearance efficiency (93.1 ± 1.7% excretion through the kidneys within 24 h), outstanding imaging performance, and good biocompatibility, together make AIE-4PEG550 NPs remarkably impressive and far superior to clinical diagnostic assays. The finding in this study would provide a blueprint for the next generation of diagnostic agents for the extent of renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyuan Yan
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, P. R. China
| | - Yilin Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030001, P. R. China
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, P. R. China
| | - Niu Niu
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Deliang Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Jinyin Ge
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- The Radiology Department of Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030000, P. R. China
| | - Dong Wang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Center for AIE Research, Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Polymer Science and Technology, Guangdong Research Center for Interfacial Engineering of Functional Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- School of Science and Engineering, Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, P. R. China
- Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Department of Chemistry, Institute of Molecular Functional Materials, State Key Laboratory of Neuroscience, Division of Biomedical Engineering and Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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3
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Kitching AR, Hickey MJ. Immune cell behaviour and dynamics in the kidney - insights from in vivo imaging. Nat Rev Nephrol 2022; 18:22-37. [PMID: 34556836 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-021-00481-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The actions of immune cells within the kidney are of fundamental importance in kidney homeostasis and disease. In disease settings such as acute kidney injury, anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis, lupus nephritis and renal transplant rejection, immune cells resident within the kidney and those recruited from the circulation propagate inflammatory responses with deleterious effects on the kidney. As in most forms of inflammation, intravital imaging - particularly two-photon microscopy - has been critical to our understanding of immune cell responses in the renal microvasculature and interstitium, enabling visualization of immune cell dynamics over time rather than statically. These studies have demonstrated differences in the recruitment and function of these cells from those in more conventional vascular beds, and provided a wealth of information on the actions of blood-borne immune cells such as neutrophils, monocytes and T cells, as well as kidney-resident mononuclear phagocytes, in a range of diseases affecting different kidney compartments. In particular, in vivo imaging has furthered our understanding of leukocyte function within the glomerulus in acute glomerulonephritis, and in the tubulointerstitium and interstitial microvasculature during acute kidney injury and following transplantation, revealing mechanisms of immune surveillance, antigen presentation and inflammation in the kidney.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Richard Kitching
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia. .,Departments of Nephrology and Paediatric Nephrology, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Michael J Hickey
- Centre for Inflammatory Diseases, Monash University Department of Medicine, Monash Medical Centre, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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4
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Shroff UN, Gyarmati G, Izuhara A, Deepak S, Peti-Peterdi J. A new view of macula densa cell protein synthesis. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 321:F689-F704. [PMID: 34693742 PMCID: PMC8714974 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00222.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Macula densa (MD) cells, a chief sensory cell type in the nephron, are endowed with unique microanatomic features including a high density of protein synthetic organelles and secretory vesicles in basal cell processes ("maculapodia") that suggest a so far unknown high rate of MD protein synthesis. This study aimed to explore the rate and regulation of MD protein synthesis and their effects on glomerular function using novel transgenic mouse models, newly established fluorescence cell biology techniques, and intravital microscopy. Sox2-tdTomato kidney tissue sections and an O-propargyl puromycin incorporation-based fluorescence imaging assay showed that MD cells have the highest level of protein synthesis within the kidney cortex followed by intercalated cells and podocytes. Genetic gain of function of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling specifically in MD cells (in MD-mTORgof mice) or their physiological activation by low-salt diet resulted in further significant increases in the synthesis of MD proteins. Specifically, these included both classic and recently identified MD-specific proteins such as cyclooxygenase 2, microsomal prostaglandin E2 synthase 1, and pappalysin 2. Intravital imaging of the kidney using multiphoton microscopy showed significant increases in afferent and efferent arteriole and glomerular capillary diameters and blood flow in MD-mTORgof mice coupled with an elevated glomerular filtration rate. The presently identified high rate of MD protein synthesis that is regulated by mTOR signaling is a novel component of the physiological activation and glomerular hemodynamic regulatory functions of MD cells that remains to be fully characterized.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study discovered the high rate of protein synthesis in macula densa (MD) cells by applying direct imaging techniques with single cell resolution. Physiological activation and mammalian target of rapamycin signaling played important regulatory roles in this process. This new feature is a novel component of the tubuloglomerular cross talk and glomerular hemodynamic regulatory functions of MD cells. Future work is needed to elucidate the nature and (patho)physiological role of the specific proteins synthesized by MD cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Audrey Izuhara
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Sachin Deepak
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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5
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Gyarmati G, Jacob CO, Peti-Peterdi J. New Endothelial Mechanisms in Glomerular (Patho)biology and Proteinuria Development Captured by Intravital Multiphoton Imaging. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:765356. [PMID: 34722598 PMCID: PMC8548465 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.765356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past two decades, intravital imaging using multiphoton microscopy has provided numerous new visual and mechanistic insights into glomerular biology and disease processes including the function of glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC), podocytes, and the development of proteinuria. Although glomerular endothelial injury is known to precede podocyte damage in several renal diseases, the primary role of GEnCs in proteinuria development received much less attention compared to the vast field of podocyte pathobiology. Consequently, our knowledge of GEnC mechanisms in glomerular diseases is still emerging. This review highlights new visual clues on molecular and cellular mechanisms of GEnCs and their crosstalk with podocytes and immune cells that were acquired recently by the application of multiphoton imaging of the intact glomerular microenvironment in various proteinuric disease models. New mechanisms of glomerular tissue remodeling and regeneration are discussed based on results of tracking the fate and function of individual GEnCs using serial intravital multiphoton imaging over several days and weeks. The three main topics of this review include (i) the role of endothelial injury and microthrombi in podocyte detachment and albumin leakage via hemodynamic and mechanical forces, (ii) the alterations of the endothelial surface layer (glycocalyx) and its interactions with circulating immune cells in lupus nephritis, and (iii) the structural and functional remodeling and regeneration of GEnCs in hypertension, diabetes, and other experimental injury conditions. By the comprehensive visual portrayal of GEnCs and the many other contributing glomerular cell types, this review emphasizes the complexity of pathogenic mechanisms that result in proteinuria development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Chaim O Jacob
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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6
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Li S, Wang F, Sun D. The renal microcirculation in chronic kidney disease: novel diagnostic methods and therapeutic perspectives. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:90. [PMID: 34001267 PMCID: PMC8130426 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00606-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 8–16% of the population worldwide and is characterized by fibrotic processes. Understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms underpinning renal fibrosis is critical to the development of new therapeutics. Microvascular injury is considered an important contributor to renal progressive diseases. Vascular endothelium plays a significant role in responding to physical and chemical signals by generating factors that help maintain normal vascular tone, inhibit leukocyte adhesion and platelet aggregation, and suppress smooth muscle cell proliferation. Loss of the rich capillary network results in endothelial dysfunction, hypoxia, and inflammatory and oxidative effects and further leads to the imbalance of pro- and antiangiogenic factors, endothelial cell apoptosis and endothelial-mesenchymal transition. New techniques, including both invasive and noninvasive techniques, offer multiple methods to observe and monitor renal microcirculation and guide targeted therapeutic strategies. A better understanding of the role of endothelium in CKD will help in the development of effective interventions for renal microcirculation improvement. This review focuses on the role of microvascular injury in CKD, the methods to detect microvessels and the novel treatments to ameliorate renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shulin Li
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China
| | - Dong Sun
- Department of Nephrology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, China. .,Department of Internal Medicine and Diagnostics, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, China.
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7
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Gyarmati G, Shroff UN, Riquier-Brison A, Kriz W, Kaissling B, Neal CR, Arkill KP, Ahmadi N, Gill IS, Moon JY, Desposito D, Peti-Peterdi J. A new view of macula densa cell microanatomy. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2021; 320:F492-F504. [PMID: 33491562 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00546.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although macula densa (MD) cells are chief regulatory cells in the nephron with unique microanatomical features, they have been difficult to study in full detail due to their inaccessibility and limitations in earlier microscopy techniques. The present study used a new mouse model with a comprehensive imaging approach to visualize so far unexplored microanatomical features of MD cells, their regulation, and functional relevance. MD-GFP mice with conditional and partial induction of green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression, which specifically and intensely illuminated only single MD cells, were used with fluorescence microscopy of fixed tissue and live MD cells in vitro and in vivo with complementary electron microscopy of the rat, rabbit, and human kidney. An elaborate network of major and minor cell processes, here named maculapodia, were found at the cell base, projecting toward other MD cells and the glomerular vascular pole. The extent of maculapodia showed upregulation by low dietary salt intake and the female sex. Time-lapse imaging of maculapodia revealed highly dynamic features including rapid outgrowth and an extensive vesicular transport system. Electron microscopy of rat, rabbit, and human kidneys and three-dimensional volume reconstruction in optically cleared whole-mount MD-GFP mouse kidneys further confirmed the presence and projections of maculapodia into the extraglomerular mesangium and afferent and efferent arterioles. The newly identified dynamic and secretory features of MD cells suggest the presence of novel functional and molecular pathways of cell-to-cell communication in the juxtaglomerular apparatus between MD cells and between MD and other target cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study illuminated a physiologically regulated dense network of basal cell major and minor processes (maculapodia) in macula densa (MD) cells. The newly identified dynamic and secretory features of these microanatomical structures suggest the presence of novel functional and molecular pathways of cell-to-cell communication in the juxtaglomerular apparatus between MD and other target cells. Detailed characterization of the function and molecular details of MD cell intercellular communications and their role in physiology and disease warrant further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gyarmati
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Wilhelm Kriz
- Centre for Biomedicine and Medical Technology Mannheim, Neuroanatomy, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany
| | | | - Christopher R Neal
- Bristol Renal, Bristol Heart Institute, Translational Health Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Kenton P Arkill
- Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham Biodiscovery Institute, University Park, United Kingdom
| | - Nariman Ahmadi
- Institute of Urology, Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Inderbir S Gill
- Institute of Urology, Catherine & Joseph Aresty Department of Urology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Ju-Young Moon
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Dorinne Desposito
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - János Peti-Peterdi
- Departments of Physiology and Neuroscience, and Medicine, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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8
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Liang Y, Walczak P. Long term intravital single cell tracking under multiphoton microscopy. J Neurosci Methods 2020; 349:109042. [PMID: 33340557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2020.109042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Visualizing and tracking cells over time in a living organism has been a much-coveted dream before the invention of intravital microscopy. The opaque nature of tissue was a major hurdle that was remedied by the multiphoton microscopy. With the advancement of optical imaging and fluorescent labeling tools, intravital high resolution imaging has become increasingly accessible over the past few years. Long-term intravital tracking of single cells (LIST) under multiphoton microscopy provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the longitudinal changes in the morphology, migration, or function of cells or subcellular structures. It is particularly suitable for studying slow-evolving cellular and molecular events during normal development or disease progression, without losing the opportunity of catching fast events such as calcium signals. Here, we review the application of LIST under 2-photon microscopy in various fields of neurobiology and discuss challenges and new directions in labeling and imaging methods for LIST. Overall, this review provides an overview of current applications of LIST in mammals, which is an emerging field that will contribute to a better understanding of essential molecular and cellular events in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajie Liang
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Piotr Walczak
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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9
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Shanja-Grabarz X, Coste A, Entenberg D, Di Cristofano A. Real-time, high-resolution imaging of tumor cells in genetically engineered and orthotopic models of thyroid cancer. Endocr Relat Cancer 2020; 27:529-539. [PMID: 32698130 PMCID: PMC7450603 DOI: 10.1530/erc-20-0295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Genetically engineered and orthotopic xenograft mouse models have been instrumental for increasing our understanding of thyroid cancer progression and for the development of novel therapeutic approaches in a setting that is more physiologically relevant than the classical subcutaneous flank implants. However, the anatomical location of the thyroid gland precludes a non-invasive analysis at the cellular level of the interactions between tumor cells and the surrounding microenvironment and does not allow a real-time evaluation of the response of tumor cells to drug treatments. As a consequence, such studies have generally only relied on endpoint approaches, limiting the amount and depth of the information that could be gathered. Here we describe the development of an innovative approach to imaging specific aspects of thyroid cancer biology, based on the implantation of a permanent, minimally invasive optical window that allows high-resolution, multi-day, intravital imaging of the behavior and cellular dynamics of thyroid tumors in the mouse. We show that this technology allows visualization of fluorescently tagged tumor cells both in immunocompetent, genetically engineered mouse models of anaplastic thyroid cancer (ATC) and in immunocompromised mice carrying orthotopic implanted human or mouse ATC cells. Furthermore, the use of recipient mice in which endothelial cells and macrophages are fluorescently labeled allows the detection of the spatial and functional relationship between tumor cells and their microenvironment. Finally, we show that ATC cells expressing a fluorescent biosensor for caspase 3 activity can be effectively utilized to evaluate, in real-time, the efficacy and kinetics of action of novel small molecule therapeutics. This novel approach to intravital imaging of thyroid cancer represents a platform that will allow, for the first time, the longitudinal, in situ analysis of tumor cell responses to therapy and of their interaction with the microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhesika Shanja-Grabarz
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Anouchka Coste
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - David Entenberg
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
| | - Antonio Di Cristofano
- Department of Developmental and Molecular Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York, USA
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10
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Ranjit S, Lanzanò L, Libby AE, Gratton E, Levi M. Advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques to study kidney function. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 17:128-144. [PMID: 32948857 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-00337-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy, in particular immunofluorescence microscopy, has been used extensively for the assessment of kidney function and pathology for both research and diagnostic purposes. The development of confocal microscopy in the 1950s enabled imaging of live cells and intravital imaging of the kidney; however, confocal microscopy is limited by its maximal spatial resolution and depth. More recent advances in fluorescence microscopy techniques have enabled increasingly detailed assessment of kidney structure and provided extraordinary insights into kidney function. For example, nanoscale precise imaging by rapid beam oscillation (nSPIRO) is a super-resolution microscopy technique that was originally developed for functional imaging of kidney microvilli and enables detection of dynamic physiological events in the kidney. A variety of techniques such as fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence correlation spectroscopy (FCS) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) enable assessment of interaction between proteins. The emergence of other super-resolution techniques, including super-resolution stimulated emission depletion (STED), photoactivated localization microscopy (PALM), stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) and structured illumination microscopy (SIM), has enabled functional imaging of cellular and subcellular organelles at ≤50 nm resolution. The deep imaging via emission recovery (DIVER) detector allows deep, label-free and high-sensitivity imaging of second harmonics, enabling assessment of processes such as fibrosis, whereas fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM) enables assessment of metabolic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suman Ranjit
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA. .,Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Luca Lanzanò
- Nanoscopy and NIC@IIT, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Department of Physics and Astronomy "Ettore Majorana", University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Andrew E Libby
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Enrico Gratton
- Laboratory for Fluorescence Dynamics, Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - Moshe Levi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA.
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11
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Shroff UN, Schiessl IM, Gyarmati G, Riquier-Brison A, Peti-Peterdi J. Novel fluorescence techniques to quantitate renal cell biology. Methods Cell Biol 2019; 154:85-107. [PMID: 31493823 PMCID: PMC6748388 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2019.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescence microscopy techniques are powerful tools to study tissue dynamics, cellular function and biology both in vivo and in vitro. These tools allow for functional assessment and quantification along with qualitative analysis, thus providing a comprehensive understanding of various cellular processes under normal physiological and disease conditions. The main focus of this chapter is the recently developed method of serial intravital multiphoton microscopy that has helped shed light on the dynamic alterations of the spatial distribution and fate of single renal cells or cell populations and their migration patterns in the same tissue region over several days in response to various stimuli within the living kidney. This technique is very useful for studying in vivo the molecular and cellular mechanisms of tissue remodeling and repair after injury. In addition, complementary in vitro imaging tools are also described and discussed, like tissue clearing techniques and protein synthesis measurement in tissues in situ that provide an in depth assessment of changes at the cellular level. Thus, these novel fluorescence techniques can be effectively leveraged for different tissue types, experimental conditions as well as disease models to improve our understanding of renal cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urvi Nikhil Shroff
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Georgina Gyarmati
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Anne Riquier-Brison
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States.
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12
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Wevers RA, Christensen M, Engelke UFH, Geuer S, Coene KLM, Kwast JT, Lund AM, Vissers LELM. Functional disruption of pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 results in a novel inborn error of metabolism with high excretion of uridine and cytidine. J Inherit Metab Dis 2019; 42:494-500. [PMID: 30847922 DOI: 10.1002/jimd.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Genetic defects in the pyrimidine nucleoside transporters of the CNT transporter family have not yet been reported. Metabolic investigations in a patient with infantile afebrile tonic-clonic seizures revealed increased urinary uridine and cytidine excretion. Segregation of this metabolic trait in the family showed the same biochemical phenotype in a healthy older brother of the index. Whole exome sequencing revealed biallelic mutations in SLC28A1 encoding the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1 in the index and his brother. Both parents and unaffected sibs showed the variant in heterozygous state. The transporter is expressed in the kidneys. Compelling evidence is available for the disrupting effect of the mutation on the transport function thus explaining the increased excretion of the pyrimidine nucleosides. The exome analysis also revealed a pathogenic mutation in PRRT2 in the index, explaining the epilepsy phenotype in infancy. At present, both the index (10 years) and his older brother are asymptomatic. Mutations in SLC28A1 cause a novel inborn error of metabolism that can be explained by the disrupted activity of the pyrimidine nucleoside transporter CNT1. This is the first report describing a defect in the family of CNT concentrative pyrimidine nucleoside transporter proteins encoded by the SLC28 gene family. In all likelihood, the epilepsy phenotype in the index is unrelated to the SLC28A1 defect, as this can be fully explained by the pathogenic PRRT2 variant. Clinical data on more patients are required to prove whether pathogenic mutations in SLC28A1 have any clinical consequences or are to be considered a benign metabolic phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Wevers
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - M Christensen
- Department of Clinical Genetics, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - U F H Engelke
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - S Geuer
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Institut für Medizinische Diagnostik GmbH, Ingelheim, Germany
| | - K L M Coene
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - J T Kwast
- Department Laboratory Medicine, Translational Metabolic Laboratory, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - A M Lund
- Department of Paediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Centre for Inherited Metabolic Diseases, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - L E L M Vissers
- Department Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition, and Behaviour, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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13
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Fan L, Wang S, He X, Gonzalez‐Fernandez E, Lechene C, Fan F, Roman RJ. Visualization of the intrarenal distribution of capillary blood flow. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14065. [PMID: 31008571 PMCID: PMC6475880 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study describes a modified technique to fill the renal vasculature with a silicon rubber (Microfil) compound and obtain morphologic information about the intrarenal distribution of capillary blood flow under a variety of conditions. Kidneys and cremaster muscles of rats were perfused in vivo with Microfil using a perfusion pressure equal to the animal's mean arterial pressure at body temperature. Microfil did not alter arteriolar diameter or the pattern of flow in the microcirculation of the cremaster muscle. The modified protocol reproducibly filled the renal vasculature, including; glomerular, peritubular, and vasa recta capillaries. We compared the filling of the renal circulation in control rats with that seen in animals subjected to maneuvers reported to alter the intrarenal distribution of blood flow. Infusion of angiotensin II, hypotension, volume expansion, and mannitol- or furosemide-induced diuresis redistributed flow between renal cortical and medullary capillaries. The advantage of the current technique is that it provides anatomical information regarding the number, diameter, and branching patterns of capillaries in the postglomerular circulation critical in determining the intrarenal distribution of cortical and medullary blood flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letao Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Xiaochen He
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | | | - Claude Lechene
- Center of NanoimagingBrigham and Women's HospitalCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
| | - Richard J. Roman
- Department of Pharmacology and ToxicologyUniversity of Mississippi Medical CenterJacksonMississippi
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Schiessl IM, Fremter K, Burford JL, Castrop H, Peti-Peterdi J. Long-Term Cell Fate Tracking of Individual Renal Cells Using Serial Intravital Microscopy. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2150:25-44. [PMID: 31087287 DOI: 10.1007/7651_2019_232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intravital multiphoton microscopy of the kidney is a powerful technique to study alterations in tissue morphology and function simultaneously in the living animal and represents a dynamic and developing research tool in the field. Recent technological advances include serial intravital multiphoton microscopy of the same kidney regions over several weeks and combined with ex vivo histology for cellular biomarker expression of the same cells, which had been subject to serial imaging before. Thus, serial intravital multiphoton microscopy followed by ex vivo histology provides unique tools to perform long-term cell fate tracing of the same renal cells during physiological and pathophysiological conditions, thereby allowing the detection of structural changes of the same renal cells over time. Examples include renal cell migration and proliferation while linking these events to local functional alterations and eventually to the expression of distinct cellular biomarkers. Here, we provide a detailed step-by-step protocol to facilitate serial intravital multiphoton microscopy for long-term in vivo tracking of renal cells and subsequent ex vivo histology for immunohistological staining of the same cells in the fixed tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ina Maria Schiessl
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Katharina Fremter
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - James L Burford
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hayo Castrop
- Institute of Physiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Janos Peti-Peterdi
- Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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