1
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Dong P, Li J, Woldeyohans AM, Parmentier D, Van Hulle SWH. Coagulation in combination with anaerobic digestion for enhancement of resource recovery from faecal sludge. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 358:120902. [PMID: 38657411 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.120902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Poorly managed faecal sludge (FS) poses significant challenges to public health and the environment. Anaerobic digestion (AD) of FS provides an effective method for energy recovery while reducing FS associated threats. Recognizing the critical role of the dewatering process before AD, this study investigates the synergistic application of chemical coagulation and mesophilic AD for synthetic FS treatment. FeCl3, AlCl3, Fe2(SO4)3, poly ferric sulfate (PFS) and poly aluminium ferric chloride (PAFC) were utilized at varying dosages to examine their impact on FS properties and subsequent biogas production from the dewatered FS. It was found that coagulation enhances sedimentation efficiencies and dewaterability through mechanisms such as charge neutralization, charge patching and bridging, thereby improving the FS feasibility for AD. Notably, polymer coagulant PFS showed good performance in balancing pollutant removal and methane recovery, contributing to facilitating the hydrolysis and acidogenesis microorganisms involved in the AD process. Optimal dosage was identified at 150 mg/g TS (1.7 g/L FS), achieving prominent removal efficiencies for total COD (67%), turbidity (85%), and total phosphorus (60%), while simultaneously enhancing AD performance with specific CH4 production reaching 517 ml CH₄/g VS or 24.8 ml CH₄/g AD wet feedstock compared to 309 ml CH₄/g VS or 2.7 ml CH₄/g AD wet feedstock in untreated FS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengyu Dong
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint Martens-Latemlaan 2B, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Belgium.
| | - Jin Li
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint Martens-Latemlaan 2B, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium; School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, 710049, PR China
| | - Akalu M Woldeyohans
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint Martens-Latemlaan 2B, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium
| | - Dries Parmentier
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint Martens-Latemlaan 2B, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium; Noah Water Solutions Bvba, Burchtweg 7, B-9890, Gavere, Belgium
| | - Stijn W H Van Hulle
- Laboratory for Industrial Water and Ecotechnology (LIWET), Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Ghent University Campus Kortrijk, Sint Martens-Latemlaan 2B, Kortrijk, B-8500, Belgium; Centre for Advanced Process Technology for Urban Resource Recovery (CAPTURE), Belgium
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2
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Optimization of an approach to detect low-concentration MNV-1 and HAV from soil-rich or non-soil post-washing water containing various PCR inhibitory substances. Food Control 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2023.109735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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3
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Wang W, Li R, Bu F, Gao Y, Gao B, Yue Q, Yang M, Li Y. Coagulation and membrane fouling mechanism of Al species in removing humic acid: Effect of pH and a dynamics process analysis. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2023.123130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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4
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Bayomi AM, Souaya ER, Ismail EH, Mohamed GG, Hussein MMF. Reducing disinfection byproduct precursors through coagulation enhancement as particle weight and size control using potassium permanganate. JOURNAL OF WATER AND HEALTH 2023; 21:1-8. [PMID: 36705493 DOI: 10.2166/wh.2022.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of chlorine pre-oxidation in water purification has been limited in several countries owing to the production of carcinogenic byproducts when combined with naturally occurring organic matter. This study investigates the efficient use of potassium permanganate (KMnO4) pretreatment and coagulation enhancement as particle size and molecular weight distribution controlling parameters. KMnO4 pretreatment significantly reduced the apparent molecular weight of humic acid due to KMnO4 reduction and the continuous generation of manganese dioxide (MnO2) formed in situ under neutral and alkaline conditions. The MnO2 formed in situ had adsorption characteristics that enabled it to form large and stable flocs with the hydrolysis products of aluminum sulfate. However, under acidic conditions, KMnO4 pretreatment exhibited strong oxidation characteristics due to Mn(VII) reduction to Mn(II), and the mean particle floc size was the same as without KMnO4 pretreatment. Overall, KMnO4 pretreatment is a useful alternative strategy for traditional pre-oxidation using chlorine and a good coagulant enhancement agent in neutral and basic media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Bayomi
- Quality Control and Environmental Affairs Department, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, Cairo, Egypt E-mail:
| | - Eglal R Souaya
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Eman H Ismail
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Gehad G Mohamed
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt; Nanoscience Department, Basic and Applied Sciences Institute, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology, New Borg El Arab, Alexandria 21934, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud Mohamed Fouad Hussein
- Quality Control and Environmental Affairs Department, Holding Company for Water and Wastewater, Cairo, Egypt E-mail:
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5
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Liu L, Lu S, An G, Yang B, Zhao X, Wu D, He H, Wang D. Historical development of Al30 highlighting the unique characteristics and application in water treatment: A review. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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6
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Gong Y, Bai Y, Zhao D, Wang Q. Aggregation of carboxyl-modified polystyrene nanoplastics in water with aluminum chloride: Structural characterization and theoretical calculation. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117884. [PMID: 34837810 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoplastics (NPs) pollution of aquatic systems is becoming an emerging environmental issue due to their stable structure, high mobility, and easy interactions with ambient contaminants. Effective removal technologies are urgently needed to mitigate their toxic effects. In this study, we systematically investigated the removal effectiveness and mechanisms of a commonly detected nanoplastics, carboxyl-modified polystyrene (PS-COOH) via coagulation and sedimentation processes using aluminum chloride (AlCl3) as a coagulant. PS-COOH appeared as clearly defined and discrete spherical nanoparticles in water with a hydrodynamic diameter of 50 nm. The addition of 10 mg/L AlCl3 compressed and even destroyed the negatively charged PS-COOH surface layer, decreased the energy barrier, and efficiently removed 96.6% of 50 mg/L PS-COOH. The dominant removal mechanisms included electrostatic adsorption and intermolecular interactions. Increasing the pH from 3.5 to 8.5 sharply enhanced the PS-COOH removal, whereas significant loss was observed at pH 10.0. High temperature (23 °C) favored the removal of PS-COOH compared to lower temperature (4 °C). High PS-COOH removal efficiency was observed over the salinity range of 0 - 35‰. The presence of positively charged Al2O3 did not affect the PS-COOH removal, while negatively charged SiO2 reduced the PS-COOH removal from 96.6% to 93.2%. Moreover, the coagulation and sedimentation process efficiently removed 90.2% of 50 mg/L PS-COOH in real surface water even though it was rich in inorganic ions and total organic carbon. The fast and efficient capture of PS-COOH by AlCl3 via a simple coagulation and sedimentation process provides a new insight for the treatment of NPs from aqueous environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanyan Gong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China.
| | - Yang Bai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 511443, China
| | - Dongye Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, United States
| | - Qilin Wang
- Center for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2007, Australia
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7
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Liu L, Lu S, Demissie H, Yue Y, Jiao R, An G, Wang D. Formation of Al 30 aggregates and its correlation to the coagulation effect. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 278:130493. [PMID: 34126694 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Al30 is the polycation with the highest degree of polymerization and surface charge in the currently known structural aluminum species. It shows excellent coagulation performance in water treatment process, and has the characteristics of wide application range of pH and dosage. pH value is one of the most important factors affecting the aggregation and coagulation process of Al30, but the influence of Al30 aggregation reaction on its coagulation effect is still unclear. Therefore, this article reports the deprotonation and aggregation reaction of Al30 by adjusting the basicity (B) of the solution, particularly to further understand the coagulation mechanism of Al30 under different conditions. The results showed that in the base titration process, when B < 2.86 in 0.01 M Al30 solution as AlT (the concentration of total Al), deprotonation and preliminary aggregation mainly occurred; when B > 2.86, the size of Al30 aggregates (Al30agg) increased rapidly, forming gels and gradually transforming into Al(OH)3. In this process, in addition to the reduction of electrostatic repulsion induced by Al30 deprotonation, the oligomers generated by the partial dissociation of Al30 also play the role of bridging-connection. Under the experimental titration conditions, the Al30agg always maintained a positive zeta potential. In addition, Al30 can deprotonate and aggregate at lower pH, which is an important reason for its unique coagulation characteristics. The larger structure size of Al30 also made it easy to form branched aggregates, so that it can play an effective role in a wider dosage range without destabilization of colloids. This study gives an insight in the advancement of coagulants and promotes the industrial application and commercialization of functional coagulants based on polyaluminum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sen Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Hailu Demissie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Department of Chemistry, Arba Minch University, 1000, Ethiopia
| | - Ye Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruyuan Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China
| | - Guangyu An
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 18, Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Branch, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang, 322000, China.
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8
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Yu C, Gao B, Shen X, Bu F, Jin B, Yue Q. Impacts of composite flocculant in coagulation/ultrafiltration hybrid process for treatment of humic acid water: the role of basicity. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:2856-2869. [PMID: 31958258 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2020.1716856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the composite flocculant, polyaluminium chloride and poly dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (PACl-PDMDAAC) in comparison with PACl on coagulation efficiencies and membrane fouling in coagulation-ultrafiltration (C-UF) process were analysed, which was conducted in the conditions of different basicity (B) values and the presence of Mg2+. Results showed that PACl-PDMDAAC enhanced the ability of charge neutralization and absorption bridging, and improved the coagulation efficiency. When B value was 1.5, the flocculant hydrolyzed to form more Alb morphology and effectively removed HA molecules. The presence of Mg2+ could improve the coagulation performance through bridging ability. The results of the ultrafiltration test showed that the flux reduction for PACl was 70%, while the flux reduction for PACl-PDMDAAC was 60% in C-UF process. PACl-PDMDAAC could effectively reduce membrane fouling mainly by reducing strongly attached cake/gel layer. When B value was 1.5, the Alb content of the flocculant was higher and the ability of adsorption charge neutralization was strong, resulting in forming a stable cake layer. Therefore, the membrane fouling was the lightest. In addition, the presence of Mg2+ in raw water reduced the membrane fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghui Yu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Shen
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Bu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Jin
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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9
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Kim MS, Jeong YH, Kwak DH. Modeling behaviors of permeable non-spherical micro-plastic aggregates by aggregation/sedimentation in turbulent freshwater flow. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 406:124660. [PMID: 33310332 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study developed and evaluated a behavior model for permeable non-spherical micro-plastic aggregates in a turbulent flow of freshwater based on fractal theory, as conducting experimental and modeling studies. Laboratory-scale experiments evaluated attachment efficiency α to aggregation kinetics in an aquatic environment (pH 6, 20 ℃) of the electrolyte (Al3+). The experimental α was dependent on characteristics of plastics (type, size, and density) and ranged from 0.062 to 0.2772 (averaging 0.1) with a high correlation with the modeled α (R2 > 0.92). Model validation was conducted under two simulation conditions: one drawn from a previously published study of impermeable spherical aggregates and the other based on fractal theory. The simulations verified the limited primary particle size with the lowest retention rate based on the previous study but it was difficult to determine the specific particle size with the lowest retention rate as a limiting factor. The sum of residual errors for aggregation/sedimentation between the two types of structures showed an overestimation of spherical structures. Such overestimation influenced the aggregate number concentration and distribution pattern. Therefore, the model needs to more detailed express the aggregation mechanism of permeable non-spherical aggregate structures in terms of surface growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Sug Kim
- School of Environmental Science, Engineering, and Policy, Drexel University, 3141 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yong-Hoon Jeong
- Center for Jeongeub Industry-Academy Cooperation, Jeonbuk National University, 9 Cheomdan-ro, Jeongeub 54896, South Korea
| | - Dong-Heui Kwak
- Dept. of Bio-Convergence Science, Jeonbuk National University, 567 Baekjedae-ro, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, South Korea.
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10
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Nakazawa Y, Abe T, Matsui Y, Shirasaki N, Matsushita T. Stray particles as the source of residuals in sand filtrate: Behavior of superfine powdered activated carbon particles in water treatment processes. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 190:116786. [PMID: 33387954 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Although superfine powdered activated carbon has excellent adsorption properties, it is not used in conventional water treatment processes comprising coagulation-flocculation, sedimentation, and sand filtration (CSF) due to concerns about its residual in treated water. Here, we examined the production and fate of very fine carbon particles with lacking in charge neutralization as a source of the residual in sand filtrate after CSF treatment. Almost all of the carbon particles in the water were charge-neutralized by coagulation treatment with rapid mixing, but a very small amount (≤0.4% of the initial concentration) of very fine carbon particles with a lesser degree of charge neutralization were left behind in coagulation process. Such carbon particles, defined as stray carbon particles, were hardly removed by subsequent flocculation and sedimentation processes, and some of them remained in the sand filtrate. The concentration of residual carbon particles in the sand filtrate varied similarly with that of the stray carbon particles. The stray and residual carbon particles were similarly smaller than the particles before coagulation treatment, but the residual carbon particles had less charge neutralization than the stray carbon particles. The turbidity of water samples collected after sedimentation was not correlated with the residual carbon concentration in the sand filtrate, even though it is often used as an indicator of treatment performance with respect to the removal of suspended matter. Based on these findings, we suggest that reduction of the amount of stray particles should be a performance goal of the CSF treatment. Examining this concept further, we confirmed that the residence time distributions in the coagulation and flocculation reactors influenced the concentration of stray carbon particles and then the residual carbon particle concentration in sand filtrate, but found that the effect was dependent on coagulant type. A multi-chambered-reactor configuration lowered both the stray carbon particle concentration after coagulation treatment and the residual carbon particle concentration in sand filtrate compared with a single-chambered reactor configuration. When a normal basicity PACl that consisted mainly of monomeric Al species was used, the stray carbon particle concentration was decreased during coagulation process and then gradually decreased during subsequent flocculation process because the monomeric Al species were transformed to colloidal Al species via polymeric Al species. In contrast, when a high-basicity PACl that consisted mostly of colloidal Al species was used, coagulation treatment largely decreased the stray carbon particle concentration, which did not decrease further during subsequent flocculation process. These findings will be valuable for controlling residual carbon particles after the CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Nakazawa
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Taketo Abe
- Graduate School of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Matsui
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
| | - Nobutaka Shirasaki
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Taku Matsushita
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
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11
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Wang Y, Geng Q, Yang J, Liu Y, Liu C. Hybrid System of Flocculation-Photocatalysis for the Decolorization of Crystal Violet, Reactive Red X-3B, and Acid Orange II Dye. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:31137-31145. [PMID: 33324822 PMCID: PMC7726949 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c04285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
A hybrid system of flocculation-photocatalysis (HSFP) was applied to evaluate the color removal from simulative dye wastewater. The decolorization performance of HSFP was investigated considering four key factors: flocculant dosage, pH, turbidity, and ionic strength. Compared with flocculation alone, HSFP showed better decolorization effectiveness for simulative Crystal Violet-Reactive Red X-3B dye wastewater (CV-RR) and simulative Crystal Violet-Acid Orange II dye wastewater (CV-AO). The dosage of flocculant was determined by the molecular structure of target dyes. A higher dosage was required for the color removal of dyes with a lower molecular weight and less sulfonic acid groups. The dominant decolorization mechanism was different with different initial pH values of simulative dye wastewater, which influenced the decolorization efficiency of flocculation and photocatalysis. For dyes with a lower molecular weight and less sulfonic acid groups, better decolorization performance was achieved under neutral conditions, mainly depending on strong charge neutralization and adsorption bridging capacity. For dyes with a higher molecular weight and more sulfonic acid groups, decolorization efficiency was improved with an increase in pH, due to stronger deprotonation. An increase of turbidity reduced the dye removal efficiency of flocculation alone and HSFP. The presence of NaCl, CuCl2, and CrCl3 led to a different decrease in the flocculation efficiency and photodegradation efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry-Chemical & Environment Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, P. R. China
| | - Qijin Geng
- Department
of Chemistry-Chemical & Environment Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, P. R. China
| | - Jinmei Yang
- Department
of Chemistry-Chemical & Environment Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, P. R. China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department
of Chemistry-Chemical & Environment Engineering, Weifang University, Weifang 261061, P. R. China
| | - Chen Liu
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, P. R. China
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12
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García M, Collado S, Oulego P, Díaz M. The wet oxidation of aqueous humic acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 396:122402. [PMID: 32298859 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humic acids are highly distributed in aqueous environments. This article examines in depth the advanced oxidation of humic acid aqueous solutions, in order to understand more complex oxidation processes such as those of the sewage sludge or landfill leachate, or the matrix effects triggered by the humic acids of natural organic matter (NOM) in the oxidation of other aqueous compounds as herbicides. Humic acids were efficiently oxidized; higher temperatures (180-220 °C) involved higher mineralization, the formation of intermediates with lower colour and also led to a higher concentration of organic acids at the end of the treatment, particularly acetic and oxalic ones. Nevertheless, humic acid wet oxidation was not sensitive to changes in the pressure, at least in the range tested (65-95 bar), but the initial pH (4-13) was found to be a key factor. Thus, alkaline media accelerated the humic acid removal, but more refractory intermediates were generated, and the organic acids, excepting malic acid, were more stable than in neutral or acidic media. Eventually, a lumped kinetic model was proposed and successfully fitted to the experimental data, including the effect of all the operating variables studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Sergio Collado
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Paula Oulego
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Mario Díaz
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Oviedo, C/ Julián Clavería s/n., E-33071, Oviedo, Spain.
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13
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Pang J, Zhang X, Li J, Li J, Zhang P. Humic Acid Removal from Water with PAC-Al 30: Effect of Calcium and Kaolin and the Action Mechanisms. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:16413-16420. [PMID: 32685804 PMCID: PMC7364432 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c00532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polyaluminum chloride with a dominant species of Al30 (PAC-Al30) was prepared in laboratory and used for humic acid (HA) removal from water. The action properties and mechanisms of PAC-Al30, HA, calcium, and kaolin were tested and discussed. The results showed that the existence of calcium or kaolin contributed to the HA removal when the PAC-Al30 dosage was deficient and had no obvious effect when the amount of PAC-Al30 was sufficient. When the PAC-Al30 dosage was 0.01 and 0.02 mmol/L, the HA removal rate was increased by 66.59 and 42.20%, respectively, with a calcium concentration of 2.0 mmol/L, or increased by 53.31 and 40.92%, respectively, with the kaolin particle concentration of 150 mg/L. Calcium could compress the double electrical layers or complex with HA to neutralize a part of the surface negative charge of HA, but could not make the water system reach its isoelectric point. The mechanisms of calcium and kaolin's promoting coagulation effect were adsorption neutralization and collision aggregation respectively, but these actions were much weaker than that of PAC-Al30 with HA. The adsorption neutralization capacity of PAC-Al30 was calculated to be nearly 60 times than that of calcium, and the higher γ value of calcium modified by the Sips equation may indicate that the adsorption or neutralization sites of calcium on HA were pickier than PAC-Al30.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute
of Technology, Ordos 017000, China
- Department
of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment, Redbud Innovation Institute, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute
of Technology, Ordos 017000, China
- Department
of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment, Redbud Innovation Institute, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Jinglin Pang
- Department
of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment, Redbud Innovation Institute, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Xianming Zhang
- Department
of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment, Redbud Innovation Institute, Ordos 017000, China
| | - Juan Li
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Jiding Li
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University, Beijing 100083, China
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Mucilage Extracted from Dragon Fruit Peel (Hylocereus undatus) as Flocculant for Treatment of Dye Wastewater by Coagulation and Flocculation Process. INT J POLYM SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1155/2020/7468343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye wastewater from textile industries shows very low biodegradability due to high molecular weight and complex structures of dyes. So far, the most simple method for treatment of this type of wastewater has been coagulation and flocculation. This study determined the removal of turbidity and other pollutants from dye wastewater by mucilage extracted from the peel of dragon fruit (Hylocereus undatus) and its effect in reducing synthetic chemical polyaluminum chloride (PACl) used in coagulation and flocculation (CF) process. The removal of turbidity in a sequent CF process using PACl and dragon fruit mucilage was investigated based on Jar tests. Maximum coagulation efficiencies of PACl were typically observed at pH 4.0-6.0 and PACl concentrations of about 100-150 mg/L depending on types of wastewater, whereas optimal settling times were 30-60 minutes, respectively. The addition of dragon fruit mucilage (0.5-50 mg/L) after PACl (75-245 mg/L) resulted in turbidity removal efficiencies up to 95%. The addition of mucilage extracted from dragon fruit peels was proven to increase turbidity removal efficiency and decrease PACl use. The increase of turbidity removal was often estimated at 10-32%, whereas PACl used was about 3-10% less compared to total PACl needed for obtaining comparable efficiency when used alone. The flocculation activity of mucilage was also compared to polyacrylamide (PAM)—a synthetically organic flocculant. Since the peel of a dragon fruit is an abundant agriculture waste in Vietnam, using its extracted mucilage as a flocculant is an environmentally friendly method.
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15
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Wang J, Cahyadi A, Wu B, Pee W, Fane AG, Chew JW. The roles of particles in enhancing membrane filtration: A review. J Memb Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.117570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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16
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Pang J, Li J, Li J, Zhang P. High-poly-aluminum chloride sulfate coagulants and their coagulation performances for removal of humic acid. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7155-7162. [PMID: 35493884 PMCID: PMC9049776 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10189f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
High-poly-aluminum chloride sulfate (HPACS) coagulants with different [SO42−]/[Al3+] molar ratio (S) were prepared and proved to have high coagulation efficiency for the removal of humic acid and strong stability for storage and application. The results showed that the higher the SO42− addition, the bigger the aluminum polymerization particles and the more the polymerization Alc existed in the prepared HPACS coagulants. The HPACS exhibited higher coagulation efficiency, a better aging stability and stronger resistance to the change of pH and Ca2+ concentration of raw water than the polyaluminum chloride (PAC) and poly-aluminum chloride sulfate (PACS) reported before. The Sips adsorption neutralization model was established to illustrate the relationship between coagulant dosage and zeta potential of the water system. The adsorption neutralization capacity was proved to be HPACS (S = 0) > HPACS (S = 0.02) > HPACS (S = 0.06) > HPACS (S = 0.10), which was not completely consistent with the coagulation effect of HPACS with different S values and indicated that in addition to adsorption neutralization, actions like bridge-aggregation, precipitation, and sweep-flocculation also played an important role during HPACS coagulation. Moreover, the negative Gibbs free energy indicated that the coagulant adsorption neutralization reaction was a spontaneous process. Effect of aging time of HPACS on HA removal (with a minimum absolute deviation of 5%).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
- Department of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
- Department of Water Resources & Environmental Treatment
| | - Jinglin Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
| | - Jiding Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Tsinghua University
- Beijing 100084
- China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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Yue Y, Zheng L, Wang Y, Wu J, Li S, Han X, Wu L. A novel polyamidine-grafted carboxymethylcellulose: Synthesis, characterization and flocculation performance test. E-POLYMERS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/epoly-2019-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThis study facilitates the synthesis process of a novel graft copolymer (flocculant) using carboxymethyl cellulose, acrylonitrile and N-vinyl formamide as raw materials. The carboxymethyl cellulose graft polyamidine (CMC-g-PAMD) can be used as new flocculant to replace the traditional polyacrylamide flocculant, which manifested its excellent flocculation and degradation efficiency. A five-membered cyclic copolymer was prepared by the graft copolymerization, and the synthesized flocculants were characterized by EA, TG-DTG, FT-IR, SEM and NMR, confirming the successful synthesis of the desired copolymers. The operation conditions for copolymerization were experimentally investigated, and the results indicated that the optimal initiator dosage, copolymerization temperature, amidinization temperature, acidification time and flocculant dosage were 4 g/L, 50°C, 90°C, 3 h and 60 mg/L, respectively. Compared with the traditional polyacrylamide flocculant, the CMC-g-PAMD presented an outstanding flocculation ability of 96.1% under its optimal operation conditions, which showed an enormous potential in the application of coalmine waste-water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijun Yue
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lan Zheng
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yuqi Wang
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinqiao Wu
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shanshan Li
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaolong Han
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
| | - Le Wu
- School of chemical Engineering, Northwest University, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
- Research Institute of Shaanxi Yanchang Petroleum, Xiʼan, Shaanxi, China
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18
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Lv M, Zhang Z, Zeng J, Liu J, Sun M, Yadav RS, Feng Y. Roles of magnetic particles in magnetic seeding coagulation-flocculation process for surface water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Amano M, Lohwacharin J, Dubechot A, Takizawa S. Performance of integrated ferrate-polyaluminum chloride coagulation as a treatment technology for removing freshwater humic substances. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2018; 212:323-331. [PMID: 29453117 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 01/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferrate-based technologies can play versatile roles in water treatment because of their potential for in situ production and because they do not form any harmful by-products. We compared the oxidative performance of Fe(VI) generated by an electrochemical process, with H2O2-UV irradiation (a standard oxidation process) for removing Suwannee River natural organic matter. It took only 5 min for Fe(VI) (Fe: 1.67 × 10-4 M) to reduce the fluorescence intensity of a humic-like fluorophore by 36% of the original value; in contrast, it took 120 min of irradiation using H2O2-UV ([OH] ∼ 1.8 × 10-13 M) to remove 68% of the original value. In addition to the short reaction time, ferrate can also form aggregates that can remove turbidity and adsorb organics and other contaminants present in water. Simultaneous addition of ferrate and polyaluminum chloride (PACl) to unfiltered natural water displayed the most efficient reduction of UVA254, primarily under acidic conditions. Ferrate pre-oxidation followed by PACl coagulation was the most effective process for reducing turbidity and chromaticity, because of the effects arising from the coagulation of ferrate that resulted in Fe(III)(s) species. Ferrate pre-oxidation generated low-molecular-weight UVA254-absorbing organics, whose dissolved organic matter (DOM) peak at 1250 Da was removed by PACl coagulation. Neither the initial pH nor the process order significantly affected the removal of organic carbon by the integrated ferrate-PACl process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuru Amano
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jenyuk Lohwacharin
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Wangmai, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Research Unit Control of Emerging Micropollutants in Environment, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | - Alice Dubechot
- Ecole Nationale Superieure de Chimie de Rennes (ENSCR), 11 Allee de Beaulieu, Rennes, 35708, France
| | - Satoshi Takizawa
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan
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20
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Yamashita R. Evaluation of the suitability of a plant virus, pepper mild mottle virus, as a surrogate of human enteric viruses for assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove those viruses. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 129:460-469. [PMID: 29182907 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.11.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the removal of three representative human enteric viruses - adenovirus (AdV) type 40, coxsackievirus (CV) B5, and hepatitis A virus (HAV) IB - and one surrogate of human caliciviruses - murine norovirus (MNV) type 1 - by coagulation-rapid sand filtration, using water samples from eight water sources for drinking water treatment plants in Japan. The removal ratios of a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; PMMoV) and two bacteriophages (MS2 and φX174) were compared with the removal ratios of human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of PMMoV, MS2, and φX174 as surrogates for human enteric viruses. The removal ratios of AdV, CV, HAV, and MNV, evaluated via the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, were 0.8-2.5-log10 when commercially available polyaluminum chloride (PACl, basicity 1.5) and virgin silica sand were used as the coagulant and filter medium, respectively. The type of coagulant affected the virus removal efficiency, but the age of silica sand used in the rapid sand filtration did not. Coagulation-rapid sand filtration with non-sulfated, high-basicity PACls (basicity 2.1 or 2.5) removed viruses more efficiently than the other aluminum-based coagulants. The removal ratios of MS2 were sometimes higher than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV, whereas the removal ratios of φX174 tended to be smaller than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. In contrast, the removal ratios of PMMoV were similar to and strongly correlated with those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. Thus, PMMoV appears to be a suitable surrogate for human enteric viruses for the assessment of the efficacy of coagulation-rapid sand filtration to remove viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
| | - R Yamashita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628 Japan
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21
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Li R, Gao B, Guo K, Yue Q, Zheng H, Wang Y. Effects of papermaking sludge-based polymer on coagulation behavior in the disperse and reactive dyes wastewater treatment. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 240:59-67. [PMID: 28259387 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.02.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, papermaking sludge was used as the raw biomass material to produce the lignin-based flocculant (LBF) by grafting quaternary ammonium groups and acrylamide. LBF was used as a coagulant aid with polyaluminum chloride (PAC) to treat reactive and disperse dyes wastewater. Effects of dosing method, pH, hardness and stirring speed on the coagulation behavior and floc properties were studied. Results showed that the superior coagulation efficiency and recovery factor were achieved by PAC+LBF compared with PAC and LBF+PAC. The primary mechanisms of LBF in the treatment of disperse and reactive dye solutions were charge neutralization and bridging effect, respectively. In the dual-coagulation, the impact of pH on the coagulation efficiency was weak during pH range of 5-9. Moderate hardness could enhance the floc properties due to the decrease of electrostatic repulsion and the chelation of Ca(II) and LBF. Besides, flocs coagulated by PAC+LBF had a stronger anti-crush ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruihua Li
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China.
| | - Kangying Guo
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaili Zheng
- School of Urban Construction and Environmental Engineering, Chongqing University, No. 83 Shapingba Beijie, Chongqing 400045, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan, Shandong 250100, People's Republic of China
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22
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Murai K. Assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove human enteric viruses and the suitability of bacteriophages and a plant virus as surrogates for those viruses. WATER RESEARCH 2017; 115:29-39. [PMID: 28259077 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2017.02.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2016] [Revised: 02/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Here, we evaluated the efficacy of direct microfiltration (MF) and ultrafiltration (UF) to remove three representative human enteric viruses (i.e., adenovirus [AdV] type 40, coxsackievirus [CV] B5, and hepatitis A virus [HAV] IB), and one surrogate of human caliciviruses (i.e., murine norovirus [MNV] type 1). Eight different MF membranes and three different UF membranes were used. We also examined the ability of coagulation pretreatment with high-basicity polyaluminum chloride (PACl) to enhance virus removal by MF. The removal ratios of two bacteriophages (MS2 and φX174) and a plant virus (pepper mild mottle virus; PMMoV) were compared with the removal ratios of the human enteric viruses to assess the suitability of these viruses to be used as surrogates for human enteric viruses. The virus removal ratios obtained with direct MF with membranes with nominal pore sizes of 0.1-0.22 μm differed, depending on the membrane used; adsorptive interactions, particularly hydrophobic interactions between virus particles and the membrane surface, were dominant factors for virus removal. In contrast, direct UF with membranes with nominal molecular weight cutoffs of 1-100 kDa effectively removed viruses through size exclusion, and >4-log10 removal was achieved when a membrane with a nominal molecular weight cutoff of 1 kDa was used. At pH 7 and 8, in-line coagulation-MF with nonsulfated high-basicity PACls containing Al30 species had generally a better virus removal (i.e., >4-log10 virus removal) than the other aluminum-based coagulants, except for φX174. For all of the filtration processes, the removal ratios of AdV, CV, HAV, and MNV were comparable and strongly correlated with each other. The removal ratios of MS2 and PMMoV were comparable or smaller than those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV, and were strongly correlated with those of the three human enteric viruses and MNV. The removal ratios obtained with coagulation-MF for φX174 were markedly smaller than those obtained for the three human enteric viruses and MNV. However, because MS2 was inactivated after contact with PACl during coagulation pretreatment, unlike AdV, CV, MNV, and PMMoV, the removal ratios of infectious MS2 were probably an overestimation of the ability of coagulation-MF to remove infectious AdV, CV, and caliciviruses. Thus, PMMoV appears to be a suitable surrogate for human enteric viruses, whereas MS2 and φX174 do not, for the assessment of the efficacy of membrane filtration processes to remove viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan.
| | - T Matsushita
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - Y Matsui
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
| | - K Murai
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo, 060-8628, Japan
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23
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Zhou C, Pang JL, Zhang P. Adsorption Neutralization Model and Floc Growth Kinetics Properties of Aluminum Coagulants Based on Sips and Boltzmann Equations. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5992-5999. [PMID: 28098976 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b14273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Single-molecule aluminum salt AlCl3, medium polymerized polyaluminum chloride (PAC), and high polymerized polyaluminum chloride (HPAC) were prepared in a laboratory. The characteristics and coagulation properties of these prepared aluminum salts were investigated. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Sips adsorption isotherms were first used to describe the adsorption neutralization process in coagulation, and the Boltzmann equation was used to fit the reaction kinetics of floc growth in flocculation. It was novel to find that the experimental data fitted well with the Sips and Boltzmann equation, and the significance of parameters in the equations was discussed simultaneously. Through the Sips equation, the adsorption neutralization reaction was proved to be spontaneous and the adsorption neutralization capacity was HPAC > PAC > AlCl3. Sips equation also indicated that the zeta potential of water samples would reach a limit with the increase of coagulant dosage, and the equilibrium zeta potential values were 30.25, 30.23, and 27.25 mV for AlCl3, PAC, and HPAC, respectively. The lower equilibrium zeta potential value of HPAC might be the reason why the water sample was not easy to achieve restabilization at a high coagulant dosage. Through the Boltzmann equation modeling, the maximum average floc size formed by AlCl3, PAC, and HPAC were 196.0, 188.0, and 203.6 μm, respectively, and the halfway time of reactions were 31.23, 17.08, and 9.55 min, respectively. The HPAC showed the strongest floc formation ability and the fastest floc growth rate in the flocculation process, which might be caused by the stronger adsorption and bridging functions of Alb and Alc contained in HPAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute of Technology , Ordos 017000, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Redbud Innovation Institute of Ordos , Ordos 017000, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute of Technology , Ordos 017000, China
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Redbud Innovation Institute of Ordos , Ordos 017000, China
| | - Chunjiao Zhou
- College of Science, Hunan Agriculture University , Changsha 410128, China
| | - Jing-Lin Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Ordos Institute of Technology , Ordos 017000, China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Beijing Forestry University , Beijing 100083, China
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24
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Chen Y, Xie P, Wang Z, Shang R, Wang S. UV/persulfate preoxidation to improve coagulation efficiency of Microcystis aeruginosa. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 322:508-515. [PMID: 27776868 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The performance of UV-activated persulfate (UV/PS) technology as preoxidation process to enhance Microcystis aeruginosa removal by subsequent coagulation-sedimentation was firstly evaluated. The results demonstrate that UV/PS preoxidation could successfully promote coagulation of algae cells through the effective neutralization of zeta potential, which was caused by the changes of cell morphology, size distribution and surface properties after simultaneous UV irradiation and formed reactive species (i.e. SO4- and HO) oxidation. Since excessive oxidation would cause cell rupture along with the release of organics, which could deteriorate coagulation efficiency, optimal PS dose (60mg/L) and UV dose (375mJ/cm2) were proposed to exist in this study. The concentrations of extracellular algal organic matter (AOM) sharply increased by 48.2% during the preoxidation period, while gradually decreased in the following coagulation and sedimentation. Most of the concerned disinfection by-products (DBPs) monotonically decreased or followed fluctuant reduction with increasing PS doses, whereas the trichloromethane, trichloroacetic acid and dichloroacetonitrile persistently increased, which was inferred to be related to the variation of AOM. This study suggests that UV/PS might be a potential pretreatment process to assist coagulation on the removal of algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Pengchao Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Zongping Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ran Shang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China; Department of Sanitary Engineering, Delft University of Technology, P.O. Box 5 Box 5048, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Songlin Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST), Wuhan 430074, China; Key Laboratory of Water and Wastewater Treatment (HUST), MOHURD, Wuhan, 430074, China
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25
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Su Z, Li X, Yang Y, Fan Y. Probing the application of a zirconium coagulant in a coagulation–ultrafiltration process: observations on organics removal and membrane fouling. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra08038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zr coagulant offered improved turbidity and organics removal and was beneficial in alleviating membrane fouling, particularly the irreversible fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Su
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yanling Yang
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering
- Beijing University of Technology
- Beijing 100124
- P. R. China
| | - Yiran Fan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
- Imperial College London
- South Kensington Campus
- London SW7 2AZ
- UK
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26
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Jung KW, Hwang MJ, Park DS, Ahn KH. Comprehensive reuse of drinking water treatment residuals in coagulation and adsorption processes. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2016; 181:425-434. [PMID: 27420166 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
While drinking water treatment residuals (DWTRs) inevitably lead to serious problems due to their huge amount of generation and limitation of landfill sites, their unique properties of containing Al or Fe contents make it possible to reuse them as a beneficial material for coagulant recovery and adsorbent. Hence, in the present study, to comprehensively handle and recycle DWTRs, coagulant recovery from DWTRs and reuse of coagulant recovered residuals (CRs) were investigated. In the first step, coagulant recovery from DWTRs was conducted using response surface methodology (RSM) for statistical optimization of independent variables (pH, solid content, and reaction time) on response variable (Al recovery). As a result, a highly acceptable Al recovery of 97.5 ± 0.4% was recorded, which corresponds to 99.5% of the predicted Al recovery. Comparison study of recovered and commercial coagulant from textile wastewater treatment indicated that recovered coagulant has reasonable potential for use in wastewater treatment, in which the performance efficiencies were 68.5 ± 2.1% COD, 97.2 ± 1.9% turbidity, and 64.3 ± 1.0% color removals at 50 mg Al/L. Subsequently, in a similar manner, RSM was also applied to optimize coagulation conditions (Al dosage, initial pH, and reaction time) for the maximization of real cotton textile wastewater treatment in terms of COD, turbidity, and color removal. Overall performance revealed that the initial pH had a remarkable effect on the removal performance compared to the effects of other independent variables. This is mainly due to the transformation of metal species form with increasing or decreasing pH conditions. Finally, a feasibility test of CRs as adsorbent for phosphate adsorption from aqueous solution was conducted. Adsorption equilibrium of phosphate at different temperatures (10-30 °C) and initial levels of pH (3-11) indicated that the main mechanisms of phosphate adsorption onto CRs are endothermic and chemical precipitation; the surfaces are energetically heterogeneous for adsorbing phosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Won Jung
- Center for Water Resources Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, South Korea
| | - Min-Jin Hwang
- Future Environmental Research Center, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 17 Jeigok-gil, Munsan, Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, 660-844, South Korea
| | - Dae-Seon Park
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, KAIST, 291, Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 341-141, South Korea
| | - Kyu-Hong Ahn
- Center for Water Resources Cycle Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 131, Cheongryang, Seoul, 130-650, South Korea.
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27
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Ashraf MI, Ateeb M, Khan MH, Ahmed N, Mahmood Q, Zahidullah. Integrated treatment of pharmaceutical effluents by chemical coagulation and ozonation. Sep Purif Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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28
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Hu W, Wu C. Enhanced coagulation for improving coagulation performance and reducing residual aluminum combining polyaluminum chloride with diatomite. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:498-503. [PMID: 26315593 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5282-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/19/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The feasibility of using enhanced coagulation, which combined polyaluminum chloride (PAC) with diatomite for improving coagulation performance and reducing the residual aluminum (Al), was discussed. The effects of PAC and diatomite dosage on the coagulation performance and residual Al were mainly investigated. Results demonstrated that the removal efficiencies of turbidity, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), and UV254 were significantly improved by the enhanced coagulation, compared with PAC coagulation alone. Meaningfully, the five forms of residual Al (total Al (TAl), total dissolved Al (TDAl), dissolved organic Al (DOAl), dissolved monomeric Al (DMAl), and dissolved organic monomeric Al (DOMAl)) all had different degrees of reduction in the presence of diatomite and achieved the lowest concentrations (0.185, 0.06, 0.053, 0.014, and 0 mg L(-1), respectively) at a PAC dose of 15 mg L(-1) and diatomite dose of 40 mg L(-1). In addition, when PAC was used as coagulant, the majority of residual Al existed in dissolved form (about 31.14-70.16%), and the content of DOMAl was small in the DMAl.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenchao Hu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunde Wu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
- The Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Eco-Remediation of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Guangzhou, 510006, People's Republic of China.
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29
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Wu Z, Zhang X, Zhou C, Pang J, Zhang P. A comparative study on the characteristics and coagulation mechanism of PAC-Al13 and PAC-Al30. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra21147j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyaluminum chlorides with a high Al13 content (PAC-Al13) and a high Al30 content (PAC-Al30) were prepared in a laboratory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
| | - Chunjiao Zhou
- College of Science
- Hunan Agriculture University
- Changsha 410128
- China
| | - Jinglin Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Ordos Institute of Technology
- Ordos 017000
- China
| | - Panyue Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering
- Beijing Forestry University
- Beijing 100083
- China
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30
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Compound bioflocculant used as a coagulation aid in synthetic dye wastewater treatment: The effect of solution pH. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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31
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Chen CY, Wu CY, Chung YC. The coagulation characteristics of humic acid by using acid-soluble chitosan, water-soluble chitosan, and chitosan coagulant mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2015; 36:1141-1146. [PMID: 25362971 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2014.982719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Chitosan is a potential substitute for traditional aluminium salts in water treatment systems. This study compared the characteristics of humic acid (HA) removal by using acid-soluble chitosan, water-soluble chitosan, and coagulant mixtures of chitosan with aluminium sulphate (alum) or polyaluminium chloride (PACl). In addition, we evaluated their respective coagulation efficiencies at various coagulant concentrations, pH values, turbidities, and hardness levels. Furthermore, we determined the size and settling velocity of flocs formed by these coagulants to identify the major factors affecting HA coagulation. The coagulation efficiency of acid- and water-soluble chitosan for 15 mg/l of HA was 74.4% and 87.5%, respectively. The optimal coagulation range of water-soluble chitosan (9-20 mg/l) was broader than that of acid-soluble chitosan (4-8 mg/l). Notably, acid-soluble chitosan/PACl and water-soluble chitosan/alum coagulant mixtures exhibited a higher coagulation efficiency for HA than for PACl or alum alone. Furthermore, these coagulant mixtures yielded an acceptable floc settling velocity and savings in both installation and operational expenses. Based on these results, we confidently assert that coagulant mixtures with a 1:1 mass ratio of acid-soluble chitosan/PACl and water-soluble chitosan/alum provide a substantially more cost-effective alternative to using chitosan alone for removing HA from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Yu Chen
- a Department of Tourism and Leisure , Hsing Wu University , Taipei 244 , Taiwan, ROC
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32
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Zhao S, Gao B, Sun S, Yue Q, Dong H, Song W. Coagulation efficiency, floc properties and membrane fouling of polyaluminum chloride in coagulation–ultrafiltration system: The role of magnesium. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2015.01.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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33
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Zhao YX, Phuntsho S, Gao BY, Yang YZ, Kim JH, Shon HK. Comparison of a novel polytitanium chloride coagulant with polyaluminium chloride: coagulation performance and floc characteristics. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2015; 147:194-202. [PMID: 25291677 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2014.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Polymerized inorganic coagulants are increasingly being used in the water supply and wastewater treatment process, yet there is limited research on the development of polytitanium coagulants. The aim of this study is to synthesize polytitanium chloride (PTC) coagulants and investigate their coagulation behavior and floc characteristics for humic acid removal in comparison to polyaluminum chloride (PAC). The PTC samples with different B (molar ratios of OH/Ti) values were prepared using an instantaneous base-feeding method, employing sodium carbonate as the basification agent. The coagulation efficiency was significantly influenced by different B values. The results suggest that the humic acid removal increased with the increasing B value for PAC, while the inverse trend was observed for PTC. The optimum B value was chosen at 1.0 and 2.0 for PTC and PAC, respectively. Under the optimum coagulant dose and initial solution pH conditions, the PTC coagulant performed better than the PAC coagulant and the floc properties were significantly improved in terms of floc growth rate and floc size. However, the PAC coagulants produced flocs with better floc recoverability than the PTC coagulants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y X Zhao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, China
| | - S Phuntsho
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - B Y Gao
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, No. 27 Shanda South Road, Jinan 250100, China.
| | - Y Z Yang
- Key Laboratory for Special Functional Aggregated Materials of Education Ministry, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - J-H Kim
- School of Applied Chemical Engineering & The Institute for Catalysis Research, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500-757, South Korea
| | - H K Shon
- Centre for Technology in Water and Wastewater, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Technology, Sydney (UTS), P.O. Box 123, Broadway, NSW 2007, Australia.
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34
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Shu-xuan D, Hui X, Feng X, Dong-sheng W, Chang-qing Y, Ru-yuan J, Yan-jing L. Effects of Al species on coagulation efficiency, residual Al and floc properties in surface water treatment. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2014.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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35
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Zhao Y, Gao B, Zhang G, Qi Q, Wang Y, Phuntsho S, Kim JH, Shon H, Yue Q, Li Q. Coagulation and sludge recovery using titanium tetrachloride as coagulant for real water treatment: A comparison against traditional aluminum and iron salts. Sep Purif Technol 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2014.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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36
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Shirasaki N, Matsushita T, Matsui Y, Oshiba A, Marubayashi T, Sato S. Improved virus removal by high-basicity polyaluminum coagulants compared to commercially available aluminum-based coagulants. WATER RESEARCH 2014; 48:375-386. [PMID: 24139360 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2013.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 09/22/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of basicity, sulfate content, and aluminum hydrolyte species on the ability of polyaluminum chloride (PACl) coagulants to remove F-specific RNA bacteriophages from river water at a pH range of 6-8. An increase in PACl basicity from 1.5 to 2.1 and the absence of sulfate led to a reduction of the amount of monomeric aluminum species (i.e., an increase of the total amount of polymeric aluminum and colloidal aluminum species) in the PACl, to an increase in the colloid charge density of the PACl, or to both and, as a result, to high virus removal efficiency. The efficiency of virus removal at around pH 8 observed with PACl-2.1c, a nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1-2.2) with a high colloidal aluminum content, was larger than that observed with PACl-2.1b, a nonsulfated high-basicity PACl (basicity 2.1-2.2) with a high polymeric aluminum content. In contrast, although extremely high basicity PACls (e.g., PACl-2.7ns, basicity 2.7) effectively removed turbidity and UV260-absorbing natural organic matter and resulted in a very low residual aluminum concentration, the virus removal ratio with PACl-2.7ns was smaller than the ratio with PACl-2.1c at around pH 8, possibly as a result of a reduction of the colloid charge density of the PACl as the basicity was increased from 2.1 to 2.7. Liquid (27)Al NMR analysis revealed that PACl-2.1c contained Al30 species, which was not the case for PACl-2.1b or PACl-2.7ns. This result suggests that Al30 species probably played a major role in virus removal during the coagulation process. In summary, PACl-2.1c, which has high colloidal aluminum content, contains Al30 species, and has a high colloid charge density, removed viruses more efficiently (>4 log10 for infectious viruses) than the other aluminum-based coagulants-including commercially available PACls (basicity 1.5-1.8), alum, and PACl-2.7ns-over the entire tested pH (6-8) and coagulant dosage (0.54-5.4 mg-Al/L) ranges.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Shirasaki
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan.
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37
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Ramavandi B, Farjadfard S. Removal of chemical oxygen demand from textile wastewater using a natural coagulant. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-013-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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38
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Wang G, Chang Q, Zhang M, Han X. Effect of pH on the removal of Cr(III) and Cr(VI) from aqueous solution by modified polyethyleneimine. REACT FUNCT POLYM 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.reactfunctpolym.2013.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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39
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Formation of Al30 from aqueous polyaluminum chloride under high temperature: Role of Al13 aggregates. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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40
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41
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Yang Z, Gao B, Wang Y, Zhao Y, Yue Q. Fractionation of residual Al in natural water treatment from reservoir with poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC): effect of OH/Al, Si/Al molar ratios and initial pH. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:1908-1916. [PMID: 23534222 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)61059-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
An aluminum fractionation study was conducted for a surface reservoir water treatment to understand the performance of poly-aluminum-silicate-chloride (PASiC) in terms of the residual Al fractions as a function of initial pH. The coagulation performance expressed as turbidity and organic matter removal was established as supporting data. Some extra data were evaluated in terms of the residual Al ratio of the composite PASiC coagulant. The main residual Al sources were the Al fractions derived from the use of PASiC. The turbidity and organic matter removal ability was optimal at initial pH 6.00-7.00, while the concentrations of various residual Al species and the residual Al ratio of PASiC were minimal at an initial pH range of 7.00-8.00. Under the conditions of OH/Al molar ratio = 2.00 and Si/Al molar ratio = 0.05, PASiC had superior coagulation performance and comparatively low residual Al concentrations. The Al fraction in the composite PASiC coagulant seldom remained under such conditions. Experimental data also indicated that the suspended (filterable) Al fraction was the dominant species, and organic-bound or organo-Al complex Al was considered to be the major species of dissolved Al in water treated by PASiC coagulation. Additionally, the dissolved inorganic monomeric Al species dominated the dissolved monomeric Al fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglian Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji' nan 250100, China.
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42
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Zhao C, Yan Y, Hou D, Luan Z, Jia Z. Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride by chemical synthesis-membrane distillation method with self-made hollow fiber membrane. J Environ Sci (China) 2012; 24:834-839. [PMID: 22893959 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(11)60838-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
A method of direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) with a self-made hollow polyvinylidene fluoride membrane was applied to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high A1b content based on chemical synthesis. The permeate flux and A1 species distribution were investigated. The experimental results showed that the permeate flux decreased from 14 to 6 kg/(m2 x hr) at the end of the DCMD process, which can be mainly attributed to the formation of NaCl deposits on the membrane surface. The Alb content decreased slightly, only from 86.3% to 84.4%, when the DCMD experiment finished, correspondingly the A1c content increased slightly from 7.2% to 8.5%, and the A1a content remained at 7% during the whole DCMD process. A PACl with A1b content of 84% at total aluminum concentration 2.2 mol/L was successfully prepared by the chemical synthesis-DCMD method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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43
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Yang Z, Gao B, Cao B, Xu W, Yue Q. Effect of OH−/Al3+ ratio on the coagulation behavior and residual aluminum speciation of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in surface water treatment. Sep Purif Technol 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2011.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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44
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ZHAO C, WANG J, LUAN Z. Preparation of High Concentration Polyaluminum Chloride with High Alc Content by Membrane Distillation. Chin J Chem Eng 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1004-9541(09)60195-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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45
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Yang ZL, Gao BY, Yue QY, Wang Y. Effect of pH on the coagulation performance of Al-based coagulants and residual aluminum speciation during the treatment of humic acid-kaolin synthetic water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2010; 178:596-603. [PMID: 20188465 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.01.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2009] [Revised: 01/22/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2010] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The fractionation and measurement of residual aluminum was conducted during the treatment of humic (HA)-kaolin synthetic water with Al(2)(SO(4))(3), AlCl(3) and polyaluminum chloride (PAC) in order to investigate the effect of pH on the coagulation performance as well as residual aluminum speciation. Experimental results suggested that turbidity removal performance varied according to the following order: AlCl(3)>PAC>Al(2)(SO(4))(3). HA removal performance of PAC was better than that of AlCl(3) under acidic condition. The optimum pH range for AlCl(3) and Al(2)(SO(4))(3) was between 6.0 and 7.0 while PAC showed stable HA and UV(254) removal capacity with broader pH variation (5.0-8.0). For the three coagulants, majority of residual aluminum existed in the form of total dissolved Al (60-80%), which existed mostly in oligomers or complexes formed between Al and natural organic matter or polymeric colloidal materials. PAC exhibited the least concentration for each kind of residual aluminum species as well as their percentage in total residual aluminum, followed by AlCl(3) and Al(2)(SO(4))(3) (in increasing order). Moreover, PAC could effectively reduce the concentration of dissolved monomeric Al and its residual aluminum ratio was the least among the three coagulants and varied little at an initial pH between 7.0 and 9.0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Lian Yang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Ji'nan 250100, China
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46
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Zhan Y, Zhu Z, Lin J, Qiu Y, Zhao J. Removal of humic acid from aqueous solution by cetylpyridinium bromide modified zeolite. J Environ Sci (China) 2010; 22:1327-1334. [PMID: 21174962 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(09)60258-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Natural zeolite was modified by loading cetylpyridinium bromide (CPB) to create more efficient sites for humic acid (HA) adsorption. The natural and CPB modified zeolites were characterized with X-ray diffraction, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The effects of various experimental parameters such as contact time, initial HA concentration, solution pH and coexistent Ca2+, upon HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolites were evaluated. The results showed that natural zeolite had negligible affinity for HA in aqueous solutions, but CPB modified zeolites exhibited high adsorption efficiency for HA. A higher CPB loading on natural zeolites exhibited a larger HA adsorption capacity. Acidic pH and coexistent Ca2+ were proved to be favorable for HA adsorption onto CPB modified zeolite. The kinetic process was well described by pseudo second-order model. The experimental isotherm data fitted well to Langmuir and Sips models. The maximum monolayer adsorption capacity of CPB modified zeolite with surfactant bilayer coverage was found to be 92.0 mg/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhui Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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47
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Liu H, Hu C, Zhao H, Qu J. Coagulation of humic acid by PACl with high content of Al13: The role of aluminum speciation. Sep Purif Technol 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2009.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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48
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Chatterjee T, Chatterjee S, Lee DS, Lee MW, Woo SH. Coagulation of soil suspensions containing nonionic or anionic surfactants using chitosan, polyacrylamide, and polyaluminium chloride. CHEMOSPHERE 2009; 75:1307-1314. [PMID: 19345394 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2009.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2009] [Accepted: 03/04/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Effective coagulation and separation of particles in a soil-washed solution is required for a successful soil washing process. The effectiveness of chitosan (CS), a polycationic biodegradable polymer, as a coagulant was compared to polyacrylamide (PAA) and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) for the coagulation of a soil suspension (5 gL(-1)). The effect of surfactants in the coagulation process was investigated using Triton X-100 (TX-100), a nonionic surfactant, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS), an anionic surfactant. CS (5 mgL(-1)) removed 86% and 63% of the suspended soil in the presence of TX-100 (5 gL(-1)) and SDS (5 gL(-1)), respectively, after 30 min at a pH of 6. The results prove that coagulation in the presence of TX-100 is more effective than with SDS. CS was found to be more efficient compared to PAA and PAC under all coagulation conditions. The optimum concentration of CS required for maximum coagulation of soil suspension was 5 mgL(-1). PAA and PAC could not achieve the same degree soil removal as CS even after increasing their concentrations up to 50 mgL(-1). Maximum levels of 50% and 60% soil removal were achieved using PAA (50 mgL(-1)) and PAC (50 mgL(-1)), respectively, after 30 min from a 5 gL(-1) suspension containing TX-100 (5 gL(-1)). The soil coagulation process was found to decrease with an increase in the pH of the suspension, and maximum coagulation was achieved with an acidic pH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Chatterjee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanbat National University, San 16-1, Deokmyeong-dong, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 305-719, Republic of Korea
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49
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Zhao C, Zhang J, Luan Z, Peng X, Ren X. Preparation of high concentration polyaluminum chloride with high content of Alb or Alc. J Environ Sci (China) 2009; 21:1342-1346. [PMID: 19999987 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(08)62424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
A novel membrane distillation concentration method was used to prepare high concentration polyaluminum chloride (PACl) with high content of Alb or Alc. 2.52 mol/L PACl1 with 88% Alb and 2.38 mol/L PACl2 with 61% Alc were successfully prepared. Three coagulants, AlCl3, PACl1 and PACl2 were investigated on their hydrolysis behavior and speciation under different conditions. The effects of pH and dilution ratio on Al species distribution were investigated by ferron assay. Experimental result showed that pH had a significant effect on Al species distribution for the three coagulants. Dilution ratio had little effects on Alb and Alc distribution in whole dilution process except the beginning for PACl1 and PACl2. The results indicated that transformation of Al depends largely on their original composition. AlCl3 was the most unstable coagulant among these three coagulants during hydrolysis process. PACl1 and PACl2 with significant amounts of highly charged and stable polynuclear aluminum hydrolysis products were less affected by the hydrolysis conditions and could maintain high speciation stability under various conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changwei Zhao
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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