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Singh Y, Saxena MK. Insights into the recent advances in nano-bioremediation of pesticides from the contaminated soil. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:982611. [PMID: 36338076 PMCID: PMC9626991 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.982611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present scenario, the uncontrolled and irrational use of pesticides is affecting the environment, agriculture and livelihood worldwide. The excessive application of pesticides for better production of crops and to maintain sufficient food production is leading to cause many serious environmental issues such as soil pollution, water pollution and also affecting the food chain. The efficient management of pesticide use and remediation of pesticide-contaminated soil is one of the most significant challenges to overcome. The efficiency of the current methods of biodegradation of pesticides using different microbes and enzymes depends on the various physical and chemical conditions of the soil and they have certain limitations. Hence, a novel strategy is the need of the hour to safeguard the ecosystem from the serious environmental hazard. In recent years, the application of nanomaterials has drawn attention in many areas due to their unique properties of small size and increased surface area. Nanotechnology is considered to be a promising and effective technology in various bioremediation processes and provides many significant benefits for improving the environmental technologies using nanomaterials with efficient performance. The present article focuses on and discusses the role, application and importance of nano-bioremediation of pesticides and toxic pollutants to explore the potential of nanomaterials in the bioremediation of hazardous compounds from the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mumtesh Kumar Saxena
- Department of Animal Genetics and Breeding, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, G.B. Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar, Uttarakhand, India
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2
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Alkhadra M, Su X, Suss ME, Tian H, Guyes EN, Shocron AN, Conforti KM, de Souza JP, Kim N, Tedesco M, Khoiruddin K, Wenten IG, Santiago JG, Hatton TA, Bazant MZ. Electrochemical Methods for Water Purification, Ion Separations, and Energy Conversion. Chem Rev 2022; 122:13547-13635. [PMID: 35904408 PMCID: PMC9413246 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural development, extensive industrialization, and rapid growth of the global population have inadvertently been accompanied by environmental pollution. Water pollution is exacerbated by the decreasing ability of traditional treatment methods to comply with tightening environmental standards. This review provides a comprehensive description of the principles and applications of electrochemical methods for water purification, ion separations, and energy conversion. Electrochemical methods have attractive features such as compact size, chemical selectivity, broad applicability, and reduced generation of secondary waste. Perhaps the greatest advantage of electrochemical methods, however, is that they remove contaminants directly from the water, while other technologies extract the water from the contaminants, which enables efficient removal of trace pollutants. The review begins with an overview of conventional electrochemical methods, which drive chemical or physical transformations via Faradaic reactions at electrodes, and proceeds to a detailed examination of the two primary mechanisms by which contaminants are separated in nondestructive electrochemical processes, namely electrokinetics and electrosorption. In these sections, special attention is given to emerging methods, such as shock electrodialysis and Faradaic electrosorption. Given the importance of generating clean, renewable energy, which may sometimes be combined with water purification, the review also discusses inverse methods of electrochemical energy conversion based on reverse electrosorption, electrowetting, and electrokinetic phenomena. The review concludes with a discussion of technology comparisons, remaining challenges, and potential innovations for the field such as process intensification and technoeconomic optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad
A. Alkhadra
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Xiao Su
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew E. Suss
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Wolfson
Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel,Nancy
and Stephen Grand Technion Energy Program, Technion—Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Huanhuan Tian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Eric N. Guyes
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Amit N. Shocron
- Faculty
of Mechanical Engineering, Technion—Israel
Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Kameron M. Conforti
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - J. Pedro de Souza
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Nayeong Kim
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Michele Tedesco
- European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Wetsus, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Khoiruddin Khoiruddin
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - I Gede Wenten
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Institut Teknologi
Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia,Research
Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology, Institut Teknologi Bandung, Jl. Ganesha no. 10, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Juan G. Santiago
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - T. Alan Hatton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Martin Z. Bazant
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,Department
of Mathematics, Massachusetts Institute
of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States,
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3
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Maldonado S, López-Vizcaíno R, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Roa G, Barrera C, Sáez C. Scale-up of electrokinetic permeable reactive barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 417:126078. [PMID: 33992923 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to shed light on the scale-up a combined electrokinetic soil flushing process (EKSF) with permeable reactive barriers (PRB) for the treatment of soil spiked with clopyralid. To do this, remediation tests at lab (3.45 L), bench (175 L) and pilot (1400 L) scales have been carried out. The PRB selected was made of soil merged with particles of zero valent iron (ZVI) and granular activated carbon (GAC). Results show that PRB-EKSF involved electrokinetic transport and dehalogenation as the main mechanisms, while adsorption on GAC was not as relevant as initially expected. Clopyralid was not detected in the electrolyte wells and only in the pilot scale, significant amounts of clopyralid remained in the soil after 600 h of operation. Picolinic acid was the main dehalogenated product detected in the soil after treatment and mobilized by electro-osmosis, mostly to the cathodic well. The transport of volatile compounds into the atmosphere was promoted at pilot scale because of the larger soil surface exposed to the atmosphere and the electrical heating caused by ohmic losses and the larger interelectrode gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Maldonado
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geo-Environmental Group, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, Ciudad Real 13071, Spain
| | - G Roa
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Barrera
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, 50120 Toluca de Lerdo, Mexico
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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4
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Barbosa Ferreira M, Sales Solano AM, Vieira dos Santos E, Martínez-Huitle CA, Ganiyu SO. Coupling of Anodic Oxidation and Soil Remediation Processes: A Review. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4309. [PMID: 32992528 PMCID: PMC7579085 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, due to industrial modernization and agricultural mechanization, several environmental consequences have been observed, which make sustainable development difficult. Soil, as an important component of ecosystem and a key resource for the survival of human and animals, has been under constant contamination from different human activities. Contaminated soils and sites require remediation not only because of the hazardous threat it possess to the environment but also due to the shortage of fresh land for both agriculture and urbanization. Combined or coupled remediation technologies are one of the efficient processes for the treatment of contaminated soils. In these technologies, two or more soil remediation techniques are applied simultaneously or sequentially, in which one technique complements the other, making the treatment very efficient. Coupling anodic oxidation (AO) and soil remediation for the treatment of soil contaminated with organics has been studied via two configurations: (i) soil remediation, ex situ AO, where AO is used as a post-treatment stage for the treatment of effluents from soil remediation process and (ii) soil remediation, in situ AO, where both processes are applied simultaneously. The former is the most widely investigated configuration of the combined processes, while the latter is less common due to the greater diffusion dependency of AO as an electrode process. In this review, the concept of soil washing (SW)/soil flushing (SF) and electrokinetic as soil remediation techniques are briefly explained followed by a discussion of different configurations of combined AO and soil remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maiara Barbosa Ferreira
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.B.F.); (A.M.S.S.); (E.V.d.S.)
| | - Aline Maria Sales Solano
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.B.F.); (A.M.S.S.); (E.V.d.S.)
| | - Elisama Vieira dos Santos
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.B.F.); (A.M.S.S.); (E.V.d.S.)
| | - Carlos A. Martínez-Huitle
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, RN, Brazil; (M.B.F.); (A.M.S.S.); (E.V.d.S.)
| | - Soliu O. Ganiyu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2W2, Canada
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5
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Shi L, Guo Y, Ning J, Lou S, Hou F. Herbicide applications increase greenhouse gas emissions of alfalfa pasture in the inland arid region of northwest China. PeerJ 2020; 8:e9231. [PMID: 32509469 PMCID: PMC7255331 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.9231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Herbicides are used to control weeds in agricultural crops such as alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), which is a forage crop. It is unclear what, if any, effect herbicides have on greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions when used on alfalfa. Our study was conducted in 2017 and 2018 to investigate the effects of two herbicides (Quizalofop-p-ethyl, QE and Bentazone, BT) on methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions from soil planted with alfalfa. QE is used to control grasses and BT is used for broadleaf weed control. Soil CO2 emissions and soil uptake of CH4 increased significantly in both years following the QE and BT treatments, although CO2 emissions differed significantly between the trial years. N2O emissions decreased relative to the control and showed no significant differences between the trial years. The application of QE and BT on alfalfa resulted in a significant increase in CO2 emissions which contributed to a significant increase in GHG emissions. The application of QE influenced GHG emissions more than BT. We demonstrated the potential effect that herbicide applications have on GHG fluxes, which are important when considering the effect of agricultural practices on GHG emissions and the potential for global warming over the next 100 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yarong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Jiao Ning
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Shanning Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fujiang Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agro-ecosystems, Key Laboratory of Grassland Livestock Industry Innovation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Engineering Research Center of Grassland Industry, Ministry of Education, College of Pastoral Agriculture Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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6
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Guedes P, Lopes V, Couto N, Mateus EP, Pereira CS, Ribeiro AB. Electrokinetic remediation of contaminants of emergent concern in clay soil: Effect of operating parameters. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 253:625-635. [PMID: 31330354 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.07.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The potential of electrokinetic (EK) remediation to remove from soils one particular group of contaminants - contaminants of emergent concern (CECs), remains largely overlooked. The present study aimed to evaluate the efficiency of the EK process for the remediation of an agricultural clay soil containing CECs. The soil was spiked with four CECs - sulfamethoxazole, ibuprofen, triclosan and caffeine - and their status (i.e. residual amounts and spatial distribution) evaluated at the seventh day of EK treatment at a defined current intensity, directionality and duration of void period. The characterization of the soil physicochemical properties was also undertaken. The results showed similar degradation trends in all applied EK strategies, which were suchlike to that of the natural attenuation (biotic control): sulfamethoxazole > ibuprofen ≥ triclosan ≥ caffeine. The removal of the CECs was higher under a 10 mA constant current application than in the natural attenuation (up to 2.8 times higher; from 13 to 85%). Caffeine was the exception with its best removal efficiency being achieved when the ON/OFF switch mode with a void period duration of 12 h was used (36%). The use of electro-polarization reversal mode did not favour the remediation. The soil pH variations resulting from EK application were determinant for triclosan remediation, which increased with soil pH increase. The only EK condition that promoted the removal of all CECs was the ON/OFF switch mode of 12 h (removals between 36 and 72%), in which only minor physicochemical disturbances of the soil were observed. This is in accordance with a potential application of EK in-situ. The last is reinforced by the low estimated electrical cost of the best EK technology - 2.33 €/m3 for the 7 days. Overall the EK remediation processes are a promising technology to stimulate in situ the removal of CECs from agricultural soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guedes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal; Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Vanda Lopes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nazaré Couto
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cristina Silva Pereira
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa (ITQB NOVA), Av. da República, 2780-157, Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2829-516, Caparica, Portugal.
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7
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López-Vizcaíno R, dos Santos E, Yustres A, Rodrigo M, Navarro V, Martínez-Huitle C. Calcite buffer effects in electrokinetic remediation of clopyralid-polluted soils. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.11.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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8
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Sánchez V, López-Bellido FJ, Rodrigo MA, Rodríguez L. Electrokinetic-assisted phytoremediation of atrazine: Differences between electrode and interelectrode soil sections. Sep Purif Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2018.09.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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9
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López-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Asensio L, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Techno-economic analysis of the scale-up process of electrochemically-assisted soil remediation. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2019; 231:570-575. [PMID: 30388654 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work presents a techno-economic study of the scaling-up of the electrochemically-assisted soil remediation (EASR) process of polluted soil. Four scales have been selected for the study: laboratory, bench, pilot and prototype, with a capacity of treating a volume of soil of 1 × 10-4, 2 × 10-3, 0.11 and 21.76 m3, respectively. This study analyses the technical information produced by studies carried out at each scale, and informs about the fixed costs (construction of the electrokinetic remediation reactor, installation of auxiliary services and purchase of analytical equipment) and variable costs (start-up, operation and dismantling of the test) derived from running a test at each of the evaluated scales. The information discussed in based on the experience gained with many evaluations carried out over the last decade at these scales. This information can provide useful guidance for developing a scaling-up of the EASR for many researchers starting on the evaluation of this important environmental remediation technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vizcaíno
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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10
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Electroremediation of sodium bentonite contaminated with phenanthrene and its modeling with a Nernst-Planck equation. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-018-1219-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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11
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Rodrigo S, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Reversible electrokinetic adsorption barriers for the removal of organochlorine herbicide from spiked soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:629-636. [PMID: 29870938 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work aims to describe the removal of clopyralid from clay soils using electrokinetically assisted soil flushing (EKSF) coupled with a permeable reactive barrier (PRB), consisting of beds of Granulated Activated Carbon (GAC). To do this, two strategies have been evaluated on bench-scale electroremediation facilities (175 dm3): electrokinetic adsorption barrier (EKAB) and reversible electrokinetic adsorption barrier (REKAB). Likewise, to clarify the contribution of the different mechanisms to remediation process results are compared to those obtained in a reference test (without applying an electric field) and to results obtained in the EKSF of soils polluted with compounds with different polarity and vapour pressure. Results show that during EKAB and REKAB tests, clopyralid is removed from the soil by adsorption in PRB, electrokinetic transport and, very less decisively, by evaporation. The application of polarity reversion attains a higher retention of clopyralid in the activated carbon-PRB and a better regulation of pH because of the neutralization of H+ and OH- generated in the electrolyte wells. After 30 days of operation, the removal of clopyralid by EKAB is 45% while it reaches 57% in the case of REKAB.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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12
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Villen-Guzman M, Guedes P, Couto N, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB, Rodriguez-Maroto JM. Electrodialytic phosphorus recovery from sewage sludge ash under kinetic control. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Li H, Li B, Zhang Z, Tian Y, Ye J, Lv X, Zhu C. Factors influencing the removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria and antibiotic resistance genes by the electrokinetic treatment. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 160:207-215. [PMID: 29807293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The performance of the electrokinetic remediation process on the removal of antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) was evaluated with different influencing factors. With chlortetracycline (CTC), oxytetracycline (OTC), and tetracycline (TC) as template chemicals, the removal of both ARB and ARGs was enhanced with the increase of voltage gradient (0.4-1.2 V cm-1) and prolonged reaction time (3-14 d). The greatest removal (26.01-31.48% for ARB, 37.93-83.10% for ARGs) was obtained applying a voltage of 1.2 V cm-1, leading to the highest electrical consumption. The effect of polarity reversal intervals on the inactivation ratio of ARB followed the order of 0 h (66.06-80.00%) > 12 h (17.07-24.75%) > 24 h (10.44-13.93%). Lower pH, higher current density, and more evenly-distributed voltage drop was observed with a polarity reversal interval of 12 h compared with that of 24 h, leading to more efficient electrochemical reactions in soil. Compared with sul genes, tet genes were more vulnerable to be attacked in an electric field. It was mainly attributed to the lower abundance of tet genes (except tetM) and the varied effects of electrokinetic remediation process on different ARGs. Moreover, a relatively less removal ratio of tetC and tetG was obtained mainly due to the mechanism of the efflux pump upregulation. Both tet and sul genes were positively correlated with TC-resistant bacteria. The efflux pump genes like tetG and the cellular protection genes like tetM showed different correlations with ARB. This study enhances the current understanding on the removal strategies of ARB and ARGs, and it provides important parameters for their destruction by the electrokinetic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongna Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China.
| | - Binxu Li
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Yunlong Tian
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jing Ye
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiwu Lv
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, PR China
| | - Changxiong Zhu
- Agricultural Clean Watershed Research Group, Institute of Environment and Sustainable Development in Agriculture, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China
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López Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Asensio L, Saez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA, Navarro V. Enhanced electrokinetic remediation of polluted soils by anolyte pH conditioning. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 199:477-485. [PMID: 29454170 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the treatment of a polluted soil, the pH has a strong impact on the development of different physicochemical processes as precipitation/dissolution, adsorption/desorption or ionic exchange. In addition, the pH determines the chemical speciation of the compounds present in the system and, consequently, it conditions the transport processes by which those compounds will move. This question has aroused great interest in the development of pH control technologies coupled to soil remediation processes. In electrokinetic remediation processes, pH has usually been controlled by catholyte pH conditioning with acid solutions, applied to cases of heavy metals pollution. However, this method is not effective with pollutants that can be dissociated in anionic species. In this context, this paper presents a study of the electrokinetic remediation of soils polluted with 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, a common polar pesticide, enhanced with an anolyte pH conditioning strategy. A numerical study is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. Several numerical tests have been carried out for NaOH solutions with different concentrations as pH conditioning fluid. The results show that the anolyte pH conditioning strategy makes it possible to control the pH of the soil and, consequently, the chemical speciation of pollutant species. Thus, it is possible to achieve an important flux of pesticide into the anolyte compartment (electro-migration of anionic species and diffusive transport of acid species). This way, it possible to maximise the pesticide accumulation in this compartment, allowing a much more effective removal of pollutants from the soil than without the anolyte pH conditioning strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López Vizcaíno
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain.
| | - A Yustres
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - L Asensio
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- University of Castilla-La Mancha, Institute of Technology, Campus Universitario s/n, 16071 Cuenca, Spain
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Ni M, Tian S, Huang Q, Yang Y. Electrokinetic-Fenton remediation of organochlorine pesticides from historically polluted soil. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12159-12168. [PMID: 29455352 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1479-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Soil contamination by persistent organic pollutants (POPs) poses a great threat to historically polluted soil worldwide. In this study, soils were characterized, and organochlorine pesticides contained in the soils were identified and quantified. Individual electrokinetic (IE), EK-Fenton-coupled technologies (EF), and enhanced EK-Fenton treatment (E-1, E-2, and E-3) were applied to remediate soils contaminated with hexachloro-cyclohexane soprocide (HCH) and dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT). Variation of pH, electrical conductivity, and electroosmotic flow was evaluated during the EK-Fenton process. The IE treatment showed low removal efficiency for HCHs (30.5%) and DDTs (25.9%). In the EF treatment, the highest removal level (60.9%) was obtained for α-HCH, whereas P,P-DDT was the lowest (40.0%). Low solubility of pollutants impeded the HCH and DDT removal. After enhanced EK-Fenton treatment, final removal of pollutants decreased as follows: β-HCH (82.6%) > γ-HCH (81.6%) > α-HCH (81.2%) > δ-HCH (80.0%) > P,P-DDD (73.8%) > P,P-DDE (73.1%) > P,P-DDT (72.6%) > O,P-DDT (71.5%). The results demonstrate that EK-Fenton is a promising technology for POP removal in historically polluted soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maofei Ni
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing, 400714, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shulei Tian
- Research Institute of Solid Waste Management, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qifei Huang
- Research Institute of Solid Waste Management, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yanmei Yang
- School of River and Ocean Engineering, Chongqing Jiaotong University, Chongqing, 400074, China
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Yustres Á, López-Vizcaíno R, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo M, Navarro V. Water transport in electrokinetic remediation of unsaturated kaolinite. Experimental and numerical study. Sep Purif Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Muñoz-Morales M, Braojos M, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Rodrigo MA. Remediation of soils polluted with lindane using surfactant-aided soil washing and electrochemical oxidation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 339:232-238. [PMID: 28654787 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2017.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work the complete treatment of soil spiked with lindane is studied using surfactant-aided soil-washing (SASW) to exhaust lindane from soil and electrolysis with diamond anodes to mineralize lindane from the soil washing fluid (SWF) waste. Results demonstrated that this technological approach is efficient and allow to remove this hazardous pollutant from soil. They also pointed out the significance of the ratio surfactant/soil in the efficiency of the SASW process and in the performance of the later electrolysis used to mineralize the pollutant. Larger values of this parameter lead to effluents that undergo a very efficient treatment which allows the depletion of lindane for applied charges lower than 15AhL-1 and the recovery of more than 70% of the surfactant for the regeneration of the SWF.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Muñoz-Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M Braojos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13005, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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19
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Morillo E, Villaverde J. Advanced technologies for the remediation of pesticide-contaminated soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 586:576-597. [PMID: 28214125 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of pesticides in soil has become a highly significant environmental problem, which has been increased by the vast use of pesticides worldwide and the absence of remediation technologies that have been tested at full-scale. The aim of this review is to give an overview on technologies really studied and/or developed during the last years for remediation of soils contaminated by pesticides. Depending on the nature of the decontamination process, these techniques have been included into three categories: containment-immobilization, separation or destruction. The review includes some considerations about the status of emerging technologies as well as their advantages, limitations, and pesticides treated. In most cases, emerging technologies, such as those based on oxidation-reduction or bioremediation, may be incorporated into existing technologies to improve their performance or overcome limitations. Research and development actions are still needed for emerging technologies to bring them for full-scale implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Morillo
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla E-41012, Spain.
| | - J Villaverde
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Seville (IRNAS-CSIC), Av. Reina Mercedes, 10, Sevilla E-41012, Spain
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López-Vizcaíno R, Risco C, Isidro J, Rodrigo S, Saez C, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Scale-up of the electrokinetic fence technology for the removal of pesticides. Part II: Does size matter for removal of herbicides? CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:549-555. [PMID: 27692679 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work reports results of the application of electrokinetic fence technology in a 32 m3 -prototype which contains soil polluted with 2,4-D and oxyfluorfen, focusing on the evaluation of the mechanisms that describe the removal of these two herbicides and comparing results to those obtained in smaller plants: a pilot-scale mockup (175 L) and a lab-scale soil column (1 L). Results show that electric heating of soil (coupled with the increase in the volatility) is the key to explain the removal of pollutants in the largest scale facility while electrokinetic transport processes are the primary mechanisms that explain the removal of herbicides in the lab-scale plant. 2-D and 3-D maps of the temperature and pollutant concentrations are used in the discussion of results trying to give light about the mechanisms and about how the size of the setup can lead to different conclusions, despite the same processes are occurring in the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vizcaíno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Risco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Isidro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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López-Vizcaíno R, Risco C, Isidro J, Rodrigo S, Saez C, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Scale-up of the electrokinetic fence technology for the removal of pesticides. Part I: Some notes about the transport of inorganic species. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 166:540-548. [PMID: 27692680 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Revised: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This work describes the application electrokinetic fence technology to a soil polluted with herbicides in a large prototype containing 32 m3 of soil. It compares performance in this large facility with results previously obtained in a pilot-scale mockup (175 L) and with results obtained in a lab-scale soil column (1 L), all of them operated under the same driving force: an electric field of 1.0 V cm-1. Within this wide context, this work focuses on the effect on inorganic species contained in soil and describes the main processes occurring in the prototype facility, as well as the differences observed respect to the lower scale plants. Thus, despite the same processes can be described in the three plants, important differences are observed in the evolution of the current intensity, moisture and conductivity. They can be related to the less important electroosmotic fluxes in the larger facilities and to the very different distances between electrodes, which lead to very different distribution of species and even to a very different evolution of the resulting current intensity. 2-D maps of the main species at different relevant moments of the test are discussed and important information is drawn from them. Ions depletion from soil appears as a very important problem which should be prevented if the effect of natural bioremediation and/or phytoremediation on the removal or organics aims to be accounted.
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Affiliation(s)
- R López-Vizcaíno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Risco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - J Isidro
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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López-Vizcaíno R, Navarro V, León MJ, Risco C, Rodrigo MA, Sáez C, Cañizares P. Scale-up on electrokinetic remediation: Engineering and technological parameters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2016; 315:135-143. [PMID: 27209275 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This study analyses the effect of the scale-up of electrokinetic remediation (EKR) processes in natural soils. A procedure is proposed to prepare soils based on a compacting process to obtaining soils with similar moisture content and density to those found in real soils in the field. The soil used here was from a region with a high agrarian activity (Mora, Spain). The scale-up study was performed in two installations at different scales: a mock-up pilot scale (0.175m(3)) and a prototype with a scale that was very similar to a real application (16m(3)). The electrode configuration selected consisted of rows of graphite electrodes facing each other located in electrolyte wells. The discharge of 20mg of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid [2,4-D] per kg of dry soil was treated by applying an electric potential gradient of 1Vcm(-1). An increase in scale was observed to directly influence the amount of energy supplied to the soil being treated. As a result, electroosmotic and electromigration flows and electric heating are more intense than in smaller-scale tests (24%, 1% and 25%, respectively respect to the values in prototype). In addition, possible leaks were evaluated by conducting a watertightness test and quantifying evaporation losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubén López-Vizcaíno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical & Environmental Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Vicente Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - María J León
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Carolina Risco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical & Environmental Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Cristina Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
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Risco C, Rubí-Juárez H, Rodrigo S, López-Vizcaíno R, Saez C, Cañizares P, Barrera-Díaz C, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Removal of oxyfluorfen from spiked soils using electrokinetic soil flushing with the surrounding arrangements of electrodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 559:94-102. [PMID: 27058128 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work reports the results of a study in which the remediation of soil that undergoes an accidental discharge of oxyfluorfen is carried out by using electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF). Two different electrode configurations were tested, consisting of several electrodes surrounding an electrode of different polarity (so-called 1A6C, one anode surrounded by six cathodes, and 1C6A, one cathode surrounded by six cathodes). A pilot plant scale was used (with a soil volume of 175dm(3)) to perform the studies. During the tests, different parameters were measured daily (flowrates, pH, electrical conductivity and herbicide concentration in different sampling positions). Furthermore, at the end of the test, a complete post-mortem analysis was carried out to obtain a 3-D map of the pollution, pH and electrical conductivity in the soil. The results demonstrate that electrode arrangement is a key factor for effective pollutant removal. In fact, the 1A6C configuration improves the removal rate by 41.3% versus the 27.0% obtained by the 1C6A configuration after a period of 35days. Finally, a bench mark comparison of this study of soil remediation polluted with 2,4-D allows for significant conclusions about the scale-up and full-scale application of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Risco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - H Rubí-Juárez
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P., 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Barrera-Díaz
- Facultad de Química, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Paseo Colón intersección Paseo Tollocan S/N, C.P., 50120, Toluca, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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dos Santos EV, Souza F, Saez C, Cañizares P, Lanza MRV, Martinez-Huitle CA, Rodrigo MA. Application of electrokinetic soil flushing to four herbicides: A comparison. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:205-211. [PMID: 27016816 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, four bench-scale plants containing soil spiked with four herbicides (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), oxyfluorfen, chlorsulfuron and atrazine) undergo treatment consisting of an electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF). Results clearly demonstrate that efficiency of EKSF depends on the chemical characteristic of the pesticide used. The amount of pesticide collected in the anode well is more significant than that collected in the cathode wells, indicating that the electromigration is much more important than drainage by electro-osmotic flux for this application. After 15 d of treatment, the 2,4-D is the pesticide most efficiently removed (95% of removal), while chlorsulfuron is the pesticide more resilient to the treatment. Additionally, volatilization was found to be a process of the major significance in the application of electrokinetic techniques to soil polluted with herbicides and because of that it should always be taken into account in the future design of full-scale processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Vieira dos Santos
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - F Souza
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP-13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - C Saez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M R V Lanza
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos, Universidade de São Paulo, P.O. Box 780, CEP-13560-970, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - C A Martinez-Huitle
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Lagoa Nova, CEP 59078-970, Natal, RN, Brazil
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, Enrique Costa Building, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
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26
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Risco C, Rodrigo S, López-Vizcaíno R, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Rodrigo MA. Electrokinetic flushing with surrounding electrode arrangements for the remediation of soils that are polluted with 2,4-D: A case study in a pilot plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 545-546:256-265. [PMID: 26747990 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/15/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This work aimed to evaluate electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF) technologies for the removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) from spiked soils using an electrode configuration consisting of one cathode surrounded by six anodes (1c6a) and one anode surrounded by 6 cathodes (1a6c). Experiments were conducted for over one month in a bench-scale set-up (175 dm(3) of capacity) that was completely automated and operated at a constant electric field (1.0V cm(-1)). The electrical current, temperature, pH, moisture and pollutant concentration in electrolyte wells were monitored daily, and at the end of the experiments, an in-depth sectioned analysis of the complete soil section (post-mortem analysis) was conducted. Despite the geometric similarity, the two strategies led to very different results mainly in terms of water and herbicide mobilization, whereas pH and conductivity do not depend strongly on the electrode configuration. The volume of water extracted from cathodes with 1a6c is seven times higher than that of the 1c6a strategy. Herbicide was transported to the anode wells by electromigration and then dragged toward the cathode wells by electro-osmotic fluxes, with the first process being much more important. The configuration 1c6a was the most efficient and attained a transfer of 70% of the herbicide contained in the soil to flushing water in 35 days. These results outperform those obtained by the configuration 1a6c, for which less than 8% of the herbicide was transferred to flushing fluids in a much longer time (58 days).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Risco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - S Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - R López-Vizcaíno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Instituto de Tecnologías Química y Medioambiental, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - C Sáez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - P Cañizares
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - V Navarro
- Geoenvironmental Group, Civil Engineering School, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Avda. Camilo José Cela s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - M A Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Facultad de Ciencias y Tecnologías Químicas, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain.
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Estabragh AR, Bordbar AT, Ghaziani F, Javadi AA. Removal of MTBE from a clay soil using electrokinetic technique. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2016; 37:1745-1756. [PMID: 26787321 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2015.1131750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Remediation of a soil contaminated with methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) was studied by using the electrokinetic technique. A series of experimental tests were carried out on contaminated soil in an electro-osmotic apparatus at different applied gradients of voltage and time. The tests were conducted with distilled water and ethylenediaminetetra acetic acid (EDTA) solution as electrolyte. During each test the values of pH at anode and cathode reservoirs and also the discharge from cathode were measured. At the end of each test a number of soil samples were extracted from the middle of the soil at different distances from the anode and the removal of contaminant was measured by a gas chromatography apparatus. The results indicate that with EDTA as electrolyte the highest efficiency for removal of MTBE is achieved with 2.0 V/cm gradient and in the duration of 14 days. In addition, EDTA causes the values of pH to increase and decrease in the cathode and anode reservoirs, respectively. It also decreases the effluent and electro-osmotic permeability in comparison with distilled water. Experimental data were analysed by ANOVA and t-test methods. These statistical analyses showed significant difference (at 5% level) between the reference and other tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Estabragh
- a Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering , University of Tehran , Karaj , Iran
| | - A T Bordbar
- a Faculty of Soil and Water Engineering , University of Tehran , Karaj , Iran
| | - F Ghaziani
- b Faculty of Agricultural , University of Tehran , Karaj , Iran
| | - A A Javadi
- c Computational Geomechanics Group, College of Engineering, Mathematics and Physical Sciences , University of Exeter , Devon , UK
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Risco C, Rodrigo S, López-Vizcaíno R, Yustres A, Sáez C, Cañizares P, Navarro V, Rodrigo M. Electrochemically assisted fences for the electroremediation of soils polluted with 2,4-D: A case study in a pilot plant. Sep Purif Technol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2015.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Duong Pham
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli, Finland
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Laboratory of Green Chemistry, Lappeenranta University of Technology, Mikkeli, Finland
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Gomes HI, Rodríguez-Maroto JM, Ribeiro AB, Pamukcu S, Dias-Ferreira C. Numerical prediction of diffusion and electric field-induced iron nanoparticle transport. Electrochim Acta 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2014.11.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Gomes HI, Dias-Ferreira C, Ottosen LM, Ribeiro AB. Electroremediation of PCB contaminated soil combined with iron nanoparticles: Effect of the soil type. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 131:157-163. [PMID: 25841071 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Revised: 02/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) are carcinogenic and persistent organic pollutants that accumulate in soils and sediments. Currently, there is no cost-effective and sustainable remediation technology for these contaminants. In this work, a new combination of electrodialytic remediation and zero valent iron particles in a two-compartment cell is tested and compared to a more conventional combination of electrokinetic remediation and nZVI in a three-compartment cell. In the new two-compartment cell, the soil is suspended and stirred simultaneously with the addition of zero valent iron nanoparticles. Remediation experiments are made with two different historically PCB contaminated soils, which differ in both soil composition and contamination source. Soil 1 is a mix of soils with spills of transformer oils, while Soil 2 is a superficial soil from a decommissioned school where PCB were used as windows sealants. Saponin, a natural surfactant, was also tested to increase the PCB desorption from soils and enhance dechlorination. Remediation of Soil 1 (with highest pH, carbonate content, organic matter and PCB concentrations) obtained the maximum 83% and 60% PCB removal with the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively. The highest removal with Soil 2 were 58% and 45%, in the two-compartment and the three-compartment cell, respectively, in the experiments without direct current. The pH of the soil suspension in the two-compartment treatment appears to be a determining factor for the PCB dechlorination, and this cell allowed a uniform distribution of the nanoparticles in the soil, while there was iron accumulation in the injection reservoir in the three-compartment cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal; Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Lisbeth M Ottosen
- Department of Civil Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Brovej, Building 118, DK 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE - Center for Environmental and Sustainability Research, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Guedes P, Mateus EP, Couto N, Rodríguez Y, Ribeiro AB. Electrokinetic remediation of six emerging organic contaminants from soil. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 117:124-131. [PMID: 24997283 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 06/05/2014] [Accepted: 06/06/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Some organic contaminants can accumulate in organisms and cause irreversible damages in biological systems through direct or indirect toxic effects. In this study the feasibility of the electrokinetic (EK) process for the remediation of 17β-oestradiol (E2), 17α-ethinyloestradiol (EE2), bisphenol A (BPA), nonylphenol (NP), octylphenol (OP) and triclosan (TCS) in soils was studied in a stationary laboratory cell. The experiments were conducted using a silty loam soil (S2) at 0, 10 and 20mA and a sandy soil (S3) at 0 and 10 mA. A pH control in the anolyte reservoir (pH>13) at 10 mA was carried out using S2, too. Photo and electrodegradation experiments were also fulfilled. Results showed that EK is a viable method for the remediation of these contaminants, both through mobilization by electroosmotic flow (EOF) and electrodegradation. As EOF is very sensible to soil pH, the control in the anolyte increased EOF rate, consequently enhancing contaminants mobilization towards the cathode end. The extent of the mobilization towards the electrode end was mainly dependent on compounds solubility and octanol-water partition coefficient. In the last 24h of experiments, BPA presented the highest mobilization rate (ca. 4 μg min(-1)) with NP not being detected in the catholyte. At the end of all experiments the percentage of contaminants that remained in the soil ranged between 17 and 50 for S2, and between 27 and 48 for S3, with no statistical differences between treatments. The mass balance performed showed that the amount of contaminant not detected in the cell is similar to the quantity that potentially may suffer photo and electrodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Guedes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Nazaré Couto
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Yadira Rodríguez
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Málaga, Campus de Teatinos, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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Mena E, Ruiz C, Villaseñor J, Rodrigo MA, Cañizares P. Biological permeable reactive barriers coupled with electrokinetic soil flushing for the treatment of diesel-polluted clay soil. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2014; 283:131-139. [PMID: 25262485 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Revised: 08/28/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Removal of diesel from spiked kaolin has been studied in the laboratory using coupled electrokinetic soil flushing (EKSF) and bioremediation through an innovative biological permeable reactive barriers (Bio-PRBs) positioned between electrode wells. The results show that this technology is efficient in the removal of pollutants and allows the soil to maintain the appropriate conditions for microorganism growth in terms of pH, temperature, and nutrients. At the same time, EKSF was demonstrated to be a very interesting technology for transporting pollutants, microorganisms and nutrients, although results indicate that careful management is necessary to avoid the depletion of nutrients, which are effectively transported by electro-migration. After two weeks of operation, 30% of pollutants are removed and energy consumption is under 70 kWh m(-3). Main fluxes (electroosmosis and evaporation) and changes in the most relevant parameters (nutrients, diesel, microorganisms, surfactants, moisture conductivity and pH) during treatment and in a complete post-study analysis are studied to give a comprehensive description of the most relevant processes occurring in the soil (pollutant transport and biodegradation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Mena
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies & Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Clara Ruiz
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies & Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - José Villaseñor
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies & Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Manuel A Rodrigo
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies & Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain.
| | - Pablo Cañizares
- Chemical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Sciences and Technologies & Research Institute for Chemical and Environmental Technology (ITQUIMA), Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071, Ciudad Real, Spain
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Gomes HI, Fan G, Mateus EP, Dias-Ferreira C, Ribeiro AB. Assessment of combined electro-nanoremediation of molinate contaminated soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:178-184. [PMID: 24946031 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Revised: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Molinate is a pesticide widely used, both in space and time, for weed control in rice paddies. Due to its water solubility and affinity to organic matter, it is a contaminant of concern in ground and surface waters, soils and sediments. Previous works have showed that molinate can be removed from soils through electrokinetic (EK) remediation. In this work, molinate degradation by zero valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) was tested in soils for the first time. Soil is a highly complex matrix, and pollutant partitioning between soil and water and its degradation rates in different matrices is quite challenging. A system combining nZVI and EK was also set up in order to study the nanoparticles and molinate transport, as well as molinate degradation. Results showed that molinate could be degraded by nZVI in soils, even though the process is more time demanding and degradation percentages are lower than in an aqueous solution. This shows the importance of testing contaminant degradation, not only in aqueous solutions, but also in the soil-sorbed fraction. It was also found that soil type was the most significant factor influencing iron and molinate transport. The main advantage of the simultaneous use of both methods is the molinate degradation instead of its accumulation in the catholyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal.
| | - Guangping Fan
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ISSCAS), East Beijing Road, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Eduardo P Mateus
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Celia Dias-Ferreira
- CERNAS - Research Center for Natural Resources, Environment and Society, Escola Superior Agraria de Coimbra, Instituto Politecnico de Coimbra, Bencanta, 3045-601 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Alexandra B Ribeiro
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
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35
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Hamdan SH, Molelekwa GF, Van der Bruggen B. Electrokinetic Remediation Technique: An Integrated Approach to Finding New Strategies for Restoration of Saline Soil and to Control Seawater Intrusion. ChemElectroChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201402071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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36
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Rodrigo MA, Oturan N, Oturan MA. Electrochemically Assisted Remediation of Pesticides in Soils and Water: A Review. Chem Rev 2014; 114:8720-45. [DOI: 10.1021/cr500077e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 380] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M. A. Rodrigo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Sciences & Technologies, University of Castilla La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, 13071 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - N. Oturan
- Laboratoire
de Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris Est, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - M. A. Oturan
- Laboratoire
de Géomatériaux et Environnement (LGE), Université Paris Est, 5 bd Descartes, 77454 Marne la Vallée Cedex 2, France
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Gomes HI, Dias-Ferreira C, Ribeiro AB. Electrokinetic remediation of organochlorines in soil: enhancement techniques and integration with other remediation technologies. CHEMOSPHERE 2012; 87:1077-1090. [PMID: 22386462 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Electrokinetic remediation has been increasingly used in soils and other matrices for numerous contaminants such as inorganic, organic, radionuclides, explosives and their mixtures. Several strategies were tested to improve this technology effectiveness, namely techniques to solubilize contaminants, control soil pH and also couple electrokinetics with other remediation technologies. This review focus in the experimental work carried out in organochlorines soil electroremediation, aiming to systemize useful information to researchers in this field. It is not possible to clearly state what technique is the best, since experimental approaches and targeted contaminants are different. Further research is needed in the application of some of the reviewed techniques. Also a number of technical and environmental issues will require evaluation for full-scale application. Removal efficiencies reported in real contaminated soils are much lower than the ones obtained with spiked kaolinite, showing the influence of other factors like aging of the contamination and adsorption to soil particles, resulting in important challenges when transferring technologies into the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena I Gomes
- CENSE, Departamento de Ciências e Engenharia do Ambiente, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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