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Tang X, Jin Z, Zou R, Zhu Y, Yao X, Li M, Song S, Liu S, Zeng T. Sustainable Electrochemical Activation of Self-Generated Persulfate for the Degradation of Endocrine Disruptors: Kinetics, Performances, and Mechanisms. TOXICS 2024; 12:156. [PMID: 38393251 PMCID: PMC10893448 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
This study presents an electrolysis system utilizing a novel self-circulation process of sulfate (SO42-) and persulfate (S2O82-) ions based on a boron-doped diamond (BDD) anode and an activated carbon fiber (ACF) cathode, which is designed to enable electrochemical remediation of environmental contaminants with reduced use of chemical reagents and minimized residues. The production of S2O82- and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) on the BDD anode and ACF cathode, respectively, is identified as the source of active radicals for the contaminant degradation. The initiator, sulfate, is identified by comparing the degradation efficiency in NaSO4 and NaNO3 electrolytes. Quenching experiments and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed that the SO4-· and ·OH generated on the ACF cathode are the main reactive radicals. A comparison of the degradation efficiency and the generated S2O82-/H2O2 of the divided/undivided electrolysis system is used to demonstrate the superiority of the synergistic effect between the BDD anode and ACF cathode. This work provides evidence of the effectiveness of the philosophy of "catalysis in lieu of supplementary chemical agents" and sheds light on the mechanism of the generation and transmission of reactive species in the BDD and ACF electrolysis system, thereby offering new perspectives for the design and optimization of electrolysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Tang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Zhiquan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Yi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Xia Yao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Mengxuan Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
| | - Shuangliu Liu
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tao Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310032, China; (X.T.); (Z.J.); (R.Z.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (M.L.); (S.S.)
- Shaoxing Research Institute, Zhejiang University of Technology, Shaoxing 312000, China
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Xu J, Zou J, Wu J, Zeng H, Huang Y, Yang J, Gong C, Chen S, Ma J. Enhanced chlorination of diclofenac using ABTS as electron shuttle: Performance, mechanism and applicability. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168117. [PMID: 37890637 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Chlorination, one of the most common oxidation strategies, performed limited degradation capacity towards many emerging organic contaminants under neutral pH conditions. In this study, 2,2'-azinobis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline)-6-sulfonate (ABTS) was discovered to possess an outstanding activation property towards free available chlorine (FAC) during the chlorination of diclofenac (DCF) among pH 6.0-9.5. ABTS radical (ABTS•+) primarily accounted for the elimination of DCF in the ABTS/FAC system, although hydroxyl radicals, reactive chlorine species, and singlet oxygen were also generated via the self-decomposition of FAC. ABTS acted as the electron shuttle to degrade DCF in the ABTS/FAC system, where ABTS was firstly oxidized by FAC to ABTS•+ via single electron transfer, and followed by the elimination of DCF with the generated ABTS•+. Eight DCF degradation intermediates were identified by LC/Q-TOF/MS, and four DCF degradation pathways were proposed. Real water bodies, humic acid, and the coexistent anions of Cl-, HCO3-, NO3-, and SO42- performed negligible influence on DCF removal in ABTS/FAC system. ABTS/FAC system was much superior to sole chlorination in terms of toxicity reduction and anti-interference capacity. Overall, this study innovatively introduced ABTS as the electron shuttle to enhance the oxidative capacity of FAC under neutral pH conditions and provided a new insight that the ABTS-like organic/synthetic components might play an important role in degrading emerging organic contaminants by chlorination in water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Xu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China; Key Laboratory of Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jing Zou
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China.
| | - Jianying Wu
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Huiping Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Water Quality Science and Water Environment Recovery Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yixin Huang
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jingxin Yang
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental Research at Greater Bay, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Chunming Gong
- Xiamen Institute of Environmental Science, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China
| | - Siying Chen
- Xiamen Key Laboratory of Municipal and Industrial Solid Waste Utilization and Pollution Control, College of Civil Engineering, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian 361021, China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, China
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Shi J, Wang L, Gao S, Huang J, Yang H, Lu H, Cao S. Degradation of Diclofenac by Loaded Solid Superbase-Activated Persulfate. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14313. [PMID: 37762616 PMCID: PMC10531577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Alkali-activated persulfate (PS) is widely used in situ in chemical oxidation processes; however, studies on the innovation of the alkali activation process are very limited. Two supported solid superbases, namely KNO3/γ-Al2O3 (KAl) and KNO3/SBA-15/MgO (KSM), respectively, were prepared and used to activate persulfate to degrade DCF in this work. The results showed that the superbases elevated the solution pH once added and thus could catalyze persulfate to degrade diclofenac efficiently above pH 10.5. The catalytic efficiency of KAl was close to that of sodium hydroxide, and that of KSM was the highest. The mechanism might be that, in addition to raising the solution pH, some potassium existed as K2O2, which had a strong oxidizing effect and was conducive to DCF removal. Hydroxyl, sulfate and superoxide radicals were all found in the reaction system, among which hydroxyl might play the most important role. The material composition ratio, common anion and humic acid all had some influences on the catalytic efficiency. A total of five intermediates were found in the KSM/PS oxidation system, and six oxidation pathways, which were hydroxylation, dehydrogen, dechlorination, dehydration, decarboxylation, and C-N bond breakage, might be involved in the reaction process. Several highly toxic oxidation products that should be paid attention to were also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Shi
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Shang Gao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Jianbo Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
| | - Hao Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China
| | - Hao Lu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
- College of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, China
| | - Shaohua Cao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Management and Pollution Control, Nanjing Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment of China, Nanjing 210042, China; (J.S.); (L.W.); (S.G.); (J.H.); (H.L.)
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Zeng T, Jin S, Jin Z, Li S, Zou R, Zhang X, Song S, Liu M. Ultrafine ZnCo 2O 4 QD-incorporated carbon nitride mediated peroxymonosulfate activation for norfloxacin oxidation: performance, mechanisms and pathways. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14048-14059. [PMID: 37181504 PMCID: PMC10167798 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02364h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, peroxymonosulfate (PMS)-based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are being actively investigated as a potential technology for water decontamination and many efforts have been made to improve the activation efficiency of PMS. Herein, a 0D metal oxide quantum dot (QD)-2D ultrathin g-C3N4 nanosheet (ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4) hybrid was facilely fabricated through a one-pot hydrothermal process and used as an efficient PMS activator. Benefiting from the restricted growth effect of the g-C3N4 support, ultrafine ZnCo2O4 QDs (∼3-5 nm) are uniformly and stably anchored onto the surface. The ultrafine ZnCo2O4 possesses high specific surface areas and shortened mass/electron transport route so that the internal static electric field (Einternal) formed in the interface between p-type ZnCo2O4 and the n-type g-C3N4 semiconductor could speed up the electron transfer during the catalytic reaction. This thereby induces the high-efficiency PMS activation for rapid organic pollutant removal. As expected, the ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4 hybrid catalysts significantly outperformed individual ZnCo2O4 and g-C3N4 in catalytic oxidative degradation of norfloxacin (NOR) in the presence of PMS (95.3% removal of 20 mg L-1 of NOR in 120 min). Furthermore, the ZnCo2O4/g-C3N4-mediated PMS activation system was systematically studied in terms of the identification of reactive radicals, the impact of control factors, and the recyclability of the catalyst. The results of this study demonstrated the great potential of a built-in electric field-driven catalyst as a novel PMS activator for the remediation of contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zeng
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University Sichuan 610065 China +86-571-88320726
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
| | - Sijia Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
| | - Zhiquan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
| | - Shuqi Li
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
- Hangzhou Vocational & Technical College, Ecology and Health Institute Hangzhou 310018 P. R. China
| | - Rui Zou
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
| | - Xiaole Zhang
- College of Life Science, North China University of Science and Technology Tangshan Hebei 063000 China
| | - Shuang Song
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology Hangzhou Zhejiang 310032 P. R. China
| | - Min Liu
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University Sichuan 610065 China +86-571-88320726
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Liu Z, Ren X, Duan X, Sarmah AK, Zhao X. Remediation of environmentally persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by persulfates oxidation system (PS): A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 863:160818. [PMID: 36502984 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the past few years, persistent organic pollutants (POPs) exhibiting high ecotoxicity have been widely detected in the environment. Persulfate-oxidation hybrid system is one of the most widely used novel advanced oxidation techniques and is based on the persulfate generation of SO4-∙ and ∙OH from persulfate to degrade POPs. The overarching aim of this work is to provide a critical review of the variety of methods of peroxide activation (e.g., light activated persulfate, heat-activated persulfate, ultrasound-activated persulfate, electrochemically-activated persulfate, base-activated persulfate, transition metal activated persulfate, as well as Carbon based material activated persulfate). Specifically, through this article we make an attempt to provide the important characteristics and uses of main activated PS methods, as well as the prevailing mechanisms of activated PS to degrade organic pollutants in water. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of each activation method are analyzed. This work clearly illustrates the benefits of different persulfate activation technologies, and explores persulfate activation in terms of Sustainable Development Goals, technical feasibility, toxicity assessment, and economics to facilitate the large-scale application of persulfate technologies. It also discusses how to choose the most suitable activation method to degrade different types of POPs, filling the research gap in this area and providing better guidance for future research and engineering applications of persulfates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibo Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xin Ren
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping 136000, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping 136000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Duan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping 136000, China
| | - Ajit K Sarmah
- The Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand.
| | - Xuesong Zhao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Haifeng Street, Tiexi Dist, Siping 136000, China; Key Laboratory of Environmental Materials and Pollution Control, Education Department of Jilin Province, Siping 136000, China.
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Shi J, Jiang J, Chen Q, Wang L, Nian K, Long T. Production of higher toxic intermediates of organic pollutants during chemical oxidation processes: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2023.104856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
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Chen X, Mu S, Luo Y. Degradation of petroleum pollutants in oil-based drilling cuttings using an Fe 2+-based Fenton-like advanced oxidation processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:37669-37678. [PMID: 36574125 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24925-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Oil-based drilling cuttings (OBDC) contain a large amount of total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) pollutants, which are hazardous to the environment. In this study, Fe2+-activating hydrogen peroxide (Fe2+/H2O2), peroxymonosulfate (Fe2+/PMS), and peroxydisulfate (Fe2+/PDS) advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) were used to treat OBDC due to the difference in the degradation capacity of TPH caused by the type of free radical generated and effective activation conditions observed for the different oxidants studied. The results showed that the oxidant concentration, Fe2+ dosage, and reaction time in the three AOPs were greatly positively correlated with the TPH removal rate in a certain range. The initial pH value had a significant effect on the Fe2+/H2O2 process, and its TPH removal rate was negatively correlated in the pH range from 3 to 11. However, the Fe2+/PMS and Fe2+/PDS processes only displayed lower TPH removal rates under neutral conditions and tolerated a wider range of pH conditions. The optimal TPH removal rates observed for the Fe2+/H2O2, Fe2+/PMS, and Fe2+/PDS processes were 45.04%, 42.75%, and 44.95%, respectively. Fourier transform infrared spectrometer and gas chromatography-mass spectrometer analysis showed that the alkanes in OBDC could be effectively removed using the three processes studied, and their degradation ability toward straight-chain alkanes was in the order of Fe2+/PMS > Fe2+/PDS > Fe2+/H2O2, among which Fe2+/PMS exhibited the optimal removal effect for aromatic hydrocarbons. Scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction results showed no significant changes in the elemental and mineral composition of OBDC before and after treatment. Therefore, this study provided a theoretical reference for the effective degradation of TPH pollutants in OBDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinglong Chen
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Shiqi Mu
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, 611756, China
| | - Yuanfeng Luo
- Department of Ecology and Environment of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Academy of Environmental Policy and Planning, Chengdu, 610093, China.
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He H, Zhao J. The efficient degradation of diclofenac by ferrate and peroxymonosulfate: performances, mechanisms, and toxicity assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:11959-11977. [PMID: 36103067 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22967-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the degradation efficiency and reaction mechanisms of diclofenac (DCF), a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug, by the combination of ferrate (Fe(VI) and peroxymonosulfate (PMS) (Fe(VI)/PMS) were systematically investigated. The higher degradation efficiency of DCF in Fe(VI)/PMS system can be obtained than that in alone persulfate (PS), Fe(VI), PMS, or the Fe(VI)/PS process at pH 6.0. DCF was efficiently removed in Fe(VI)/PMS process within a wide range of pH values from 4.0 to 8.0, with higher degradation efficiency in acidic conditions. The increasing reaction temperature (10 to 30 ℃), Fe(VI) dose (6.25 to 100 µM), or PMS concentration (50 to 1000 µM) significantly enhanced the DCF degradation. The existences of HCO3¯, Cl¯, and humic acid (HA) obviously inhibited the DCF removal. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), free radical quenching, and probing experiments confirmed the existence of sulfate radicals (SO4•¯), hydroxyl radicals (•OH), and Fe(V)/ Fe(IV), which are responsible for DCF degradation in Fe(VI)/PMS system. The variations of TOC removal ratio reveal that the adsorption of organics with ferric particles, formed in the reduction of Fe(VI), also were functioned in the removal process. Sixteen DCF transformation byproducts were identified by UPLC-QTOF/MS, and the toxicity variation was evaluated. Consequently, eight reaction pathways for DCF degradation were proposed. This study provides theoretical basis for the utilization of Fe(VI)/PMS process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haonan He
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jingan Road 5#, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China
| | - Junfeng Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Sichuan Normal University, Jingan Road 5#, Jinjiang District, Chengdu, 610066, Sichuan, China.
- Key Laboratory of Special Waste Water Treatment, Sichuan Province Higher Education System, Sichuan, Chengdu, 610066, China.
- Key Laboratory of Land Resources Evaluation and Monitoring in Southwest, Ministry of Education of China, Chengdu, 610066, China.
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Hama Aziz KH. Heterogeneous catalytic activation of peroxydisulfate toward degradation of pharmaceuticals diclofenac and ibuprofen using scrap printed circuit board. RSC Adv 2022; 13:115-128. [PMID: 36605634 PMCID: PMC9764427 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07263g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues have been identified as a priority contaminant due to their toxicity to organisms and the ecosystem as representative refractory organic compounds in water. Therefore, using efficient treatment methods to remove them from wastewater has become a crucial topic of research. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) based on the sulfate radical have gained increased attention in recent years due to their superior performance and adaptability in the decomposition of refractory organic contaminants. In this work, scrap printed circuit boards (PCBs) were used to prepare a low-cost and efficient heterogeneous peroxydisulfate (PDS) catalytic activator via thermal treatment with an air combustion non-carbonized catalyst (NCC) and pyrolysis with a nitrogen carbonized catalyst (CC) for the removal of diclofenac (DCF) and ibuprofen (IBF) from water at circumneutral pH. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by several analytical techniques. The effects of various experimental parameters on the removal efficiency were examined. Under optimum conditions, the degradation efficiency reached 76% and 71% with NCC and 63% and 57.5% with CC within 60 min for DCF and IBP, respectively. The mineralization efficiency as measured by TOC removal reached up to 65% after 60 min treatment. The degradation kinetics for both catalysts followed the pseudo-first-order model. Results from quenching tests showed that the reactive oxidizing species (ROS), including 1O2 > SO4˙- > ˙OH, were generated mainly in the NCC/PDS and CC/PDS systems. Overall, the prepared catalysts were found to be effective and reusable for PDS activation for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from water. This study provided a promising, robust and efficient heterogeneous catalytic PDS activation based on the strategy of "waste-treats-waste" for the removal of pharmaceutical pollutants from water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosar Hikmat Hama Aziz
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, University of SulaimaniQlyasan StreetSulaimani City 46001Kurdistan RegionIraq,Department of Medical Laboratory of Science, College of Health Sciences, University of Human DevelopmentSulaimaniIraq
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