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Forsdyke DR. William Bateson, black slavery, eugenics and speciation: The relative roles of politics and science. Biosystems 2024; 246:105348. [PMID: 39349134 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosystems.2024.105348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2024] [Revised: 09/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/27/2024] [Indexed: 10/02/2024]
Abstract
The peace of the world is challenged by societal confrontations that can often be labeled "racial" or "ethnic." Emblematic of this is discrimination based on skin colour. William Bateson's background suggests sympathy with the black emancipation movement. Yet the movement's success is attributed more to battles between political figures than between scientists with contending views on the biology of racial differences. However, in the long term, Bateson's contributions to slavery and eugenic issues may be seen as no less important than those of politicians. Mendel's discovery of what we now know as "genes" languished until seized upon by Bateson in 1900. For six exhausting years he struggled to win scientific acceptance of these biological character-determining units. Later, he pressed the Mendelian message home to the general public, opposing simplistic applications of Mendelian principles to human affairs, and arguing that minor genic differences that distinguished "races" - e.g. skin colour - do not initiate new species. Bateson praised the "physiological selection" speciation hypothesis of Darwin's young research associate, George Romanes. This enthusiasm was rekindled by Robert Lock and formulated in modern terms with C. R. Crowther. Thus, the spark that initiates a divergence into two species can be non-genic. This normal form of hybrid sterility, based on genome-wide DNA sequence differences, operates on, but has not succeeded in dividing, the human species. It should not be labeled "idiopathic," and be clearly distinguished both from pathological sterility and undiagnosed sterilities that may prove to be pathological. We are one reproductively isolated population, the human species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald R Forsdyke
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, K7L3N6, Canada.
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Klop C, Schreurs R, De Jong GA, Klinkenberg ET, Vespasiano V, Rood NL, Niehe VG, Soerdjbalie-Maikoe V, Van Goethem A, De Bakker BS, Maal TJ, Nolte JW, Becking AG. An open-source, three-dimensional growth model of the mandible. Comput Biol Med 2024; 175:108455. [PMID: 38663350 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/15/2024]
Abstract
The available reference data for the mandible and mandibular growth consists primarily of two-dimensional linear or angular measurements. The aim of this study was to create the first open-source, three-dimensional statistical shape model of the mandible that spans the complete growth period. Computed tomography scans of 678 mandibles from children and young adults between 0 and 22 years old were included in the model. The mandibles were segmented using a semi-automatic or automatic (artificial intelligence-based) segmentation method. Point correspondence among the samples was achieved by rigid registration, followed by non-rigid registration of a symmetrical template onto each sample. The registration process was validated with adequate results. Principal component analysis was used to gain insight in the variation within the dataset and to investigate age-related changes and sexual dimorphism. The presented growth model is accessible globally and free-of-charge for scientists, physicians and forensic investigators for any kind of purpose deemed suitable. The versatility of the model opens up new possibilities in the fields of oral and maxillofacial surgery, forensic sciences or biological anthropology. In clinical settings, the model may aid diagnostic decision-making, treatment planning and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelis Klop
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Ruud Schreurs
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Guido A De Jong
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Edwin Tm Klinkenberg
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valeria Vespasiano
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Naomi L Rood
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Valerie G Niehe
- Department of Radiology, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Bleulandweg 10, 2803 HH, Gouda, the Netherlands
| | - Vidija Soerdjbalie-Maikoe
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium; Netherlands Forensic Institute, Department of Forensic Medical Research, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Alexia Van Goethem
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Antwerp University Hospital, Drie Eikenstraat 655, 2650, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Bernadette S De Bakker
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Reproduction and Development Research Institute, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Thomas Jj Maal
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery 3D Lab, Radboud University Medical Centre Nijmegen, Radboud Institute for Health Sciences, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 10, 6525 GA, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Jitske W Nolte
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfred G Becking
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zadeh H, Curran M, Del Castillo N, Morales C, Dukes K, Martinez D, Salinas JL, Bryant R, Bojang M, Carvour ML. Epidemiological approaches to multivariable models of health inequity: A study of race, rurality, and occupation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Ann Epidemiol 2024; 94:42-48. [PMID: 38642626 PMCID: PMC11326713 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2024.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Methods for assessing the structural mechanisms of health inequity are not well established. This study applies a phased approach to modeling racial, occupational, and rural disparities on the county level. METHODS Rural counties with disparately high rates of COVID-19 incidence or mortality were randomly paired with in-state control counties with the same rural-urban continuum code. Analysis was restricted to the first six months of the pandemic to represent the baseline structural reserves for each county and reduce biases related to the disruption of these reserves over time. Conditional logistic regression was applied in two phases-first, to examine the demographic distribution of disparities and then, to examine the relationships between these disparities and county-level social and structural reserves. RESULTS In over 200 rural county pairs (205 for incidence, 209 for mortality), disparities were associated with structural variables representing economic factors, healthcare infrastructure, and local industry. Modeling results were sensitive to assumptions about the relationships between race and other social and structural variables measured at the county level, particularly in models intended to reflect effect modification or mediation. CONCLUSIONS Multivariable modeling of health disparities should reflect the social and structural mechanisms of inequity and anticipate interventions that can advance equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Zadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Sociology and Criminology, College of Liberal Arts and Sciences, University of Iowa, 401 North Hall, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Michaela Curran
- Department of Community and Behavioral Health, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Nicole Del Castillo
- Department of Psychiatry, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Carol Morales
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico School of Medicine, MSC10-5550, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, United States
| | - Kimberly Dukes
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Denise Martinez
- Department of Family Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, 200 Hawkins Drive, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Jorge L Salinas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Medicine, Stanford University, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA 94305, United States
| | - Rachel Bryant
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States
| | - Matida Bojang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, United States
| | - Martha L Carvour
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States; Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Iowa, 145 North Riverside Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, United States.
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Tempaku PF, Poyares D. The conceptualization of ethnicity, race and genetically determined ancestry in sleep epidemiological studies. Sleep Med 2024; 117:221. [PMID: 38462408 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2024.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dalva Poyares
- Psychobiology Departament, Sleep Division, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Brazil.
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Fuentes A, Espinoza UJ, Cobbs V. Follow the citations: Tracing pathways of "race as biology" assumptions in medical algorithms in eGFR and spirometry. Soc Sci Med 2024; 346:116737. [PMID: 38447335 DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary, the concept of 'race' as a biological unit continues to persist in various scientific disciplines, notably in the field of medicine. This paper explores the persistence of 'race as biology' in medical research via examining select citational practices that have perpetuated this problematic concept. Citations serve as a cornerstone in scientific literature, signifying reliability and expert affirmation. By analyzing citation threads and historical patterns, we aim to shed light on the creation and perpetuation of false scientific truths and their impact on medical research, training, and practice. We focus on two prominent examples, eGFR and Spirometry, and trace key articles' citational histories, highlighting the flawed evidence in support of racial corrections in medical assessments. The eGFR equation incorporates 'race' as a factor based on the erroneous belief that Black individuals have higher muscle mass than white individuals. Our analysis reveals that key cited sources for this belief lack robust and well-developed datasets. Similarly, Spirometry measurements incorporate racial correction factors, relying on questionable evidence dating back to the Civil War era. Citations serve as a cornerstone in scientific literature, signifying reliability and expert affirmation. They play a crucial role in shaping theoretical positions and validating data and assumed knowledge. Evaluating citation threads and key articles consistently referenced over time can reveal how falsehoods and erroneous assertions are constructed and maintained in scientific fields. This study underscores the need for critical examination of citational practices in medical research and urges a shift toward a more cautious approach when citing sources that support 'race as biology.' The paper calls for a reevaluation of pedagogical approaches and assigned readings in medical education to prioritize an anti-racist perspective in future research endeavors.
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Celeste RK, Goulart MA, Bastos JL, Borrell LN. Research on racial/ethnic inequities in oral health over the past 80 years: The role of racism. J Clin Periodontol 2023; 50:1582-1589. [PMID: 37670498 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aims to (1) describe trends in explanations provided for racial/ethnic inequities in dental caries and periodontitis, and (2) explore the patterns of relatedness among explanations for these inequities. MATERIALS AND METHODS Highly cited publications based on studies indexed in the Scopus database were retrieved and assessed for eligibility. Explanations for racial/ethnic inequities were classified into eight different, but interrelated domains. We assessed trends and examined the relations among explanations using multiple correspondence analysis. RESULTS A total of 200 articles among the most cited publications were selected. The proportion of studies invoking racism as an explanation for racial inequities in oral health increased from 0% to 14.3%, from 1937 to 2020. The proportions of individual socio-economic factors increased from 52.0% to 82.9%, and dental care from 28.0% to 62.9%. The remaining explanations were stable: psychological/behavioural processes (62.5%), biological factors (49.5%), contextual/area-level effects (24.0%) and immigrant paradox (4.0%). Multiple correspondence analysis revealed a smaller axial distance between racism and the following categories: studies from Brazil, recent publications and Blacks/Hispanics/mixed-race groups. Publications about immigrants were axially closer to the high-income countries category. CONCLUSIONS Our findings call on dental researchers to consider racism as a cause for existing racial/ethnic inequities in oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Keller Celeste
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Mariel Aquino Goulart
- Department of Preventive and Social Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Department of Community Oral Health, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Nursing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland, UK
| | - João L Bastos
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Luisa N Borrell
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, Graduate School of Public Health & Health Policy, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
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Dufresnes C, Poyarkov N, Jablonski D. Acknowledging more biodiversity without more species. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2302424120. [PMID: 37748058 PMCID: PMC10556632 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2302424120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Delimiting and naming biodiversity is a vital step toward wildlife conservation and research. However, species delimitation must be consistent across biota so that the limited resources available for nature protection can be spent effectively and objectively. To date, newly discovered lineages typically are either left undescribed and thus remain unprotected or are being erroneously proposed as new species despite mixed evidence for completed speciation, in turn contributing to the emerging problem of taxonomic inflation. Inspired by recent conceptual and methodological progress, we propose a standardized workflow for species delimitation that combines phylogenetic and hybrid zone analyses of genomic datasets ("genomic taxonomy"), in which phylogeographic lineages that do not freely admix are ranked as species, while those that have remained fully genetically compatible are ranked as subspecies. In both cases, we encourage their formal taxonomic naming, diagnosis, and description to promote social awareness toward biodiversity. The use of loci throughout the genome overcomes the unreliability of widely used barcoding genes when phylogeographic patterns are complex, while the evaluation of divergence and reproductive isolation unifies the long-opposed concepts of lineage species and biological species. We suggest that a shift in conservation assessments from a single level (species) toward a two-level hierarchy (species and subspecies) will lead to a more balanced perception of biodiversity in which both intraspecific and interspecific diversity are valued and more adequately protected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Dufresnes
- Laboratory of Amphibian Systematics and Evolutionary Research, College of Biology and Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing210037, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nikolay Poyarkov
- Joint Russian-Vietnamese Tropical Research and Technological Center, Hanoi122000, Vietnam
- Department of Vertebrate Zoology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow119234, Russia
| | - Daniel Jablonski
- Department of Zoology, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava84215, Slovakia
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Mayne G, Buckley A, Ghidei L. Why Causation Matters: Rethinking "Race" as a Risk Factor. Obstet Gynecol 2023; 142:766-771. [PMID: 37678936 PMCID: PMC10510830 DOI: 10.1097/aog.0000000000005332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
Although it is tempting to construe the correlation between Black "race" and higher rates of preterm birth as causal, this logic is flawed. Worse, the continued use of Black "race" as a risk factor for preterm birth is actively harmful. Using Black "race" as a risk factor suggests a causal relationship that does not exist and, critically, obscures what actually causes Black patients to be more vulnerable to poorer maternal and infant outcomes: anti-Black racism. Failing to name anti-Black racism as the root cause of Black patients' vulnerability conceals key pathways and tempts us to construe Black "race" as immutably related to higher rates of preterm birth. The result is that we overlook two highly treatable pathways-chronic stress and implicit bias-through which anti-Black racism negatively contributes to birth. Thus, clinicians may underuse important tools to reduce stress from racism and discrimination while missing opportunities to address implicit bias within their practices and institutions. Fortunately, researchers, physicians, clinicians, and medical staff can positively affect Black maternal and infant health by shifting our causal paradigm. By eliminating the use of Black "race" as a risk factor and naming anti-Black racism as the root cause of Black patients' vulnerability, we can practice anti-racist maternity care and take a critical step toward achieving birth equity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Mayne
- Department of Health & Behavioral Sciences, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado; the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and the Department of Maternal Fetal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York; and Reproductive Specialists of the Carolinas, Charlotte, North Carolina
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Ivey Henry P, Spence Beaulieu MR, Bradford A, Graves JL. Embedded racism: Inequitable niche construction as a neglected evolutionary process affecting health. Evol Med Public Health 2023; 11:112-125. [PMID: 37197590 PMCID: PMC10184440 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoad007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Racial health disparities are a pervasive feature of modern experience and structural racism is increasingly recognized as a public health crisis. Yet evolutionary medicine has not adequately addressed the racialization of health and disease, particularly the systematic embedding of social biases in biological processes leading to disparate health outcomes delineated by socially defined race. In contrast to the sheer dominance of medical publications which still assume genetic 'race' and omit mention of its social construction, we present an alternative biological framework of racialized health. We explore the unifying evolutionary-ecological principle of niche construction as it offers critical insights on internal and external biological and behavioral feedback processes environments at every level of the organization. We Integrate insights of niche construction theory in the context of human evolutionary and social history and phenotype-genotype modification, exposing the extent to which racism is an evolutionary mismatch underlying inequitable disparities in disease. We then apply ecological models of niche exclusion and exploitation to institutional and interpersonal racial constructions of population and individual health and demonstrate how discriminatory processes of health and harm apply to evolutionarily relevant disease classes and life-history processes in which socially defined race is poorly understood and evaluated. Ultimately, we call for evolutionary and biomedical scholars to recognize the salience of racism as a pathogenic process biasing health outcomes studied across disciplines and to redress the neglect of focus on research and application related to this crucial issue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Ivey Henry
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Angelle Bradford
- Department of Physiology, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Joseph L Graves
- Department of Biology, North Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, NC, USA
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White EJ, Demuth MJ, Nacke M, Kirlic N, Kuplicki R, Spechler PA, McDermott TJ, DeVille DC, Stewart JL, Lowe J, Paulus MP, Aupperle RL. Neural processes of inhibitory control in American Indian peoples are associated with reduced mental health problems. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2023; 18:nsac045. [PMID: 35801628 PMCID: PMC9949499 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsac045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Revised: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
American Indians (AI) experience disproportionately high prevalence of suicide and substance use disorders (SUD). However, accounting for risk burden (e.g. historical trauma and discrimination), the likelihood of mental health disorders or SUD is similar or decreased compared with the broader population. Such findings have spurred psychological research examining the protective factors, but no studies have investigated its potential neural mechanisms. Inhibitory control is one of the potential neurobehavioral construct with demonstrated protective effects, but has not been examined in neuroimaging studies with AI populations specifically. We examined the incidence of suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STB) and SUD among AI (n = 76) and propensity matched (sex, age, income, IQ proxy and trauma exposure) non-Hispanic White (NHW) participants (n = 76). Among the AI sample, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data recorded during the stop-signal task (SST) was examined in relation to STB and SUDs. AIs relative to NHW subjects displayed lower incidence of STB. AIs with no reported STBs showed greater activity in executive control regions during the SST compared with AI who endorsed STB. AI without SUD demonstrated lower activity relative to those individual reporting SUD. Results are consistent with a growing body of literature demonstrating the high level of risk burden driving disparate prevalence of mental health concerns in AI. Furthermore, differential activation during inhibitory control processing in AI individuals without STB may represent a neural mechanism of protective effects against mental health problems in AI. Future research is needed to elucidate sociocultural factors contributing protection against mental health outcomes in AIs and further delineate neural mechanisms with respect to specific concerns (e.g. SUD vs STB).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Mara J Demuth
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Mariah Nacke
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Namik Kirlic
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | - Rayus Kuplicki
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
| | | | - Timothy J McDermott
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Danielle C DeVille
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA
| | - Jennifer L Stewart
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - John Lowe
- School of Nursing, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Martin P Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
| | - Robin L Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK 74136, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74119, USA
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Barriers to and Facilitators of Early Hearing Detection and Intervention in the United States: A Systematic Review. Ear Hear 2023; 44:448-459. [PMID: 36579673 DOI: 10.1097/aud.0000000000001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI) is guided by the 1-3-6 approach: screening by one month, diagnosis by 3 mo, and early intervention (EI) enrollment by 6 mo. Although screening rates remain high, successful diagnosis and EI-enrollment lag in comparison. The aim of this systematic review is to critically examine and synthesize the barriers to and facilitators of EHDI that exist for families, as they navigate the journey of congenital hearing loss diagnosis and management in the United States. Understanding barriers across each and all stages is necessary for EHDI stakeholders to develop and test novel approaches which will effectively reduce barriers to early hearing healthcare. DESIGN A systematic literature search was completed in May and August 2021 for empirical articles focusing on screening, diagnosis, and EI of children with hearing loss. Two independent reviewers completed title and abstract screening, full-text review, data extraction, and quality assessments with a third independent reviewer establishing consensus at each stage. Data synthesis was completed using the Framework Analysis approach to categorize articles into EHDI journey timepoints and individual/family-level factors versus system-level factors. RESULTS Sixty-two studies were included in the narrative synthesis. Results revealed that both individual/family-level (e.g., economic stability, medical status of the infant including middle ear involvement) and system-level barriers (e.g., system-service capacity, provider knowledge, and program quality) hinder timely diagnosis and EI for congenital hearing loss. Specific social determinants of health were noted as barriers to effective EHDI; however, system-level facilitators such as care coordination, colocation of services, and family support programs have been shown to mitigate the negative impact of those sociodemographic factors. CONCLUSIONS Many barriers exist for families to obtain appropriate and timely EHDI for their children, but system-level changes could facilitate the process and contribute to long-term outcomes improvement. Limitations of this study include limited generalizability due to the heterogeneity of EHDI programs and an inability to ascertain factor interactions.
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Stites SD, Coe NB. Let's Not Repeat History's Mistakes: Two Cautions to Scientists on the Use of Race in Alzheimer's Disease and Alzheimer's Disease Related Dementias Research. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 92:729-740. [PMID: 36806503 PMCID: PMC10123855 DOI: 10.3233/jad-220507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Alzheimer's disease related dementias (AD/ADRD) research has advanced gene and biomarker technologies to aid identification of individuals at risk for dementia. This innovation is a lynchpin in development of disease-modifying therapies. The emerging science could transform outcomes for patients and families. However, current limitations in the racial representation and inclusion of racial diversity in research limits the relevance of these technologies: AD/ADRD research cohorts used to define biomarker cutoffs are mostly White, despite clinical and epidemiologic research that shows Black populations are among those experiencing the greatest burdens of AD/ADRD. White cohorts alone are insufficient to characterize heterogeneity in disease and in life experiences that can alter AD/ADRD's courses. The National Institute on Aging (NIA) has called for increased racial diversity in AD/ADRD research. While scientists are working to implement NIA's plan to build more diverse research cohorts, they are also seeking out opportunities to consider race in AD/ADRD research. Recently, scientists have posed two ways of including race in AD/ADRD research: ancestry-based verification of race and race-based adjustment of biomarker test results. Both warrant careful examination for how they are impacting AD/ADRD science with respect to specific study objectives and the broader mission of the field. If these research methods are not grounded in pursuit of equity and justice, biases they introduce into AD/ADRD science could perpetuate, or even worsen, disparities in AD/ADRD research and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shana D. Stites
- Department of Psychiatry, Perlman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Norma B. Coe
- Department of Medical Ethics and Health Policy, Perelman School of Medicine and Co-Director of the Population Aging Research Center (PARC), University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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White EJ, Demuth MJ, Wiglesworth A, Coser AD, Garrett BA, Kominsky TK, Jernigan V, Thompson WK, Paulus M, Aupperle R. Five recommendations for using large-scale publicly available data to advance health among American Indian peoples: the Adolescent Brain and Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study SM as an illustrative case. Neuropsychopharmacology 2023; 48:263-269. [PMID: 36385331 PMCID: PMC9751109 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-022-01498-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
American Indian and Alaska Native (AIAN) populations have suffered a history of exploitation and abuse within the context of mental health research and related fields. This history is rooted in assimilation policies, historical trauma, and cultural loss, and is promulgated through discrimination and disregard for traditional culture and community knowledge. In recognition of this history, it is imperative for researchers to utilize culturally sensitive approaches that consider the context of tribal communities to better address mental health issues for AIAN individuals. The public availability of data from large-scale studies creates both opportunities and challenges when studying mental health within AIAN populations. This manuscript has two goals; first, showcase an example of problematic use of Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) StudySM data to promulgate stereotypes about AIAN individuals and, second, in partnership with collaborators from Cherokee Nation, we provide five recommendations for utilizing data from publicly available datasets to advance health research in AIAN populations. Specifically, we argue for the consideration of (1) the heterogeneity of the communities represented, (2) the importance of focusing on AIAN health and well-being, (3) engagement of relevant communities and AIAN community leaders, (4) consideration of historical and ongoing injustices, and (5) engagement with AIAN regulatory agencies or review boards. These recommendations are founded on principles from broader indigenous research efforts emphasizing community-engaged research and principles of Indigenous Data Sovereignty and Governance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan J White
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA.
| | - Mara J Demuth
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Valarie Jernigan
- Center for Indigenous Health Research and Policy, Oklahoma State Universit y Center for Health Sciences, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Robin Aupperle
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Oxley School of Community Medicine, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK, USA
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14
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Riazi K, Swain MG, Congly SE, Kaplan GG, Shaheen AA. Race and Ethnicity in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD): A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2022; 14:4556. [PMID: 36364818 PMCID: PMC9658200 DOI: 10.3390/nu14214556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a significant public health concern worldwide with a complex etiology attributed to behavioural, environmental, and genetic causes. The worldwide prevalence of NAFLD is estimated to be 32.4% and constantly rising. Global data, however, indicate considerable heterogeneity among studies for both NAFLD prevalence and incidence. Identifying variables that affect the estimated epidemiological measures is essential to all stakeholders, including patients, researchers, healthcare providers, and policymakers. Besides helping with the research on disease etiology, it helps to identify individuals at risk of the disease, which in turn will outline the focus of the preventive measures and help to fittingly tailor individualized treatments, targeted prevention, screening, or treatment programs. Several studies suggest differences in the prevalence and severity of NAFLD by race or ethnicity, which may be linked to differences in lifestyle, diet, metabolic comorbidity profile, and genetic background, among others. Race/ethnicity research is essential as it can provide valuable information regarding biological and genetic differences among people with similar cultural, dietary, and geographical backgrounds. In this review, we examined the existing literature on race/ethnicity differences in susceptibility to NAFLD and discussed the contributing variables to such differences, including diet and physical activity, the comorbidity profile, and genetic susceptibility. We also reviewed the limitations of race/ethnicity studies in NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiarash Riazi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Mark G. Swain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Stephen E. Congly
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Gilaad G. Kaplan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
| | - Abdel-Aziz Shaheen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
- O’Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4Z6, Canada
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15
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Bones and injustices: provenance research, restitutions and identity politics. DIALECTICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10624-022-09670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe last decade has witnessed increasing numbers of “provenance research” projects investigating the histories of human remains in academic collections and leading to their restitution. Such projects explicitly and implicitly address the historical injustices and their continuities of amassing people’s mortal remains and their subsequent use by those who have appropriated them. This article considers which historical wrongdoings provenance research and restitutions attempt to address and how effective they are in doing so. Firstly, the article points towards the relatively effective recognition of spiritual and emotional injustice. Secondly, it discusses the limited recognition of “race science’s” history and legacies and of its logic’s persistence in a social essentialism that inheres in contemporary handling of such human remains. Thirdly, it discusses how recognition of past oppression, dispossession and exploitation ties to broader political goals and attempts at redistribution.
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Chamorro-Cevallos G, Mojica-Villegas MA, García-Martínez Y, Pérez-Gutiérrez S, Madrigal-Santillán E, Vargas-Mendoza N, Morales-González JA, Cristóbal-Luna JM. A Complete Review of Mexican Plants with Teratogenic Effects. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:1675. [PMID: 35807626 PMCID: PMC9268836 DOI: 10.3390/plants11131675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In Mexico, the use of medicinal plants is the first alternative to treat the diseases of the most economically vulnerable population. Therefore, this review offers a list of Mexican plants (native and introduced) with teratogenic effects and describes their main alterations, teratogenic compounds, and the models and doses used. Our results identified 63 species with teratogenic effects (19 native) and the main alterations that were found in the nervous system and axial skeleton, induced by compounds such as alkaloids, terpenes, and flavonoids. Additionally, a group of hallucinogenic plants rich in alkaloids employed by indigenous groups without teratogenic studies were identified. Our conclusion shows that several of the identified species are employed in Mexican traditional medicine and that the teratogenic species most distributed in Mexico are Astragalus mollissimus, Astragalus lentiginosus, and Lupinus formosus. Considering the total number of plants in Mexico (≈29,000 total vascular plants), to date, existing research in the area shows that Mexican plants with teratogenic effects represent ≈0.22% of the total species of these in the country. This indicates a clear need to intensify the evaluation of the teratogenic effect of Mexican plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
| | - María Angélica Mojica-Villegas
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
| | - Yuliana García-Martínez
- Laboratorio de Neurofisiología, Departamento de Fisiología “Mauricio Russek”, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico;
| | - Salud Pérez-Gutiérrez
- Departamento de Sistemas Biológicos, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Xochimilco, Calzada del Hueso 1100, Del. Coyoacán, Ciudad de México 04960, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (E.M.-S.); (N.V.-M.); (J.A.M.-G.)
| | - José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (M.A.M.-V.)
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Griesemer J, Barragán CA. Re-situations of scientific knowledge: a case study of a skirmish over clusters vs clines in human population genomics. HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF THE LIFE SCIENCES 2022; 44:16. [PMID: 35445860 PMCID: PMC9023434 DOI: 10.1007/s40656-022-00497-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We track and analyze the re-situation of scientific knowledge in the field of human population genomics ancestry studies. We understand re-situation as a process of accommodating the direct or indirect transfer of objects of knowledge from one site/situation to (one or many) other sites/situations. Our take on the concept borrows from Mary S. Morgan's work on facts traveling while expanding it to include other objects of knowledge such as models, data, software, findings, and visualizations. We structure a specific case study by tracking the re-situation of these objects between three research projects studying human population diversity reported in three articles in Science, Genome Research and PLoS Genetics between 2002 and 2005. We characterize these three engagements as a unit of analysis, a "skirmish," in order to compare: (a) the divergence of interests in how life-scientists answer similar research questions and (b) to track the challenging transformation of workflows in research laboratories as these scientific objects are re-situated individually or in bundles. Our analysis of the case study shows that an accurate understanding of re-situation requires tracking the whole bundle of objects in a project because they interact in particular key ways. The absence or dismissal of these interactions opens the door to unforeseen trade-offs, misunderstandings and misrepresentations about research design(s) and workflow(s) and what these say about the questions asked and the findings produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Griesemer
- Department of Philosophy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
| | - Carlos Andrés Barragán
- Department of Philosophy, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
- Department of Science and Technology Studies, University of California, Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616 USA
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Understanding and Reducing Persistent Racial Disparities in Preterm Birth: a Model of Stress-Induced Developmental Plasticity. Reprod Sci 2022; 29:2051-2059. [PMID: 35298790 DOI: 10.1007/s43032-022-00903-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Preterm birth is a leading cause of neonatal mortality and is characterized by substantial racial disparities in the US. Despite efforts to reduce preterm birth, rates have risen and racial disparities persist. Maternal stress is a risk factor for preterm birth; however, often, it is treated as a secondary variable rather than a primary target for intervention. Stress is known to affect several biological processes leading to downstream sequelae. Here, we present a model of stress-induced developmental plasticity where maternal stress is a key environmental cue impacting the length of gestation and therefore a primary target for intervention. Black women experience disproportionate and unique maternal stressors related to perceived racism and discrimination. It is therefore not surprising that Black women have disproportionate rates of preterm birth. The downstream effects of racism on preterm birth pathophysiology may reflect an appropriate response to stressors through the highly conserved maternal-fetal-placental neuroendocrine stress axis. This environmentally sensitive system mediates both maternal stress and the timing of birth and is a mechanism by which developmental plasticity occurs. Fortunately, stress does not appear to be an all-or-none variable. Evidence suggests that developmental plasticity is dynamic, functioning on a continuum. Therefore, simple, stress-reducing interventions that support pregnant women may tangibly reduce rates of preterm birth and improve birth outcomes for all women, particularly Black women.
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Falzarano C, Lofton T, Osei-Ntansah A, Oliver T, Southward T, Stewart S, Andrisse S. Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Women and Girls With Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:258-272. [PMID: 34491336 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) describes a spectrum of liver damage due to excessive hepatic lipid accumulation. Recent research has demonstrated a high prevalence of NAFLD in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). RESULTS Strong associations independent of body mass index (BMI) have been found between high androgen levels characteristic of PCOS, as well as insulin resistance, and the presence of NAFLD in these women, suggesting that these factors contribute to liver injury more significantly than obesity. Current studies indicate the occurrence of NAFLD in normal weight women with PCOS in addition to the commonly researched women who are overweight and obese. While the majority of studies address NAFLD in adult, premenopausal women (ages 25-40 years), the occurrence of NAFLD in young and adolescent women has gone largely unaddressed. Research in this field lacks diversity; a majority of studies either focus on populations of White women or are missing demographic information entirely. CONCLUSIONS Future studies should include larger, more racially and ethnically inclusive populations and particular attention should be paid to how excess androgens and insulin resistance contribute to the increased risk of NAFLD seen in women with PCOS of varying weights, ages, and ethnicities. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS Here, we review NAFLD in women with PCOS with subsections focused on the impact of hyperandrogenism, BMI, insulin resistance and age. Most notably, we present the most up-to-date racially and ethnically diverse worldwide prevalence of NAFLD in women with PCOS compared with women without PCOS (51.56% vs 29.64%, P < .001, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Falzarano
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Taylor Lofton
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Adjoa Osei-Ntansah
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Trinitee Oliver
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Taylor Southward
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Salim Stewart
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
| | - Stanley Andrisse
- Howard University College of Medicine, Physiology and Biophysics, Washington, DC, 20059, USA
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21
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Graves JL. Human biological variation and the "normal". Am J Hum Biol 2021; 33:e23658. [PMID: 34342914 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anatomically modern human being is a relatively young species (~300 000 years old) with small amounts of genetic variation contained within them. The vast majority of its existence was spent in Eastern Africa, migration out of the region began around 100 000 YBP. Sub-Saharan African populations have the greatest amount of human genetic variation. However, migration allowed populations to accumulate genomic variation associated with living in the arctic, higher altitudes, disease resistance, living on high fat or starchy foods, surviving toxic arsenic-rich environments, lactase persistence, changing skin pigmentation, gaining thicker hair, and changing height and body mass index. Understanding these aspects of human evolution forces us to reconsider our notion of the "normal." Thus, normal for our species includes having dark melanic skin, brown eyes, and brown tightly curled hair. Derived features include lighter skin (~10 000 YBP), blue eyes (~6000 YBP), and blond straight hair (~6000 YBP). Yet in reality, "normal" has no meaning for a species that inhabits such a broad geographic range. Natural selection and genetic drift have genetically differentiated human populations in ways that impact our morphological and physiological traits. The genomic differentiation is small and does not allow any unambiguous classification of human populations into biological races. Despite these now well-established facts of human variation, significant confusion associated with Eurocentric notions of the normal still persist in both the lay public and various professions such as biomedical research and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph L Graves
- Joint School of Nanosciences & Nanoengineering, North Carolina A&T State University, UNC Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
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22
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Degife E, Ijeli C, Muhammad MI, Nobles A, Reisman A. Educational intervention against biological racism. CLINICAL TEACHER 2021; 18:542-546. [PMID: 34327852 DOI: 10.1111/tct.13403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Biological race, the fallacy that racial health disparities reflect differences in human biology, exerts undue influence on medicine. Interventions that teach against this myth are largely absent from required medical curricula. Here, we describe and present student and facilitator evaluations of an educational intervention, organised around Dorothy Roberts' book Fatal Invention: How Science, Politics, and Big Business Re-Create Race in the Twenty-First Century that included a discussion of preselected chapters from Fatal Invention, case studies illustrating strategies to prevent the misuse of race in medicine and a question-and-answer session with Dorothy Roberts. METHODS Online feedback surveys were distributed to students and facilitators to capture their general perceptions of the session, how well it satisfied its objectives and the pre-session training materials provided to facilitators. Quantitative measures were analysed using descriptive statistics, and qualitative responses were evaluated using thematic analysis. RESULTS Student and facilitator surveys garnered response rates of 59.8% (61/102) and 75% (30/40), respectively, and most expressed satisfaction with the session. Students felt more prepared to address the misuse of race in clinical contexts than in pre-clinical contexts (90.16% vs. 77.05%) and among peers than among superiors (95.08% vs. 72.13%) (p < 0.05). Some students (31.15%) felt that their small group facilitators were unprepared to address microaggressions. DISCUSSION Our survey responses suggest that this intervention was effective in teaching against biological racism and equipped students with tools to address the misuse of race, particularly in clinical contexts. Future iterations should highlight strategies to confront biological racism in pre-clinical contexts and among superiors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Chinye Ijeli
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Autumn Nobles
- Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Anna Reisman
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
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Paschetta C, de Azevedo S, Ramallo V, Cintas C, Pérez O, Navarro P, Bandieri L, Sánchez MQ, Adhikari K, Bortolini MC, Ferrara GP, Gallo C, Bedoya G, Rothhammer F, Alonzo VA, Ruiz-Linares A, González-José R. The impact of socioeconomic and phenotypic traits on self-perception of ethnicity in Latin America. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12617. [PMID: 34135396 PMCID: PMC8209281 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92061-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Self-perception of ethnicity is a complex social trait shaped by both, biological and non-biological factors. We developed a comprehensive analysis of ethnic self-perception (ESP) on a large sample of Latin American mestizos from five countries, differing in age, socio-economic and education context, external phenotypic attributes and genetic background. We measured the correlation of ESP against genomic ancestry, and the influence of physical appearance, socio-economic context, and education on the distortion observed between both. Here we show that genomic ancestry is correlated to aspects of physical appearance, which in turn affect the individual ethnic self-perceived ancestry. Also, we observe that, besides the significant correlation among genomic ancestry and ESP, specific physical or socio-economic attributes have a strong impact on self-perception. In addition, the distortion among ESP and genomic ancestry differs across age ranks/countries, probably suggesting the underlying effect of past public policies regarding identity. Our results indicate that individuals' own ideas about its origins should be taken with caution, especially in aspects of modern life, including access to work, social policies, and public health key decisions such as drug administration, therapy design, and clinical trials, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Paschetta
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Soledad de Azevedo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Virginia Ramallo
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | | | - Orlando Pérez
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Pablo Navarro
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Lucas Bandieri
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina
| | - Mirsha Quinto Sánchez
- Ciencia Forense, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de Mexico, Mexico
| | - Kaustubh Adhikari
- School of Mathematics and Statistics, Faculty of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, The Open University, Milton Keynes, United Kingdom.,Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom
| | - M Catira Bortolini
- Departamento de Genética, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Poletti Ferrara
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Carla Gallo
- Laboratorios de Investigación y Desarrollo, Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Gabriel Bedoya
- Grupo de Genética Molecular (GENMOL), Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Francisco Rothhammer
- Instituto de Alta Investigación Universidad de Tarapacá, Programa de Genética Humana, ICBM Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Andrés Ruiz-Linares
- Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment, and UCL Genetics Institute, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, United Kingdom.,UMR 7268 ADES, CNRS, Aix-Marseille Université, EFS, Faculté de Médecine Timone, 13005, Marseille, France.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Contemporary Anthropology and Collaborative Innovation Center of Genetics and Development, School of Life Sciences and Human Phenome Institute, Fudan University, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Rolando González-José
- Instituto Patagónico de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas-CONICET, Puerto Madryn, Chubut, Argentina. .,Centro Nacional Patagónico-CONICET, Bvd. Brown 2915. U9120ACD, Puerto Madryn, Argentina.
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Duello TM, Rivedal S, Wickland C, Weller A. Race and genetics versus 'race' in genetics: A systematic review of the use of African ancestry in genetic studies. Evol Med Public Health 2021; 9:232-245. [PMID: 34815885 PMCID: PMC8604262 DOI: 10.1093/emph/eoab018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Social scientists have long understood race to be a social category invented to justify slavery and evolutionary biologists know the socially constructed racial categories do not align with our biological understanding of genetic variation. The completion of the Human Genome Project in 2003 confirmed humans are 99.9% identical at the DNA level and there is no genetic basis for race. A systematic review of the PubMed medical literature published since 2003 was conducted to assess the use of African ancestry to denote study populations in genetic studies categorized as clinical trials, to examine the stated rationale for its use and to assess the use of evolutionary principles to explain human genetic diversity. We searched for papers that included the terms 'African', 'African American' or 'Black' in studies of behavior (20 papers), physiological responses, the pharmacokinetics of drugs and/or disease associations (62 papers), and as a genetic category in studies, including the examination of genotypes associated with life stress, pain, stuttering and drug clearance (126 papers). Of these, we identified 74 studies in which self-reported race alone or in combination with admixture mapping was used to define the study population. However, none of these studies provided a genetic explanation for the use of the self-identified race as a genetic category and only seven proffered evolutionary explanations of their data. The concept of continuous genetic variation was not clearly articulated in any of these papers, presumably due to the paucity of evolutionary science in the college and medical school curricula.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa M Duello
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Shawna Rivedal
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Colton Wickland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Annika Weller
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, School of
Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin –
Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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Sirugo G, Tishkoff SA, Williams SM. The quagmire of race, genetic ancestry, and health disparities. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:e150255. [PMID: 34060479 DOI: 10.1172/jci150255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Sirugo
- Institute of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics.,Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, and
| | - Sarah A Tishkoff
- Department of Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Biology, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Scott M Williams
- Departments of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences, and Genetics and Genome Sciences, Cleveland Institute for Computational Biology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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26
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Schmidt M. The language of race and ethnicity in academic medical publishing. J Osteopath Med 2021; 121:121-123. [DOI: 10.1515/jom-2020-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Schmidt
- JAOA , American Osteopathic Association , Chicago , IL , USA
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Hochman A. Janus-faced race: Is race biological, social, or mythical? AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:453-464. [PMID: 33135802 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
As belief in the reality of race as a biological category among U.S. anthropologists has fallen, belief in the reality of race as a social category has risen in its place. The view that race simply does not exist-that it is a myth-is treated with suspicion. While racial classification is linked to many of the worst evils of recent history, it is now widely believed to be necessary to fight back against racism. In this article, I argue that race is indeed a biological fiction, but I critique the claim that race is socially real. I defend a form of anti-realist reconstructionism about race, which says that there are no races, only racialized groups-groups mistakenly believed to be races. I argue that this is the most attractive position about race from a metaphysical perspective, and that it is also the position most conductive to public understanding and social justice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Hochman
- Department of Philosophy, Faculty of Arts, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, New South Wales, Australia
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Fuentes A. Biological anthropology's critical engagement with genomics, evolution, race/racism, and ourselves: Opportunities and challenges to making a difference in the academy and the world. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2020; 175:326-338. [PMID: 33098091 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.24162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Biological anthropology can, and should, matter in the Anthropocene. Biological anthropologists are interested in human biology and the human experience in a broader ecological, evolutionary, and phylogenetic context. We are interested in the material of the body, the history of the body, and interactions of diverse bodies, communities, ecologies, and evolutionary processes. However, the cultural realities of bodies, histories, communities, livelihoods, perceptions, and experiences are as central to the endeavor and inquiry of biological anthropology as are their material aspects. Biological anthropology is a constant dialectic between the cultural and the biological. In this essay, I argue that Biological Anthropology has much to offer, a history to contend with, and a future that matters. To illustrate this, I highlight theoretical and methodological issues in genomics, evolutionary theory and connect them to the study of Race and Racism to emphasize specific arenas where Biological Anthropology has a great capacity, and a strong obligation, to play a central role. However, Biological Anthropology also has substantive internal issues that hinder our ability to do the best possible science. If we are to live up to our potential and make a difference in the 21st century we need to ameliorate our structural shortcomings and expand our voice, and impact, in academic and public discourse. The goal of this perspective is to offer suggestions for moving us toward this goal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agustín Fuentes
- Department of Anthropology, 123 Aaron Burr Hall, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
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29
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McMahon R. Resurecting raciology? Genetic ethnology and pre-1945 anthropological race classification. STUDIES IN HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF BIOLOGICAL AND BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES 2020; 83:101242. [PMID: 32950126 DOI: 10.1016/j.shpsc.2019.101242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2017] [Revised: 08/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This article places the current high-profile and controversial scientific project that I call 'genetic ethnology' within the same two-century tradition of biologically classifying modern peoples as pre-1945 race anthropology. Similarities in how these two biological projects have combined political and scientific agendas raise questions about the liberalism of genetics and stimulate concerns that genetic constructions of human difference might revive a politics of hate, division and hierarchy. The present article however goes beyond existing work that links modern genetics with race anthropology. It systematically compares their many similar practices and organisational features, showing that both projects were political-scientific syntheses. Studying how the origins, geography, filiations, 'travels and encounters of our ancestors' affect 'current genetic variation', both seem to have responded to a continuous public demand for biologists to explain the histories of politically significant peoples and give them a scientific basis. I challenge habitual contrasts between apolitical scientific genetics and racist pseudoscience and use race anthropology as a parable for how, in the era of Brexit and Trump, right-wing identity politics might infect genetic ethnology. I argue however that although biology-based identities carry risks of essentialism and determinism, the practices and organisation of classification pose greater political dangers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard McMahon
- Department of Political Science, University College London, 29-30 Tavistock Square, Kings Cross, London WC1H 9QU, UK.
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Williams JC, Harowitz J, Glover J, Tek C, Srihari V. Systematic review of racial disparities in clozapine prescribing. Schizophr Res 2020; 224:11-18. [PMID: 33183948 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a systematic review of published evidence on clozapine prescribing disparities across racial and ethnic categories, estimate the size of these disparities, and assess possible causes to inform future monitoring and intervention. METHODS Electronic databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, Web of Science) were searched for directly relevant studies. Three independent reviewers selected studies: (1) of US samples; (2) directly addressed ethnic and/or racial disparities in prescribing of antipsychotic medications; (3) identified specific ethnic and/or racial groups (e.g. White, Blacks, Hispanics, non-Hispanic etc.); (4) reported clozapine prescription rates and (5) reported relevant covariates (i.e. gender, age, co-morbidities etc.). FINDINGS 16 studies met our eligibility criteria. All studies reported clozapine underutilization in ethnic and racial minority patients when compared to their white counterparts. These findings remained consistent despite different time periods, designs, data set types, and after controlling for relevant covariates such as: length of hospital stay, institutional setting, and disease severity. CONCLUSION The reasons for underutilization of clozapine in minority patients remain unclear. Various contributors can be categorized as: clinician-related factors (e.g. prescriber lack of experience), patient-related factors (e.g. distrust or suspicion of clinician), and institution-related factors (e.g. state operated facilities). Direct examination of these factors can help inform efforts to reduce clozapine prescription disparities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jenna Harowitz
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jan Glover
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Cenk Tek
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vinod Srihari
- Yale University, Department of Psychiatry, New Haven, CT, USA
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31
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Msimang PM. Medicine, anti-realism and ideology: Variation in medical genetics does not show that race is biologically real. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020. [DOI: 10.1515/sats-2020-2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractLee McIntyre’s Respecting Truth chronicles the contemporary challenges regarding the relationship amongst evidence, belief formation and ideology. The discussion in his book focusses on the ‘politicisation of knowledge’ and the purportedly growing public (and sometimes academic) tendency to choose to believe what is determined by prior ideological commitments rather than what is determined by evidence-based reasoning. In considering these issues, McIntyre posits that the claim “race is a myth” is founded on a political ideology rather than on support from scientific evidence. He contrasts this view with the argument that racially correlated biomedical outcomes for self-identified racial groups suggest that biological races are real. I explore how McIntyre’s framing of the claim “race is a myth” as fundamentally ideological results in him failing to engage with the arguments and evidence many constructionists and biological anti-realists put forward in support of their views. I also show how the biomedical evidence he thinks supports biological realism is unconvincing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phila Mfundo Msimang
- Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences, Stellenbosch University, 80 Ryneveldt Street, Stellenbosch7602, South Africa
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Abstract
Skin color is one of the major attributes that defines both individual distinctiveness and differences between groups. There is a preference for lighter skin world-wide, among both light- and dark-skinned individuals, further leading to skin-color bias based upon skin-color hierarchy within certain ethnoracial groups. The psychiatric and psychosocial ramifications of skin color are important in several situations, including (1) disorders of skin discoloration (eg, vitiligo), which can significantly affect the psychosocial development of the patient especially when it has its first onset during adolescence; (2) widespread use of skin-lightening products, which are used despite knowledge about serious toxicity from inorganic mercury and potent corticosteroids that are some of their main constituents; (3) indoor tanning, which is a recognized carcinogen and practiced by over 50% of university-age adults and 20% of adolescents. Educating about photocarcinogenicity does not change tanning behaviors, which is strongly driven by peer pressure; and (4) when a psychiatric disorder, such as body dysmorphic disorder or major depressive disorder, is the primary basis for skin color dissatisfaction. Despite the role of complex sociocultural and psychiatric factors in clinical manifestations involving skin color, a supportive relation with the dermatologist can significantly aid the patient in managing their disease burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhulika A Gupta
- Department of Psychiatry, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Psychmed Research, London, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Aditya K Gupta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Mediprobe Research, London, Ontario, Canada
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33
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Favero TG, Van Hoomissen JD. Leveraging undergraduate research to identify culturally relevant examples in the anatomy and physiology curriculum. ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2019; 43:561-566. [PMID: 31697165 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00023.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
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34
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Caspari R. Race, then and now: 1918 revisited. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2019; 165:924-938. [PMID: 29574831 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Caspari
- Department of Sociology, Anthropology and Social Work, Central Michigan University, Mt. Pleasant, Michigan 48859
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35
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Koch SL, Tridico SR, Bernard BA, Shriver MD, Jablonski NG. The biology of human hair: A multidisciplinary review. Am J Hum Biol 2019; 32:e23316. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L. Koch
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | | | | | - Mark D. Shriver
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
| | - Nina G. Jablonski
- Department of AnthropologyPennsylvania State University State College Pennsylvania
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36
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Chor D, Pereira A, Pacheco AG, Santos RV, Fonseca MJM, Schmidt MI, Duncan BB, Barreto SM, Aquino EML, Mill JG, Molina MD, Giatti L, Almeida MD, Bensenor I, Lotufo PA. Context-dependence of race self-classification: Results from a highly mixed and unequal middle-income country. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216653. [PMID: 31095585 PMCID: PMC6522012 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethnic-racial classification criteria are widely recognized to vary according to historical, cultural and political contexts. In Brazil, the strong influence of individual socio-economic factors on race/colour self-classification is well known. With the expansion of genomic technologies, the use of genomic ancestry has been suggested as a substitute for classification procedures such as self-declaring race, as if they represented the same concept. We investigated the association between genomic ancestry, the racial composition of census tracts and individual socioeconomic factors and self-declared race/colour in a cohort of 15,105 Brazilians. Results show that the probability of self-declaring as black or brown increases according to the proportion of African ancestry and varies widely among cities. In Porto Alegre, where most of the population is white, with every 10% increase in the proportion of African ancestry, the odds of self-declaring as black increased 14 times (95%CI 6.08-32.81). In Salvador, where most of the population is black or brown, that increase was of 3.98 times (95%CI 2.96-5.35). The racial composition of the area of residence was also associated with the probability of self-declaring as black or brown. Every 10% increase in the proportion of black and brown inhabitants in the residential census tract increased the odds of self-declaring as black by 1.33 times (95%CI 1.24-1.42). Ancestry alone does not explain self-declared race/colour. An emphasis on multiple situational contexts (both individual and collective) provides a more comprehensive framework for the study of the predictors of self-declared race/colour, a highly relevant construct in many different scenarios, such as public policy, sociology and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dóra Chor
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- * E-mail:
| | - Alexandre Pereira
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute (InCor), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Antonio G. Pacheco
- Scientific Computing Program, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Ricardo V. Santos
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
- Department of Anthropology, Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Maria J. M. Fonseca
- Department of Epidemiology and Quantitative Methods, National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria I. Schmidt
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Bruce B. Duncan
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS Brazil
| | - Sandhi M. Barreto
- Faculty of Medicine & Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | - Estela M. L. Aquino
- Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, BA Brazil
| | - José G. Mill
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES Brazil
| | - Maria delCB Molina
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Federal University of Espirito Santo, Vitória, ES Brazil
| | - Luana Giatti
- Faculty of Medicine & Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG Brazil
| | | | - Isabela Bensenor
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
| | - Paulo A. Lotufo
- Center for Clinical and Epidemiological Research, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP Brazil
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37
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Torrens E. Biomedical knowledge in Mexico during the Cold War and its impact in pictorial representations of Homo sapiens and racial hierarchies. HISTORIA, CIENCIAS, SAUDE--MANGUINHOS 2019; 26:219-244. [PMID: 30942312 DOI: 10.1590/s0104-59702019000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the state of Mexican genetics and biomedical knowledge during the second half of the twentieth century, as well as its impact on the visual representation of human groups and racial hierarchies, based on social studies of scientific imaging and visualization (SIV) and theoretical concepts and methods. It also addresses the genealogy and shifts of the concept of race and racialization of Mexican bodies, concluding with the novel visual culture that resulted from genetic knowledge merged with the racist phenomenon in the second half of the twentieth century in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Torrens
- Professor, School of Science Evolutionary Biology/Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico Facultad de Ciencias. Mexico City - Mexico. orcid.org/0000-002-5120-413X.
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38
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Ancient Migrations: Biodistance, Genetics, and the Persistence of Typological Thinking. BIOARCHAEOLOGY AND SOCIAL THEORY 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-93012-1_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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39
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Tuttle KR. Race in America: What Does It Mean for Diabetes and CKD? Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018; 13:829-830. [PMID: 29798886 PMCID: PMC5989669 DOI: 10.2215/cjn.04890418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Tuttle
- Providence Health Care, Kidney Research Institute, Nephrology Division and Institute of Translational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Spokane, Washington
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40
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Outram S, Graves JL, Powell J, Wolpert C, Haynie KL, Foster MW, Blanchard JW, Hoffmeyer A, Agans RP, Royal CD. Genes, Race, and Causation: US Public Perspectives About Racial Difference. RACE AND SOCIAL PROBLEMS 2018; 10:79-90. [PMID: 33281994 PMCID: PMC7717494 DOI: 10.1007/s12552-018-9223-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Concerns have been raised that the increase in popular interest in genetics may herald a new era within which racial inequities are seen as 'natural' or immutable. In the following study, we provide data from a nationally representative survey on how the US population perceives general ability, athleticism, and intellect being determined by race and/or genetics and whether they believe racial health inequities to be primarily the product of genetic or social factors. We find that self-described race is of primary importance in attributing general ability to race, increasing age is a significant factor in attributing athleticism and intellect to genes and race, and education is a significant factor in decreasing such racially and genetically deterministic views . Beliefs about the meaning of race are statistically significantly associated with respect to the perception of athletic abilities and marginally associated with the perception of racial health inequalities being either socially or genetically derived. Race, education, socioeconomic status, and concepts of race were frequently found to be multiplicative in their statistical effects. The persistent acceptance of a genetically and racially deterministic view of athleticism among the White and older population group is discussed in respect to its social impact, as is the high level of agreement that general abilities are determined by race among non-White respondents and those of lower socioeconomic status. We argue that these findings highlight that both biological and non-biological forms of understanding race continue to play a role into the politics of race and social difference within contemporary US society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Outram
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Joseph L Graves
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Jill Powell
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Chantelle Wolpert
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Kerry L Haynie
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Morris W Foster
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Jessica W Blanchard
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Anna Hoffmeyer
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Robert P Agans
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
| | - Charmaine Dm Royal
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103C Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Joint School for Nanoscience and Nanoengineering 2907 East Gate City Blvd. North Carolina A&T State University Greensboro, NC, 27401
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103a Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 office
- Department of Physician Assistant Studies Emory & Henry College 565 Radio Hill Road Marion, VA 24354
- Department of Political Science Duke University 279 Gross Hall, Durham, NC 27708
- School of Community and Environmental Health Old Dominion University Norfolk, VA 23508
- Department of Anthropology, 455 West Lindsey Street, DHT 511 University of Oklahoma Norman, OK 73019
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health NC 27599 7400 University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill
- Department of Biostatistics Gillings School of Global Public Health University of North Carolina -Chapel Hill NC 27599 7400
- Center for Genomics, Race, Identity, Difference (GRID) Social Science Research Institute, C103f Duke University Box 90420 Durham, NC 27708-0420 and (919) 668-6515
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Cain CL, Surbone A, Elk R, Kagawa-Singer M. Culture and Palliative Care: Preferences, Communication, Meaning, and Mutual Decision Making. J Pain Symptom Manage 2018; 55:1408-1419. [PMID: 29366913 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Palliative care is gaining acceptance across the world. However, even when palliative care resources exist, both the delivery and distribution of services too often are neither equitably nor acceptably provided to diverse population groups. The goal of this study was to illustrate tensions in the delivery of palliative care for diverse patient populations to help clinicians to improve care for all. We begin by defining and differentiating culture, race, and ethnicity, so that these terms-often used interchangeably-are not conflated and are more effectively used in caring for diverse populations. We then present examples from an integrative literature review of recent research on culture and palliative care to illustrate both how and why varied responses to pain and suffering occur in different patterns, focusing on four areas of palliative care: the formation of care preferences, communication patterns, different meanings of suffering, and decision-making processes about care. For each area, we provide international and multiethnic examples of variations that emphasize the need for personalization of care and the avoidance of stereotyping beliefs and practices without considering individual circumstances and life histories. We conclude with recommendations for improving palliative care research and practice with cultural perspectives, emphasizing the need to work in partnerships with patients, their family members, and communities to identify and negotiate culturally meaningful care, promote quality of life, and ensure the highest quality palliative care for all, both domestically and internationally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy L Cain
- Department of Health Policy and Management, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California.
| | - Antonella Surbone
- Department of Medicine, Division of Haematology and Medical Oncology, New York University Medical School, New York, New York
| | - Ronit Elk
- College of Nursing, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina
| | - Marjorie Kagawa-Singer
- Department of Community Health Sciences and Asian American Studies Center, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Smith SL. Single (sub)species then and now: An examination of the nonracial perspective of C. Loring Brace. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2018; 165 Suppl 65:104-125. [PMID: 29380884 DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
C. Loring Brace's writings on the concept of race have been among the most influential within anthropology. A review of the development of Brace's perspective on race shows that his philosophical approaches to fossil and modern human variation are consistent and integrated. Brace's views on race are compared with those of Ashley Montagu and Frank Livingstone, who also proposed eliminating "race" from anthropology, and with those of Stanley Garn and Alice Brues, who accepted "racial" subdivisions of humans. Carleton Coon's writings are more divergent; the aftermath of the publication of his Origin of Races highlights significant political tensions of the 1960s that intersected with scientific changes in anthropology emanating from the Evolutionary Synthesis. Recent forensic and "no race" positions are compared to explore their differences and the possibility of reconciliation, and the role of Brace and others in combating proposals of intellectual differences among human groups is discussed. While a spectrum of anthropological opinion regarding race exists, the commonalities are sufficient to allow valuable, united commentary emphasizing the complexity of modern human cultural and biological variation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelley L Smith
- Department of Sociology and Anthropology, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas
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Thaler DS, Stoeckle MY. Bridging two scholarly islands enriches both: COI DNA barcodes for species identification versus human mitochondrial variation for the study of migrations and pathologies. Ecol Evol 2017; 6:6824-6835. [PMID: 28725363 PMCID: PMC5513234 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.2394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA barcodes for species identification and the analysis of human mitochondrial variation have developed as independent fields even though both are based on sequences from animal mitochondria. This study finds questions within each field that can be addressed by reference to the other. DNA barcodes are based on a 648-bp segment of the mitochondrially encoded cytochrome oxidase I. From most species, this segment is the only sequence available. It is impossible to know whether it fairly represents overall mitochondrial variation. For modern humans, the entire mitochondrial genome is available from thousands of healthy individuals. SNPs in the human mitochondrial genome are evenly distributed across all protein-encoding regions arguing that COI DNA barcode is representative. Barcode variation among related species is largely based on synonymous codons. Data on human mitochondrial variation support the interpretation that most - possibly all - synonymous substitutions in mitochondria are selectively neutral. DNA barcodes confirm reports of a low variance in modern humans compared to nonhuman primates. In addition, DNA barcodes allow the comparison of modern human variance to many other extant animal species. Birds are a well-curated group in which DNA barcodes are coupled with census and geographic data. Putting modern human variation in the context of intraspecies variation among birds shows humans to be a single breeding population of average variance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S Thaler
- Biozentrum University of Basel CH 4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mark Y Stoeckle
- Program for the Human Environment The Rockefeller University New York New York 10065
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Baker JL, Rotimi CN, Shriner D. Human ancestry correlates with language and reveals that race is not an objective genomic classifier. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1572. [PMID: 28484253 PMCID: PMC5431528 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01837-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Genetic and archaeological studies have established a sub-Saharan African origin for anatomically modern humans with subsequent migrations out of Africa. Using the largest multi-locus data set known to date, we investigated genetic differentiation of early modern humans, human admixture and migration events, and relationships among ancestries and language groups. We compiled publicly available genome-wide genotype data on 5,966 individuals from 282 global samples, representing 30 primary language families. The best evidence supports 21 ancestries that delineate genetic structure of present-day human populations. Independent of self-identified ethno-linguistic labels, the vast majority (97.3%) of individuals have mixed ancestry, with evidence of multiple ancestries in 96.8% of samples and on all continents. The data indicate that continents, ethno-linguistic groups, races, ethnicities, and individuals all show substantial ancestral heterogeneity. We estimated correlation coefficients ranging from 0.522 to 0.962 between ancestries and language families or branches. Ancestry data support the grouping of Kwadi-Khoe, Kx’a, and Tuu languages, support the exclusion of Omotic languages from the Afroasiatic language family, and do not support the proposed Dené-Yeniseian language family as a genetically valid grouping. Ancestry data yield insight into a deeper past than linguistic data can, while linguistic data provide clarity to ancestry data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Baker
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA
| | - Charles N Rotimi
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
| | - Daniel Shriner
- Center for Research on Genomics and Global Health, National Human Genome Research Institute, Building 12A, Room 4047, 12 South Drive, Bethesda, Maryland, 20892, USA.
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45
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Bent T, Holt RF. Representation of speech variability. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. COGNITIVE SCIENCE 2017; 8. [DOI: 10.1002/wcs.1434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 11/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Bent
- Department of Speech and Hearing Sciences; Indiana University; Bloomington IN USA
| | - Rachael F. Holt
- Department of Speech and Hearing Science; Ohio State University; Columbus OH USA
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46
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Robbins NM, Bernat JL. Minority Representation in Migraine Treatment Trials. Headache 2017; 57:525-533. [PMID: 28127754 DOI: 10.1111/head.13018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Minorities have historically been underrepresented in clinical research trials despite having comparatively poor health indicators. Recognizing the dual inequalities of increased disease burden and decreased research participation, the National Institute of Health (NIH) Revitalization Act of 1993 mandated the inclusion and reporting of women and minorities in NIH-funded research. While progress has been made in the subsequent decades, this underrepresentation of minorities in research trials persists and has been documented in multiple disciplines. However, the extent of adequate representation and reporting of minority inclusion in clinical trials for migraine remains unknown. OBJECTIVES In this systematic review and study, we review the literature examining the representation of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials METHODS: First we searched PubMed for pertinent articles examining the inclusion of women and minorities in migraine clinical research trials. Second, we identified controlled-trials for migraine published since 2011 in major neurology, headache, and general medicine journals using the terms "migraine randomized controlled trial." We then reviewed the results manually and excluded pilot studies and those with fewer than 50 participants. We next determined (a) how frequently representation of minorities and women were reported in these major trials; (b) what factors correlated with reporting; and (c) whether women and minority inclusion comprised their ratios in the general population. RESULTS We identified 128 relevant clinical trials, of which 36 met our inclusion criteria. All 36 trials (100%) reported gender frequency, and 25 of 36 (69.4%) reported ethnicity or race. Among all studies, women and Whites represented 84.2 and 82.9% of participants (mean), respectively. Studies conducted in the United States and funded by a private company were more likely to report race than studies conducted exclusively outside of the U.S. or with a public sponsor. No studies stratified efficacy or safety by ethnicity or gender. Men and non-Whites in the U.S. were statistically underrepresented. CONCLUSIONS Most recent headache studies comply with the NIH mandate to include women and minorities in research trials, particularly U.S.-based and industry-funded studies. Whites are overrepresented compared to both the general population and the population of migraineurs. Future studies should strive to increase minority participation and investigate race-based differences in migraine expression, treatment response, and medication toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel M Robbins
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH, USA
| | - James L Bernat
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA
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47
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Winegard B, Winegard B, Boutwell B. Human Biological and Psychological Diversity. EVOLUTIONARY PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s40806-016-0081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Heine S, Dar-Nimrod I, Cheung B, Proulx T. Essentially Biased. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aesp.2016.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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49
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Brother or Other: The Place of Neanderthals in Human Evolution. VERTEBRATE PALEOBIOLOGY AND PALEOANTHROPOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-46646-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Duda P, Jan Zrzavý. Human population history revealed by a supertree approach. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29890. [PMID: 27431856 PMCID: PMC4949479 DOI: 10.1038/srep29890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past two decades numerous new trees of modern human populations have been published extensively but little attention has been paid to formal phylogenetic synthesis. We utilized the "matrix representation with parsimony" (MRP) method to infer a composite phylogeny (supertree) of modern human populations, based on 257 genetic/genomic, as well as linguistic, phylogenetic trees and 44 admixture plots from 200 published studies (1990-2014). The resulting supertree topology includes the most basal position of S African Khoisan followed by C African Pygmies, and the paraphyletic section of all other sub-Saharan peoples. The sub-Saharan African section is basal to the monophyletic clade consisting of the N African-W Eurasian assemblage and the consistently monophyletic Eastern superclade (Sahul-Oceanian, E Asian, and Beringian-American peoples). This topology, dominated by genetic data, is well-resolved and robust to parameter set changes, with a few unstable areas (e.g., West Eurasia, Sahul-Melanesia) reflecting the existing phylogenetic controversies. A few populations were identified as highly unstable "wildcard taxa" (e.g. Andamanese, Malagasy). The linguistic classification fits rather poorly on the supertree topology, supporting a view that direct coevolution between genes and languages is far from universal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Duda
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Center for Theoretical Study, Charles University and Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Zrzavý
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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