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Wenhong C, Xiaoying M, Lingli S, Binyun T, Yining W, Mingming Z, Yian L, Lixia Q, Wenyu H, Fengjin P. Assessing resting-state brain functional connectivity in adolescents and young adults with narcolepsy using functional near-infrared spectroscopy. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 18:1373043. [PMID: 38606200 PMCID: PMC11007108 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2024.1373043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to elucidate the alterations in the prefrontal cortex's functional connectivity and network topology in narcolepsy patients using functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). Twelve narcolepsy-diagnosed patients from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region's People's Hospital Sleep Medicine Department and 11 matched healthy controls underwent resting fNIRS scans. Functional connectivity and graph theory analyses were employed to assess the prefrontal cortex network's properties and their correlation with clinical features. Results indicated increased functional connectivity in these adolescent and young adult patients with narcolepsy, with significant variations in metrics like average degree centrality and node efficiency, particularly in the left middle frontal gyrus. These alterations showed correlations with clinical symptoms, including depression and sleep efficiency. However, the significance of these findings was reduced post False Discovery Rate adjustment, suggesting a larger sample size is needed for validation. In conclusion, the study offers initial observations that alterations in the prefrontal cortex's functional connectivity may potentially act as a neurobiological indicator of narcolepsy, warranting further investigation with a larger cohort to substantiate these findings and understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wenhong
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Mo Xiaoying
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Shi Lingli
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Tang Binyun
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Wen Yining
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Zhao Mingming
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Lu Yian
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Qin Lixia
- Guangxi Clinical Reserch Center for Sleep Medicine, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Hu Wenyu
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Pan Fengjin
- Department of Sleep Medicine, The People’s Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, Guangxi, China
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Lan Y, Liu X, Yin C, Lyu J, Xiaoxaio M, Cui Z, Li X, Lou X. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study comparing tremor-dominant and postural instability/gait difficulty subtypes of Parkinson's disease. LA RADIOLOGIA MEDICA 2023; 128:1138-1147. [PMID: 37474664 DOI: 10.1007/s11547-023-01673-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The symptom-specific intrinsic neural mechanisms underlying Parkinson's disease (PD) subtypes (tremor dominant [TD] and postural instability gait difficulty [PIGD]) remain unclarified. We examined spontaneous brain activity patterns in TD and PIGD. MATERIAL AND METHODS We included 49 patients with PD (21 with TD/28 with PIGD) and 32 healthy controls (HCs) in this study. We conducted analysis of variance and post-hoc analyses of the amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) values of the three groups, with age, sex, and gray matter volume as covariates, and a relationship analysis of the ALFF and ReHo values with clinical variables. RESULTS In comparison with HCs, PIGD PD patients had increased ALFF values in the right middle occipital gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus and decreased values primarily in the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus (triangular part). TD PD patients had lower ALFF values in the right inferior frontal gyrus (triangular part) and left insula. In comparison to TD PD patients, PIGD PD patients had higher ALFF values in the left middle occipital gyrus and left superior occipital gyrus. In contrast to HCs, TD PD patients demonstrated a reduction of ReHo values in the left middle temporal gyrus, and PIGD patients showed a decrease of ReHo values in the left inferior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION ALFF values increased in the occipital gyrus of the PIGD PD patients, thus providing evidence of a compensatory mechanism of altered motor function in comparison with the TD PD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yina Lan
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Xinyun Liu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - ChunYu Yin
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhao Lyu
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Ma Xiaoxaio
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Zhiqiang Cui
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuemei Li
- Department of Neurology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lou
- Department of Radiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, 28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Salihu AT, Hill KD, Jaberzadeh S. Neural mechanisms underlying state mental fatigue: a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:889-917. [PMID: 35700454 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2022-0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Sustained performance of cognitive tasks could lead to the development of state mental fatigue characterized by subjective sensation of mental weariness and decrease in cognitive performance. In addition to the occupational hazards associated with mental fatigue, it can also affect physical performance reducing endurance, balance, and sport-specific technical skills. Similarly, mental fatigue is a common symptom in certain chronic health conditions such as multiple sclerosis affecting quality of life of the patients. Despite its widely acknowledged negative impact, the neural mechanisms underlining this phenomenon are still not fully understood. We conducted a systematic review and activation likelihood estimation (ALE) meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies investigating the effect of mental fatigue due to time-on-task (TOT) on brain activity to elucidate the possible underlying mechanisms. Studies were included if they examined change in brain activity induced by experimental mental fatigue (TOT effect) or investigated the relationship between brain activity and subjective mental fatigue due to TOT. A total of 33 studies met the review's inclusion criteria, 13 of which were included in meta-analyses. Results of the meta-analyses revealed a decrease in activity with TOT in brain areas that constitute the cognitive control network. Additionally, an increased activity with TOT, as well as negative relationship with subjective mental fatigue was found in parts of the default mode network of the brain. The changes in cognitive control and the default mode networks of the brain due to state mental fatigue observed in this study were discussed in relation to the existing theories of mental fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abubakar Tijjani Salihu
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Keith D Hill
- Rehabilitation, Ageing and Independent Living (RAIL) Research Centre, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Monash University, Frankston, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Monash Neuromodulation Research Unit, Department of Physiotherapy, School of Primary and Allied Health Care, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Science, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
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Cropley M, Collis H. The Association Between Work-Related Rumination and Executive Function Using the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function. Front Psychol 2020; 11:821. [PMID: 32508703 PMCID: PMC7248272 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Work-related rumination has been associated with a number of health complaints, however, little is known about the underlying factors associated with rumination. Previous work using proxy measures of executive function showed work-related rumination to be negatively associated with executive function. In this paper, we report two studies that examined the association between work-related rumination and executive function utilizing an ecological valid measure of executive function: the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF-A, Roth et al., 2005). In study 1 (N = 63), high, relative to low work-related ruminators, were found to demonstrate lower executive function skills, in eight of the nine subscales of the BRIEF. The aim of study 2 (N = 237) was to identify, the key executive function subscale/s associated with work-related rumination. Controlling for known factors associated with work-related rumination (fatigue and sleep), regression analysis identified the behavioral regulation subscale “shift” as the key predictor within the model. Shift relates to our ability to switch attention, to think about different solutions, and dealing with and accepting change. It was concluded that these findings lend support for future research to develop interventions for enhancing shift ability, as an aid to reduce work-related ruminative thinking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Cropley
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Hannah Collis
- Surrey Business School, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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Xiao F, Lu C, Zhao D, Zou Q, Xu L, Li J, Zhang J, Han F. Independent Component Analysis and Graph Theoretical Analysis in Patients with Narcolepsy. Neurosci Bull 2019; 35:743-755. [PMID: 30421271 PMCID: PMC6616568 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-018-0307-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study was aimed to evaluate resting-state functional connectivity and topological properties of brain networks in narcolepsy patients compared with healthy controls. Resting-state fMRI was performed in 26 adult narcolepsy patients and 30 matched healthy controls. MRI data were first analyzed by group independent component analysis, then a graph theoretical method was applied to evaluate the topological properties in the whole brain. Small-world network parameters and nodal topological properties were measured. Altered topological properties in brain areas between groups were selected as region-of-interest seeds, then the functional connectivity among these seeds was compared between groups. Partial correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the severity of sleepiness and functional connectivity or topological properties in the narcolepsy patients. Twenty-one independent components out of 48 were obtained. Compared with healthy controls, the narcolepsy patients exhibited significantly decreased functional connectivity within the executive and salience networks, along with increased functional connectivity in the bilateral frontal lobes within the executive network. There were no differences in small-world network properties between patients and controls. The altered brain areas in nodal topological properties between groups were mainly in the inferior frontal cortex, basal ganglia, anterior cingulate, sensory cortex, supplementary motor cortex, and visual cortex. In the partial correlation analysis, nodal topological properties in the putamen, anterior cingulate, and sensory cortex as well as functional connectivity between these regions were correlated with the severity of sleepiness (sleep latency, REM sleep latency, and Epworth sleepiness score) among narcolepsy patients. Altered connectivity within the executive and salience networks was found in narcolepsy patients. Functional connection changes between the left frontal cortex and left caudate nucleus may be one of the parameters describing the severity of narcolepsy. Changes in the nodal topological properties in the left putamen and left posterior cingulate, changes in functional connectivity between the left supplementary motor area and right occipital as well as in functional connectivity between the left anterior cingulate gyrus and bilateral postcentral gyrus can be considered as a specific indicator for evaluating the severity of narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fulong Xiao
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Chao Lu
- Department of Radiology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Dianjiang Zhao
- Department of Radiology, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Qihong Zou
- Center for MRI Research, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Liyue Xu
- PKU-UPenn Sleep Center, Peking University International Hospital, Beijing, 102206, China
| | - Jing Li
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
| | - Fang Han
- Sleep Medicine Center, Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, 100044, China.
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Witt ST, Drissi NM, Tapper S, Wretman A, Szakács A, Hallböök T, Landtblom AM, Karlsson T, Lundberg P, Engström M. Evidence for cognitive resource imbalance in adolescents with narcolepsy. Brain Imaging Behav 2019; 12:411-424. [PMID: 28321606 PMCID: PMC5880867 DOI: 10.1007/s11682-017-9706-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
The study investigated brain activity changes during performance of a verbal working memory task in a population of adolescents with narcolepsy. Seventeen narcolepsy patients and twenty healthy controls performed a verbal working memory task during simultaneous fMRI and EEG acquisition. All subjects also underwent MRS to measure GABA and Glutamate concentrations in the medial prefrontal cortex. Activation levels in the default mode network and left middle frontal gyrus were examined to investigate whether narcolepsy is characterized by an imbalance in cognitive resources. Significantly increased deactivation within the default mode network during task performance was observed for the narcolepsy patients for both the encoding and recognition phases of the task. No evidence for task performance deficits or reduced activation within the left middle frontal gyrus was noted for the narcolepsy patients. Correlation analyses between the spectroscopy and fMRI data indicated that deactivation of the anterior aspect of the default mode in narcolepsy patients correlated more with increased concentrations of Glutamate and decreased concentrations of GABA. In contrast, deactivation in the default mode was correlated with increased concentrations of GABA and decreased concentrations of Glutamate in controls. The results suggested that narcolepsy is not characterized by a deficit in working memory but rather an imbalance of cognitive resources in favor of monitoring and maintaining attention over actual task performance. This points towards dysregulation within the sustained attention system being the origin behind self-reported cognitive difficulties in narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanne T Witt
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.
| | - Natasha Morales Drissi
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences (IMH), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sofie Tapper
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Anna Wretman
- Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Attila Szakács
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tove Hallböök
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anne-Marie Landtblom
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Department of Neurology, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Neuroscience and Neurology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Thomas Karlsson
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Linnaeus Center HEAD, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Behavioral Sciences and Learning, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Peter Lundberg
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Radiation Physics, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Radiology, Department of Medical and Health Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Maria Engström
- Center for Medical Image Science and Visualization (CMIV), Linköping University, Linköpings universitet/US, SE-581 85, Linköping, SE, Sweden.,Department of Medical and Health Sciences (IMH), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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7
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Goñi M, Basu N, Murray AD, Waiter GD. Neural Indicators of Fatigue in Chronic Diseases: A Systematic Review of MRI Studies. Diagnostics (Basel) 2018; 8:diagnostics8030042. [PMID: 29933643 PMCID: PMC6163988 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics8030042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 06/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
While fatigue is prevalent in chronic diseases, the neural mechanisms underlying this symptom remain unknown. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has the potential to enable us to characterize this symptom. The aim of this review was to gather and appraise the current literature on MRI studies of fatigue in chronic diseases. We systematically searched the following databases: MedLine, PsycInfo, Embase and Scopus (inception to April 2016). We selected studies according to a predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. We assessed the quality of the studies and conducted descriptive statistical analyses. We identified 26 studies of varying design and quality. Structural and functional MRI, alongside diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and functional connectivity (FC) studies, identified significant brain indicators of fatigue. The most common regions were the frontal lobe, parietal lobe, limbic system and basal ganglia. Longitudinal studies offered more precise and reliable analysis. Brain structures found to be related to fatigue were highly heterogeneous, not only between diseases, but also for different studies of the same disease. Given the different designs, methodologies and variable results, we conclude that there are currently no well-defined brain indicators of fatigue in chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Goñi
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (ABIC), Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
| | - Neil Basu
- Health Science Building, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
| | - Alison D Murray
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (ABIC), Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
| | - Gordon D Waiter
- Aberdeen Biomedical Imaging Centre (ABIC), Lilian Sutton Building, Foresterhill, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB25 2ZN, UK.
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Szakács A, Hallböök T, Tideman P, Darin N, Wentz E. Psychiatric comorbidity and cognitive profile in children with narcolepsy with or without association to the H1N1 influenza vaccination. Sleep 2015; 38:615-21. [PMID: 25325473 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Accepted: 08/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate psychiatric comorbidity and the cognitive profile in children and adolescents with narcolepsy in western Sweden and the relationship of these problems to H1N1 vaccination. PATIENTS Thirty-eight patients were included in the study. DESIGN We performed a population-based, cross-sectional study to investigate psychiatric comorbidity using a test battery of semistructured interviews generating Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition diagnoses, including the Development and Well-Being Assessment and the attention deficit hyperactivity disorder rating scale. The Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale were used to screen for autistic traits and psychotic symptoms, respectively. The cognitive assessments were made by a clinical psychologist using the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence, Third Edition, the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children, Fourth Edition, or the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale, Fourth Edition. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS In the post-H1N1 vaccination (PHV) narcolepsy group (n = 31), 43% of patients had psychiatric comorbidity, 29% had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) inattentive type, 20% had major depression, 10% had general anxiety disorder, 7% had oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 3% had pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (i.e., atypical autism), and 3% had eating disorder not otherwise specified (anorectic type). In the non-post-H1N1 vaccination (nPHV) narcolepsy group, one of seven patients had ADHD, inattentive type and ODD. The most frequent psychiatric symptom was temper tantrums, which occurred in 94% of the patients in the PHV group and 71% of the patients in the nPHV narcolepsy group. The cognitive assessment profile was similar in both groups and showed normal results for mean full-scale IQ and perceptual speed but decreased verbal comprehension and working memory. Patients with psychiatric comorbidity had a significantly lower full-scale IQ compared to those without. CONCLUSION Our study indicates increased psychiatric comorbidity in children and adolescents with narcolepsy. The identified cognitive profile with significantly lower verbal comprehension and working memory compared with the normal mean index could have important implications for social relations and schooling. The small numbers of patients with nPHV narcolepsy make it difficult to draw firm conclusions about the possible differences between the two groups of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila Szakács
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Pediatrics, Halmstad County Hospital, Halmstad, Sweden
| | - Tove Hallböök
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | | | - Niklas Darin
- Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elisabet Wentz
- Gillberg Neuropsychiatry Center, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Weng HH, Chen CF, Tsai YH, Wu CY, Lee M, Lin YC, Yang CT, Tsai YH, Yang CY. Gray matter atrophy in narcolepsy: An activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 59:53-63. [PMID: 25825285 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The authors reviewed the literature on the use of voxel-based morphometry (VBM) in narcolepsy magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies via the use of a meta-analysis of neuroimaging to identify concordant and specific structural deficits in patients with narcolepsy as compared with healthy subjects. We used PubMed to retrieve articles published between January 2000 and March 2014. The authors included all VBM research on narcolepsy and compared the findings of the studies by using gray matter volume (GMV) or gray matter concentration (GMC) to index differences in gray matter. Stereotactic data were extracted from 8 VBM studies of 149 narcoleptic patients and 162 control subjects. We applied activation likelihood estimation (ALE) technique and found significant regional gray matter reduction in the bilateral hypothalamus, thalamus, globus pallidus, extending to nucleus accumbens (NAcc) and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), left mid orbital and rectal gyri (BAs 10 and 11), right inferior frontal gyrus (BA 47), and the right superior temporal gyrus (BA 41) in patients with narcolepsy. The significant gray matter deficits in narcoleptic patients occurred in the bilateral hypothalamus and frontotemporal regions, which may be related to the emotional processing abnormalities and orexin/hypocretin pathway common among populations of patients with narcolepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsu-Huei Weng
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Psychology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Feng Chen
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hsiung Tsai
- Department of Diagnostic Radiology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ying Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Meng Lee
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ching Lin
- Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Chiayi, Taiwan; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine and Department of Respiratory Care, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Yang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Care, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Huang Tsai
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine of Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan; Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Chun-Yuh Yang
- Faculty of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Takamoto K, Hori E, Urakawa S, Katayama M, Nagashima Y, Yada Y, Ono T, Nishijo H. Thermotherapy to the facial region in and around the eyelids altered prefrontal hemodynamic responses and autonomic nervous activity during mental arithmetic. Psychophysiology 2012; 50:35-47. [PMID: 23110351 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2012.01488.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
To investigate neural mechanisms of local thermotherapy to reduce mental stress, participants were required to perform mental arithmetic after treatment by a heat- and steam-generating sheet on the facial eyelid region while hemodynamic activity and ECGs were monitored. The results indicated that thermotherapy decreased hemodynamic activity in the anterior dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (aDMPFC) involved in sympathetic activity. Consistently, thermotherapy increased parasympathetic activity while it decreased sympathetic activity. Furthermore, thermotherapy increased hemodynamic activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) during mental arithmetic. These hemodynamic responses in the DLPFC during mental arithmetic were negatively correlated with that in the aDMPFC during thermotherapy. The results suggest that thermotherapy in the facial eyelid region is useful to ameliorate mental fatigue through its effects on the prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kouich Takamoto
- Department of Judo Neurophysiotherapy, Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
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Arnsten AFT, Wang MJ, Paspalas CD. Neuromodulation of thought: flexibilities and vulnerabilities in prefrontal cortical network synapses. Neuron 2012; 76:223-39. [PMID: 23040817 PMCID: PMC3488343 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2012.08.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 384] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
This review describes unique neuromodulatory influences on working memory prefrontal cortical (PFC) circuits that coordinate cognitive strength with arousal state. Working memory arises from recurrent excitation within layer III PFC pyramidal cell NMDA circuits, which are afflicted in aging and schizophrenia. Neuromodulators rapidly and flexibly alter the efficacy of these synaptic connections, while leaving the synaptic architecture unchanged, a process called dynamic network connectivity (DNC). Increases in calcium-cAMP signaling open ion channels in long, thin spines, gating network connections. Inhibition of calcium-cAMP signaling by stimulating α2A-adrenoceptors on spines strengthens synaptic efficacy and increases network firing, whereas optimal stimulation of dopamine D1 receptors sculpts network inputs to refine mental representation. Generalized increases in calcium-cAMP signaling during fatigue or stress disengage dlPFC recurrent circuits, reduce firing and impair top-down cognition. Impaired DNC regulation contributes to age-related cognitive decline, while genetic insults to DNC proteins are commonly linked to schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F T Arnsten
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale Medical School, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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Tanaka M, Shigihara Y, Funakura M, Kanai E, Watanabe Y. Fatigue-associated alterations of cognitive function and electroencephalographic power densities. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34774. [PMID: 22514666 PMCID: PMC3326030 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatigue is a common problem in modern society. We attempted to identify moderate- to long-term fatigue-related alterations in the central nervous system using cognitive tasks and electroencephalography (EEG) measures. The study group consisted of 17 healthy male participants. After saliva samples were collected to measure copy number of human herpesvirus (HHV)-6 DNA to assess the level of moderate- to long-term fatigue, subjects were evaluated using EEG, with their eyes open for 2 min, then closed for 1 min sitting quietly. Thereafter, they completed cognitive task trials to evaluate simple selective attention for 3 min (Task 1) and conflict-controlling selective attention for 6 min (Task 2, which included Stroop trials). The percent error of Task 2 for Stroop trials was positively associated with the copy number of saliva HHV-6 DNA, although the simple selective attention measures in Task 1 did not differ significantly. EEG power densities (especially the alpha power density) during the eye-closed condition were negatively associated with the saliva HHV-6 DNA level. Impaired high-level information processing such as that required for conflict-controlling selective attention in the central nervous system may be a characteristic feature of moderate- to long-term fatigue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Osaka City University Graduate School of Medicine, Abeno-ku, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan.
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Moraes M, Rossini S, Reimão R. Executive attention and working memory in narcoleptic outpatients. ARQUIVOS DE NEURO-PSIQUIATRIA 2012; 70:335-40. [DOI: 10.1590/s0004-282x2012005000007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: This pioneering study aimed to evaluate executive attention and working memory in Brazilian narcoleptic outpatients. METHODS: Narcoleptic group: 19 treated narcoleptic outpatients (13 F; 6 M) (mean age=37.58; SD = 8.93); control group: 19 subjects (15 F; 4 M) (mean age=34.42; SD=12.31). INSTRUMENTS: Epworth Sleepiness Scale - Brazilian Portuguese Version (ESS-BR), Victoria Stroop Test (VST), Trail Making Test (TMT) and Letter-Number Sequencing (LNS) of WAIS-III. RESULTS: Significant difference at Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) (p<0.001) and at working memory (p=0.009) with worse results for narcoleptic patients. Patients were slower at VST-1 (p=0.002), VST-2 (p=0.045) and at TMT-A (p=0.016), TMT-B (p=0.006) and B-A (p=0.024). CONCLUSION: Narcoleptic patients showed higher degrees of EDS, an impaired executive attention at a temporal level and lower performance in working memory when compared to normal controls.
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Joo EY, Jeon S, Lee M, Kim ST, Yoon U, Koo DL, Lee JM, Hong SB. Analysis of cortical thickness in narcolepsy patients with cataplexy. Sleep 2011; 34:1357-64. [PMID: 21966067 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To investigate differences in cortical thickness in narcolepsy patients with cataplexy and control subjects. DESIGN Cortical thickness was measured using a 3-D surface-based method that enables more accurate measurement in deep sulci and localized regional mapping. SETTING University hospital. PATIENTS AND PARTICIPANTS We enrolled 28 patients with narcolepsy and cataplexy and 33 age-and sex-matched control subjects. INTERVENTIONS Cortical thickness was measured using a direct method for calculating the distance between corresponding vertices from inner and outer cortical surfaces. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We normalized cortical surfaces using 2-D surface registration and performed diffusion smoothing to reduce the variability of folding patterns and to increase the power of the statistical analysis. Localized cortical thinning in narcolepsy patients with cataplexy was found in orbitofrontal gyri, dorsolateral and medial prefrontal cortexes, insula, cingulate gyri, middle and inferior temporal gyri, and inferior parietal lobule of the right and left hemispheres at the level of a false discovery rate P<0.05. No significant local increases in cortical thickness were observed in narcolepsy patients. A significant negative correlation was observed between the narcolepsy patients' scores on the Epworth Sleepiness Scale and the cortical thickness of the left supramarginal gyrus. CONCLUSIONS Cortical thinning in narcolepsy patients with cataplexy in localized anatomic brain regions may serve as a possible neuroanatomic mechanism of the disturbances in attention, memory, emotion, and sleepiness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun Yeon Joo
- Department of Neurology, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Tsujii T, Yamamoto E, Ohira T, Takahashi T, Watanabe S. Antihistamine effects on prefrontal cortex activity during working memory process in preschool children: A near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) study. Neurosci Res 2010; 67:80-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2010.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Revised: 01/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Edgar CJ, Pace-Schott EF, Wesnes KA. Approaches to measuring the effects of wake-promoting drugs: a focus on cognitive function. Hum Psychopharmacol 2009; 24:371-89. [PMID: 19565524 PMCID: PMC2747813 DOI: 10.1002/hup.1034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In clinical drug development, wakefulness and wake-promotion may be assessed by a large number of scales and questionnaires. Objective assessment of wakefulness is most commonly made using sleep latency/maintenance of wakefulness tests, polysomnography and/or behavioral measures. The purpose of the present review is to highlight the degree of overlap in the assessment of wakefulness and cognition, with consideration of assessment techniques and the underlying neurobiology of both concepts. DESIGN Reviews of four key areas were conducted: commonly used techniques in the assessment of wakefulness; neurobiology of sleep/wake and cognition; targets of wake promoting and/or cognition enhancing drugs; and ongoing clinical trials investigating wake promoting effects. RESULTS There is clear overlap between the assessment of wakefulness and cognition. There are common techniques which may be used to assess both concepts; aspects of the neurobiology of both concepts may be closely related; and wake-promoting drugs may have nootropic properties (and vice versa). Clinical trials of wake-promoting drugs often, though not routinely, assess aspects of cognition. CONCLUSIONS Routine and broad assessment of cognition in the development of wake-promoting drugs may reveal important nootropic effects, which are not secondary to alertness/wakefulness, whilst existing cognitive enhancers may have underexplored or unknown wake promoting properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Edward F. Pace-Schott
- Department of Psychiatry, Center for Sleep and Cognition, Harvard Medical School, Beth Israel-Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Engström M, Vigren P, Karlsson T, Landtblom AM. Working memory in 8 Kleine-Levin syndrome patients: an fMRI study. Sleep 2009; 32:681-8. [PMID: 19480235 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/32.5.681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were to investigate possible neuropathology behind the Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS), a severe form of hypersomnia with onset during adolescence. DESIGN Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) applying a verbal working memory task was used in conjunction with a paper-and-pencil version of the task. PARTICIPANTS Eight patients with KLS and 12 healthy volunteers participated in the study. RESULTS The results revealed a pattern of increased thalamic activity and reduced frontal activity (involving the anterior cingulate and adjacent prefrontal cortex) while performing a reading span task. DISCUSSION This finding may explain the clinical symptoms observed in KLS, in that the thalamus is known to be involved in the control of sleep. Given the increasing access to fMRI, this investigation may aid clinicians in the diagnosis of patients suffering from severe forms of hypersomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Engström
- Center for Medical Image Sciences and Visualization, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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Saletu M, Anderer P, Saletu-Zyhlarz GM, Mandl M, Saletu B, Zeitlhofer J. Modafinil improves information processing speed and increases energetic resources for orientation of attention in narcoleptics: double-blind, placebo-controlled ERP studies with low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA). Sleep Med 2009; 10:850-8. [PMID: 19342295 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2008.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2007] [Revised: 12/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Recent neuroimaging studies in narcolepsy discovered significant gray matter loss in the right prefrontal and frontomesial cortex, a critical region for executive processing. In the present study, event-related potential (ERP) low-resolution brain electromagnetic tomography (LORETA) was used to investigate cognition before and after modafinil as compared with placebo. PATIENTS AND METHODS In a double-blind, placebo-controlled cross-over design, 15 patients were treated with a 3-week fixed titration scheme of modafinil and placebo. The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), Maintenance of Wakefulness Test (MWT) and auditory ERPs (odd-ball paradigm) were obtained before and after the 3 weeks of therapy. Latencies, amplitudes and LORETA sources were determined for standard (N1 and P2) and target (N2 and P300) ERP components. RESULTS The ESS score improved significantly from 15.4 (+/- 4.0) under placebo to 10.2 (+/- 4.1) under 400mg modafinil (p=0.004). In the MWT, latency to sleep increased nonsignificantly after modafinil treatment (11.9+/-6.9 versus 13.3+/-7.1 min). In the ERP, N2 and P300 latencies were shortened significantly. While ERP amplitudes showed only minor changes, LORETA revealed increased source strengths: for N1 in the left auditory cortex and for P300 in the medial and right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. CONCLUSION LORETA revealed that modafinil improved information processing speed and increased energetic resources in prefrontal cortical regions, which is in agreement with other neuroimaging studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Saletu
- Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, Vienna, Austria.
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Abstract
Even though the most impressive manifestation of narcolepsy is excessive sleepiness, paradoxically a significant number of patients have trouble sleeping at night. A wide array of alterations can affect the night-time sleep of a narcoleptic patient, and the aim of this review is to increase awareness on this issue, thereby enhancing the care of narcoleptic patients by more specific approaches to their disturbed night sleep. This review covers a broad variety of nocturnal sleep features in narcolepsy. Starting from animal models and the clinical features of patients, the paper then discusses the many comorbid conditions found in narcolepsy at night, the most advanced methods of analysis and the few recent advances in the specific treatment of night sleep in narcoleptic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Plazzi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Thomas RJ, Tamisier R, Boucher J, Kotlar Y, Vigneault K, Weiss JW, Gilmartin G. Nocturnal hypoxia exposure with simulated altitude for 14 days does not significantly alter working memory or vigilance in humans. Sleep 2008; 30:1195-203. [PMID: 17910391 PMCID: PMC1978402 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/30.9.1195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To assess the effect of 2 weeks of nocturnal hypoxia exposure using simulated altitude on attention and working memory in healthy adult humans. DESIGN Prospective experimental physiological assessment. SETTING General Clinical Research Center. PARTICIPANTS Eleven healthy, nonsmoking, subjects (7 men, 4 women). The subjects had a mean age of 27 +/- 1.5 years and body mass index of 23 +/- 0.9 kg/m2. INTERVENTIONS Subjects were exposed to 9 hours of continuous hypoxia from 2200 to 0700 hours in an altitude tent. Acclimatization was accomplished by graded increases in "altitude" over 3 nights (7700, 10,000 and 13,000 feet), followed by 13,000 feet for 13 consecutive days (FIO2 0.13). MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS Polysomnography that included airflow measurements with a nasal cannula were done at baseline and during 3 time points across the protocol (nights 3, 7, and 14). Attention (10-minute Psychomotor Vigilance Task) and working memory (10-minute verbal 2-back) were assessed at baseline and on day 4, 8, 9, and 15. Nocturnal hypoxia was documented using endpoints of minimum oxygen saturation, oxygen desaturation index, and percentage of total sleep time under 90% and 80%. Total sleep time was reduced, stage 1 sleep was increased, and both obstructive and nonobstructive respiratory events were induced by altitude exposure. There was no difference in subjective mood, attention, or working memory. CONCLUSIONS Two weeks of nocturnal continuous hypoxia in an altitude tent did not induce subjective sleepiness or impair objective vigilance and working memory. Caution is recommended in the extrapolation to humans the effects of hypoxia in animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Joseph Thomas
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical School & Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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Esslinger C, Gruppe H, Danos P, Lis S, Broll J, Wiltink J, Gallhofer B, Kirsch P. Influence of vigilance and learning on prefrontal activation in schizophrenia. Neuropsychobiology 2007; 55:194-202. [PMID: 17873494 DOI: 10.1159/000108378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2006] [Accepted: 06/10/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Executive functions, which are neuroanatomically associated with the frontal lobe, are known to be impaired in schizophrenia. It is, however, still unclear whether the underlying functional disturbance is due to a hyper- or a hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) or neither. METHODS To address this question, we examined the brain activation of 21 schizophrenic patients on atypical antipsychotic medication and 21 healthy control subjects during a mental maze task by means of fMRI. RESULTS We found no significant overall difference in cerebral activation between the groups, but differences in the change in DLPFC activation from the first to the second half of the experiment. In the maze compared to the control task, there was a decrease in activation in the DLPFC in the patients and an almost significant increase in the controls. The change in activation in the patient group correlated with a change in subjective sleepiness, while the increase in activation in the controls could be attributed to learning processes. CONCLUSION We hypothesized that differential temporal influences on brain activation could lead to either hyper- or hypoactivation of the DLPFC in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Esslinger
- Center for Psychiatry, Justus Liebig University School of Medicine, Giessen, Germany.
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Tsujii T, Yamamoto E, Ohira T, Saito N, Watanabe S. Effects of sedative and non-sedative H1 antagonists on cognitive tasks: behavioral and near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) examinations. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2007; 194:83-91. [PMID: 17534605 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-007-0814-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2006] [Accepted: 04/23/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE It is well known that the newer H1-receptor antagonists elicit better performance of working memory and selective attention relative to the first generation drugs in this class. However, the neural correlates of the poorer performance associated with first-generation H1-receptor antagonists remain unknown. OBJECTIVES This study examined the effects of first- and second-generation H1-receptor antagonists on neural correlates of cognitive tasks using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a novel method of brain imaging suitable for psychological experiments. MATERIALS AND METHODS We measured the NIRS responses of 12 healthy volunteer subjects during the performance of working memory, selective attention, and visual perception tasks, 3 h after taking a first-generation antagonist (ketotifen), second-generation antagonist (epinastine), or placebo. We also measured subjective sleepiness by visual analogue scale (VAS) test. RESULTS Cortical activation at the lateral prefrontal region increased during the performance of working memory and selective attention tasks in subjects receiving epinastine and placebo but not in those who took ketotifen. No significant difference was observed at the occipital region in the visual perception task among the three drug groups. VAS score and the behavioral performance during working memory and visual perception tasks indicated sedative effects of ketotifen consistent with the findings of previous studies. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the neural response for working memory and selective attention task was impaired by the administration of ketotifen in comparison with that of epinastine and placebo. The sedative effect in the neural response was not observed after epinastine administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeo Tsujii
- Center for Integrated Research on the Mind, Keio University, Mita 3-1-7, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-0073, Japan.
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